RETURN TO KERTCH.
Return to Heiman’s Datch--Bears--Stepan’s shooting
apparatus--Journey to Duapsè--A delightful dinner--Interview
with the Governor--Insects--German farm--A dangerous
adventure--A wedding supper--Leave Duapsè for
Ekaterinodar--Krimsky fair--Russian roughs--Peasant
women--A show-booth--A hazardous road--Inexpensive
travelling--Ekaterinodar--_Table-d’hôte_ at the Petersburg
hotel--The treasury--Droshky-racing--A beaten rival--Caucasian
fish--Arrival at Kertch.
Of my second visit to Heiman’s Datch I shall say but little, as, though
interesting to me, it would only entail a great deal of repetition
for the reader. I killed two bears, I believe, of which I bagged one,
the largest specimen of a brown bear I have ever seen; his head, set
up by Burton, of Wardour Street, is in my library now, and in no way
belies my description of him. With the boars we did not do much good,
but we at least did enough to get a fresh supply of meat, though of
the coarsest kind. On one night I sent Stepan back along the coast at
his own request to fetch his dogs from Golovinsky. It was a ten-verst
tramp, and he chose the night to do it in. I regretted when he came
back next morning that I had not accompanied him, for on his way he
met a couple of bears at different points, both of which appear to
have been much bolder by night than they ever are by day. He fired at
one of them and missed him. The brute turned round and appeared to
search for the origin of the noise; and if Stepan is to be believed he
passed a very ‘mauvais quart d’heure,’ motionless behind a big piece of
drift-wood, while Bruin sat up and watched for him. However, the wind
was not right for the bear, so he moved off at last, leaving Stepan to
pursue his course unmolested, but resolved never to fire at another
bear by night, alone and on foot--a resolution to which he stuck
religiously when, some half hour afterwards, he met another coming from
the direction of his own cottage.
Arrived at home, he found the dogs had gone off to the Cossack station,
and in their absence the bears had been down from the hills to visit
him, overturning his hives, and even breaking the door of his hut. I
felt doubts in my own mind as to whether the Cossacks had not been
before the bears in these matters, but as it was a damage which could
not be remedied, it mattered little who bore the blame.
Returning in the grey morning, Stepan had a chance at a sea otter,
which he wounded but lost. I feel that it is only fair to say for
Stepan that with a proper rifle he was not such an extraordinarily bad
shot as his constant misses would imply; but a sight of the tool he
used would convince any sportsman that with such a weapon the chief
danger was to be apprehended from it by the person behind it. Stepan’s
way of loading, too, was curious: two bullets, one in its ordinary
condition, the other chewed into a ragged lump of lead, over a heavy
charge of powder: such was his ordinary charge; but when, as on one
occasion, to this was added a second charge of powder and small slugs
for pheasants, to save the trouble of extracting the first charge,
with an extra bullet put in next day to meet all emergencies, the only
wonder is that the weapon was not more fatal to Stepan than to the old
she-bear into which he put this extraordinary broadside.
But now I must bid good-by to Stepan, whose last duty was to procure me
a horse from the next Cossack station to convey myself and my bears’
skulls to Duapsè. I bid good-by to my servant with hearty goodwill, for
though a poor guide and worse sportsman, he was a faithful, obliging
fellow, and honest in the extreme.
From Heiman’s Datch to Duapsè is, they say, only thirty-eight versts;
but the road over the shingle at the foot of the cliffs was so bad
that it took me from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. to accomplish the journey. I did
not stay even for food by the way, but plodded steadily on at a foot’s
pace among rocks and boulders, with the Tartar saddle galling my limbs,
and a fierce sun pouring down on the grey cliffs, until everything
appeared at a white heat, and all life seemed stilled, except for the
myriads of lizards that revelled in the fierce sunlight at the cliff’s
foot. But all things must have an end, and at 6 P.M. I was at rest in
the telegraph station, with a substantial dinner before me and a bottle
of beer, which, if not Bass’s, bore at any rate some faint resemblance
to the beverage beloved of Britons.
