DIVERSIONS OF A NATURALIST
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
SCIENCE FROM AN EASY CHAIR
SCIENCE FROM AN EASY CHAIR. SECOND SERIES
FROM AN EASY CHAIR
EXTINCT ANIMALS
THE KINGDOM OF MAN
[Illustration: A CORNER IN A MARINE AQUARIUM, PAINTED BY PHILIP HENRY
GOSSE, F.R.S.
The scene shews the great white Sea Anemone of Weymouth. In front are
two richly coloured sea-worms (Serpula) issuing from their calcareous
tubes, attached to a dead scallop's shell. The green sea-grass
(Zostera) and a translucent pink sea-weed, left and right, complete the
picture]
DIVERSIONS OF A NATURALIST
BY
SIR RAY LANKESTER
K.C.B., F.R.S.
WITH A FRONTISPIECE IN COLOUR AND FORTY-THREE
OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
METHUEN & CO. LTD.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON
_First Published in 1915_
PREFACE
AT this time of stress and anxiety we all, however steadfast in
giving our service to the great task in which our country is engaged,
must, from time to time, seek intervals of release from the torrent
of thoughts which is set going by the tremendous fact that we are
fighting for our existence. To very many relief comes in splendid
self-sacrificing action, in the joyful exercise of youthful strength
and vigour for a noble cause. But even these, as well as those who are
less fortunate, need intervals of diversion--brief change of thought
and mental occupation--after which they may return to their great
duties rested and refreshed.
I know that there are many who find a never-failing source of happiness
in acquaintance with things belonging to that vast area of Nature which
is beyond and apart from human misery, an area unseen and unsuspected
by most of us and yet teeming with things of exquisite beauty; an area
capable of yielding to man knowledge of inestimable value. Many are
apt to think that the value of "Science" is to be measured mainly,
if not exclusively, by the actual power which it has conferred on
man--mechanical and electrical devices, explosives, life-saving control
over disease. They would say of Science, as the ignoble proverb tells
us of Honesty, that it is "the best policy." But Honesty is far more
than that, and so is Science. Science has revealed to man his own
origin and history, and his place in this world of un-ending marvels
and beauty. It has given him a new and unassailable outlook on all
things both great and small. Science commends itself to us as does
Honesty and as does great Art and all fine thought and deed--not as a
policy yielding material profits, but because it satisfies man's soul.
I offer these chapters to the reader as possibly affording to him,
as their revision has to me, a welcome escape, when health demands
it, from the immense and inexorable obsession of warfare. The several
chapters have been selected from articles entitled "Science from an
Easy Chair" written in recent years by me for the "Daily Telegraph."
Under that title I have already published two volumes of similar
selections. I have chosen a new title, "Diversions of a Naturalist,"
for this third volume in order to avoid confusion with the earlier
ones. Illustrative drawings have been introduced into several of the
articles and a few alterations made in the text. But they remain
essentially what their origin implies--namely, detached essays
addressed to a wide public.
I wish to thank my friend Dr. Smith Woodward of the Natural History
Museum for the figures 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, illustrating
Chapter X, and also to thank Messrs. Veitch for the use of figures 33,
34, 35, 40, and 42. I have copied figures 4 to 8, 11, 19, and 20 from
the drawings made by Philip Henry Gosse, F.R.S., and published by him
in that wonderful little book "Marine Zoology," now long out of print.
I have also borrowed my frontispiece from the book on "The Aquarium"
by that great naturalist and lover of the seashore. Many beautiful
coloured plates of marine animals executed by his skilful hand are to
be found in that and other works published by him.
