described on pp. 123, 125. Hata’s modification is discussed on p. 126.
Bass’s glucose-blood medium for the cultivation of malarial parasites
is described on pp. 170–172. It has also been used successfully for the
cultivation of _Piroplasma_ or _Babesia_ (_see_ p. 172).
III.--BRIEF NOTES ON GENERAL PROTOZOOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE.
The object of this book is to give accounts of the structure and
life-histories of the numerous parasitic organisms that affect man
more particularly. It is, therefore, inappropriate to devote much
space to a consideration of technique, regarding which many volumes
have already been written. Methods of procedure are largely matters of
opinion, and the technique that gives brilliant results when used by
one investigator may be a complete failure in the hands of another. In
the present appendix, brief notes regarding certain relatively simple
methods only can be given, because the number of fixatives in use is
very great; there are also large numbers of stains as well as many
modifications of them, while the methods of applying both fixatives
and stains are, perhaps, still more numerous. There are so many, in
fact, that confusion frequently arises from the multiplicity of choice
presented to the worker. Those desiring more information on the subject
of technique are advised to consult the treatises of Bolles Lee[1280]
and of Langeron.[1281]
[1280] “The Microtomist’s Vade Mecum” (7th edition, 1913). London: J.
and A. Churchill.
[1281] “Précis de Microscopie” (1913). Paris: Masson et Cie.
Fresh Material.
(_a_) _Simple Examination._
_Fluid Substances, such as Blood and Sputum._--A small quantity of
the substance to be examined is taken on a sterile platinum loop and
transferred to a perfectly clean glass slide. A clean cover-slip
is gently lowered on to the drop, air bubbles being avoided. The
preparation is luted with vaseline or paraffin and examined first with
a low power and then with a high power objective. The light is cut down
by partly closing the diaphragm of the substage of the microscope.
_Skin Ulcers and Similar Sores._--Scrapings are made from the edge of
the sore, mixed with sterile physiological salt solution, and prepared
and examined as above.
_Fæces._--A small portion of fæces, or flakes of mucus (which may be
blood-stained) from the same, is removed on a sterile platinum loop,
spread out thinly after dilution, if necessary, with physiological salt
solution on a slide, covered and examined as before.
Alternatively, hanging drop preparations of blood, ulcerative tissue,
or fæces, appropriately diluted if necessary with sodium citrate or
physiological salt solution, may be made on a cover-slip, which is
inverted over a slide with a well in it. The cover-slip is then luted
and examined.
For the elucidation of the developmental processes of such organisms
as trypanosomes, spirochætes and piroplasms, fresh preparations may
be often kept under observation longer by the use of a thermostat,
maintained at or near blood heat, in which the microscope is inserted.
(_b_) _Intra vitam Staining of fresh Preparations._
_Intra vitam_ staining is of service on some occasions, more
particularly for the study of the nucleus and other chromatoid
substances of the living organism. Two methods are in common use. In
the first case, the stain, employed usually in very dilute solution,
is mixed with the medium containing the organism. The latter takes up
some of the stain, the amount of coloration depending on the organism
concerned and on the stain employed.
The commoner _intra vitam_ stains are pure, medicinal (zinc-free)
methylene blue and neutral red, used in aqueous solutions. A solution
of methylene blue of 1 per 1,000 of water may be tried, while neutral
red in the proportion of 1 per 3,000 parts of water has proved of
service.
The second method of vital colouring consists in placing a drop of
1 per cent. solution of methylene blue on a slide or cover-slip,
slightly spreading it, and allowing it to dry. The living organism is
then placed in a drop of saline on the prepared slide or cover-slip,
which is then mounted and examined under the microscope. Progressive
staining of the organism occurs and its internal structure can be seen.
A similar procedure may be followed for neutral red. _Intra vitam_
staining is useful for relatively large and easily deformed protozoa
such as ciliates, as well as for amœbæ and flagellata of the gut.
When examining very actively motile organisms, it is sometimes useful
to endeavour to restrict their movements by adding a little gum or
gelatine to the medium.
(_c_) _Examination by aid of the Paraboloid Condenser._
The use of one of the dark-ground illuminators (so-called
ultra-microscopes) is of service for the detection of minute living
organisms or of organisms present in small numbers only. The forms of
paraboloid condenser manufactured by the firms of Zeiss and Leitz can
be recommended. For details of their methods of employment, reference
should be made to the leaflets of the firms supplying the said
instruments. By the use of the paraboloid condenser, the finer details
of certain stages of life-cycles, such as the formation of granules in
spirochætes and treponemata, can be observed more readily than by using
the ordinary substage of the microscope. The use of the paraboloid
condenser for the detection of small numbers of living organisms
renders it of value for rapid diagnostic purposes.
Stained Material.
Fuller accounts of the technique of fixed and stained material will be
found in Bolles Lee and in Langeron, already mentioned.
_Thin Films._--For the examination of blood-inhabiting Protozoa, it
is necessary to make first thin films or smears of blood. There are
many ways of doing this, and opinions differ as to their respective
merits. A simple method is to take a straight surgical needle about
2 in. long, the eye of which has been removed, and a clean glass slide.
The patient’s skin is pricked, and when the bead of blood reaches the
size of a small pin’s head, the slide is applied to the surface of the
blood, about 1/3 in. from the far (left-hand) end of the slide. The
shaft of the needle is laid across the drop of blood, which spreads
between the slide and the needle. The latter is drawn evenly along the
slide towards the right. The film is dried by waving it in the air. The
film should possess a straight edge parallel with that of the slide and
should be as uniform and thin as possible. Another glass slide may be
used as a spreader, or a cover-slip or thin glass rod may be employed.
_Thick Films._--These are of service in detecting malarial parasites
or trypanosomes, especially when the parasites are few. The method
of Ross, or a modification thereof, has been much used. A small drop
of fresh blood is spread evenly and quickly with a needle-point
over a square area somewhat less than that of an ordinary square
cover-glass. The blood is allowed to dry. The film is then carefully
dehæmoglobinized in water in which there is a trace of acetic acid.
The dehæmoglobinizing fluid is then carefully drained off and the
film again dried. It is fixed in absolute alcohol and stained with
Romanowsky’s solution. A cubic millimetre of blood divided into
quarters may be thus dehæmoglobinized and stained. The parasites in
such a cubic millimetre of blood may be counted. Such a procedure was
followed by R. Ross and D. Thomson,[1282] in determining the periodic
variation of the numbers of trypanosomes in the blood of a patient, as
mentioned and figured on pp. 78 and 79.
[1282] _Proc. Roy. Soc._, B, lxxxii, p. 411.
* * * * *
For cytological details of various Protozoa, thin film preparations on
cover-slips or slides are often useful. Cover-slip preparations are
preferable, unless the organisms under investigation are extremely
scanty. The medium containing the organisms, such as blood, lymph,
intestinal contents, sputum, scrapings of ulcers, and urine, is spread
thinly, either alone or diluted with a little physiological salt
solution, on the cover-slip. Fixation while still _wet_ is necessary.