On the Sunday morning, November 9, I received a polite message from the
Governor of Duapsè to warn me that, as the Caucasus was still under
military law, and not as yet entirely settled, I must oblige him by
not going to stay in any Tscherkess ‘aoul,’ and if I neglected this
warning, he added that my words and deeds would be watched. Moreover,
he requested that I would bring my shooting trip in his district to
an end. This sounded a formidable message; but on interviewing the
Governor I found him not by any means inclined to be unpleasant, and
indeed his only desire appeared to be to prevent my getting into
scrapes by meddling with politics, though, at the same time, he was
evidently exercised in his own mind as to the real object of my visit
to the Black Sea coast; as he, in common with all the other Russians I
met, seemed to find it impossible to believe that any man would visit
a distant land merely for sport. Several times I had warnings from
various English residents in the Caucasus that I was suspected of being
a British agent, and, as such, was fully described to the police, and
carefully watched. Unluckily for me, the boat to Kertch only calls
every Wednesday, so that I had three weary days to pass in Duapsè.
One of these I spent in a visit to a mountain farm belonging to a
German baron, and worked by two young Germans, his bailiffs. Here I saw
a collection of insects made on the farm, and amongst them recognised,
in addition to the species I have mentioned as seen by me before, both
the British varieties of the swallow-tailed butterfly, the small wood
white, the marbled white, the privet, and the elephant hawk moth,
as well as the death’s head, which abounds here. There were also
oak-eggers and stag-beetles, as well as another hawk moth of a delicate
fawn colour, which was strange to me.
Returning from the hill farm I had an adventure which might have
terminated worse. The road from Duapsè to the farm, which is situated
at a great height above the sea, winds about the hill in zigzag lines.
Over the road, which is steep and rough, hang the edges of the forest,
and from time to time it crosses a rough wooden bridge, spanning a
chasm of considerable pretensions. By daylight these chasms and their
wooden bridges mattered but little, for though the bridge trembled as
the droggie passed over it, there was not much chance of an accident
so long as you and your horse could see where you were going. After
my day’s shooting I stayed late at the young Germans’, waiting to
share with them their evening meal, so that it was already dark when I
prepared for my ride home. I had calculated on a moon, but, the night
being stormy, I was disappointed, and when I did make a start it was
on a young horse, in almost utter darkness, and knowing very little of
my way. However, the Germans consoled me by telling me that the road
to Duapsè was the only road from their farm to anywhere, and it had no
roads branching from it--moreover, the horse knew his way.
At supper they had told me that one of them, riding into Duapsè some
weeks prior to my visit, had been sprung at by some animal from the
trees overhanging the path; and though there was not sufficient light
to distinguish the beast by, it was supposed by them to have been a
lynx or a leopard. Not much distressed about this danger, but anxious
about the bridges, I started on my lonely ride. All went well until I
was half way to the river which separates Duapsè from the base of the
hill. Then, as we got to the darkest part of the road, where the trees
overhung it most, my horse suddenly turned back, and tried to bolt
for home. In spite of all my exertions I could not get him beyond a
particular point on the road home for some time; and when at last I
did drive him past with heels and whip, he dashed away with a sudden
plunge, and, catching the bit in his teeth, bolted as hard as he could
gallop from that point to Duapsè--or, rather, the river that gives
that town its name. It was no good my trying to stop the hard-mouthed
little beast with the feeble tackle at my service, and, dashing through
the darkness over the roughest of roads, I could only sit still, and
hope that the sagacity and keen sight of the horse might save both his
neck and my own. I had no time to feel nervous as we crossed the first
bridge, which seemed to rock as we dashed over it--a couple of bounds,
and we were on the other side--but from that to the next bridge my
mind was tortured with visions of the horse’s feet slipping from under
him on one of the poles, and the inevitable fall that must follow. But
horses have wonderful eyes, and, if left to themselves, see as well in
a dark night, I think, as their riders do by day; and, in spite of the
rough road and the bridges, we were soon breast deep in the stream, and
half swimming, half fording it, came in safety to the other shore.
