═══════════╤════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════_Woman's work in America

STATES. │ NUMBER │ DENOMINATIONS.

│ OF │

│SCHOOLS.│

│ │

───────────┼────────┼──────────┬─────────────┬────────┬──────────┬─────────

„ │ „ │ Meth. │Presbyterian.│Baptist.│Christian.│ Roman

│ │Episcopal.│ │ │ │Catholic.

───────────┼────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼────────┼──────────┼─────────

Alabama │ 10│ 3│ 2│ 2│ │

Georgia │ 13│ 5│ │ 4│ │

Kentucky │ 19│ 3│ 3│ 3│ 1│ 1

Louisiana │ 3│ 1│ 1│ │ │

Maryland │ 5│ │ │ │ │ 1

Mississippi│ 13│ 3│ 1│ 4│ │

Missouri │ 14│ 1│ 4│ 2│ 2│ 1

North │ 12│ 3│ 3│ 3│ │

Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │

South │ 4│ 1│ │ 1│ │

Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │

Tennessee │ 13│ 4│ │ 2│ │ 1

Texas │ 4│ 2│ │ │ │ 1

Virginia │ 14│ 3│ │ 3│ │

West │ 3│ │ │ 1│ │

Virginia │ │ │ │ │ │

│ 127│ 29│ 14│ 25│ 3│ 5

───────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════╤

STATES. │ DENOMINATIONS. │

│ │

───────────┼─────────┬──────┬──────────┬──────────────┼

„ │Lutheran.│Cumb. │ Prot. │Non-sectarian.│

│ │Presb.│Episcopal.│ │

───────────┼─────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼

Alabama │ │ │ │ 3│

Georgia │ │ │ │ 4│

Kentucky │ │ │ │ 8│

Louisiana │ │ │ │ 1│

Maryland │ 1│ │ │ 3│

Mississippi│ │ 1│ │ 4│

Missouri │ │ │ │ 4│

North │ │ │ 1│ 2│

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

South │ │ │ │ 2│

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

Tennessee │ │ 1│ │ 5│

Texas │ │ │ │ 1│

Virginia │ 2│ │ 1│ 5│

West │ │ │ │ 2│

Virginia │ │ │ │ │

───────────┼─────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼

│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 44│

───────────┴─────────┴──────┴──────────┴──────────────┴

═══════════╤═══════════╤══════════╤════════

STATES. │ NUMBER OF │ NUMBER │INCOME.

│STUDENTS IN│AUTHORIZED│

│COLLEGIATE │BY LAW TO │

│DEPARTMENT,│ CONFER │

│ INCLUDING │ DEGREES. │

│ RESIDENT │ │

│GRADUATES. │ │

───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────

„ │ „ │ „ │ „

│ │ │

───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────

Alabama │ 543│ 6│ $43,952

Georgia │ 1,055│ 9│ 11,404

Kentucky │ 1,127│ 15│ 45,044

Louisiana │ 186│ 2│ 5,000

Maryland │ 363│ 3│ 16,100

Mississippi│ 904│ 8│ 42,822

Missouri │ 588│ 9│ 44,400

North │ 850│ 5│ 22,848

Carolina │ │ │

South │ 416│ 3│ 8,700

Carolina │ │ │

Tennessee │ 860│ 11│ 35,380

Texas │ 217│ 2│ 14,855

Virginia │ 727│ 12│ 42,785

West │ 78│ 3│ 2,000

Virginia │ │ │

───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────

│ 7,914│ 88│$335,290

───────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────

APPENDIX C.—TABLE IV.—_Secondary Instruction for 1886–87._

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════

STATES. │ PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

───────────┼─────────┬─────────────┬──────────────────────

„ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students

│SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College.

───────────┼─────────┼─────┬───────┼──────────┬───────────

„ │ „ │Male.│Female.│Classical.│Scientific.