Various methods are employed.
*Fixatives.*--A useful procedure is to fix the wet film by exposure to
4 per cent. osmic acid vapour for ten to thirty seconds, then place in
absolute alcohol for five minutes to harden. Grade down from absolute
alcohol through 90 per cent., 70 per cent., 50 per cent., and 30 per
cent. alcohols to water. Stain wet with a suitable stain such as
hæmatoxylin, and gradually dehydrate by grading through the necessary
strengths of alcohol, clear in xylol or other oily clearing medium and
mount in Canada balsam.
Other fixatives may be employed, such as are also useful for fixing
pieces of tissue for sectioning. Films or smears on cover-slips while
_still wet_ are floated on the surface of the fixative in a watch
glass. Some good fixatives of wide application are:--
_Schaudinn’s Fluid._--This consists of a mixture of
Saturated aqueous solution of corrosive sublimate 2 volumes
Absolute alcohol 1 volume
Two modifications of Schaudinn’s formula may be found useful. A
saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in physiological salt
solution may be substituted for the aqueous one, and the addition of a
few drops of glacial acetic acid to either of the preceding mixtures
may be made.
Some workers prefer to use hot fixatives, raised to a temperature of
about 50° C.
Fixation by corrosive sublimate solutions must be followed by thorough
removal of the mercury salt by washing repeatedly in 30 per cent.
alcohol or with iodine-alcohol.
_Bouin’s Fluid_, or modifications thereof, is also very useful for wet
fixation. Bouin’s picro-formol solution consists of:--
Saturated aqueous solution of picric acid 30 volumes
Formalin, 40 per cent. 10 "
Acetic acid, glacial 2 "
The best-known modification is one due to Duboscq and Brasil, and often
known as _Bouin-Duboscq Fluid_. Its formula is as follows:--
Alcohol, 80 per cent. 150 c.c.
Formalin, 40 per cent. 60 "
Acetic acid, glacial 15 "
Picric acid 1 grm.
Thorough washing of the smear or cover-slip preparation with 70 per
cent. alcohol until the yellow colour disappears is necessary to remove
excess of fixative.
Other fixatives, which may be of use, more especially for fixing
small pieces of tissue for sectioning, are the solutions of Flemming
(chromo-aceto-osmic acids) and of Zenker (sublimate-bichromate-acetic,
with sodium sulphate).
Regarding the time of fixation, there is much difference of opinion.
Usually, exposure to or contact with the fixative for five minutes
is sufficient in the case of films or smears. Material for sections
should be cut into small cubic pieces, of a thickness of about 5 mm.
(1/5 in.). One or two hours should be sufficient time for the fixation
of such pieces of tissue, though some, as Langeron, prefer a longer
time of fixation. On the other hand, Gustav Mann[1283] recommends a
short fixation period. The excess of fixative should be thoroughly
washed out of the tissue in the manner appropriate to the particular
fixative used. If it is desired to keep the tissue for some time before
sectioning and staining, it should be transferred to 70 per cent.
alcohol.
[1283] “Physiological Histology,” 1902, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
When fluid fixatives are employed, large quantities of the fixing media
are necessary. The volume of the fixative should be at least ten to
twenty times that of the object, and the latter should be suspended
in the middle of the fixative. The tissue should be fixed as soon as
possible after the death of the host.
For sectioning tissue parasitized by Protozoa, embedding in paraffin
is generally recommended. Microtome sections should not, if possible,
exceed 5 µ in thickness. Details of special procedures must be sought
in larger works.
*Staining.*--Here, as with fixatives, much choice is presented. The
various modifications of the Romanowsky stain have aided greatly in
the detection of various Protozoa parasitic in the blood. Such stains,
however, leave something to be desired in the revealing of finer
cytological details. Other stains, more especially the hæmatoxylins,
must be employed for cytological purposes.
Formulæ of some of the principal Romanowsky and hæmatoxylin stains may
now be given.
The underlying principle of the _Romanowsky Stain_ is the reaction
between alkaline methylene blue and eosin, forming the so-called
eosinate of methylene blue which stains chromatin purplish-red. A
solution of medicinal methylene blue after having been subjected to the
action of an alkali, such as sodium carbonate, becomes partly converted
into certain derivatives, the chief of which are methylene azure
and methylene violet. These substances are also present in matured
polychrome methylene blue.
The formula of a _slightly modified Romanowsky Stain_ which gives
excellent results is given below:--
Two stock solutions are required--
Solution A.--Methylene blue, pure medicinal 1·0 grm.
Sodium carbonate 0·5 "
Water 100·0 c.c.
Keep in a warm incubator for two or three days, until the solution is
distinctly purple in colour. It improves with age.
Solution B.--Eosin, water soluble, extra B.A. 1·0 grm.
Water 1,000·0 c.c.
This solution must be kept in the dark, in dark-tinted
(amber-coloured) bottles, as unfortunately it is decolorized by light.
Before use each stock solution must be diluted. Thus, make up 5 c.c.
of each stock solution to 100 c.c. by adding distilled water. For
staining, 1 volume of solution A is added to 2 or 3 volumes of
solution B. Mix thoroughly by shaking, pour the mixture over the film,
previously fixed in absolute alcohol, and stain for ten to fifteen
minutes. Wash carefully in running water, then dry. The cytoplasm of a
protozoan parasite will be stained blue, the chromatin purplish-red and
vacuoles or very tenuous protoplasm will remain colourless.
The exact proportions of solutions A and B, which must be mixed
together, should be determined by experiment. Freshly mixed stain must
be used on each occasion.
_Leishman’s Stain_ is the precipitate resulting from the interaction
of alkaline methylene blue and eosin. The washed and dried precipitate
is collected and dissolved in pure methyl alcohol, which acts as a
fixative; 0·015 grm. of Leishman powder may be dissolved in 10 c.c.
of methyl alcohol for staining films. The film is covered with the
solution for one minute, twice the volume of water is then added and
mixed with the stain on the slide. The staining is then continued for
five to ten minutes, and the film is finally washed with water.
_Giemsa’s Stain._--This should be procured ready made. Azure II is a
mixture of methylene azure and methylene blue. (Methylene azure is
sometimes known as Giemsa’s Azure I.) The formula given by Giemsa
himself in 1912 is:--
Azure II-eosin 3·0 grm.
Azure II 0·8 "
Glycerine, pure 125·0 "
Methyl alcohol, pure 375·0 "
The film is first fixed in absolute alcohol. The proportion of stain
usually used is one drop of stain to 1 c.c. of water. Stain for about
ten minutes and then wash in water.
The details of the application of the Giemsa stain to films fixed wet
and to sections must be sought in larger works on technique. These
works should also be consulted for information regarding the use of
Pappenheim’s Panchrome mixture.
