A Tartar-eater--Loss of Arsalan--Great Caravan of Camels--Night Arrival
at Tchagan-Kouren--We are refused Admission into the Inns--We take up our
abode with a Shepherd--Overflow of the Yellow River--Aspect of
Tchagan-Kouren--Departure across the Marshes--Hiring a Bark--Arrival on
the Banks of the Yellow River--Encampment under the Portico of a
Pagoda--Embarkation of the Camels--Passage of the Yellow River--Laborious
Journey across the Inundated Country--Encampment on the Banks of the
River.
We quitted the Blue Town on the fourth day of the ninth moon. We had
already been travelling more than a month. It was with the utmost
difficulty that our little caravan could get out of the town. The
streets were encumbered with men, cars, animals, stalls in which the
traders displayed their goods; we could only advance step by step, and at
times we were obliged to come to a halt, and wait for some minutes until
the way became a little cleared. It was near noon before we reached the
last houses of the town, outside the western gate. There, upon a level
road, our camels were at length able to proceed at their ease in all the
fulness of their long step. A chain of rugged rocks rising on our right
sheltered us so completely from the north wind, that we did not at all
feel the rigour of the weather. The country through which we were now
travelling was still a portion of Western Toumet. We observed in all
directions the same indications of prosperity and comfort which had so
much gratified us east of the town. Everywhere around substantial
villages presented proofs of successful agriculture and trade. Although
we could not set up our tent in the cultivated fields by which we were
now surrounded, yet, so far as circumstances permitted, we adhered to our
Tartar habits. Instead of entering an inn to take our morning meal, we
seated ourselves under a rock or tree, and there breakfasted upon some
rolls fried in oil, of which we had bought a supply at the Blue Town.
The passers-by laughed at this rustic proceeding, but they were not
surprised at it. Tartars, unused to the manners of civilised nations,
are entitled to take their repast by the roadside even in places where
inns abound.
During the day this mode of travelling was pleasant and convenient
enough; but, as it would not have been prudent to remain out all night,
at sunset we sought an inn: the preservation of our animals of itself
sufficed to render this proceeding necessary. There was nothing for them
to eat on the way side, and had we not resorted in the evening to places
where we could purchase forage for them, they would, of course, have
speedily died.
On the second evening after our departure from Blue Town, we encountered
at an inn a very singular personage. We had just tied our animals to a
manger under a shed in the great court, when a traveller made his
appearance, leading by a halter a lean, raw-boned horse. The traveller
was short, but then his rotundity was prodigious. He wore on his head a
great straw hat, the flapping brim of which rested on his shoulders; a
long sabre suspended from his girdle presented an amusing contrast with
the peaceful joyousness of his physiognomy. "Superintendent of the
soup-kettle," cried he, as he entered, "is there room for me in your
tavern?" "I have but one travellers' room," answered the innkeeper, "and
three Mongols who have just come occupy it; you can ask them if they will
make room for you." The traveller waddled towards us. "Peace and
happiness unto you, Sirs Lamas: do you need the whole of your room, or
can you accommodate me?" "Why not? We are all travellers, and should
serve one another." "Words of excellence! You are Tartars; I am
Chinese, yet, comprehending the claims of hospitality, you act upon the
truth, that all men are brothers." Hereupon, fastening his horse to a
manger, he joined us, and, having deposited his travelling-bag upon the
kang, stretched himself at full length, with the air of a man greatly
fatigued. "Whither are you bound?" asked we; "are you going to buy up
salt or catsup for some Chinese company?" "No; I represent a great
commercial house at Peking, and I am collecting some debts from the
Tartars. Where are you going?" "We shall to-day pass the Yellow River
to Tchagan Kouren, and then journey westward through the country of the
Ortous." "You are not Mongols, apparently?" "No; we are from the West."
"Well, it seems we are both of one trade; you, like myself, are
Tartar-eaters." "Tartar-eaters! What do you mean?" "Why, we eat the
Tartars. You eat them by prayers; I by commerce. And why not? The
Mongols are poor simpletons, and we may as well get their money as
anybody else." "You are mistaken. Since we entered Tartary we have
spent a great deal, but we have never taken a single sapek from the
Tartar." "Oh, nonsense!" "What! do you suppose our camels and our
baggage came to us from the Mongols?" "Why, I thought you came here to
recite your prayers." We entered into some explanation of the difference
between our principles and those of the Lamas, for whom the traveller had
mistaken us, and he was altogether amazed at our disinterestedness.