───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

Alabama │ │ │ │ │

Arkansas │ 2│ 57│ 91│ │

│ │ │ │ │

District of│ 1│ 302│ 506│ 20│ 7

Columbia │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Florida │ 2│ 40│ 60│ │

│ │ │ │ │

Georgia │ 4│ 319│ 512│ 160│ 50

│ │ │ │ │

Kentucky │ 3│ 139│ 613│ 2│ 2

│ │ │ │ │

Louisiana │ 1│ 146│ 344│ │

Maryland │ 4│ 46│ 769│ │

│ │ │ │ │

Mississippi│ 2│ 85│ 85│ │

│ │ │ │ │

North │ 2│ 80│ 79│ │

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

South │ 1│ 40│ 27│ 2│

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Tennessee │ 6│ 339│ 449│ 11│ 20

│ │ │ │ │

Texas │ 6│ 140│ 368│ 1│

│ │ │ │ │

Virginia │ 6│ 400│ 806│ 23│

│ │ │ │ │

West │ 1│ 80│ 95│ │

Virginia │ │ │ │ │

───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

│ 41│2,163│ 4,806│ 219│ 79

───────────┴─────────┴─────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════

STATES. │ PARTLY PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

───────────┼─────────┬─────────────┬──────────────────────

„ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students

│SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College.

───────────┼─────────┼─────┬───────┼──────────┬───────────

„ │ „ │Male.│Female.│Classical.│Scientific.

───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

Alabama │ 6│ 436│ 333│ 69│ 10

Arkansas │ 4│ 220│ 218│ 14│ 15

│ │ │ │ │

District of│ │ │ │ │

Columbia │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Florida │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Georgia │ 35│1,821│ 1,715│ 50│ 5

│ │ │ │ │

Kentucky │ 5│ 342│ 352│ 13│ 14

│ │ │ │ │

Louisiana │ 1│ 53│ │ │

Maryland │ 2│ 144│ │ 1│

│ │ │ │ │

Mississippi│ 7│ 222│ 388│ 6│

│ │ │ │ │

North │ 6│ 238│ 248│ 5│

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

South │ 3│ 163│ 140│ 10│

Carolina │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Tennessee │ 7│ 549│ 439│ 7│

│ │ │ │ │

Texas │ 6│ 462│ 482│ 5│

│ │ │ │ │

Virginia │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

West │ │ │ │ │

Virginia │ │ │ │ │

───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

│ 82│4,650│ 4,315│ 180│ 44

───────────┴─────────┴─────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

═══════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════════

STATES. │ PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

───────────┼─────────┬──────────────┬──────────────────────

„ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students

│SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College.

───────────┼─────────┼──────┬───────┼──────────┬───────────

„ │ „ │Male. │Female.│Classical.│Scientific.

───────────┼─────────┼──────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

Alabama │ 20│ 753│ 880│ │

Arkansas │ 5│ 371│ 412│ │

│ │ │ │ │

District of│ 10│ (20)│ 328│ │ 6

Columbia │ │ 458│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Florida │ 8│ (70)│ 671│ │

│ │ 280│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Georgia │ 39│ 2,238│ 2,703│ │

│ │ │ │ │

Kentucky │ 31│ (810)│ 1,829│ │

│ │ 950│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Louisiana │ 10│ 652│ 373│ │

Maryland │ 23│ 1,115│ 588│ │

│ │ │ │ │

Mississippi│ 10│ (271)│ 562│ │

│ │ 638│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

North │ 54│ (127)│ 1,859│ │

Carolina │ │ 2,692│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

South │ 10│ (135)│ 782│ 7│

Carolina │ │ 834│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Tennessee │ 25│ 1,191│ 1,523│ 20│ 50

│ │ │ │ │

Texas │ 16│ (200)│ 1,236│ │

│ │ 1,055│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Virginia │ 22│ (225)│ 553│ 5│ 6

│ │ 978│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

West │ 5│ (113)│ 162│ │

Virginia │ │ 81│ │ │

───────────┼─────────┼──────┼───────┼──────────┼───────────

│ 288│14,286│ 14,561│ 32│ 62

───────────┴─────────┴──────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

APPENDIX D.

_To Article VII.—Woman in Medicine._

LIST OF MEDICAL ESSAYS AND COMMUNICATIONS WRITTEN BY WOMEN PHYSICIANS

BETWEEN 1872 AND 1890.

Abdominal section, a case of. Anita Tyng.

Æsthesiometry, with new instrument. Grace Peckham.—_N. Y. Med.

Record_, 1885.

Alexander’s operation, two cases.—_N. Y. Med. Record_, 1888.

Amyl Nitrite in dysmenorrhœa. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1875.

Anal occlusion, an unusual case. Susan Dimock.—_Record_, 1875.

Anencephalous monster. Mary Putnam.—_Archives_ Brown-Sequard, 1872.

Antagonism of medicines. _Ibid._—_Archives of Medicine_, 1881.

Aphasia, with special loss of nouns. _Ibid._—_Journal Mental and

Nervous Dis._, 1886.