* * * * *
There are numerous formulae of stains containing ripened _Hæmatoxylin_
or its essential principle, _Hæmatein_. A mordant is necessary, one of
the alums being usually employed. The mordant may be included as an
ingredient in the staining mixture, or it may be used separately as in
the case of the so-called iron-hæmatoxylins, wherein ferric ammonium
alum is used separately and is followed by staining with hæmatoxylin
or hæmatein. A few of these stains of general application may now be
mentioned.
_Delafield’s (or Grenachier’s) Hæmatoxylin._
Hæmatoxylin crystals 4 grm.
Absolute alcohol 25 c.c.
Saturated aqueous solution of ammonia-alum 400 "
Mix these ingredients, and leave exposed to light and air for three
to four days. Filter and add--
Glycerine 100 c.c.
Methyl alcohol 100 "
Allow the mixture to stand until the colour is sufficiently deep,
then filter and place in a stoppered bottle. The solution should be
allowed to ripen for at least two months before use. Dilute aqueous
solutions of the stain are of service for films and for sections. A
trace of acetic acid may be added at the moment of use, for sharp
differentiation.
Ehrlich’s acid hæmatoxylin, Mayer’s hæmalum, and Mayer’s glychæmalum
are also useful. Their formulæ will be found in larger works.
The chief _Iron-Hæmatoxylin Stain_ is that devised by Heidenhain.
Unfortunately the procedure involved is a long one, and various
modifications have been made to obviate this disadvantage. Hæmatein may
be used instead of ripened hæmatoxylin.
One efficacious modification of Heidenhain’s stain is that of
_Rosenbusch_. The smear or tissue, after fixation, must be graded
downwards through the alcohols to water. Mordant for one and a half
hours in a 3-1/2 per cent. aqueous solution of ferric ammonium
sulphate. Stain for about three minutes in 1 per cent. solution of ripe
hæmatoxylin or hæmatein in absolute or 96 per cent. alcohol, to which
a drop of saturated aqueous solution of lithium carbonate, sufficient
to produce a wine-red colour, has been added. Differentiate under the
microscope with a very dilute solution of the ferric ammonium sulphate.
Wash, gradually dehydrate, clear and mount in balsam. It must be
remarked that iron-hæmatoxylin is a regressive stain, hence great care
must be exercised in differentiating with the iron alum.
_Gentian Violet._--A 1 per cent. alcoholic solution of gentian violet,
or of methyl violet, or of crystal violet, will be found useful for
staining spirochætes.
_Methyl Green._--This substance is considered to be a chromatin stain,
for either fresh or perhaps recently fixed tissues. A concentrated
aqueous solution contains about 1 per cent. of the stain. This should
be added to a 1 per cent. solution of acetic acid. It may be used for
demonstrating the nuclei of ciliates.
* * * * *
In conclusion it is essential to remember that the actual magnification
of figures of Protozoa should be given, and not merely the combination
of objective and ocular that has been used, for unless the tube-length
and distance of the drawing board from the ocular be also given, it
is not possible to compute the magnification from such information.
Drawings should always be made with the aid of a camera lucida, drawing
prism or other form of projection apparatus.
APPENDIX ON TREMATODA AND NEMATODA.
BY
J. W. W. STEPHENS, M.D., B.C., D.P.H.
TREMATODA.
*Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex*, Clayton Lane, 1915.--Leiper thinks
this may be the same as _Echinostoma malayanum_, Leiper, 1911, which
species Odhner assigns to the genus Euparyphium.
*Metagonimus* (_Yokogawa_) *yokogawai* occurs in dogs in Shanghai.
Encysted cercariæ probably in the perch.
*Opisthorchis sp.*--Skin covered with spines. Gut forks almost reach
end of body. Œsophagus two to three times length of pharynx. Ovary
multilobed. Ovary and testes in posterior fourth of body. Vitellaria
end opposite the ovary. Distinguished from _O. felineus_ by presence of
spines and lobed ovary; from _O. pseudofelineus_ and _O. noverca_ by
the lobed ovary, and by the fact that the yolk glands do not extend as
far as the anterior testis. It agrees with Poirier’s description of _O.
viverrini_ in the Indian civet cat, but whether this species has spines
on the cuticle is not known.
_Habitat._--Man in Chiengmai (Malay States). Fifteen per cent. of
prisoners in the jail showed the ova of this species in their fæces.
Schistosome cercariæ.
*Schistosome cercariæ* belong to the furcocercous division of the
_Distomata_ cercariæ.
Distomata cercariæ.
_Body_ without a floating membrane. Tail absent, or if present not
cleft to the base. Mouth anterior, gut forked. Oral sucker present.
Ventral sucker near middle of body. Eyes generally absent.
Group *Fercocercous cercariæ*.
Cercariæ single (not in colonies). Tail forked at its end.
Family. *Schistosomidæ.*
Pharynx absent.
*Cercaria bilharzia*, Leiper, 1915.
Pigment spots (eyes) anterior to ventral sucker absent, cuticular keel
on forks of tail absent.
In _Bullinus_ sp. and _Planorbis boissyi_ in Egypt, (?) in _Physopsis
africana_, South Africa. Adult form, _Schistosoma hæmatobium_.
*Cercaria bilharziella*, Leiper, 1915.
Cuticular keel on tail forks present. Pigment spots (eyes) in front of
ventral sucker present.
In _Planorbis boissyi_ and _P. mareoticus_, and in _Melania_ sp. Adult
form (?).
For characters of numerous other cercariæ which occur in fresh water
molluscs _see_ “Die Susswasserfauna Deutschlands,” Max Lühe, H. 17
(Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1909).
The characters of _Cercaria japonica_ of _S. japonicum_ in the mollusc
_Katayama nosophora_ and of _C. mansoni_ have still to be defined.
*Schistosoma mansoni*, Sambon, 1907.
The evidence appears to be strong that terminal-spined eggs are not
found in the West Indies, and that therefore the lateral-spined eggs
found in fæces there belong probably to _S. mansoni_. If this be true,
then the egg described by Stephens and Christophers in man in India
probably also belongs to another species of Schistosome.
NEMATODA.
*Ancylostomiasis.*--Treatment: (1) _Oleum chenopodii_ (U.S.P.), dose
♏ x to ♏ xv on a lump of sugar, three doses at two-hourly intervals,
preceded and followed by a purge. It is cheap, not unpleasant to take,
and non-toxic. Effective also against _Ascaris lumbricoides_.
(2) Milk of the higueron _Ficus laurifolia_. A spoonful in milk, three
times daily for three days followed by a purge. Described as a harmless
but very successful form of treatment.
*Ground-itch.*--Completely cured in a few days by a 3 per cent.
solution of salicylic acid in ethyl alcohol. Apply for five minutes
twice daily.
*Ascaris lumbricoides* can be kept alive for twelve days in Kronecker’s
solution; NaOH 0·069 grammes, normal saline 1,000 c.c.
Eggs are laid and develop in about a fortnight at ordinary room
temperature. At 70° C. they are readily killed.
