CHAPTER XIV.

INVENTION AND COLLECTIVISM.

The ownership of machinery and of all the varied appliances in the

evolution of which inventive genius is exercised is a matter which,

strictly speaking, does not belong to the domain of this work.

Nevertheless, in endeavouring to forecast the progress of invention

during the twentieth century, it is necessary to take count of the

risks involved in the inauguration of any public and social economical

systems which might tend to stifle freedom of thought and to

discourage the efforts of those who have suggestions of industrial

improvements to make.

It is plain that those economic forces which prevent the inventor from

having his ideas tested must to that extent retard the progress of

industrial improvement. Thousands of men, who imagine that they

possess the inventive talent in a highly developed degree, are either

crack-brained enthusiasts or else utterly unpractical men whose

services would never be worth anything at all in the work of

attacking difficult mechanical problems. It is in the task of

discriminating between this class and the true inventors that many

industrial organizers fail. Any economic system which offers

inducements to the directors of industrial enterprises to shirk the

onerous, and at times very irksome, duty of sifting out the good from

the bad must stand condemned not only on account of its wastefulness,

but by reason of its baneful effects in the discouragement of

inventive genius.

Considerations of this kind lead to the conclusion that during the

twentieth century the spread of collectivist or socialistic ideas, and

the adoption of methods of State and municipal control of production

and transport may have an important bearing upon the progress of

civilisation through the adoption of new inventions. Many thinking men

and women of the present generation are inclined to believe _the_

twentieth century invention _par excellence_ will be the bringing of

all the machinery of production, transport and exchange under the

official control of persons appointed by the State or by the

municipality, and therefore amenable to the vote of the people.

Projects of collectivism are in the air, and high hopes are

entertained that the twentieth century will be far more distinctively

marked by the revolution which it will witness in the social and

industrial organisation of the people than in the improvements

effected in the mechanical and other means for extending man's powers

over natural forces.

The average official naturally wishes to retain his billet. That is

the main motive which governs nearly all his official acts; and in the

treatment which he usually accords to the inventor he shows this

anxiety perhaps more clearly than in any other class of the actions of

his administration. He wants to make no mistakes, but whether he ever

scores a distinct and decided success is comparatively a matter of

indifference to him. So long as he does not give a handle to his

enemies to be used against him, he is fairly contented to go on from

year to year in a humdrum style.

Even a man of fine feeling and progressive ideas soon experiences the

numbing effects of the routine life after he has been a few years in

office. He knows that he will be judged rather on the negative than on

the positive principle, that is to say, for the things which it is

accounted he ought not to have done rather than for the more

enterprising good things which it is admitted he may have done.

Now any one who undertakes to encourage invention must necessarily

make mistakes. He may indeed know that one case of brilliant success

will make up for half a dozen comparative failures; but he reckons

that at any rate the blanks in the chances which he is taking will

numerically exceed the prizes. An official, however, will not dare to

draw blanks. Better for him to draw nothing at all. He must therefore

turn his back upon the inventor and approve of nothing which has not

been shown to be a great success elsewhere.

This means that the socialised and municipalised enterprises must

always lag behind those depending upon private effort; and the country

which imposes disabilities on the latter must, for a time at least,

lose its lead in the industrial race. This is what happened to

England, as contrasted with the United States, when, under the

influence of enthusiasm for future municipalisation, the British

Legislature laid heavy penalties upon those who should venture to

instal electric trams in the United Kingdom.

The American manufacturers and tramway companies, in their keen

competition with one another and perfect freedom to compete on even

terms with horse traction, soon took the lead in all matters

pertaining to electric traction, and the British public, at the close

of the nineteenth century, have had to witness the humiliating

spectacle of their own public authorities being forced to import

electrical apparatus, and even steam-engines applicable to dynamos

used for tramway purposes, from the other side of the Atlantic!

The lesson thus enforced will not in the end be missed, although it

may require a considerable time to be fully understood. Officialism is

a foe to inventive progress; and whether it exists under a regime of

collectivism or under one of autocracy, it must paralyse industrial

enterprise to that extent, thus rendering the country which has

adopted it liable to be outstripped by its competitors.

The true friend of inventive progress is generally the rising

competitor in a busy hive of industry where the difficulties of

securing a profitable footing are very considerable. Such a man is

ever on the watch for an opportunity to gain some leverage by which he

may raise himself to a level with older-established or richer

competitors. If he be a good employer his workmen enter into the

spirit of the competition, feeling that promotion will follow on any

services they may render. They may perhaps possess the inventive

talent themselves, or they may do even greater services by recognising

it in others and co-operating in their work. It is thus that

successful inventions are usually started on their useful careers.

It is therefore upon private enterprise that the principal onus of

advancing the inventions which will contribute to the progress of the

human race in the twentieth century must necessarily fall. The type of

man who will cheerfully work _pro bono publico_, with just as much

ardour as he would exhibit when labouring to advance his own

interests, may already be found here and there in civilised

communities at existing stages of development; but it is not

sufficiently numerous to enable the world to dispense with the

powerful stimulus of competition.