"Things are quite the other way here," said he. "You won't get a Lama to
say prayers for nothing; and certainly, as for me, I should never set
foot in Tartary but for the sake of money." "But how is it you manage to
make such good meals of the Tartars?" "Oh, we devour them; we pick them
clean. You've observed the silly race, no doubt; whatever they see when
they come into our towns they want, and when we know who they are, and
where we can find them, we let them have goods upon credit, of course at
a considerable advance upon the price, and upon interest at thirty or
forty per cent., which is quite right and necessary. In China the
Emperor's laws do not allow this; it is only done with the Tartars.
Well, they don't pay the money, and the interest goes on until there is a
good sum owing worth the coming for. When we come for it, they've no
money, so we merely take all the cattle and sheep and horses we can get
hold of for the interest, and leave the capital debt and future interest
to be paid next time, and so it goes on from one generation to another.
Oh! a Tartar debt is a complete gold mine."
Day had not broken when the Yao-Tchang-Ti (exactor of debts) was on foot.
"Sirs Lamas," said he, "I am going to saddle my horse, and proceed on my
way,--I propose to travel to-day with you." "'Tis a singular mode of
travelling with people, to start before they're up," said we. "Oh, your
camels go faster than my horse; you'll soon overtake me, and we shall
enter Tchagan-Kouren (White Enclosure) together." He rode off and at
daybreak we followed him. This was a black day with us, for in it we had
to mourn a loss. After travelling several hours, we perceived that
Arsalan was not with the caravan. We halted, and Samdadchiemba, mounted
on his little mule, turned back in search of the dog. He went through
several villages which we had passed in the course of the morning, but
his search was fruitless; he returned without having either seen or heard
of Arsalan. "The dog was Chinese," said Samdadchiemba; "he was not used
to a nomadic life, and getting tired of wandering about over the desert,
he has taken service in the cultivated district. What is to be done?
Shall we wait for him?" "No, it is late, and we are far from White
Enclosure." "Well, if there is no dog, there is no dog; and we must do
without him." This sentimental effusion of Samdadchiemba gravely
delivered, we proceeded on our way.
At first, the loss of Arsalan grieved us somewhat. We were accustomed to
see him running to and fro in the prairie, rolling in the long grass,
chasing the grey squirrels, and scaring the eagles from their seat on the
plain. His incessant evolutions served to break the monotony of the
country through which we were passing, and to abridge, in some degree,
the tedious length of the way. His office of porter gave him especial
title to our regret. Yet, after the first impulses of sorrow, reflection
told us that the loss was not altogether so serious as it had at first
appeared. Each day's experience of the nomadic life had served more and
more to dispel our original apprehension of robbers. Moreover, Arsalan,
under any circumstances, would have been a very ineffective guard; for
his incessant galloping about during the day sent him at night into a
sleep which nothing could disturb. This was so much the case, that every
morning, make what noise we might in taking down our tent, loading the
camels, and so on, there would Arsalan remain, stretched on the grass,
sleeping a leaden sleep; and when the caravan was about to start, we had
always to arouse him with a sound kick or two. Upon one occasion, a
strange dog made his way into our tent, without the smallest opposition
on the part of Arsalan, and had full time to devour our mess of oatmeal
and a candle, the wick of which he left contumeliously on the outside of
the tent. A consideration of economy completed our restoration to
tranquillity of mind: each day we had had to provide Arsalan with a
ration of meal, at least quite equal in quantity to that which each of us
consumed; and we were not rich enough to have constantly seated at our
table a guest with such excellent appetite, and whose services were
wholly inadequate to compensate for the expense he occasioned.
We had been informed that we should reach White Enclosure the same day,
but the sun had set, and as yet we saw no signs of the town before us.
By-and-by, what seemed clouds of dust made their appearance in the
distance, approaching us. By degrees they developed themselves in the
form of camels, laden with western merchandise for sale in Peking. When
we met the first camel-driver, we asked him how far it was from White
Enclosure. "You see here," said he with a grin, "one end of our caravan;
the other extremity is still within the town."
[Picture: Long Caravan]
"Thanks," cried we; "in that case we shall soon be there." "Well, you've
not more than fifteen lis to go." "Fifteen lis! why you've just told us
that the other end of your caravan is still in the town." "So it is, but
our caravan consists of at least ten thousand camels." "If that be the
case," said we, "there is no time to be lost: a good journey to you, and
peace," and on we went.