*Filariasis.*--Dutcher and Whitmarsh have cultivated from the blood
and from the exudation fluids of cases of filariasis (elephantiasis,
lymphangitis, etc.), in about sixteen cases, a bacillus resembling _B.
subtilis_. Controls were negative. They propose the name _Bacillus
lymphangiticus_ for this organism, and they believe it to be the cause
of the diseases grouped under the designation “filariasis.”
*Oncocerca volvulus.*--_Unsheathed_ embryos (indistinguishable from
those taken from the uterus of this worm) have been found in lymphatic
glands and in the blood (if considerable pressure is used so as to
squeeze out lymph at the time of taking the finger blood, otherwise
none occurs in the specimens). The measurements in dried films are:
Nerve ring 23·7 per cent. of length; G1 cell 69·6 per cent.; end of
last tail cell 96·3 per cent; total length 274·3 µ.
*Strongyloides stercoralis.*--Pathology: They occur in the wall of the
intestine and may be associated with ulceration. They also occur in
lymphatics and blood-vessels.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
[In the following pages the letters C. f. B., P. u. Inf. are used
to indicate the _Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Pathologie und
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*(A) PROTOZOA* (pp. 25 to 210, 617 to 637, and 733 to 742).
[_This list applies to the earlier literature only. More recent
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-- -- _Entamœba hominis_ s. _Amœba coli_ Lösch, Annal. d’Igiene
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COUNCILMAN, W. P., and H. A. LAFLEUR. Amœbic Dysentery, Johns Hopkins
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1881 (2), xxi, p. 234.
GRASSI, B. Dei protozoi par. e spec. di quelli che sono nell’ uomo,
Gazz. med. ital.-lomb., 1879 (8), i, p. 445; Int. ad alc. prot.
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alc. prot. par., Atti Acc. Lincei. Rendic. (4), iv, 1, p. 5; Signif.
patol. d. prot. par. dell’ uomo, _ibid._, p. 83.
GROSS, A. Beobacht. üb. Amoebenenteritis, Arch. f. klin. Med., 1903,
lxxvi, p. 429.
HARRIS, H. F. Amœbic Dysentery, Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., April,
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LINGARD, A., and E. JENNINGS. A Preliminary Note on a Piroplasmosis
found in Man and in Some of the Lower Animals, Ind. Med. Gaz., 1904,
xxxix, p. 161.
LÜHE, M. Zur Kenntnis von Bau und Entw. d. Babesien, Zool. Anz.,
1906, xxx, p. 45.
MIYAJIMA and SHIBAYAMA. Über das in Japan beobachtete
Rinderpiroplasma, Zeitschrift f. Hyg., 1906, lii, p. 189.
NOCARD and MOTAS. Contrib. à l’étude de la piropl. canine, Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 1902, xvi, 1, p. 257, 2 pl.
NUTTALL, G. H. F., and G. S. GRAHAM-SMITH, Canine Piroplasmosis V,
Journ. of Hyg., 1906, vi, p. 586.
SCHMIDT, A. Die Zeckenkrankh. der Rinder, Arch. f. wiss. u. prakt.
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SMITH, T., and F. KILBORNE. Investigations into the Nature,
Causation, and Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever, Eighth
and Ninth Annual Reports, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington,
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NEOSPORIDIA.
ORDER. _Myxosporidia_ (pp. 181 to 184).
BALBIANI, G. Sur l’organis. et la nature d. psorosp., C. R. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 1863, lvii, p. 157.
BÜTSCHLI, O. Zur Kenntn. der Fischpsorosp., Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
1881, xxxv, p. 629.
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In.-Diss., Königsberg, 1895, u. Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 1895, ix.
-- Zur Kenntnis der Myxospor., C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1902, i Abt.
Orig., xxxii, p. 628.
CREPLIN, J. C. H. Beschreibung der Psorosporm. des Kaulbarsch. nebst
Bemerkung über die der Plötze, Arch. f. Naturg., 1842, viii, 1, p. 61.
DOFLEIN, F. Stud. z. Nat. d. Prot.: III, Über Myxospor., Zool.
Jahrb., Anat., 1898, xi, p. 281.
DUJARDIN, F. Hist. nat. des helm., Paris, 1845, p. 643.
GURLEY, R. On the Classification of the Myxosporidia, Bull. U.S.
Comm. of Fish and Fishermen, 1891, Washington, 1893, p. 407.
-- The Myxosporidia or Psorosperms of Fishes and the Epidemics
produced by them, Rep. U.S. Comm. of Fish and Fishermen, 1892,
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HOFER, B. Die sogen. Pockenkrankh. d. Karpfen, Allg. Fisch.-Ztg.,
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JOSEPH, H. _Chloromyxum protei_ n. sp., Arch. f. Protistenkde., 1907,
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LAVERAN, A., and F. MESNIL. Sur une myxosp. des voies biliaires de
l’Hippocampe, C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1900, lii, p. 380.
-- -- Sur la multiplic. endog. d. Myxosporidies, C. R. Soc. Biol.,
Paris, 1902, liv, p. 469.
LEYDIG, F. Über Psorosperm. u. Gregarinen, Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys.,
1851, p. 221.
LIEBERKÜHN, N. Über d. Psorosp., Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys., 1854,
p. 349.
LUDWIG, H. Über d. Myxospor. d. Barben in d. Mosel, Jahresber. d.
Rhein. Fisch.-Ver., 1888–89, p. 27.
LÜHE, M. _Cystodiscus immersus_ Lutz., Verh. d. D. zool. Ges., 1899,
p. 291.
MERCIER, L. Phénomènes de sexualité chez le _Myxobolus pfeifferi_,
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1906, lx, p. 427.
MÜLLER, J. Über eine eigent. krankh. paras. Bildung mit specif.
organis. Samenkörp., Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys., 1841, p. 477.
MÜLLER, J., and A. RETZIUS. Über paras. Bildungen, _ibid._, 1842,
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PERUGIA, A. Sulle myxosp. d. pesci marini, Bull. scientif., Ann.
xii-xiii, 1889–90, p. 10.
PFEIFFER, L. Die Protoz. als Krankheitserreger, 2. Aufl., Jena, 1891.
-- Unters. über d. Krebs, Jena, 1892.
PLEHN, M. Über die Drehkrankh. der Salmoniden, Arch. f.
Protistenkde., 1905, v, p. 145.
RAILLIET, A. La maladie d. barbeaux de la Marne, Bull. soc. centr.
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SCHRÖDER, OL. Eine neue Myxosporidienart aus den Kiemen von _Acerina
cernua_, Arch. f. Protistenkde., 1906, vii, p. 186.
SCHUBERG, A., and _O. Schröder._ Myxosp. a. d. Nervensyst. u. d. Haut
der Bachforelle, Arch. f. Protistenkde., 1905, vi, p. 47.
