XIII. When the title has been transcribed in accordance with the
foregoing rules, the heading is to be written above it.
This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical
catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its
vernacular form, when the same can be represented by the letters of
the English alphabet.
When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the
form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.
The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names
are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and
within parentheses.
XIV. When a name is variously spelled, the best authorized
orthography is to be selected for the heading, and such other modes
of spelling the name, as are likely to occasion difficulty, are to be
added, within brackets.
Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name,
which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.
XV. The following rules are to be observed in cataloguing names with
prefixes:
(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded
under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.
Thus: _D'Israeli_, _De Morgan_, _De la Beche_, _Du Ponceau_ are to be
placed under _D_; _Van Buren_ under _V_.
In such cases, cross-references are to be made from the principal
name.
Names beginning with _Mac_, _O'_, _Ap_, and _Fitz_, are to be
recorded under those syllables.
_Mc_, and _M'_, abbreviated forms of _Mac_, are to be considered the
same as if written in full.
(2.) French surnames preceded by the preposition _de_ are to be
catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.
Thus: _Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de)_ is to be placed under _F_,
not under _D_; _Alembert (Jean le Rond d')_ under _A_, not under _D_.
In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors.
Thus, Brunet places _D'Alembert_ under _D_, while Quérard, the
Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the same name
under _A_. But consistency is of the first importance, and it is
decidedly best to make this rule positive, and without exceptions.
(3.) French surnames preceded by _De la_, are to be recorded under
the article.
Thus: _La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de)_, not _De la Pérouse_,
nor _Pérouse_; _La Harpe (Jean François de)_, not _De la Harpe_, nor
_Harpe_.
It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity
will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor
scarcely consistency in any one writer.
(4.) French names preceded by _Du_ or _Des_ are to be recorded under
these prefixes.
Thus: _Du Halde_, under _D_, not under _H_; _Des Cartes_, under _D_,
not under _C_.
(5.) French names, preceded by the article _Le_, _La_, _L'_, are to
be recorded under _L_.
Thus: _Le Long (Jacques)_, not _Long (Jacques le)_; _L'Héritier
(Marie Jeanne)_, not _Héritier (Marie Jeanne l')_.
(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all
cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with
cross-references.
Thus: _Delle Valle_, under _V_; _Della Santa_, under _S_; _Da Cunha_
under _C_. So _Buch (Léopold von)_; _Recke (Elisa von der)_; _Dyck
(Anton Van)_; _Praet (Joseph Basile Bernard Van)_; _Hooght (Everard
van der)_; _Ess (Leander van)_.
XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered
under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound
names, the last name is to be preferred.
Thus, in French, such names as _Etienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire_,
_Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire_, should be written _Geoffroy-Saint-
Hilaire (Etienne)_, _Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore)_. So in Spanish,
_Calderon de la Barca_, and _Calderon y Belgrano_, should both be
entered under _C_. But _François de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon_,
is universally placed under _Fénélon_, even by those who generally
adhere to the above rule. There are other names, which must be
considered exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to
give any invariable rule, but all difficulty must be removed by
cross-references.
XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added
others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in
any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other
names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different
languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form.
But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in
his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form
as he may have employed.
~Remark 1.~ Thus, _Alexander Slidell Mackenzie_ should be placed
under _Mackenzie_, with a cross-reference from _Slidell_. His family
name was _Slidell_, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed
the name _Mackenzie_.
_François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire_, under _Voltaire_; because
_Voltaire_ is a name assumed as a surname. It is not a title, nor
commonly considered part of a compound surname.
_Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière_, under _Molière_. His father's name
was _Poquelin_ but he added, himself, the name _Molière_, as _Aroüet_
did that of _Voltaire_.
The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he
has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that
which he received from his ancestors,--_his_ family name, not _his
father's_. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act, the
name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known
to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity.
A married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of
her husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If
she published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her
married name, they should all be recorded under her married name,
with a cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published
only under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered
under that name, followed by her married name, included within
parentheses.
~Remark 2.~ Such changes as are referred to under this rule may
generally be indicated by the mode of printing, thus:
MACKENZIE (~Alexander~ SLIDELL).