The cameleers had stamped upon their features, almost blackened with the
sun, a character of uncouth misanthropy. Enveloped from head to foot in
goatskins, they were placed between the humps of their camels, just like
bales of merchandise; they scarcely condescended to turn even their heads
round to look at us. Five months journeying across the desert seemed
almost to have brutified them. All the camels of this immense caravan
wore suspended from their necks Thibetian bells, the silvery sound of
which produced a musical harmony which contrasted very agreeably with the
sullen taciturn aspect of the drivers. In our progress, however, we
contrived to make them break silence from time to time; the roguish
Dchiahour attracted their attention to us in a very marked manner. Some
of the camels, more timid than others, took fright at the little mule,
which they doubtless imagined to be a wild beast. In their endeavour to
escape in an opposite direction they drew after them the camels next
following them in the procession, so that, by this operation, the caravan
assumed the form of an immense bow. This abrupt evolution aroused the
cameleers from their sullen torpidity; they grumbled bitterly, and
directed fierce glances against us, as they exerted themselves to restore
the procession to its proper line. Samdadchiemba, on the contrary,
shouted with laughter; it was in vain that we told him to ride somewhat
apart in order not to alarm the camels; he turned a deaf ear to all we
said. The discomfiture of the procession was quite a delightful
entertainment for him, and he made his little mule caracole about in the
hope of an encore.
The first cameleer had not deceived us. We journeyed on between the
apparently interminable file of the caravan, and a chain of rugged rocks,
until night had absolutely set in, and even then we did not see the town.
The last camel had passed on, and we seemed alone in the desert, when a
man came riding by on a donkey. "Elder brother," said we, "is White
Enclosure still distant?" "No, brothers," he replied, "it is just before
you, there, where you see the lights. You have not more than five lis to
go." Five lis! It was a long way in the night, and upon a strange road,
but we were fain to resign ourselves. The night grew darker and darker.
There was no moon, no stars even, to guide us on our way. We seemed
advancing amid chaos and abysses. We resolved to alight, in the hope of
seeing our way somewhat more clearly: the result was precisely the
reverse; we would advance a few steps gropingly and slowly; then, all of
a sudden, we threw back our heads in fear of dashing them against rocks
or walls that seemed to rise from an abyss. We speedily got covered with
perspiration, and were only happy to mount our camels once more, and rely
on their clearer sight and surer feet. Fortunately the baggage was well
secured: what misery would it have been had that fallen off amid all this
darkness, as it had frequently done before! We arrived at last in
Tchagan-Kouren, but the difficulty now was to find an inn. Every house
was shut up, and there was not a living creature in the streets, except a
number of great dogs that ran barking after us.
At length, after wandering haphazard through several streets, we heard
the strokes of a hammer upon an anvil. We proceeded towards the sound,
and before long, a great light, a thick smoke, and sparks glittering in
the air, announced that we had come upon a blacksmith's shop. We
presented ourselves at the door, and humbly entreated our brothers, the
smiths, to tell us where we should find an inn. After a few jests upon
Tartars and camels, the company assented to our request, and a boy,
lighting a torch, came out to act as our guide to an inn.
After knocking and calling for a long time at the door of the first inn
we came to, the landlord opened it, and was inquiring who we were, when,
unluckily for us, one of our camels, worried by a dog, took it into its
head to send forth a succession of those horrible cries for which the
animal is remarkable. The innkeeper at once shut his door in our faces.
At all the inns where we successively applied, we were received in much
the same manner. No sooner were the camels noticed than the answer was,
No room; in point of fact, no innkeeper, if he can avoid it, will receive
camels into his stables at all: their size occupies great space, and
their appearance almost invariably creates alarm among the other animals;
so that Chinese travellers generally make it a condition with the
landlord before they enter an inn, that no Tartar caravan shall be
admitted. Our guide finding all our efforts futile, got tired of
accompanying us, wished us good night, and returned to his forge.
We were exhausted with weariness, hunger, and thirst, yet there seemed no
remedy for the evil, when all at once we heard the bleating of sheep.
Following the sound, we came to a mud enclosure, the door of which was at
once opened upon our knocking. "Brother," said we, "is this an inn?"
"No, it is a sheep-house. Who are you?" "We are travellers, who have
arrived here, weary and hungry; but no one will receive us." As we were
speaking, an old man came to the door, holding in his hand a lighted
torch. As soon as he saw our camels and our costume, "Mendou! Mendou!"
he exclaimed, "Sirs Lamas, enter; there is room for your camels in the
court, and my house is large enough for you; you shall stay and rest here
for several days." We entered joyfully, fastened our camels to the
manger, and seated ourselves round the hearth, where already tea was
prepared for us. "Brother," said we to the old man, "we need not ask
whether it is to Mongols that we owe this hospitality." "Yes, Sirs
Lamas," said he, "we are all Mongols here. We have for some time past
quitted the tent, to reside here; so that we may better carry on our
trade in sheep. Alas! we are insensibly becoming Chinese!" "Your manner
of life," returned we, "may have changed, but it is certain that your
hearts have remained Tartar. Nowhere else in all Tchagan-Kouren, has the
door of kindness been opened to us."