Apoplexia neonatorum. Sarah McNutt.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1885.

Apostoli’s clinic, report of. Mary Hobart.—_Boston Med. and Surg.

Jour._, 1889.

Apostoli’s clinic, report of. Alice T. Beall.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1889.

Atropine, lecture on. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1873.

Blood, is it a living fluid? Frances Emily White.—_Record_, 1883.

Botanical notes. Mary K. Curran.—_Proceedings California Academy of

Sciences_, 1889.

Basilar kyphosis, its relations to certain cerebral deformities. Sara

A. Post.—_Record_, 1889.

Bacteria, their rôle in fermentation and putrefaction. Emma Sutro

Merritt. _Trans. Med. Soc. California_, 1890.

Biology, practical study in. Mary Putnam Jacobi, address at

Massachusetts State Med. Soc.—_Boston Med. and Surg. Journal_, 1889.

Brain tumor. _Ibid._—_Wood’s Reference Handbook Medical Sciences._

Catamenial decidua, microscopic examination of. Jeannette Greene.—_Am.

Jour. Obstet._, 1882.

Cerebrum, multiple tumors of, case of in a child. Sarah J.

McNutt.—_Trans. Am. Neurological Ass’n._

Cirrhosis liver with splenic tumor in a child. Mary Putnam

Jacobi.—_Archives Pediat._, 1889.

Cold pack and massage in treatment of anæmia. Mary Putnam Jacobi and

Victoria White.—_Archives of Medicine_, 1880.

Colpo-hysterectomy for cancer. Sara A. Post.—_Am. Jour. Med.

Sciences_, 1886.

Conjunctivitis, new method of treating. Elizabeth Sargent.—_Trans.

Med. Soc. of California_, 1890.

Cutaneous irritation and effect on pulse. Sara A. Post.—_N. Y. Med.

Record_, 1883.

Chlorine in diphtheria. Caroline Conkey.—_Record_, 1884.

Camphor, case of fatal poisoning by. Mary J. Finley.—_Record_, 1887.

Cerebro-spinal meningitis, case of. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_,

1877.

Cocculus indicus, an experimental study. _Ibid._—_N. Y. Med. Jour._,

1887.

Deformities, brain and cord. Sara A. Post.—_Keating’s Cyclopœdia

Children’s Diseases._

Dermoid cysts, two cases aspiration followed by inflammation. Mary

Putnam Jacobi.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1883.

Diphtheria and croup, comparison. _Ibid._—_Record_, 1877.

Digestibility as test of food value. Sara A. Post.—_Diet Gazette_,

1888.

Diseases of children, classification by development. Mary Putnam

Jacobi.—_Boston Med. and Surg. Jour._, 1881.

Endometritis, studies in. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1885.

Empyema, a case of, with new device for measuring chest by plaster

casts. _Ibid._—_Med. News_, 1890.

Electricity in obstetrics. Mary W. Moody.—_Trans. Med. Soc.

California_, 1888.

Episiotomy, a plea for. Anna Broomall.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1878.

Epithelioma vulva, following long-standing pruritus, operative cure.

Elizabeth Cushier.—_Record_, 1879.

Exercise for women, as illustrated by a study of circus riders. Sara

A. Post.—_Record_, 1884.

Fibroid tumor of uterus removed by Thomas’s scoop. Mary Putnam

Jacobi.—_Am. Jour. Med. Sciences_, 1880.

Fibroid tumor successfully treated by electricity. _Ibid._—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._, 1888.

Fatty degeneration of new-born children (Buhl’s disease). _Ibid._—_Am.

Jour. Obstet._, 1878.

Hernia of diaphragm, congenital. Anna Broomall.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1879.

Hot and cold drinks. Sara A. Post.—_Record_, 1888.

Hysterectomies, recent, for cancer. _Ibid._—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1888.

Hydrocele in a female. Ellen A. Ingersol.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1882.

Hydro-nephrosis, fatal case in a parturient woman. Helen

Bissell.—_Record_, 1887.

Hysteria, some considerations on. Mary Putnam Jacobi. 1888.

Hysteria, post-epileptic. _Ibid._—_Journal Nervous and Ment. Disease_,

1888.

Hysterical locomotor ataxia. _Ibid._—_Archives of Medicine_, 1883.

Hysterical fever. _Ibid._—_Journal Nervous and Mental Diseases_, 1890.