THÉLOHAN, P. Rech. sur les Myxospor., Bull. scientif. France et
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-- Observ. sur les myxosp. et essai de classific. d. ces. org., Bull.
soc. philom., Paris, 1892 (8), iv, p. 165.
WELTNER, W. Über Myxospor. in d. Eiern v. _Esox lucius_, Sitzungsber.
Ges. naturf. Frde., Berl., 1892, p. 28.
ZSCHOKKE, F. Myxospor. d. Gattg. _Coregonus_, C. f. B., P. u. Inf.,
1898 (i), xxiii, p. 602; Mitt. nat. Ges., Lucerne, 1898, 2, p. 205.
ORDER. _Microsporidia_ (pp. 184 to 186).
BALBIANI, G. Rech. sur les corpusc. de la pébrine, Journ. de l’Anat.
et de la Phys., 1866, iii, p. 599.
-- Etud. sur la maladie psorosperm. des vers à soie, _ibid._, 1867,
iv, pp. 263, 329.
BOLLE, J. Der Seidenbau in Japan, Budapest, Wien, Leipzig, 1898,
p. 94.
GLUGE. Tumeurs enkystées observées sur la peau des épinoches, Bull.
Acad. roy. de Belg., 1838, v, p. 772.
HENNEGUY. Note sur un paras. d. muscl. du _Palaemon rectirostris_,
Mém. soc. philom. à l’occas. du centenn. de sa fondat, Paris, 1888.
HENNEGUY and THÉLOHAN. Myxospor. par d. muscl. chez quelq. crust.
décap., Ann. microgr., Paris, 1892, iv, C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1892
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HESSE, E. Sur une nouv. microsp. tétraspor. du genre _Gurleya_, C. R.
Soc. Biol., Paris, 1903, lv, p. 495.
-- Sur la prés. d. microsp. du genre _Thelohania_ chez les insectes,
C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1903, cxxxvii, p. 418.
-- _Thelohania legeri_ n. sp., microsp. nouv. d. larves d’_Anopheles
maculipennis_ Meig., C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1904, lvii, p. 570.
-- Sur _Myxocystis mrázeki_, microsp. par de _Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri_ Clap., C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1905, lviii, pp. 12–15.
KOROTNEFF, A. _Myxosporidium bryozoides_, Z. f. w. Zool., 1892, liii,
p. 591.
KULAGIN, N. Zur Entw. v. _Glugea bombycis_ Thél., Zool. Anz., 1898,
xxi, p. 469.
LEBERT, H. Über die gegenwärtig herrsch. Krankh. des Insects d.
Seide, Berl. entom. Ztschr., 1858, ii, p. 149.
LEYDIG, FR. Zur Anat. v. _Coccus hesferidum_, Z. f. w. Zool., 1854,
v, p. 11.
-- Zum fein. Bau d. Arthropoden, Arch. f. An. u. Phys., 1855, p. 397.
-- Über Paras. nied. Tiere, Arch. f. path. Anat., 1858, p. 280.
-- Der Parasit in der neuen Krankh. d. Seidenraupe, Arch. f. Anat. u.
Phys., 1863.
LUTZ, A., and A. SPLENDORE. Über Pebrine u. verw. Microspor., C. f.
B., P. u. Inf., 1903, i Abt., xxxiii, p. 150.
MONIEZ, R. Note sur des paras. d. helm., Bull. scient. du Départ. du
Nord, 1879 (2), ii, p. 304.
-- Observ. pour la revis. d. microsporid., C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris,
1887, civ, p. 1312.
MRÁZEK. Sporozoenstudien: II, _Glugea lophii_ Dofl., Sitzungsber. k.
böhm. Ges. der Wiss., math.-nat. Kl., 1899, Prag, 1900.
PASTEUR, L. Etude sur la maladie des vers à soie, Paris, 1870.
PÉREZ, CH. Sur une nouv. microsp. paras. d. _Carcinus maenas_, C. R.
Soc. Biol., Paris, 1904, lvii, p. 214.
PERRONCITO, E. Il coccidio jalino ed il microsp. poliedrico nell’
uomo, Giorn. Accad. Med., Torino, 1902, Ann. 65, p. 378.
PFEIFFER, L. Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. pathog. Gregar.: I, Die
Microsporidien und die Fleckenkrankh. (Pébrine) d. Seidenspinners,
Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1888, iii.
STEMPELL, W. Über _Thélohania mülleri_ (L. Pfr.), Zool. Jahrb. Anat.,
1902, xvi, p. 235.
-- Über _Nosema anomalum_ Moniez, Arch. f. Protistenkunde., 1904, iv,
p. 1.
VANEY, C., and A. CONTE. Sur une nouv. microsp., _Pleistophora
mirandellae_, paras. de l’ovaire d’_Alburnus mirandella_ Blanch.,
C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1901, cxxxiii, p. 644.
ORDER. _Actinomyxidia_ (p. 187).
Some earlier literature will be found quoted in:--
CAULLERY, M., and F. MESNIL. Recherches sur les Actinomyxidies, I,
Arch. f. Protistenkde., 1905, vi, 3, p. 272.
ORDER. _Sarcosporidia_ (pp. 187 to 194).
BERTRAM, A. Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Sarcosp., Zool. Jahrb., 1892, v,
p. 581.
BLANCHARD, R. Sur un nouv. type d. Sarcospor., C. R. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 1885, c, p. 1599.
-- Note sur les Sarcospor. et sur un ess. d. classif. d. ces sporoz.,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, x, p. 244.
DAMMANN, C. Psorosp.-Krankh. beim Schaf., Arch. f. path. Anat., 1867,
xli, p. 283.
EECKE, J. VAN. Sarcosporidien, Geneesk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl.-Indie,
1892, xxxii; Jaarsverl. Labor. path. An. en Bact. te Weltevreden
(1892), Batavia, 1893.
FORET, P. Observ. rel. au dével. de la cuticle chez le _Sarcocystis
tenella_, Arch. d’Anat. Micr., 1903, vi, p. 86; C. R. Soc. Biol.,
Paris, 1903, lv, p. 1054.
HESSLING, V. Histol. Mittheil., Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1854, v,
p. 189.
KOCH, M. Über Sarcosporidien, Verh. V. intern. Zool. Congr., Berlin,
Jena, 1902, p. 674.
-- Die experimentelle Übertrag. d. Miescherschen Schläuche, Berl.
klin. Wochenschr., 1904, li, p. 321.
KORTÉ, W. E. de. On the Presence of Sarcosporidia in the Thigh Muscle
of _Macacus rhesus_, Journ. of Hyg., Cambridge, 1905, v, p. 451.
LAVERAN, A., and F. MESNIL. Morph. d. sarcospor., C. R. Soc. Biol.,
1899 (x), vi, p. 245.
LEISERING and WINKLER. Psorosp.-Krankh. beim Schaf., Ber. üb.
Veterin.-Wesen, Königr., Sachsen, 1865; Arch. f. path. Anat., 1865,
xxxvii, p. 431.
MANZ, W. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Miescherschen Schläuche, Arch. mikr.