Observing our fatigue, the head of the family unrolled some skins in a
corner of the room, and we gladly laid ourselves down to repose. We
should have slept on till the morning, but Samdadchiemba aroused us to
partake of the supper which our hosts had hospitably prepared--two large
cups of tea, cakes baked in the ashes, and some chops of boiled mutton,
arranged on a stool by way of a table. The meal seemed after our long
fasting, perfectly magnificent; we partook of it heartily, and then
having exchanged pinches of snuff with the family, resumed our slumber.
Next morning we communicated the plan of our journey to our Mongol hosts.
No sooner had we mentioned that we intended to pass the Yellow River, and
thence traverse the country of the Ortous, than the whole family burst
out with exclamations. "It is quite impossible," said the old man, "to
cross the Yellow River. Eight days ago the river overflowed its banks,
and the plains on both sides are completely inundated." This
intelligence filled us with the utmost consternation. We had been quite
prepared to pass the Yellow River under circumstances of danger arising
from the wretchedness of the ferry boats and the difficulty of managing
our camels in them, and we knew, of course, that the Hoang-Ho was subject
to periodical overflows; but these occur ordinarily in the rainy season,
towards the sixth or seventh month, whereas we were now in the dry
season, and, moreover, in a peculiarly dry season.
We proceeded forthwith towards the river to investigate the matter for
ourselves, and found that the Tartar had only told us the exact truth.
The Yellow River had become, as it were, a vast sea, the limits of which
were scarcely visible. Here and there you could see the higher grounds
rising above the water, like islands, while the houses and villages
looked as though they were floating upon the waves. We consulted several
persons as to the course we should adopt. Some said that further
progress was impracticable, for that, even where the inundation had
subsided, it had left the earth so soft and slippery that the camels
could not walk upon it, while elsewhere we should have to dread at every
step some deep pool, in which we should inevitably be drowned. Other
opinions were more favourable, suggesting that the boats which were
stationed at intervals for the purpose would easily and cheaply convey us
and our baggage in three days to the river, while the camels could follow
us through the water, and that once at the river side, the great
ferry-boat would carry us all over the bed of the stream without any
difficulty.
What were we to do? To turn back was out of the question. We had vowed
that, God aiding, we would go to Lha-Ssa whatever obstacles impeded. To
turn the river by coasting it northwards would materially augment the
length of our journey, and, moreover, compel us to traverse the great
desert of Gobi. To remain at Tchagan-Kouren, and patiently await for a
month the complete retirement of the waters and the restoration of
solidity in the roads, was, in one point of view, the most prudent
course, but there was a grave inconvenience about it. We and our five
animals could not live for a month in an inn without occasioning a most
alarming atrophy in our already meagre purse. The only course remaining
was to place ourselves exclusively under the protection of Providence,
and to go on, regardless of mud or marsh. This resolution was adopted,
and we returned home to make the necessary preparations.
Tchagan-Kouren is a large, fine town of recent construction. It is not
marked on the map of China compiled by M. Andriveau-Goujon, doubtless
because it did not exist at the time when the Fathers Jesuits residing at
Peking were directed by the Emperor Khang-Hi to draw maps of the empire.
Nowhere in China, Mantchouria, or in Thibet, have we seen a town like
White Enclosure. The streets are wide, clean, and clear; the houses
regular in their arrangement, and of very fair architecture. There are
several squares, decorated with trees, a feature which struck us all the
more that we had not observed it anywhere else in this part of the world.
There are plenty of shops, commodiously arranged, and well supplied with
Chinese, and even with European goods. The trade of Tchagan-Kouren,
however, is greatly checked by the proximity of the Blue Town, to which,
as a place of commerce, the Mongols have been much longer accustomed.
Our worthy Tartar host, in his hospitality, sought to divert us from our
project, but unsuccessfully; and he even got rallied by Samdadchiemba for
his kindness. "It's quite clear," said our guide, "that you've become a
mere Kitat (Chinese), and think that a man must not set out upon a
journey unless the earth is perfectly dry and the sky perfectly
cloudless. I have no doubt you go out to lead your sheep with an
umbrella in one hand and a fan in the other." It was ultimately arranged
that we should take our departure at daybreak next morning.
Meantime we went out into the town to make the necessary supply of
provisions. To guard against the possibility of being inundation-bound
for several days, we bought a quantity of small loaves fried in mutton
fat, and for our animals we procured a quantity of the most portable
forage we could find.
Next morning we departed full of confidence in the goodness of God. Our
Tartar host, who insisted upon escorting us out of the town, led us to an
elevation whence we could see in the distance a long line of thick vapour
which seemed journeying from west to east; it marked the course of the
Yellow River. "Where you see that vapour," said the old man, "you will
find a great dike, which serves to keep the river in bounds, except upon
any extraordinary rise of the waters. That dike is now dry; when you
come to it, proceed along it until you reach the little pagoda you see
yonder, on your right; there you will find a boat that will convey you
across the river. Keep that pagoda in sight, and you can't lose your
way." We cordially thanked the old man for the kindness he had shown us
and proceeded on our journey.