VOLTAIRE (~François Marie~ AROÜET ~de~).
DACIER (_Mad._ ~Anne~ LEFÈVRE).
XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their
first names, or their Christian names:
(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.
(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.
(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added
within brackets.
(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their
surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within
brackets.
(5.) All other persons known _only_ by their first names, to which,
for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places,
profession, rank, &c., as, _Adamus Bremensis_, or _Adam of Bremen_.
A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the
author may be known, to that used as the heading.
XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of
cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when
not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person
may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases
where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.
~Remark.~ Thus, _Home (Henry), Lord Kames_. There should be a
cross-reference; thus, _Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry)_. _Stanhope
(Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield_.
This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the
propriety of the rule. This author is universally known as
_Chesterfield_, not as _Stanhope_. But there are other authors, who
are as well known by their family names as by their titles; while the
greater portion are known by their family names, much better than by
their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary, and this is
thought to be the best.
XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint
production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first
named, with cross-references from the names of the others.
XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors,
published together in one series, with a collective title, are to
be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to
be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if that be not
known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If
any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and
an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's
name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the
collection in which it is to be found.
Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear
upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the
collection.
~Explanation 1.~ The principle established by this rule, decides the
case, common among German books, of _works with double titles_, one
general and the other special. Such a work must be entered twice,
once under the general title, which should omit, as much as possible,
what is contained in the special; and once under the special title,
which should refer to the general, stating what volume of the general
collection this particular volume forms.
~Explanation 2.~ This rule applies to _periodical publications_,
which should be entered under the name of the Editor, if this appears
upon the title-page, with a cross-reference from the name of the
publication. But if the publication be issued under the direction of
an association, it comes under the next rule, and is to be recorded
under the name of the association, with a cross-reference from the
editor's name.
~Remark.~ The catalogue, thus formed, will be composed of works,
having each a distinct title-page and an independent pagination.
Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be attained by
adopting a more comprehensive plan;--one, by which every distinct
article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines, Reviews,
and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication, the
authors of the treatises are named,--should be separately entered,
as if it were a book. Such an attempt is, however, at present,
unadvisable. Should it, hereafter, be thought practicable to extend
the rule, none of the titles which have been prepared, under this
rule, will be superfluous, and none will have to be altered. It is
hoped, that, within a few years, such progress may be made in the
General Catalogue, as to justify the attempt at greater minuteness of
registration.
XXII. Academies, institutes, associations, universities, colleges;
literary, scientific, economical, eleemosynary and religious
societies; national and municipal governments; assemblies,
conventions, boards, corporations, and other bodies of men, under
whatever name, and of whatever character, issuing publications,
whether as separate works, or in a continuous series, under a
general title, are to be considered and treated as the authors of
all works issued by them, and in their name alone. The heading is to
be the name of the body, the principal word to be the first word,
not an article. A cross-reference is to be made from any important
substantive or adjective, to the principal word.
~Explanation 1.~ If the name of the author appears upon the
title-page of a work having a distinct title-page and paging,
published by such a body, the work then comes under Rule XXI. It must
be recorded twice; once under the general title, according to the
above rule, and again under the name of the author, referring, if it
be published in a series, to the volume of the series in which it is
contained.
~Explanation 2.~ Catalogues of public libraries are to be entered
under the name of the establishment; and if the name of the compiler
appears upon the title-page, a cross-reference should be made from it
to the principal entry.
~Explanation 3.~ When committees, or branches of a body, issue
publications, the heading is to be the name of the chief, and not of
the subordinate body. Thus, under _United States_, would be placed
all public documents issued at the expense of the United States,
whether as regular Public Documents, or by particular Departments,
Bureaus, or Committees. Such titles, when they become numerous, may
be classed, and conveniently arranged in the catalogue.
On the same principle, the publications of literary and other
societies connected with colleges and universities are to
be catalogued under the names of the colleges, &c., with
cross-references from the names of the societies.
~Explanation 4.~ Under this rule, Liturgies, Prayer-Books,
Breviaries, Missals, &c., are to be placed under the English name of
the communion, religious order or denomination, under whose authority
they are prepared and published. Similar works by individuals, are to
be placed under their names.