Hygiene as basis of morals. Francis Emily White.—_Popular Science

Monthly_, 1889.

Hysterical coma, case. Elizabeth Peck.—_N. Y. Med. Record_, 1888.

Heart, anomalous malformation of. Mary Putnam.—_Record_, 1872.

Hæmatocele, anterior, case. Fanny Berlin.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1888.

Influence of city life on health and development. Grace

Peckham.—_Journal Social Science Assoc._

Infancy in the city.—_Popular Science Monthly_, 1886.

Inflated ring pessary. Sara A. Post.—_Med. Record_, 1887.

Instruments for electro-massage. _Ibid._—_Record_, 1880.

Iodoform in diabetes. _Ibid._—_Archives of Medicine_, 1884

Intra-cranial hæmorrhage. Sarah J. McNutt.—_Quarterly Bulletin

Post-Graduate Clinical Society_, August, 1884.

Infantile paralysis, pathogeny of. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._, 1874.

Infantile paralysis. _Ibid._—_Pepper’s Archives of Medicine_,

Philadelphia, 1885.

Intra-uterine therapeutics. _Ibid._—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1889.

Inversion uterus, acute spontaneous. Araminta V. Scott.—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._, 1880.

Intestinal obstruction, rare case of. Mary Putnam.—_Record_, 1872.

Kinesio neuroses of childhood. Grace Peckham.—_Journal Mental and

Nervous Dis._, 1884.

Knee-chest position. Mary S. Whelstone.—_Am. Jour. Obst._, 1886.

Language study, physiological place for, in curriculum education. Mary

Putnam Jacobi.—_Journal Psychology_, 1888.

Local reflex symptoms in uterine disease (analysis 2000 cases) Grace

Peckham.—_Record_, 1888.

Lupus or esthiomene of the vulva, a case. _Ibid._—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1887.

Loco weed, its toxicity. Mary G. Day.—_N. Y. Med. Jour._, 1889.

Mania, acute, after operations. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1889.

Macerated fœtus as complication of labor. Sara A. Post.—_Record_,

1889.

Mastitis. Julia A. Post.—_Record_, 1885.

Matter and mind. Frances Emily White.—_Popular Science Monthly_, 1887.

Muscle and mind. _Ibid._—_Ibid._, 1889.

Morals, evolution of. _Ibid._—_Open Court_, 1889.

Moner to man. _Ibid._—_Popular Science Monthly_, 1884.

Mechanical restraint of the insane. Alice Bennett.—_Medico-Legal

Journal_, 1883.

Meningocele, rare case of. Sarah J. McNutt.—_Quarterly Bulletin

Post-Graduate Clinical Society_, 1887.

Menstrual subinvolution or metritis of non-parturient uterus. Mary

Putnam Jacobi.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1885.

Metritis, chronic, and parturient subinvolution. _Ibid._—_Ibid._

August, 1885.

Menstruation, new theory of. _Ibid._—_Ibid._, June, 1885.

Menstruation, question of rest in. Theory. Boylston prize essay,

1876.—_Ibid._

Miliary tuberculosis and endometritis, case of. _Ibid._—_Record_,

1875.

Microcephalus, case of. _Ibid._—_Record._

Menstrual bodies, anomalous in oöphoritis. Mary Dixon Jones.—_N. Y.

Med. Jour._, 1890.

Metallo-therapy. Grace Peckham.—_Archives of Medicine_, 1883.

Mirror writing. _Ibid._—_Record_, 1886.

Mineral water in diseases of children. Isabel Lowry.—_N. Y. Med.

Record_, 1888.

Midwifery cases, analysis of 187 in private practice. Marie

Zakrzewska.—_Boston Med. and Surg. Journal_, Dec., 1889.

Myoma, uterine, 13 lbs., removal. Mary Dixon Jones.—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._

Myxœdema, case of, with microscopic examination of cord. Elizabeth

Cushier.—_Archives Med._, 1882.

Nephritis, acute diffuse, following intestinal catarrh. Sarah J.

McNutt.—_Archives Pediatrics_, 1885.

Nervousness of Americans. Grace Peckham.—_Journal Social Science._

Negative pulse of veins. Sara A. Post.—_Record_, 1883.

Ovarian complications of endometritis. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._, 1886.

Ovaries, hemorrhage into. _Ibid._—_Record_, 1872.

Ovariotomy for double ovarian tumor with tubercular peritonitis. Mary

S. Whelstone.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1886.

Ovaries and tubes, support in treatment of. Sara A. Post.—_N. Y. Med.