We were soon up to the knees of the camels in a thick slimy compost of
mud and water, covering other somewhat firmer mud, over which the poor
animals slowly slid on their painful way; their heads turning alternately
right and left, their limbs trembling, and the sweat exuding from each
pore. Every moment we expected them to fall beneath us. It was near
noon ere we arrived at a little village, not more than a couple of miles
from the place where we had left the old man. Here a few wretched
people, whose rags scarce covered their gaunt frames, came round us, and
accompanied us to the edge of a broad piece of water, portion of a lake,
which they told us, and which, it was quite clear, we must pass before we
could reach the dike indicated by the Tartar. Some boatmen proposed to
carry us over this lake to the dike. We asked them how many sapeks they
would charge for the service:--"Oh, very little; next to nothing. You
see we will take in our boats you, and the baggage, and the mule, and the
horse; one of our people will lead the camels through the lake; they are
too big to come into the boat. When one comes to reckon on all this
load, and all the trouble and fatigue, the price seems absolutely less
than nothing." "True, there will be some trouble in the affair, no one
denies it; but let us have a distinct understanding. How many sapeks do
you ask?" "Oh, scarcely any. We are all brothers; and you, brothers,
need all our assistance in travelling. We know that; we feel it in our
hearts. If we could only afford it, we should have pleasure in carrying
you over for nothing; but look at our clothes. We poor fellows are very
poor. Our boat is all we have to depend upon. It is necessary that we
should gain a livelihood by that; five lis sail, three men, a horse, a
mule, and luggage; but come, as you are spiritual persons, we will only
charge you 2,000 sapeks." The price was preposterous; we made no answer.
We took our animals by the bridle and turned back, pretending that we
would not continue our journey. Scarcely had we advanced twenty paces
before the ferryman ran after us. "Sirs Lamas, are not you going to
cross the water in my boat?" "Why," said we drily, "doubtless you are
too rich to take any trouble in the matter. If you really wanted to let
your boat, would you ask 2,000 sapeks?" "2,000 sapeks is the price I
ask; but what will you give?" "If you like to take 500 sapeks, let us
set out at once; it is already late." "Return, Sir Lamas; get into the
boat;" and he caught hold, as he spoke, of the halters of our beasts. We
considered that the price was at last fixed; but we had scarcely arrived
on the border of the lake, when the ferryman exclaimed to one of his
comrades,--"Come, our fortune deserts us to-day; we must bear much
fatigue for little remuneration. We shall have to row five lis, and
after all we shall have only 1,500 sapeks to divide between eight of us."
"1,500 sapeks!" exclaimed we; "you are mocking us; we will leave you;"
and we turned back for the second time. Some mediators, inevitable
persons in all Chinese matters, presented themselves, and undertook to
settle the fare. It was at length decided that we should pay 800 sapeks;
the sum was enormous, but we had no other means of pursuing our way. The
boatmen knew this, and took accordingly the utmost advantage of our
position.
The embarkation was effected with extraordinary celerity, and we soon
quitted the shore. Whilst we advanced by means of the oars, on the
surface of the lake, a man mounted on a camel and leading two others
after him, followed a path traced out by a small boat rowed by a
waterman. The latter was obliged every now and then to sound the depth
of the water, and the camel-driver needed to be very attentive in
directing his course in the straight trail left by the boat, lest he
should be swallowed up in the holes beneath the water. The camels
advanced slowly, stretching out their long necks, and at times leaving
only their heads and the extremity of their humps visible above the lake.
We were in continual alarm; for these animals not being able to swim,
there only needed a false step to precipitate them to the bottom. Thanks
to the protection of God, all arrived safe at the dike which had been
pointed out to us. The boatmen, after assisting us to replace, in a
hasty manner, our baggage on the camels, indicated the point whither we
must direct our steps. "Do you see, to the right, that small Miao?
(pagoda). A little from the Miao, do you observe those wooden huts and
those black nets hanging from long poles? There you will find the
ferry-boat to cross the river. Follow this dike, and go in peace."