XXIII. Translations are to be entered under the heading of the
original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the
translator. If the name of the translator be known, and that of the
author unknown, the book is to be entered, like other anonymous
works, under the first word of the original title, not an article or
preposition, whether the original be or be not in the library to be
catalogued.
When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be
expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an
anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an
article or preposition.
XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by the whole Text, are to be entered
under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference
from the name of the commentator. If not accompanied by the Text,
they are to be entered under the name of the commentator, with a
cross-reference from the name of the author.
XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in any language, is to be entered
under the word "Bible."
Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as
well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of
these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the
authorized English version.
XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be recorded under the name of the
Reporter; or if this be not known, under the first word of the
Title. There should also be cross-references, from the names of the
plaintiff and of the defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the
defendant in a criminal suit.
XXVII. The Respondent or defender in a thesis, is to be considered
its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of
the Præses.
XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to be entered under the assumed
name, followed by _pseud._; after which may be given the name of
the supposed or reputed author, with (in case of doubt) the word
_probably_ before it, or _?_ after it.
But if the author have published any edition, continuation,
or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered
pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the
feigned name.
~Explanation 1.~ Under pseudonyms are to be included not only
fictitious names, such as _Geoffrey Crayon, Gent._, assumed by
Washington Irving, and abbreviated names, as _A. L. Mil._, for _A.
L. Millin_; but also names concealed in an anagram, as _Nides_,
for _Denis_; or formed from the initials of the real name, as
_Talvi_, for _Theresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob_, and all words used
fictitiously as proper names of authors.
~Explanation 2.~ Works falsely attributed, in their titles, to
particular persons, are also to be treated as pseudonymous, and
entered under the names of the pretended authors, with such notes as
may be necessary to prevent mistake; unless some edition has been
published under the name of the real author.
~Explanation 3.~ Works published with _initials_, are to be entered
under the full name of the author, if he be known to have published
any edition with his name; otherwise, under the _last_ initial, which
is to be supposed to stand for the surname, and the other letter or
letters for Christian names. But if the last letter be known to stand
for a title, it is not to be used for the heading.
XXIX. Anonymous works are to be entered under the first word of the
title, not an article or preposition. Cross-references may be made
from all words, in the title, under which such a work would be likely
to be sought for, in an alphabetical catalogue.
But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or
supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered anonymous.
~Exception 1.~ An anonymous biography or personal narrative is to be
entered under the name of the person, whose life or adventures form
the subject of the book, if the name appears upon the title-page. But
such works should in all cases be designated as anonymous.
~Exception 2.~ An anonymous continuation, supplement, appendix or
index is to be entered under the heading of the original work.
~Explanation 1.~ A book is not to be considered anonymous, when the
name of the author is given in any part of it, or expressed by any
distinctive description. In such case, the name of the author is to
be inserted in the title, within brackets, and is to be used as the
heading.
~Explanation 2.~ If it be known that the book has been _attributed_
to a certain person, his name may be inserted in the title, within
brackets, with such explanation as shall prevent mistake; and a
cross-reference may be made from the name of the reputed author.
~Explanation 3.~ Works in which the author is described by some
circumlocution, which does not serve to identify him, are to be
considered anonymous.
~Remark.~ This rule will secure uniformity. It will relieve
librarians from an almost incalculable amount of labor, perplexity
and dissatisfaction. It will relieve readers from every
inconvenience, except that of sometimes being obliged to look in two
places for the book. On these accounts, a simple, arbitrary rule is
the only one that can safely be adopted. Any rule for selecting the
most prominent word of a title, or for entering a book under the name
of its subject, would be found fatal to uniformity; it would greatly
increase the trouble of making a catalogue; it would not render the
catalogue more convenient for readers, but, in the main, much less
so. The only objections to the proposed rule are, that it brings many
titles under words of little significance, as a "_Brief_ Survey", a
"_Succinct_ Narrative", &c., and that it brings many titles together,
under such words as "Essay", "History", "Narrative", &c. These
objections have been fully considered, and the rule is given with the
settled conviction that the inconveniences alluded to are much less
than those which would result from any other rule or set of rules,
which have been proposed, or can be devised.