E. R. L.
16 _June_ 1915
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. ON A NORWEGIAN FIORD 1
II. NATURE-RESERVES 13
III. FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD 23
IV. THE GREAT GREY SEAL 32
V. THE GROUSE AND OTHER BIRDS 41
VI. THE SAND AND PEBBLES OF THE SEASHORE 48
VII. THE CONSTITUENTS OF A SEABEACH 55
VIII. QUICKSANDS AND FIRE-STONES 64
IX. AMBER 70
X. SEA-WORMS AND SEA-ANEMONES 77
XI. CORAL-MAKERS AND JELLY-FISH 88
XII. SHRIMPS, CRABS, AND BARNACLES 98
XIII. BARNACLES AND OTHER CRUSTACEANS 108
XIV. THE HISTORY OF THE BARNACLE AND THE GOOSE 117
XV. MORE AS TO THE BARNACLE AND THE GOOSE 129
XVI. SEA-SHELLS ON THE SEASHORE 142
XVII. SAND-HOPPERS 152
XVIII. A SWISS INTERLUDE 160
XIX. SCIENCE AND DANCING 170
XX. COURTSHIP 180
XXI. COURTSHIP IN ANIMALS AND MAN 189
XXII. COURTSHIP AND DISPLAY 197
XXIII. COURTSHIP, INSTINCT AND REASON 205
XXIV. DADDY-LONG-LEGS 216
XXV. THE MOTH AND THE CANDLE 226
XXVI. FROM APE TO MAN 236
XXVII. THE SKELETON OF APES AND OF MAN 245
XXVIII. THE BRAIN OF APES AND OF MAN 253
XXIX. THE MIND OF APES AND OF MAN 262
XXX. THE MISSING LINK 275
XXXI. THE SUPPLY OF PURE MILK 292
XXXII. CHRISTMAS TREES AND OTHER PINE TREES 302
XXXIII. THE LYMPH AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 332
XXXIV. THE BLOOD AND ITS CIRCULATION 342
XXXV. FISH AND FAST DAYS 351
XXXVI. SCIENCE AND THE UNKNOWN 361
XXXVII. DIVINATION AND PALMISTRY 367
XXXVIII. TOADS FOUND LIVING IN STONE 376
XXXIX. THE DIVINING-ROD 383
XL. BIRTH-MARKS AND TELEGONY 396
XLI. HOW TO PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY BY MONEY 408
INDEX 417
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
THE WEYMOUTH ANEMONE, ACTINOLOBA DIANTHUS, AND
THE CONTORTED TUBE-WORM SERPULA CONTORTUPLICATA _Frontispiece_
FIG. PAGE
1. A PORTION OF THE BRANCHING TUBULAR GROWTH
FORMED BY RHABDOPLEURA NORMANI 5
2. ONE OF THE POLYPS OF RHABDOPLEURA 7
3. A PIECE OF THE WHITE BRANCHING CORAL (LOPHOHELIA
PROLIFERA) 9
4. BRITISH MARINE WORMS OR CHÆTOPODS 78
5. THE SHELL OF THE HEART-URCHIN (SPATANGUS PURPUREUS)
WITH ITS SPINES RUBBED OFF 80
6. BRITISH SEA-ANEMONES 85
7. A COMMON BRITISH JELLY-FISH 94
8. A COMMON BRITISH JELLY-FISH 96
9. THE LARVAL OR YOUNG FORM OF CRUSTACEA KNOWN
AS "THE NAUPLIUS" 105
10. THE COMMON SHIP'S BARNACLE, LEPAS ANATIFERA 109
11. A LARGE BRITISH SEA-ACORN, BALANUS PORCATUS 110
12. TWO STAGES IN THE GROWTH OF THE COMMON
BARNACLE FROM THE NAUPLIUS STAGE 112
13. THE PICTURE OF THE "GOOSE TREE," COPIED FROM
THE FIRST EDITION OF GERARD'S "HERBAL" 123
14. FANCIFUL DESIGNS BY MYKENÆAN ARTISTS, SHOWING
CHANGE OF THE CUTTLEFISH (OCTOPUS OR
"POULPE") INTO A BULL'S HEAD AND OTHER SHAPES 131
15. THE GOOSE AND THE BARNACLE 133
16. COPY OF A SERIES OF MODIFIED GEESE PAINTED ON
AN EARLY MYKENÆAN POT, FIGURED BY M. PERROT 134
17. TWO DRAWINGS ON POTTERY OF MODIFIED GEESE,
FROM PERROT'S "OSSUAIRE DE CRÈTE" 135
18. LEAVES FROM THE TREE, DRAWN ON A MYKENÆAN
POT 136
19. SOME BRITISH MARINE BIVALVE MOLLUSCS 144
20. THE TWO COMMON KINDS OF "SAND-HOPPER" 153
21. A PHOSPHORESCENT SHRIMP (EUPHAUSIA PELLUCIDA) 154
22. THE CRANE-FLY (DADDY-LONG-LEGS), TIPULA OLERACEA 217
23. COMPARISON OF THE RIGHT HALF OF THE LOWER JAW
OF A, MODERN EUROPEAN; B, EOANTHROPUS FROM
PILTDOWN; AND C, CHIMPANZEE 277
24. DIAGRAMS OF THE LOWER SURFACE OF THE LOWER
JAW OF A, MAN; B, THE EOANTHROPUS OF PILTDOWN
(THE LEFT HALF RE-CONSTRUCTED); AND C, THE CHIMPANZEE 283
25. THE PILTDOWN JAW AND THE HEIDELBERG JAW 286