[Picture: Navigation of the Yellow River]
After having proceeded with difficulty for half an hour, we reached the
ferry-boat. The boatmen immediately came to us. "Sirs Lamas," said
they, "you intend, doubtless, to cross the Hoang-Ho, but you see this
evening the thing is impracticable--the sun is just setting!" "You are
right; we will cross to-morrow at daybreak: meanwhile, let us settle the
price, so that to-morrow we may lose no time in deliberation." The
watermen would have preferred waiting till the morrow to discuss this
important point, expecting we should offer a much larger sum, when just
about to embark. At first their demands were preposterous: happily,
there were two boats which competed together, otherwise we should have
been ruined. The price was ultimately fixed at 1,000 sapeks. The
passage was not long, it is true, for the river had nearly resumed its
bed; but the waters were very rapid, and, moreover the camels had to
ride. The amount, enormous in itself, appeared, upon the whole,
moderate, considering the difficulty and trouble of the passage. This
business arranged, we considered how we should pass the night. We could
not think of seeking an asylum in the fishermen's cabins; even if they
had been sufficiently large, we should have had a considerable objection
to place our effects in the hands of these folks. We were sufficiently
acquainted with the Chinese not to trust to their honesty. We looked out
for a place whereon to set up our tent; but we could find nowhere a spot
sufficiently dry: mud or stagnant water covered the ground in all
directions. About a hundred yards from the shore was a small Miao, or
temple of idols; a narrow, high path led to it. We proceeded thither to
see if we could find there a place of repose. It turned out as we
wished. A portico, supported by three stone pillars, stood before the
entrance door, which was secured by a large padlock. This portico, made
of granite, was raised a few feet from the ground, and you ascended it by
five steps. We determined to pass the night here.
Samdadchiemba asked us if it would not be a monstrous superstition to
sleep on the steps of a Miao. When we had relieved his scruples, he made
sundry philosophical reflections. "Behold," said he, "a Miao which has
been built by the people of the country, in honour of the god of the
river. Yet, when it rained in Thibet, the Pou-sa had no power to
preserve itself from inundation. Nevertheless, this Miao serves at
present to shelter two missionaries of Jehovah--the only real use it has
ever served." Our Dchiahour, who at first had scrupled to lodge under
the portico of this idolatrous temple, soon thought the idea magnificent,
and laughed hugely.
After having arranged our luggage in this singular encampment, we
proceeded to tell our beads on the shores of the Hoang-Ho. The moon was
brilliant, and lit up this immense river, which rolled over an even and
smooth bed its yellow and tumultuous waters. The Hoang-Ho is beyond a
doubt one of the finest rivers in the world; it rises in the mountains of
Thibet, and crosses the Koukou-Noor, entering China by the province of
Kan-Sou. Thence it follows the sandy regions at the feet of the Alecha
mountains, encircles the country of the Ortous; and after having watered
China first from north to south, and then from west to east, it falls
into the Yellow Sea. The waters of the Hoang-Ho, pure and clear at their
source, only take the yellow hue after having passed the sands of the
Alecha and the Ortous. They are almost, throughout, level with the lands
through which they flow, and it is this circumstance which occasions
those inundations so disastrous to the Chinese. As for the Tartar
nomads, when the waters rise, all they have to do is to strike their
tents, and drive their herds elsewhere. {141}
Though the Yellow River had cost us so much trouble, we derived much
satisfaction from taking a walk at night upon its solitary banks, and
listening to the solemn murmur of its majestic waters. We were
contemplating this grand work of nature, when Samdadchiemba recalled us
to the prose of life, by announcing that the oatmeal was ready. Our
repast was as brief as it was plain. We then stretched ourselves on our
goat-skins, in the portico, so that the three described the three sides
of a triangle, in the centre of which we piled our baggage; for we had no
faith at all that the sanctity of the place would deter robbers, if
robbers there were in the vicinity.
As we have mentioned, the little Miao was dedicated to the divinity of
the Yellow River. The idol, seated on a pedestal of grey brick, was
hideous, as all those idols are that you ordinarily see in Chinese
pagodas. From a broad, flat, red face, rose two great staring eyes, like
eggs stuck into orbits, the smaller end projecting. Thick eyebrows,
instead of describing a horizontal line, began at the bottom of each ear,
and met in the middle of the forehead, so as to form an obtuse angle.
The idol had on its head a marine shell, and brandished, with a menacing
air, a sword like a scythe. This Pou-sa had, right and left, two
attendants, each putting out its tongue, and apparently making faces at
it.
Just as we were lying down, a man approached us, holding in one hand a
small paper lantern. He opened the grating which led to the interior of
the Miao, prostrated himself thrice, burned incense in the censers, and
lighted a small lamp at the feet of the idol. This personage was not a
bonze. His hair, hanging in a tress, and his blue garments, showed him
to be a layman. When he had finished his idolatrous ceremonies, he came
to us. "I will leave the door open," said he; "you'll sleep more
comfortably inside than in the portico." "Thanks," replied we; "shut the
door, however; for we shall do very well where we are. Why have you been
burning incense? Who is the idol of this place?" "It is the spirit of
the Hoang-Ho, who inhabits this Miao. I have burned incense before him,
in order that our fishing may be productive, and that our boats may float
without danger." "The words you utter," cried Samdadchiemba, insolently,
"are mere _hou-choue_ (stuff and nonsense). How did it happen, that the
other day when the inundation took place, the Miao was flooded, and your
Pou-sa was covered with mud?" To this sudden apostrophe the pagan
churchwarden made no answer, but took to his heels. We were much
surprised at this proceeding; but the explanation came next morning.