Anat., 1867, iii, p. 345.
MIESCHER, F. Über eigent. Schläuche in d. Musk. einer Hausmaus, Ber.
über die Verh. d. naturf. Ges., Basel, 1843, v, p. 198; Reprinted in
Verh. d. V. internat. Zool.-Congr., Berlin, Jena, 1902, p. 679.
PIANA, G. P. Fasi evol. d. Sarcosp., La clinica veter., 1896, p. 145;
C. f. B., P. u. Inf. (1), xx, p. 39.
PLUYMERS, L. Des sarcosp. et de leur rôle dans la pathog. d.
myositis, Arch. Méd. exp. et d’Anat. pathol., 1896, p. 761; C. f. B.,
P. u. Inf. (1), xxii, p. 245.
RAINEY, G. Structure and Development of Cysticercus Cells as found in
the Muscles of the Pig, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1858, cxlvii, p. 111.
RIECK, V. Sporozoen als Krankheitserreger, Deutsche Zeitschr. f.
Thiermed. u. vergl. Path., 1889, xiv, p. 75.
RIEVEL and BEHRENS. Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Sarcosp. und deren Enzyme,
C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1903, i Abt. Orig., xxxv, p. 341.
RIVOLTA. Dei paras. veget., Torino, 1873; Giorn. an., fis. e pat. d.
anim., 1874, vi, p. 25.
SCHNEIDEMÜHL, G. Über Sarcosporidien, Thiermed. Vortr., Leipzig,
1897, iii, p. 11.
SIEBOLD, C. Th. v. Zusatz [zu Hessling. histol. Mittheil.], Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool., 1854, v, p. 199.
SIEDAMGROTZKY, O. Psorosp. in d. Musk. d. Pferde, Wochenschr. f.
Thierheilkde. u. Viehz., 1872, xvi, p. 97.
SMITH, TH. The Production of Sarcosporidia in the Mouse by Feeding
Infected Muscle Tissue, Journ. Exp. Med., Baltimore, 1902, vi, p. 1.
-- Further Observations on the Transmission of _Sarcocystis muris_ by
Feeding, Journ. Med. Res., 1905, xiii, p. 429.
STILES, CH. W. Notes on Parasites: 18, Presence of Sarcosporidia in
Birds, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bur. of An. Ind., Bull. 3, 1893, p. 79.
_Sarcosporidia observed in Man_ (pp. 193, 194).
BARABAN and ST. REMY. Sur un cas d. tub. psorosp. obs. chez l’homme,
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1894 (x), i, p. 201.
-- -- Le parasitisme d. sarcosp. chez l’homme, Bibliogr. anat., 1894,
p. 79.
BRAUN, M. Zum Vork. d. Sarcosporid. b. Menschen, C. f. B. u. Par.,
1895 (1), xviii, p. 13.
KARTULIS. Über pathog. Protoz. b. Menschen, Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1893,
xiii, p. 1.
LINDEMANN. Über d. hygien. Bedeutung d. Gregarinen, Deutsche
Zeitschr. f. Staatsarzneikde., 1868.
ROSENBERG. Ein Befund von Psorosp. im Herzmuskel d. Mensch.,
Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1892, xi, p. 435.
VUILLEMIN, P. Le _Sarcocystis tenella_, paras. de l’homme, C. R.
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ORDER. _Haplosporidia_ (pp. 194 to 197).
CAULLERY, M., and F. MESNIL. Rech. sur les Haplosporidies, Arch. de
Zool. exp., 1905, sér. iv, iv, p. 101, in which a good bibliography
is given.
MINCHIN, E. A., and H. B. FANTHAM. _Rhinosporidium kinealyi_ n. g.,
n. sp., a New Sporozoon from the Mucous Membrane of the Septum Nasi
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*Class IV.--Infusoria* (pp. 198 to 210).
BÜTSCHLI, O. Studien über ... die Conjugation d. Infusorien, Abh. d.
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EHRENBERG, CH. G. Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen,
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Paris, 1903, lv, p. 245.
HERTWIG, R. Über die Conjugation d. Infusorien, Abh. kgl. bayer.
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KENT, SAV. A Manual of the Infusoria, London, 1880–1882.
MAUPAS, E. Rech. expér. sur la multipl. des Infusoires ciliés, Arch.
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-- Le rajeunissement karyogamique chez les Ciliés, _ibid._, 1889, vii.
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ASKANAZY, M. Pathog. Bedtg. d. _Bal. coli_, Wien. med. Wochenschr.,
1903, liii, p. 127; Verh. d. D. path. Ges., v (1902), Berlin, 1903,
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CASAGRANDI, O., and P. BARBAGALLO. _Bal. coli_ s. _Param. coli_,
Catania, 1896, 8vo.
COLLMANN, B. Fünf Fälle von _Bal. coli_ im Darm d. Mensch.,
In.-Diss., Kgsbg., Pr., 1900.
EHRNROTH, E. Z. Frage der Pathogenität d. _Bal. coli_, Zeitschr. f.
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GRASSI, B. Signif. patol. d. prot. par. dell’ uomo, Atti Accad.
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JANOWSKI, W. Ein Fall von _Bal. coli_ im Stuhl, Zeitschr. f. klin.
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KLIMENKO, W. Beitr. z. Pathol. d. _Bal. coli_, Beitr. z. path. Anat.
u. allg. Path., 1903, xxxiii, p. 281.
KOSLOWSKI, J. J. Zur Lehre v. d. Infus., die als Paras. im
Verdauungskan. d. Mensch. vork., Arch. f. Verdauungskrankh., 1905,
xi, p. 31.
KOSSLER, K. Ein Fall von _Balantidium_-Colitis, Wien. med.
Wochenschr., 1906, lvi, p. 522.
MAGGIORA, A. Microsk. u. bacter. Beob. während einer epid. dysent.
Dickdarmentzdg., C. f. B. u. Par., 1892, xi, p. 181.
MALMSTEN, P. H. Infusorien als Intestinalthiere b. Mensch., Arch. f.
path. Anat., 1857, xii, p. 302.
NAGEL. Üb. ein. Fall v. Infusorienenteritis, Münch. med. Wochenschr.,
1905, No. 44.
SHEGALOW, J. P. Ein Fall von _Bal. coli_ bei einem 5 jähr. Mädchen,
Jahrb. f. Kinderhlkde., 1899, xlix, p. 425.
SIEVERS, R. Über _Bal. coli_ im menschl. Darm u. dessen Vork. in
Schwed. u. Finland, Arch. f. Verdauungskrankh., 1900, v. Abstracted
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STOKVIS, B. J. _Paramaecium_ in sputa, Nederl. Tijdschr. v.
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STRONG, R. P., and W. E. MUSGRAVE. Preliminary Note of a Case of
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-- -- The Clinical and Pathological Significance of _Balantidium
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WLAJEFF, G. Zur Frage d. Ätiol. u. Behandlg. d. Dysenterie,
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WOIT, O. Drei neue Fälle von _Bal. coli_ i. menschl. Darm., Deutsch.