26. THE CANINE TOOTH OF THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE LOWER
JAW OF EOANTHROPUS DAWSONI 287
27. CANINE TOOTH OF THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE LOWER
JAW OF A EUROPEAN CHILD, MILK DENTITION 287
28. THE PILTDOWN JAW (EOANTHROPUS) 288
29. COMPLETE SKULL AND JAW OF EOANTHROPUS DAWSONI 290
30. THE COMPLETE SKULL AND JAW OF A YOUNG
CHIMPANZEE 290
31. A FERTILE BRANCH OF THE SCOTS FIR, PINUS
SYLVESTRIS 305
32. THE COMMON YEW, TAXUS BACCATA 310
33. A THIN SLICE ACROSS ONE OF THE FOLIAGE NEEDLES
OF THE COMMON SPRUCE 314
34. A THIN SLICE ACROSS ONE OF THE FOLIAGE NEEDLES
OF THE SILVER FIR 315
35. THE UPRIGHT FEMALE CONE OF THE SILVER FIR,
ABIES PECTINATA 316
36. STRUCTURE OF THE FEMALE CONE OF THE SILVER FIR 317
37. THE FEMALE CONE OF THE COMMON SPRUCE, PICEA
EXCELSA 318
38. THE FEMALE CONE AND THE FOLIAGE OF THE COMMON
LARCH, LARIX EUROPŒA 319
39. FEMALE CONE OF THE PINASTER, OR MARITIME PINE
(PINUS PINASTER) 323
40. FEMALE CONE OF THE MONTEREY PINE OF CALIFORNIA
(PINUS INSIGNIS) 325
41. FEMALE CONE OF PINUS MURICATA 326
42. FEMALE CONE OF THE DOUGLAS FIR OF NORTH-WEST
AMERICA, PSEUDOTSUGA DOUGLASII 327
43. THE FORE-ARM OF MAN, WITH THE SKIN REMOVED SO
AS TO SHOW THE LARGE SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATIC
VESSELS RESTING ON THE MUSCLES 334
Oh! how light and lovely the air is upon the earth! How beautiful thou
art, my earth, my golden, my emerald, my sapphire earth! Who, born to
thy heritage would choose to die, would wish to close his eyes upon thy
serene beauties and upon thy magnificent spaces?--FEODOR SOLOGUB.
DIVERSIONS OF A NATURALIST
CHAPTER I
ON A NORWEGIAN FIORD
THE splendour of our Sussex Weald, with its shady forests and lovely
gardens, around which rise the majestic Downs sweeping in long graceful
curves marked by the history of our race, has charmed me during these
sunny days of June. The orchids, the water-lilies, the engaging and
quaintly named "petty whin," and the pink rattle are joined with
the tall foxgloves and elder-blossoms in my memory. And for some
reason--perhaps it is the heat--I am set thinking of very different
scenes--the great, cool fiords of Norway, with their rocky islets and
huge, bare mountain-tops, where many years ago I had the "time of
my life" in exploring with the naturalist's dredge the coral-grown
sea-bottom 1000 and even 2000 feet in a straight line below the little
boat in which I and my companion and three Norwegian boatmen floated on
the dark purple waves.
To let a dredge--an oblong iron frame some three feet long, to the
edges of which a bag of strong netting is laced, whilst the frame is
hung to a rope by a mystical triangle--sink from the side of a boat and
scrape the surface of the ocean-floor far below for some ten or twenty
minutes, and then to haul it up again and see what living wonders
the unseen world has sent you, is, in my opinion, the most exciting
and delightful sport in which a naturalist can indulge. There are
difficulties and drawbacks connected with it. You cannot, in a small
boat and without expenditure of large sums on a steam yacht and crew,
reach from our coast--with rare exceptions in the north-west--with
a fair prospect of returning in safety, those waters which are 100
fathoms deep. And it is precisely in such depths that the most
interesting "hauls" are to be expected. I had had in former days to be
content with 10 fathoms in the North Sea and 30 to 40 off the Channel
Islands.