Amongst other things which served to pass my time whilst waiting for
the boat at Duapsè was a peasant’s wedding supper. At the ceremony
itself I was not present, but I presume it was like all other weddings
in the Greek Church, with its crowns held over the heads of the
principal parties, and its symbolical knotting of the handkerchief.
But the supper and its ceremonies were strange to me. During it the
happy pair came in, not partaking of it with the rest, but merely
presenting themselves to perform certain ceremonies. Of these the
first was to take a blessing from the old people. This they did,
turning in succession to each of the four quarters of the earth.
Refreshments having been brought in, and all sitting except the bride
and groom, these latter handed to each guest in turn a glass of wine
or spirits, a cake and a coloured handkerchief. The cake you eat, the
handkerchief you were expected to pocket as a wedding gift from the
‘nouveaux-mariés,’ and the wine you drank; but if in drinking it you
were maliciously inclined, it was open to you, without appearing guilty
of rudeness, to declare it was sour. At the word ‘gorko’ (sour) the
wretched bride and groom were obliged to exchange embraces in public,
and this as often as you chose to repeat the sorry joke. In return for
the cake, wine, and kerchief, each guest was expected to place some
wedding gift on the tray for the young couple, and in this instance the
gifts were made in every case in money.
After these ceremonies had been concluded, the chief actors retired,
and left the guests to make merry at their leisure. There seemed
in this particular instance to be a chorus of old women engaged to
sing, dance, and otherwise become objects of ridicule. These hideous
old crones gained the goodwill of the guests, as well as innumerable
drink-offerings of neat vodka, by singing lugubrious chants, to my
uneducated ear more fit for a funeral than a wedding. This they
supplemented by indecent antics on their hind legs, and a great deal of
coarse buffoonery. The only musical instrument was one in great favour
amongst the moujik class--I mean the concertina. As for the other
guests (for I presume the old women were invited and not paid jesters),
they sat down steadily to gorge and to drink, and so well did they
stick to their self-imposed task of making beasts of themselves, that
the wedding supper lasted until the morning of the third day, when its
drunken harmony was finally marred by one drunkard beating a girl, and
another breaking a bottle over the head of the first, at which crisis
the law stepped in and took the supper party under its own protecting
wing.
On Wednesday, November 13, I gladly shook the dust of Duapsè off
my feet, and embarking in one of the Russian Company’s steamers,
passed pleasantly thence to Novorossisk. I was obliged to return to
Ekaterinodar to recover my luggage and to obtain any letters which
might have arrived for me during my absence at Golovinsky; and anxious
to see as much of the Caucasus as possible, I arranged to steam to
Novorossisk and proceed thence overland to Ekaterinodar. I hardly think
I was repaid for my trouble, as the country through which I passed
was not of a very interesting nature, and more like the neighbourhood
of Tumerūk than of Duapsè. At Novorossisk I hired a cart (fourgon)
with two horses and a driver to take me to Ekaterinodar, calling at
the Red Forest _en route_. The distance was 114 versts, and including
stoppages, with the heavy cart behind them, the game little horses did
the journey in thirty-three hours. It is wonderful what Russian horses
will do and on what a little food they do it. Neither of the horses in
this instance stood fourteen hands, and they got no corn whatever on
the journey.
On our way to Ekaterinodar we stayed at a large village called
Krimsky--a Cossack settlement I think it was originally; and here
we encountered another of those fairs at which the Russian moujik
buys and sells all he wants or wants to part with during the year.
I wandered into the fair whilst the horses were being watered, and
found it a medley of every race in the Caucasus, distinguished from
one another not more by their varied and picturesque costumes than
by the endless variety of their conveyances and beasts of burden.
Fashionable droshkies, droggies of rough logs tied together with rope,
lumbering fourgons, heavy ‘pavoshkas,’ light carts, like huge ozier
baskets on wheels, nearly six feet high, and the house on wheels, which
the Mingrelian calls his ‘arba,’ were all ranged in rows to form the
streets of the fair. Round about them stood the beasts who drew them,
varying from a goat to a camel, from a pony to a team of six grey oxen.