We stretched ourselves on our goat-skins once more, and endeavoured to
sleep, but sleep came slowly and but for a brief period. Placed between
marshes and the river, we felt throughout the night a piercing cold,
which seemed to transfix us to the very marrow. The sky was pure and
serene, and in the morning we saw that the marshes around were covered
with a thick sheet of ice. We made our preparations for departure, but
upon collecting the various articles, a handkerchief was missing. We
remembered that we had imprudently hung it upon the grating at the
entrance of the Miao, so that it was half in and half out of the
building. No person had been near the place, except the man who had come
to pay his devotions to the idol. We could, therefore, without much
rashness, attribute the robbery to him, and this explained why he had
made his exit so rapidly, without replying to Samdadchiemba. We could
easily have found the man, for he was one of the fishermen engaged upon
the station, but it would have been a fruitless labour. Our only
effectual course would have been to seize the thief in the fact.
Next morning, we placed our baggage upon the camels, and proceeded to the
river side, fully persuaded that we had a miserable day before us. The
camels having a horror of the water, it is sometimes impossible to make
them get into a boat. You may pull their noses, or nearly kill them with
blows, yet not make them advance a step; they would die sooner. The boat
before us seemed especially to present almost insurmountable obstacles.
It was not flat and large, like those which generally serve as
ferry-boats. Its sides were very high, so that the animals were obliged
to leap over them at the risk and peril of breaking their legs. If you
wanted to move a carriage into it, you had first of all to pull the
vehicle to pieces.
The boatmen had already taken hold of our baggage, for the purpose of
conveying it into their abominable vehicle, but we stopped them. "Wait a
moment; we must first try and get the camels in. If they won't enter the
boat, there is no use in placing the baggage in it." "Whence came your
camels, that they can't get into people's boats?" "It matters little
whence they came; what we tell you is that the tall white camel has never
hitherto consented to cross any river, even in a flat boat." "Tall camel
or short, flat boat or high boat, into the boat the camel shall go," and
so saying, the ferryman ran and fetched an immense cudgel. "Catch hold
of the string in the camel's nose," cried he to a companion. "We'll see
if we can't make the brute get into the boat." The man in the boat
hauled at the string; the man behind beat the animal vehemently on the
legs with his cudgel, but all to no purpose; the poor camel sent forth
piercing cries, and stretched out its long neck. The blood flowed from
its nostrils, the sweat from every pore; but not an inch forward would
the creature move; yet one step would have placed it in the boat, the
sides of which were touched by its fore legs.
We could not endure the painful spectacle. "No more of this," we cried
to the ferryman; "it is useless to beat the animal. You might break its
legs or kill it before it would consent to enter your boat." The two men
at once left off, for they were tired, the one of pulling, the other of
beating. What were we to do? We had almost made up our minds to ascend
the banks of the river until we found some flat boat, when the ferryman
all at once jumped up, radiant with an idea. "We will make another
attempt," cried he, "and if that fails I give the matter up. Take the
string gently," he added, to a companion, "and keep the camel's feet as
close as ever you can to the side of the boat." Then, going back for
some paces, he dashed forward with a spring and threw himself with all
his weight upon the animal's rear. The shock, so violent and unexpected,
occasioned the camel somewhat to bend its fore legs. A second shock
immediately succeeded the first, and the animal, in order to prevent
itself from falling into the water, had no remedy but to raise its feet
and place them within the boat. This effected, the rest was easy. A few
pinches of the nose and a few blows sufficed to impel the hind legs after
the fore, and the white camel was at last in the boat, to the extreme
satisfaction of all present. The other animals were embarked after the
same fashion, and we proceeded on our watery way.
First, however, the ferryman deemed it necessary that the animals should
kneel, so that no movement of theirs on the river might occasion an
overturn. His proceeding to this effect was exceedingly comic. He first
went to one camel and then to the other, pulling now this down, then
that. When he approached the larger animal, the creature, remembering
the man's treatment, discharged in his face a quantity of the grass
ruminating within its jaws, a compliment which the boatman returned by
spitting in the animal's face. And the absurdity was, that the work made
no progress. One camel was no sooner induced to kneel down than the
other got up, and so the men went backwards and forwards, gradually
covered by the angry creatures with the green substance, half masticated
and particularly inodorous, which each animal in turns spat against him.