Then there is the question of sea-sickness. Nothing is so favourable
to that diversion as slowly towing a dredge. I used to take the chance
of being ill, and often suffered that for which no other joy than the
hauling in of a rich dredgeful of rare sea creatures could possibly
compensate, or induce me to take the risk (as I did again and again).
I remember lying very ill on the deck of a slowly lurching "lugger"
in a heaving sea off Guernsey, when the dredge came up, and as its
contents were turned out near me, a semi-transparent, oblong, flattened
thing like a small paper-knife began to hop about on the boards. It
was the first specimen I ever saw alive of the "lancelet" (Amphioxus),
that strange, fish-like little creature, the lowest of vertebrates.
I recognized him and immediately felt restored to well-being, seized
the young stranger, and placed him in a special glass jar of clear
sea-water. A few years later the fishermen at Naples would bring me,
without any trouble to myself, twenty or more any day of the week
("cimbarella" they called them), and I not only have helped to make
out the cimbarella's anatomy, but also to discover the history of
the extraordinary changes it undergoes as it grows from the egg. I
sent my pupil Dr. Willey, now professor in Montreal, one summer to a
nearly closed sea-lake, the "pantano" of Faro, near Messina, where the
lancelet breeds. He brought home hundreds of minute young in various
stages, and again later made a second visit to that remote sea-lake
in order to complete our knowledge of their growth and structure by
observation on the spot.
The advantage of the Norwegian fiords for a naturalist who loves to
"dredge" is that at many parts of the coast you can sail into water
of 200 fathoms depth and more, within three minutes from the rocky
shore; and, secondly, that the great passage between the islands
and the mainland is, to a very large extent, protected from those
movements of the surface which cause such torture to many innocent
people who venture on the sea in boats! Accordingly, in 1882, when I
heard from the greatest naturalist-dredger of his day--the Rev. Canon
Norman, of Durham--that he knew a farmhouse at Lervik, on the island
of Stordö, near the mouth of the Hardanger Fiord, between Bergen and
Stavanger--where one could stay, and where a boat could be hired for
a couple of months--I determined to go there. I was confirmed in my
purpose by the fact that Canon Norman had obtained in his dredge, at a
spot near Lervik, which he marked for me on the large-scale official
map of the region, a very curious little polyp-like animal, attached
to and branching on the stems of the white coral which one dredges
there at the depth of 150 fathoms. The little animal in quest of which
I went, though other wonderful things were to be expected also, had
been dredged originally by Dr. Norman off the Shetland Islands, and
described by Professor Allman, of Edinburgh. But they had not examined
it in the living state with the microscope, and though they showed
that it was quite unlike other polyps, yet there was obvious need for
further examination of it. I hoped to obtain its eggs and to watch
its early growth. The name given to it by Allman was "Rhabdopleura,"
meaning "rod-walled," alluding to a rod-like cord which runs along the
inside of the delicate branching tube (only the one-twentieth of an
inch wide), which the little animal constructs and inhabits.
I sent a chest containing glass jars, microscopes, books, chemicals,
etc., and my dredge, as well as a large windlass, on which was coiled
600 fathoms of rope, by sea to Lervik, and started in early July, with
my assistant, Dr. Bourne (afterwards Director of Education in the
Madras Presidency), overland, via Copenhagen, for Christiania. Thence
we drove in "carioles" across Norway to Laerdalsören, on the west
coast, making acquaintance with the magnificent waters--rivers, lakes,
and cascades--of that pine-grown land. After visiting the Naerodal
and the glaciers which descend from the mountains into the sea on the
Fjaerlands Fiord, we took steamer to Lervik, and were welcomed at our
farmhouse by its owner, the sister of the member of Parliament for the
surrounding region (about four times the area of Yorkshire), whose son
secured for me a fair-sized sailing boat, and with two other men of
Lervik engaged as my crew for six weeks.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--A portion of the branching tubular growth
formed by Rhabdopleura Normani, fixed to and spreading over the smooth
surface of an Ascidian, dredged at Lervik and drawn of three times the
natural dimensions. The colourless tubes (b) stand up freely from the
surface to which the rest of the growth is adherent, and from each of
them issues in life (as seen at bb) a polyp such as that shown in Fig.