Jour._, 1887.

Paquelin cautery, value of. Sarah A. Dolley.—_Trans. Monroe Co. Med.

Soc._, 1879.

Paralysis in puerperal state, two cases. Imogene Bassett.—_Jour. Nerv.

Dis._, 1880.

Parovarian cyst with twisted pedicle attended by persistent uterine

hemorrhage. Elizabeth Cushier.—_N. Y. Med. Jour._, 1884.

Pemphigus neonatorum, epidemic of. Eleanor Kilham.—_Am. Jour.

Obstet._, 1889.

Pericarditis in a child. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1873.

Perineo-rectal laceration, extensive, of 32 years’ standing, cure by

operation. Victoria A. Scott.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1883.

Pontine tumor, or diffuse brain sclerosis? Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Jour.

Nerv. Dis._, 1889.

Placenta, waxy degeneration of. Jeannette Greene.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1880.

Placenta, hyaline degeneration. Sara A. Post.—_Trans. Am. Gyn.

Assoc._, 1888.

Poisoning by sulphate of iron, case. Lucy M. Hall.—_N. Y. Med. Jour._,

1883.

Prolapsus, complete, and Lefort’s operation, three cases. Fanny

Berlin.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1881.

Prophylaxis of insanity. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Archives Med._, 1881.

Pseudo-muscular hypertrophy. _Ibid._—_Pepper’s Archives._

Pseudo-negative sphygmographic trace. Sara A. Post.—_Archives of

Medicine_, 1884.

Persistence in individual consciousness. Frances Emily White.—_Penn.

Monthly_, 1878.

Protoplasm. _Ibid._—_Popular Science Monthly_, 1881.

Pulse tracing, showing cardiac inhibition during sudden pain. Mary

Putnam Jacobi.—_Archives Medicine_, 1879.

Psychical Society, English; critical digest of proceeding. Grace

Peckham.—_Jour. Ment. Dis._, 1888.

Periodical insanity among women. Alice Bennett.—_Medico-Legal Jour._,

1883.

Primary Education. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Popular Science Monthly_,

1886.

Quinine, effect of, on cerebral circulation. Mary Putnam

Jacobi.—_Archives of Medicine_, 1879.

Quinine, indications for, in pneumonia. _Ibid._—_N. Y. Med. Jour._,

1887.

Relations of the sexes. Frances Emily White.—_Westminster Review_,

1879.

Restiform body, section of. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1873.

Rhythmical myoclonus. Grace Peckham.—_Archives Med._, 1883.

Rotary spasm, nocturnal, a case. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Jour. Ment.

Dis._, 1880.

Salpingitis, etiology and treatment of. Marie Mergler.—_Trans.

Illinois State Med. Soc._, 1888.

Septicæmia and pyæmia. Mary Putnam.—_Record_, 1872.

Sternum, trephining, case of. _Ibid._—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1881.

Specialism in medicine. _Ibid._—_Archives of Medicine_, 1882.

Spinal myelitis and meningitis in children. _Ibid._—_Keating’s

Cyclopædia_, 1890.

Spastic double hemiplegia of cerebral origin. Sarah J. McNutt.—_Am.

Jour. Med. Science_, 1885.

Surgical notes in hospital for women and children. Charlotte Blake

Brown.—_Pacific Med. Jour._, 1889.

Syphilitic brain disease, a case, with autopsy. Lucy M. Hall.—_N. Y.

Med. Jour._, 1884.

Therapeutics children’s diseases. Sarah J. McNutt.—_Quarterly Bulletin

Post-grad. Clin. Soc._, 1884.

Typhoid fever, two peculiar cases. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Archives

Med._, 1884.

Urethra, rare case of absence of. Sara A. Post.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._,

1885.

Uterus, rudimentary, two cases of. Susan Dimock.—_Record_, 1874.

Uterine appendages, removal of, five cases. Mary Dixon Jones.—_Am.

Jour. Obstet._, 1888.

do. _Ibid._—_Record_, 1885–1886.

Woman’s place in nature. Francis Emily White.—_Pop. Science Monthly_,

1875.

Women in professions. _Ibid._—_Penn Monthly._

Wormian bones, their effect in childbirth. Grace Peckham.—_Record_,

1888.

do. _Ibid._—_Wood’s Handbook Medical Sciences._

APPENDIX E.

_To Article X.—Woman in the State._

THE CIVIL RIGHTS OF WOMEN.