Just as a superior type of machinery can be elaborated during the

course of a single century, there is no doubt that--mainly through the

use of improved appliances for lessening the amount of brute force

which man needs to exert in his daily avocations--the nervous

organisations of the men and women constituting the rank and file

during the latter part of the twentieth century will be immensely

improved in sensitiveness. A corresponding advance will then take

place in the capacity for collectivism. But a human being of the high

class demanded for the carrying out of any scheme of State socialism

must be bred by a slow improvement during successive generations. A

hundred years do not constitute a long period of time in the process

of the organic evolution of the human race, and, as Tennyson declared,

We are far from the noon of man--

There is time for the race to grow.

Yet the public advantages of collectivist activities in certain

particular directions cannot for a moment be denied. Much waste and

heavy loss are entailed by the duplication of works of general utility

by rival owners, each of them, perhaps, only half utilising the full

capacities of his machinery or of the other plant upon which capital

has been expended.

Moreover, as soon as companies have become so large that their

managers and other officials are brought into no closer personal

relations with the shareholders than the town clerks, engineers, and

surveyors of cities, and the departmental heads of State bureaus are

associated with the voters and ratepayers, the systems of private and

of collective ownership begin to stand much more nearly on a par as

regards the non-encouragement which they offer to inventiveness.

One of the greatest discoveries of the twentieth century, therefore,

will be the adoption of a _via media_ which will admit of the

progressiveness of private ownership in promoting industrial

inventions, combined with the political progressiveness of

collectivism. One direction in which an important factor assisting in

the solution of this problem is to be expected is in the removal of

the causes which tend to make public officials so timid and

unprogressive.

So long as a mere temporary outcry about the apparent non-success of

some adopted improvement--whose real value perhaps cannot be proved

unless by the exercise of patience--may result in the dismissal or in

the disrating of the official who has recommended it, just so long

will all those who are called upon to act as guides to public

enterprises be compelled to stick to the most conservative lines in

the exercise of their duties. More assurance of permanence in

positions of public administration is needed.

The man upon whose shoulders rests the responsibility of adopting, or

of condemning, new proposals brought before him, ostensibly in the

interests of the public welfare, ought to be regarded as being called

upon to carry out _quasi_-judicial functions; and his tenure of

office, and his claim to a pension after a busy career, ought not to

depend upon the chances of the evanescent politics of the day. If a

man has proved, by his close and successful application to the study

of his profession--as evinced in the tests which he has passed as a

youth and during his subsequent career in subordinate positions--that

he is really a lover of hard work, and imbued with conscientious

devotion to duty, he may generally be trusted, when he has attained to

a position of superintendence, to do his utmost in the interests of

the public whom he serves. This is the theory upon which the

appointment of a judge in almost any English-speaking community is

understood to be made; and, although failures in its application may

occur now and then, there is no doubt whatever that on the average of

cases it works out well in practice.

If private manufacturers, whose success in life depends upon their

appreciation of talent and inventiveness, could be assured that in

dealing with public officials they would be brought into contact with

men of the standing indicated, instead of being confronted so

frequently with the demand for commissions and other kinds of solatium

on account of the risks undertaken in recommending anything new, they

would soon largely modify their distrust of what is known as

collectivism. It is the duty of the public whose servant an official

is, rather than of the private manufacturer, to insure him against

the danger of losing his position on account of any possible mistake

in the exercise of his judgment.

In short, the day is not far distant when the men upon whom devolves

the responsibility of examining into, and reporting upon, the claims

of those who profess to have made important industrial improvements

will be looked upon as exercising judicial functions of the very

highest type. When the important reforms arising from this recognition

have been introduced, the forces of collectivism will cease to range

themselves on the side of stolid conservatism in industry, as they

undoubtedly have done in the nineteenth century even while they

inconsistently professed to advance the cause of progress politically.

The inventor, who in the early part of the nineteenth century was

generally denounced as a public enemy, will, in the latter part of the

twentieth century, be hailed as a benefactor to the community, because

he will be judged by the ultimate, rather than by the immediate,

effects of his work, and because it will be the duty of the public

authorities to see to it that the dislocation of one industry

incidental the promotion of another by any invention does not, on the

whole, operate to throw people out of employment, but, on the

contrary, gives more constant work and better wages to all. But the

slow progress of the fundamental traits of human nature will retard

the attainment of this goal. The world has a long distance to travel

in the uphill road of industrial and social improvement before it can

succeed in obtaining a really true view of the part fulfilled by

inventive genius in contributing to human happiness.

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BOTANY. Outlines of the Classification of Plants. By W. R. MCNAB, M.D.

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THERMODYNAMICS. By RICHARD WORMELL, M.A., D.Sc. With 41 Diagrams. Fcp.

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ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL PHYSIOGRAPHY. (Section I.) By JOHN THORNTON,

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ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL PHYSIOGRAPHY. (Section II.). A Course of Lessons

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PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS. By A. G. CRACKNELL, M.A., B.Sc. Crown 8vo.,

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ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL ZOOLOGY. By FRANK E. BEDDARD, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S.,

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_OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION._

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. The word Pharmacopoeia uses an oe ligature in the original.

3. Minor changes were made for the purpose of consistency in the book

list at the end, like adding period, etc.

4. The following misprints have been corrected:

"sufficiemt" corrected to "sufficient" (page 45)

Changed "--" to "-" in nitrogen-fixing (page 151)

Joined words "intel lectual" split over two lines (page 236)

Missing text "to" added after "incidental" (page 285)

5. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies

in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained.

End of Project Gutenberg's Twentieth Century Inventions, by George Sutherland

Twentieth Century Inventions: A Forecast · 第 14 / 14 章