At length, when Samdadchiemba had sufficiently entertained himself with
the scene, he went to the camels, and, exercising his recognised
authority over them, made them kneel in the manner desired.
We at length floated upon the waters of the Yellow River; but though
there were four boatmen, their united strength could scarcely make head
against the force of the current. We had effected about half our voyage,
when a camel suddenly rose, and shook the boat so violently that it was
nearly upset. The boatmen, after ejaculating a tremendous oath, told us
to look after our camels and prevent them from getting up, unless we
wanted the whole party to be engulfed. The danger was indeed formidable.
The camel, infirm upon its legs, and yielding to every movement of the
boat, menaced us with a catastrophe. Samdadchiemba, however, managed to
get quickly beside the animal, and at once induced it to kneel, so that
we were let off with our fright, and in due course reached the other side
of the river.
At the moment of disembarkation, the horse, impatient to be once more on
land, leaped out of the boat, but striking, on its way, against the
anchor, fell on its side in the mud. The ground not being yet dry, we
were fain to take off our shoes, and to carry the baggage on our
shoulders to an adjacent eminence; there we asked the boatmen if we
should be any great length of time in traversing the marsh and mud that
lay stretched out before us. The chief boatman raised his head, and
after looking for a while towards the sun, said: "It will soon be noon;
by the evening you will reach the banks of the Little River; to-morrow
you will find the ground dry." It was under these melancholy auspices
that we proceeded upon our journey, through one of the most detestable
districts to be found in the whole world.
We had been told in what direction we were to proceed; but the inundation
had obliterated every trace of path and even of road, and we could only
regulate our course by the nature of the ground, keeping as clear as we
could of the deeper quagmires, sometimes making a long circuit in order
to reach what seemed firmer ground, and then, finding the supposed solid
turf to be nothing more than a piece of water, green with stagnant matter
and aquatic plants, having to turn back, and, as it were, grope one's way
in another direction, fearful, at every step, of being plunged into some
gulf of liquid mud.
By-and-by, our animals alarmed and wearied, could hardly proceed, and we
were compelled to beat them severely and to exhaust our voices with
bawling at them before they would move at all. The tall grass and plants
of the marshes twisted about their legs, and it was only by leaps, and at
the risk of throwing off both baggage and riders that they could
extricate themselves. Thrice did the youngest camel lose its balance and
fall; but on each occasion, the spot on which it fell was providentially
dry; had it stumbled in the mud, it would inevitably have been stifled.
On our way, we met three Chinese travellers, who, by the aid of long
staves, were making their laborious way through the marshes, carrying
their shoes and clothes over their shoulders. We asked them in what
direction we were likely to find a better road: "You would have been
wiser," said they, "had you remained at Tchagan-Kouren; foot passengers
can scarcely make their way through these marshes: how do you suppose you
can get on with your camels?" and with this consolatory assurance, they
quitted us, giving us a look of compassion, certain as they were that we
should never get through the mud.
The sun was just setting, when we perceived a Mongol habitation; we made
our way direct to it, without heeding the difficulties of the road. In
fact experience had already taught us that selection was quite out of the
question, and that one way was as good as another in this universal
slough. Making circuits merely lengthened the journey. The Tartars were
frightened at our appearance, covered as we were with mud and
perspiration; they immediately gave us some tea, and generously offered
us the hospitality of their dwelling. The small mud house in which they
lived, though built upon an eminence, had been half carried away by the
inundation. We could not conceive what had induced them to fix their
abode in this horrible district, but they told us that they were employed
to tend the herds belonging to some Chinese of Tchagan-Kouren. After
resting for a while, we requested information as to the best route to
pursue, and we were told that the river was only five lis off, that its
banks were dry, and that we should find there boats to carry us to the
other side. "When you have crossed the Paga-Gol," (Little River,) said
our hosts, "you may proceed in peace; you will meet with no more water to
interrupt you." We thanked these good Tartars for their kindness, and
resumed our journey.
After half an hour's march, we discovered before us a large extent of
water, studded with fishing-vessels. The title, Little River, may, for
anything we know, be appropriate enough under ordinary circumstances, but
at the time of our visit, the Paga-Gol was a broad sea. We pitched our
tent on the bank which, by reason of its elevation, was perfectly dry,
and the remarkable excellence of the pasturage determined us upon
remaining in this place several days, in order to give rest to our
animals, which, since their departure from Tchagan-Kouren had undergone
enormous fatigue: we ourselves, too, felt the necessity of some
relaxation, after the sufferings which these horrible marshes had
inflicted upon us.
[Picture: Camel]
[Picture: Waterfowl and Birds of Passage]