2. Each polyp is continuous with the dark internal cord (or rod) which
is seen traversing the whole of the tubular system. a, points to the
main and oldest portion of the branching stem; c, points to a "leading"
shoot which is still adherent and will give rise to young buds right
and left which will form upright tubes like b. The inset d represents
a piece of the tube magnified so as to show the rings by which it is
built up.]
After a day or two we had everything in order, and at seven o'clock
one morning sailed out of the harbour to make our first cast of the
dredge. The mouth of the harbour of Lervik is 40 fathoms deep, and the
great north-bound steamers enter it and come alongside the rocks
on which the village stands. Outside the harbour the depth increases
precipitously to 200 fathoms. We sailed about 10 miles along the fiord,
and determined precisely the spot indicated by Dr. Norman on the map,
and here we lowered our dredge. We had fixed around the mouth of the
dredge long tassels of hemp fibre, since on rocky ground, such as we
were now dredging, one cannot expect much to be "scooped up" by the
slowly travelling dredge as it passes over the bottom, whilst the
threads of the hemp, on the contrary, entangle and hold all sorts of
objects with which they come into contact. We were 1000 feet from the
bottom, and our dredge took a good five minutes to sink as we paid
out the rope from the winch in the stern of our boat. When it reached
the bottom we let out another 2000 feet of rope, and then very slowly
towed the dredge for about a quarter of an hour. Then the laborious
task commenced of winding it up again, two men turning the handles
of the winch for a quarter of an hour. At last the dredge could be
seen through the clear water, and soon was at the surface and lifted
into the boat. The hempen tangles were crowded with masses of living
and dead white coral (Fig. 3), star-fishes, worms, and bits of stone
covered with brilliant-coloured sponges, Terebratulæ (a deep-water,
peculiar shellfish, the lamp-shell), and other animals. There were only
a few fragments of coral in the bag of the dredge.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--One of the polyps of Rhabdopleura which is
attached by its soft contractile stalk (c) to the dark internal cord
seen in Fig. 1. A similar polyp issues during life from the open end
of each of the upright tubes seen in Fig. 1, and is, when disturbed,
pulled back into the tube by the contraction of the cord c. a, mouth;
b, vent; c, contractile stalk; d, head-shield or disk; e, the left
gill-plane; f, the body-mass enclosing the intestine, etc. (From a
drawing made by the author in Lervik, Stordö, in 1882.) For a full
account of Rhabdopleura, see the "Quart. Journal of Microscopical
Science," vol. xxiv., 1884.]
We filled glass jars with sea water and placed the bits of coral in
them, and I eagerly examined them for the creeper-like "Rhabdopleura."
There, sure enough, it was on several of the dead stems of coral,
and we sailed back to Lervik with our booty in order to examine it
at leisure with the microscope whilst still fresh and living. In our
temporary laboratory at the farmhouse the little polyp which it had
been my chief object to study, issued slowly from its delicate tubes
when placed in a shallow trough of sea-water beneath the microscope.
I was able on that day, and many others subsequently--with renewed
supplies from the depths of the fiord--to make coloured drawings of
it, and to find out a great deal of interest to zoologists about its
structure. The minute thing (Fig. 2) was spotted with orange and black
like a leopard, and had a plume of tentacles on each side of its mouth,
which was overhung by a mobile disk--the organ by means of which it
creeps slowly out of its tube, and also by which the transparent rings
which form the tube are secreted and added one by one to the tube's
mouth, so as to increase its length. The creature within the tree-like
branching system of tubes (Fig. 1) is also tree-like and branching,
fifty or more polyp-like individuals terminating its branches and
issuing each from one of the upstanding terminal branches of the tube
system. I was able to determine the "law" of its budding and branching,
and I also found the testis full of spermatozoa in several of the
polyps, but I failed to find eggs. I believe that we were too late in
the season for them; and they are still unknown.