The shops are simply a sheet of canvas spread on the ground, perhaps
under a partially-inverted cart--some few under a more pretentious
awning; and here are laid out the trader’s wares, whilst he for the
most part sits cross-legged in the midst. The grandest shops, or booths
rather, are generally those in which are sold the ‘ikons,’ or holy
pictures, for which there is an immense sale amongst the pious Russian
peasantry. They are gaudy pictures of the Virgin, or one of the saints,
encased in a deep frame of brass, with much tinsel and tawdry ornament
about them; but they are to be found in every moujik’s cottage, and
before them he pays his simple devotions to his God, night and morning,
standing bare-headed with bent head, for barely a minute perhaps, but
apparently in earnest during that minute. A little taper is kept always
burning before the ‘ikon.’
Next to the ‘ikon’-seller, you detect by your nose, if not by your
eyes, the ‘shouba’-seller, for these sheepskin garments are excessively
strong-smelling, even in their earliest stages. Close by, in the midst
of a crowd of the ugliest old women on earth (and herein I do not
malign the Russian ‘baboushka’), is a pedlar selling knitting-needles
and other housewife’s gear. They must be hard to please from the noise
they make, for the sound of their bargaining would silence the morning
babel of Billingsgate.
At the back of the fair is a long row of fires on the plain, whereat
the Tartar is cooking the savoury ‘shushlik’ (kabob). This is the
refreshment-stall department of the fair, or at least a part of it; the
other part is to be found at the little square tables at every corner,
on which are a dirty bottle and two dirtier glasses, behind which
stands a red-shirted moujik, and around him drunken Ivans and Stepans
embrace and fight, or argue and abuse, for a Russian never fights as
our English rough does. Never, perhaps, is too strong a word; but in my
three or four years in Russia, though I have known men dirked in broad
daylight in the bazaar, and have never entered a bazaar without seeing
one or two rows going on, I have not seen two real stand-up fights. The
Russian rough barks loudly, and possesses a fathomless _répertoire_ of
abuse, which he supplements with ready invention, but he rarely goes
beyond words. At these tables too, ‘Macha,’ the demure peasant girl, as
well as the ‘staruka’ (crone), are frequently to be found; and when
they take their glass they take it neat as the men do, and toss it
off at one gulp as cleverly. Russian peasant women are hard-working,
frugal, and the earliest risers in the world, being generally up before
dawn; but they are, alas! too often to be found on their backs dead
drunk in the street in the morning. This is at least true of the Crimea
and Caucasus. I can only speak of what I have seen.
At the Krimsky fair I discovered a show-booth, and as show-booths are
not every day occurrences in such places, I proceeded to investigate
it. A rough tent, with strange pictures of beasts roughly painted upon
it, formed the abiding place of the show. Round this a red-bearded
Persian continually prowled, with a long stick to thump the heads
of penniless brats who, unable to pay for admission, kept trying to
satisfy their curiosity by furtively lifting a corner of the canvas
veil that concealed the mysteries within. Avoiding this functionary’s
stick, I paid twenty copecks (about 6_d._), and entered. There was
one other spectator besides myself, and, satisfied that this was the
largest audience he was likely to obtain, the gentleman of the stick
kindly followed me in and prepared to perform, leaving the little
boys to see as much as they could meanwhile. In the tent, in spite
of all its grand advertisements, the whole show consisted only of
three small monkeys tied to a box, trying to get at the skins of two
maneless (Persian) lions, stretched on upright sticks. These had been
the glory of the show, but had recently departed this life, leaving
nothing but the foolish-looking hides I now saw, to their bereaved
proprietor. After exhibiting some fire-swallowing tricks, and a little
serpent-charming, the Persian announced the performance over; and after
disgusting him by showing him that I knew all about the manner in which
his deadly serpents had been rendered harmless, I left hurriedly, lest
a worse thing should befall me.