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_Balantidium minutum_ (pp. 204 and 637).
JAKOBY, M., and F. SCHAUDINN. Üb. zwei neue Infus. i. Darm. d.
Mensch., C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1899 (i), xxv, p. 487.
SCHULZ. _Colpoda cucullus_ im Darm d. Mensch., Berl. klin.
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_Nyctotherus_ (pp. 204 to 206 and 637).
CASTELLANI, A. Observations on some Protozoa found in Human Fæces, C.
f. B., P. u. Inf., 1905, i Abt. Orig., xxxviii, p. 66.
JAKOBY, M., and F. SCHAUDINN. Über zwei Infus. i. Darm d. Mensch.,
_ibid._, 1899 (1), xxv, p. 487.
KRAUSE, P. Üb. Infus. im Typhusstuhle nebst Beschreibg. einer bisher
noch nicht beob. Art. (_Balantidium giganteum_), Deutsch. Arch. f.
klin. Med., 1906, lxxxvi, p. 442.
_Chlamydozoa_ (pp. 207 to 210).
BOSC, F. J. Les malad. bryocytiques (malad. à protozoaires), II, La
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-- Les malad. bryocyt., III, La variole et son parasite (_Plasmodium
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CALKINS, G. N. The Life-history of _Cytoryctes variola_, Journ. Med.
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COUNCILMAN, MAGRATH, BRINCKENHOFF, TYZZER, SOUTHARD, THOMPSON,
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Variola and of Vaccinæ, Journ. Med. Research, Boston, 1904, xi, 1,
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GUARNIERI, G. Ric. sulla patogenesi ed etiol. dell’ inf. vacc. e
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-- Ulteriori ric. sulla etiol. e sulla patog. della inf. vacc.,
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HÜCKEL. Die Vaccinekörperchen, Beitr. z. pathol. Anat. u. z. allg.
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LOEFF, A. VAN DER, in Weekbl. van het Nederl. Tijdschr. v.
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MÜHLENS, P., and M. HARTMANN, Zur Kenntnis d. Vaccineerregers, C. f.
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PROWAZEK, S. Unters. üb. d. Vaccine, I, Arb. a. d. kais.
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-- Unters. üb. d. Vaccine, II, _ibid._, 1906, xxiii, p. 525.
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SCHULZE, W. Impfungen mit Luesmaterial an Kaninchenaugen, Klin.
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-- Das Verhalten der _Cytorrhyctes luis_ in der mit Syphilis
geimpften Kanin cheniris, Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path.,
1906, xxxix, p. 180.
SIEGEL, J. Zur Kritik der bisherigen Cytorrhyctesarbeiten, C. f. B.,
P. u. Inf., 1906, i Orig., xlii, pp. 128, 225, 321, 480.
WASIELEWSKI, V. Beitr. z. Kenntnis d. Vaccineerregers, Zeitschr. f.
Hyg., 1901, xxxviii, p. 212.
*(B) PLATYHELMINTHES* (pp. 211 to 359, 638 to 698 and 753 to 755).
*Class II.--Trematodes* (pp. 212 to 282, 638 to 644, 753, and 754).
[_N.B._--The literature, which is very comprehensive, has, up to the
year 1892, been quoted and critically examined in Braun’s monograph
on the Trematodes: Bd. iv, Abth. i, of Bronn’s “Klass. u. Ord. d.
Thierreichs,” Leipz. Of works that have appeared later it is not
possible to do more than enumerate the following.]
BETTENDORF, H. Musculatur u. Sinneszell. d. Tremat., Zool. Jahrb.
Anat., 1897, x, p. 307.
BLOCHMANN, F. Die Epithelfrage bei Cestoden u. Trematoden, Hamburg,
1896.
BRAUN, M. Arten d. Gattg. _Clinostomum_, Zool. Jahrb., 1900, Syst.
xiv, p. 1.
-- Trematoden d. Chelonier, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin, 1901, ii, p. 1.
-- Trematoden d. Chiroptera, Annal. K. k. naturh. Hofmus., Wien,
1900, xv, p. 217.
-- Zur Kenntn. d. Tremat. d. Säugeth., Zool. Jahrb., 1901, Syst. xiv,
p. 311.
-- Fascioliden d. Võgel, _ibid._, 1902, xvi, p. 1.
BRUGGE, G. Zur Kenntn. d. Excretionsgefässsyst. d. Cestoden u.
Tremat., Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 1902, xvi, p. 208.
FISCHOEDER, F. Die Paramphistomiden d. Säugeth., Zool. Jahrb., 1903,
Syst. xvii, p. 485.
GRONKOWSKI, C. V. Zum feineren Bau d. Tremat., Poln. Arch. f. biol.
u. med. Wiss., 1902, i.
HEIN, W. Zur Epithelfrage d. Tremat., Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1904,
lxxvii, p. 546.
LOOSS, A. Die Distomen unserer Fische und Frösche, Stuttg., 1894;
Bibl. zool., xvi.
-- Rech. faune paras. de l’Egypte, I, Mém. Inst. égypt., 1896, iii,
p. 1.
-- Weit. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Tremat.-Fauna Ägypt, Zool. Jahrb.,
1900, Syst. xii, p. 521.
-- Über neue u. bekannte Tremat. aus Seeschildkröten, _ibid._, 1902,
xvi, p. 411.
MACLAREN, W. Beitr. z. Kenntn. einig. Tremat., Jen. Zeitschr. f.
Naturw., 1903, xxxviii, p. 573.
MONTICELLI, F. S. Stud. tremat. Endopar., I, Zool. Jahrb., 1893,
Suppl. iii.
ROEWER, C. F. Beitr. z. Histogenese v. Cercariaeum helicis, Jen.
Zeitschr. f. Naturw., 1906, xli, p. 185.
SCHUBMANN, W. Eibildung u. Embryonalentw. v. _Fasciola hepatica_,
Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 1905, xxi, p. 571.
ZIEGLER, H. E. Das Ectoderm d. Plathelminthen, Verh. D. zool. Ges.,
1905, p. 35.
_Watsonius watsoni_ (pp. 234, 235).
CONYNGHAM, H. F. A New Trematode of Man, Brit. Med. Journ., 1904, ii,
p. 663; Lancet, 1904, ii, p. 464.
SHIPLEY, A. E. _Cladorchis watsoni_ (Conyngham), a Human Parasite
from Africa, Thompson, Yates and Johnston Lab. Report, Liverpool,
1905, vi, 1, p. 129.
_Gastrodiscus hominis_ (pp. 236, 237).
GILES, G. M. A Report of an Investigation into the Causes of the
Disease known in Assam as Kála-azár and Beriberi, Shillong, 1890,
p. 125.
LEUCKART, R. Die Paras. d. Mensch., 2. Aufl., ii, p. 450, where the
first discovery is reported in greater detail.