One of the most interesting deep-sea creatures discovered by the
"Challenger" proved to be closely allied to our little Rhabdopleura,
and received the name "Cephalodiscus." Several species of this second
kind have been discovered in the last twenty years in the deep sea,
and the largest and most remarkable in some respects was one which
"jumped to my eyes" among the booty of marine dredgings sent home from
the Antarctic expedition of the "Discovery" by Captain Scott, when I
unpacked the cases containing these marine treasures, in the basement
of the Natural History Museum. I published a photograph of it in
the "Proceedings of the Royal Society," and named it "Cephalodiscus
nigrescens." But nothing more of importance has, as yet, been brought
to light as to "Rhabdopleura."
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--A piece of the white branching coral
(Lophohelia prolifera) dredged in great quantity by the author off
Lervik in 1882. Drawn of the natural size.]
Our rule at Lervik was to go out dredging from seven to twelve, and
work at the material with microscope and pencil for some three or
four hours after lunch. Of all the many beautiful things we dredged,
the most striking were the various kinds of corals, the large,
glass-like shrimps, the strange apple-green worm Hamingia (actually
known previously by two specimens only), and the large, disc-like and
branched, sand-covered or sausage-like Protozoa (from a shelly bottom
of 200 fathoms depth). My friend Dr. Norman joined me at Lervik after
I had been there for a month, and showed his extraordinary skill in
choosing the most favourable spots for sinking the dredge and in
pouncing on interesting specimens as we sorted the contents of the
dredge (when we had been on a soft bottom) by passing them through the
sieves, specially provided for naturalists' use, as we gently rocked on
the dark surface of the clear, deep water, many miles from our island.
The colours and light of that region are wonderful--the mountains of a
yellow tint, far paler than the purple sea, whilst the rocky islands
are fringed with seaweed of rich orange-brown colour, and clothed with
grass and innumerable flowers.
The white coral of two kinds (Lophohelia and Amphihelia) is accompanied
by beautiful purple and salmon-coloured softer kinds of coral
(Alcyonarians), known as Primnoa, and by the gigantic Paragorgia. On
one occasion our dredge became fast. For long nothing would move it,
and we feared we should have to cut it and lose some 300 fathoms of
rope. At last the efforts of four men at the oars set it free, and we
wound it in. As the dredge came up we found entangled in the rope an
enormous tree-like growth, as thick as a man's arm, seven feet long,
and spreading out into branches, the whole of a pale vermilion colour
(like pink lacquer)--a magnificent sight! It was a branch of the great
tree-coral of these waters--the Paragorgia--and we preserved many
pieces of it in alcohol and dried the rest. But the gorgeous colour
could not be retained.
One day the green worm, Hamingia (named after a Norwegian hero--Haming)
was dredged by us at the mouth of Lervik Harbour, in 40 fathoms. A
somewhat similar worm lives in holes in the limestone rocks of the
Mediterranean, and is named Bonellia (after the Italian naturalist,
Bonelli). All the specimens of this Mediterranean worm, which is as
large as a big walnut, and has a trunk, or proboscis, a foot long,
were found to be females. The male was unknown until my friend the
late Alexander Kowalewsky, the most remarkable of Russian zoologists,
discovered that it is a tiny threadlike green creature, no bigger than
the letter "i" on this page. Three or four are found crawling about on
the body of the large female. I found the same diminutive kind of male
crawling on my Norwegian Hamingia, at Lervik, and published a drawing
and description of him. I was also able to show that, unlike Bonellia,
the Norwegian worm has red blood-corpuscles, like those of a frog, and
impregnated with hæmoglobin, the same oxygen-carrying substance which
colours our own blood-corpuscles. The identity of the worm's hæmoglobin
with that in our own blood was proved by its causing two dark bands of
absorption in the solar spectrum when light was passed through it and
then through the spectroscope--dark bands exactly the same in position
and intensity as those caused by the red substance of my own blood and
changing into one single band intermediate in position between the
two--when deprived by an appropriate chemical of the oxygen loosely
combined with it.
[Illustration: On the Fiord near Lervik.]
Of many other things we caught and many other delights of that
long-past summer on the Norwegian fiords, of the great waterfalls, the
vast forests, the delightful swimming in the sea, the trout-fishing,
and the very trying food approved and provided for us by the natives,
I must not now tell. My hope is that I may have enabled my readers to
understand some of the enjoyment open to the marine zoologist, even
when he dispenses with the aid of a big steamship, and modestly pursues
his quarry in a sportsmanlike spirit.