My inspection of the fair was here cut short by the arrival of my
driver, announcing the horses ready to proceed. I remarked that he
seemed anxious and mysterious in his manner, so followed him quietly,
and asked for explanations when we got outside the town. Then he
confessed that lately two or three highway murders had been committed
near Krimsky; that the presence of such a collection of roughs of every
race as the fair contained was not calculated to increase the safety
of the road, and that his reason for hurrying me out of the fair was
that he wished to leave unnoticed before dark. From the time I left
Krimsky to the time that I reached Ekaterinodar I heard of nothing but
robberies and murders, several of which I believe were substantially
true, though that many of them were exaggerated is only natural. But
it is hardly to be wondered at that there should be a good deal of
this kind of crime in such an uncivilised, semi-settled district as the
Caucasus, while in the Crimea, which is far more civilised and under
the hand of the law, highway murders and burglaries are not unknown
even in the precincts of the towns. The worst part of these highway
robberies on the Russian post-roads is that you can never feel sure
that your yemstchik is not in league with the highwaymen; in fact, I
have heard Russians say that that was almost invariably the case.
However, we reached our journey’s end unmolested; grateful as far as I
was concerned for the only accident that occurred, as helping us more
rapidly on our way. This was merely a chase given us by some infuriated
moujiks, whose cart we ran into and considerably damaged, when, as
usual in such cases, my yemstchik returned their curses and sought
safety in flight. Such a jolting I never had before; but I forgave the
cart even that, as it got me into Ekaterinodar half an hour earlier
than I should have otherwise arrived.
To give some notion of the inexpensive nature of travelling here, I
may say that the sum I paid the peasant for driving me the 114 versts
from Novorossisk was fourteen roubles, and this at the then rate of
exchange (ten roubles to the pound sterling) would be 1_l._ 8_s._ in
English money. A meal which I had on the way at the ‘duchan’ of a
small village we passed through, consisting of soup, chicken, black
bread and tea _ad libitum_, for my man and myself, together with hay
for the horses, cost fifty-five copecks, _i.e._ about 1_s._ 1_d._ Had I
travelled by post from Novorossisk, I should have paid one-third less
for my horses and travelled faster, owing to the fact that I should
have had relays of horses and not the same pair the whole way; but then
I could not have gone out of the direct course, or stopped where I
liked.
Arrived at Ekaterinodar, I found myself in a hot-bed of political
discussion at the _table-d’hôte_, where, amongst others, I met a
certain Loris Melikoff, a planter in the Caucasus, and brother, I
believe, to the dictator. Remembering Prince Vorontzoff’s kindly
advice, I carefully avoided being drawn into the conversation as
long as politics were the subject, although some of the things these
half-educated officers were pleased to say of England and her Premier
(Lord Beaconsfield) were hard to leave unanswered. They could not,
however, have paid him a greater compliment than they involuntarily
did by the hatred which they expressed; and consoling myself with this
thought, I ate my dinner with an appetite unmarred by the contempt
which they were pleased to express for a nation ruled by ‘a Jew.’ This
was everywhere the phrase which they hurled at my head, considering
it in our case a bitter disgrace that our Prime Minister should be an
alien, and totally forgetting that not one officer of state only, but
two-thirds of their highest officials--in fact, almost the entire brain
of their country--are alien, and principally of the race they most
affect to hate, viz. the Germans.
It may be readily imagined that I soon tired of the society at the
Petersburg Hotel, Ekaterinodar, and indeed, early on the morning
after my arrival, I was at the treasury (‘kasnochest’) applying for a
travelling ticket. Of course I had to wait over half an hour, while
half a sheet of paper was being filled in with a few signatures and my
own name, and during that time I had an opportunity of observing some
of the noticeable features in this public office. Most of the clerks
were smoking cigarettes (those who were not had probably no tobacco);
none of them used blotting-paper, but instead either blotted their
manuscript on the white-washed walls or sprinkled it with sand from
one of the many old sardine-boxes, supplied apparently by a frugal
government to contain that valuable commodity. All expectorated with
the freedom and frequency, if not with the accuracy, of the proverbial
Yankee. Almost every clerk had some decoration, and all were in uniform.