Women born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the

jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State

wherein they reside. The right of suffrage is regulated in each State by

its own law, subject to Article XV. of the Amendments to the

constitution of the United States. When the right to vote is denied to

any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age

and citizens of the United States, except for participation in rebellion

or crime, the representation of such State in Congress is

proportionately reduced; but there is no penalty attached to the denial

of the right of suffrage to women. The constitutions of all the States,

except Wyoming, specify that the elective franchise is confined to

males. This relates to the right of voting for the federal electors and

the State legislature and executive, and statutes permitting women to

vote in local elections are deemed to be constitutional. In many States

women may vote at the election of school officers or upon any measure

relating to schools. In Wyoming and in the Territory of Utah women vote

in all respects like men. Woman suffrage also existed in the Territory

of Washington, but was rejected at the election for the adoption of the

constitution, when Washington became a State. The right of women to vote

is by the constitution of South Dakota to be submitted by the

legislature to the electors at the first general election after the

admission of the State. The constitutions of Colorado, Wisconsin, and

North Dakota provide that the legislature may at any time extend the

right of suffrage to women, such enactment to take effect, if approved

by a majority of the electors, at a general election.

In the absence of special statute or of the necessity for special

license, it would seem that there is nothing to prevent an unmarried

woman from engaging in any occupation she may choose. In Georgia and

Louisiana, however, the statute declares that women cannot hold any

civil office or perform any civil functions, unless specially authorized

by law. The constitution of California provides that no person shall on

account of sex be disqualified from entering upon or pursuing any lawful

business, vocation, or profession; and in Illinois there is a law that

no person shall be debarred or precluded from any occupation,

employment, or profession (except military) on account of sex. But this

does not extend or modify the right of women to hold office, nor does it

enable or require them to serve on juries or to labor in the streets.

Military, jury, police, patrol, and road duties are generally

specifically confined to males. The constitution of Missouri specifies

that the Governor and members of the legislature must be male, and in

other States such a restriction follows from the requirement that

office-holders shall be chosen from among electors. Certain offices,

such as that of recorder of deeds, notary public, etc., may in many

States be held by women, and in many States women may hold any office

under the school law. In Massachusetts, the office of overseer of the

poor may be held by a woman.

At common law, a married woman, however, had in general no capacity to

contract, and hence could not engage in business or follow an

independent vocation; but the common law disabilities, imposed upon

married women, have been very generally removed by statutes. In

Louisiana and North Carolina, however, the contracts of a married woman

are declared to be generally void, and so says a statute of Georgia,

which seems, however, to be overruled by constitutional provision, as

judicially construed. In Alabama and New Mexico a married woman may

contract, provided she have her husband’s assent, and in certain cases

this is allowed in Louisiana. In Illinois a wife may make all kinds of

contracts, except that she may not enter into a partnership without her

husband’s consent, and in South Carolina it is held that the law does

not empower a married woman to enter into a partnership. But in most of

the States, a married woman may as a general rule make all kinds of

contracts as if she were unmarried. In Mississippi, Oregon, and

Washington, all the civil disabilities peculiar to married women, except

as to voting and holding office, have been expressly swept away. In

about a dozen States there is a certain process, such as recording a

certificate, etc., by which a married woman can become a “sole trader,”

or carry on business in her own name; but in as many other States she

can do this without any formalities. In all the States, the real

property of a woman, and in most of the States her personal property,

upon her marriage, remain her separate property; and so generally

remains all property acquired by the wife after marriage; and over this

separate property a married woman has now, in nearly all the States,

more or less complete control. Louisiana, however, is peculiarly

conservative in this respect, and in Texas, Florida, and Idaho, the

husband has the management and control of all the wife’s separate

property. The property claimed by married women must, by the laws of

several States, be specially registered. In many States a married woman

can convey her own real estate, without her husband joining in the

conveyance; but in a narrow majority of the States the husband must, as

a rule, join with the wife to make a valid transfer. In most of the

States a married woman may prosecute or defend suits concerning her own

property, as if unmarried; and in about half of the States she may in

all cases sue and be sued without joining the husband. As a prevailing

rule, the husband is not liable for the debts of the wife, except those

incurred for necessaries for herself or the family, nor is he now liable

for her torts; neither is the wife’s property liable for the debts of

the husband, but her own debts may be enforced against her own property.

In many States contracts between husband and wife are now valid, though

in some States they are still void at law.

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