But the ‘podorojna’ was ready at last, and armed with it I started
once more for Kertch. On the road the relays of horses were scarcer
than usual, and in one place I was warned that at the next station
there was only one relay, and congratulated by the postmaster (an
old acquaintance) on being in time to get it. As he spoke, a Russian
officer with a similar pass to mine and having heard the same story
from the yemstchiks, made vigorous efforts to get off first and secure
it. In this he failed, and I started with a lead of half a verst or
more. But in a short time he came in sight, and to my horror I found he
had, by paying extra, obtained another horse, thus driving four to my
three, a serious advantage over these fearfully heavy roads.
The course was a long one, nearly twenty versts, and by promising
my driver a large ‘pour-boire’ if we were in first, I so roused him
that before ten versts were done our rival was again out of sight. As
darkness had set in, I made myself as cozy as I could on my bundle of
straw, and thanks to long practice slept none the worse for the jolting.
I woke with a start. Those confounded bells that the horses wear
seemed to surround me; for whilst my own horses were shaking them
furiously in front in a last desperate struggle to keep the lead, my
rival’s four-in-hand was jingling them triumphantly just behind, as
he momentarily gained on us. It was no good, our horses were dead
beat, and every effort they made almost pulled the wheels off in the
heavy clay. The four passed us in the darkness with a jeer from their
yemstchik. But they too had had enough of it, and as the lights of the
post-station were now in sight, they were content to keep just in front
of us, going like ourselves almost at a foot pace.
A bright idea struck me. The first ‘podorojna’ presented gets the team,
if both ‘podorojnas’ are of equal urgency, and there is only one team
to have. We were now not many hundred yards from the station. Touching
my driver on the back, I told him to take no notice of me: so ridding
myself of my wraps, with the travelling ticket in my hand, I slipped
off the tarantasse into the mud, and making a considerable detour to
escape observation--which, owing to the darkness and the triumphant
security of the others, was not difficult--I ran my best, and arriving
considerably before the Russian officer, handed in my ‘podorojna,’ and
had the yemstchik out after the fresh team before my rival entered the
office. When he met me coming out his face was good to behold; but when
I had explained how I had done him, he took his beating like a man,
and invited me to share his basket of provisions and a bottle of wine
before parting company. I hope he had not long to wait for horses.
On the steamer which took me from Taman to Kertch was a cargo of fish
for the Kertch bazaar, caught in the lake between Taman and Tumerūk.
They were for the most part carp, huge fellows weighing from 25 to 30
lbs., and one of the fishermen told me they were frequently caught up
to 40 lbs. in weight. There were sturgeon too, from the mouth of the
Kuban, caught, so they said, in snares, something after the fashion of
our ordinary rabbit snares, as they routed with their noses pig-like
along the bottom of the stream. There were too ‘sudak’ (Sandre), an
excellent fish for the table, and the hideous ‘som’ (Silurus)--largest,
I believe, of Caucasian fresh-water fishes. This whiskered water-fiend
plays the part of the pike in the Caucasian lakes and rivers, feeding
on all other fish, and anything else in fact that he can find. From
what I have seen I should say the pike was rare in the Caucasus, having
only once seen one, and that a very small specimen, near the Caspian.
The ugliness of the ‘som’ has led the inventive mind of the Russian
moujik to create all sorts of legends regarding him, such as his laying
hold of the limbs of horses and cattle as they crossed fords near
which he was lying; and even of his seizing, and thereby drowning, a
man under similar circumstances. They tell too of his growing to vast
proportions; one Russian colonel, whose home is in the Red Forest,
claiming, and being commonly reported, to have shot one with his
rifle while basking in the Kuban, where it passes through the Crasnoi
Lais, which weighed over 200 lbs. I fear this sounds very much like
fisherman’s weight. What other wonderful stories of the monsters of
lake and river I might not have heard, I cannot tell, for here the
steamer was made fast to the Kertch jetty, and amongst the hearty
congratulations of half a dozen friends, my second tour in the Caucasus
came to a happy end.