LEWIS, T. R., and MCCONNEL. A New Parasite Affecting Man, Proc.
Asiatic Soc., Bengal, 1876, p. 182.
_Fasciola hepatica_ (pp. 237 to 244, and 638).
AMMON. Klin. Darst. d. Krankh. d. menschl. Auges, Dresden, 1838.
BOSSUAT, E. Les helminth. dans le foie, Arch. de Paras., 1902, vi,
p. 186. [The author is in error when he writes “The name _Dist.
sibiricum_ originated from M. Braun”!]
COE, W. R. Bau des Embryos v. _Dist. hep._, Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 1896,
ix, p. 561.
DUFFEK, E. _Dist. hep._ beim Mensch., Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1902,
p. 772.
GAIDE, _cf._ under _Clonorchis sinensis_ (p. 787).
GESCHEIDT and AMMON. Die Entoz. d. Auges, Zeitschr. f. Ophth., 1833,
iii, P. 405.
GREEFF, R. Über d. Vork. v. Würmern im Auge, Arch. f. Augenheilkde.,
1907, lvi, p. 334.
HAVET, J. Contrib. à l’étud. d. syst. nerv. d. Trémat., La Cellule,
1900, xvii, p. 351.
HENNEGUY, L. F. Rech. sur la mode de form, de l’œuf du _Dist. hep._,
Arch. d’anat. micr., 1906, ix, p. 47.
KHOURI, A. Le Halzoun, Arch. de Paras., 1904, ix, 1, p. 78.
KÜCHENMEISTER, F. On Animal and Vegetable Parasites of the Human
Body, translated by E. Lankester, London, 1857.
LEUCKART, R. Z. Entw. d. Lebereg., Arch. f. Naturg., 1882, i, p. 80.
LUTZ, A. Lebensgesch. d. _Dist. hep._, C. f. B. u. P., xi, p. 783;
xiii, p. 320.
MALHERBE. Progr. méd., 1898, vii, No. 4.
MARCINOWSKI, K. Das untere Schlundgangl. von. _Dist. hep._, Jen.
Zeitschr. f. Naturw., xxxvii, 1903, p. 544.
NORDMANN, A. V. Mikrograph. Beitr. z. Naturgesch. d. wirbellos.
Thiere, Berlin, 1832, ii, p. 9.
PALLAS, P. S. De infestis viventibus intra viventia, Diss. in.,
Lugd., Batavia, 1760.
SAITO, S. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. geogr. Verbr. d. _Dist. hep._, C. f.
B., P. u. Inf., 1906, i Orig., xli, p. 822.
SCHAPER. Die Leberegelkrankheit. d. Schafe, Deutsche Zeitschr. f.
Tiermed., 1890, xvi, p. 1.
SOMMER, L. Anat. d. Leberegels, Z. f. w. Zool., 1880, xxxiv, p. 539.
STIEDA, L. Beitr. z. Anat. d. Plattw.: I, Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys.,
1867, p. 52.
-- Über d. angebl. inneren Zusammenhang d. männl. u. weibl. Org. b.
Tremat., _ibid._, 1871, p. 31.
STILES, C. W. Frogs, Toads and Carp as Eradicators of Fluke Diseases,
Ann. Rep. Bur. of Anim. Ind., 1901, Wash., 1902, xviii, p. 220.
THOMAS, P. The Life-history of the Liver Fluke, Quart. Journ. Micros.
Sci., 1883, xxiii, p. 99.
[_N.B._--A bibliography of cases has been compiled by Davaine (1877),
Leuckart (1889–1894), Moniez (1896), Blanchard (1889), and Huber
(1895), in addition to Khouri (l. c.).]
_Fasciola gigantica_ (pp. 244, 245).
COBBOLD, TH. SP. Description of a New Trematode Worm (_Fasciola
gigantica_), Edin. New Phil. Journ., 1855, N.S. ii, p. 262.
-- Entozoa, an Introduction to the Study of Helminthes, London, 1864,
pl. i.
GOUVEA, H. DE. La distomatose pulm. par la douve du foie, Thèse,
Paris, 1895.
LOOSS, A. Rech. sur la faune de l’Egypte, Mém. Inst, égypt., 1896,
iii, p. 33.
-- Obs. à prop. d’une note ... C. f. B., P. u. Inf. (1), 1898, xxiii,
p. 459.
RAILLIET, A. Sur une forme partic. de douve hépat. prov. de Senegal,
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1895, 10e sér., ii, p. 338.
_Fasciolopsis buski_ (pp. 245, 246, and 638).
BUDD, G. On Diseases of the Liver, London, 1852.
COBBOLD, T. SP. On the Supposed Rarity of ... _Dist. crassum_,
Journ. Linn. Soc., 1875, xii, p. 285; Obs. on the Large Human Fluke,
Veterinarian, 1876.
GILES, G. M., _cf._ under _Gastrodiscus hominis_ (p. 784).
LANKESTER, E. Manual of Animal and Vegetable Parasites
(Küchenmeister), London, 1857, App. i, B. p. 437.
LEIDY, J. On _Distomum hepaticum_, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1873, P· 364.
ODHNER, TH. _Fasciolopsis buski_, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., i Orig.,
xxxi, p. 573.
_Fasciolopsis rathouisi_ (pp. 246, 247).
POIRIER, P. Note sur une nouv. esp. de Dist. paras. de l’homme, Arch.
Zool. exp., 1887 (2), v, p. 203.
_Paragonimus ringeri_ (pp. 249 to 251, 639 and 640).
BAELZ, E. Über paras. Haemopt., Centralbl. f. med. Wiss., 1880,
p. 721.
-- Über einig. neue Paras. d. Mensch., Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1883,
p. 234.
INOUYE, J. Über d. _Dist. ringeri_ Cobb, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med.,
1903, l, p. 120, with list of Japanese literature.
JANSON, J. Die bish. in Japan bei Schweinen gef. Paras., Mitt. d.
Ges. f. Natur- u. Völkerkde. Ostasiens, 1897, Heft 59–60.
KATSURADA, F. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. _Dist. westerm._, Beitr. z. path.
Anat. u. z. allg. Path., 1900, xxviii, p. 506.
KERBERT, C. Zur Trem.-Kenntn., Zool. Anz., 1878, i, p. 271.
-- Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Tremat., Arch. f. mikros. Anat., 1881, xix,
p. 519.
MANSON, P. _Dist. ringeri_, Med. Times and Gaz., 1881, ii, p. 8;
1882, ii, p. 42.
MIURA, M. Fibr. Tuberkel verurs. durch Parasiteneier, Arch. f. path.
Anat., 1889, cxvi.
MONTEL, R. Distomiase pulm. en Cochinchine, Annal. d’ Hyg. et de Méd.
Col., 1906, ix, p. 258.
RAILLIET, A. Paras, des anim. domest. du Japon, Le Natural., 1891,
xii, p. 143.
STILES, C. W. Notes on Parasites, No. 26; _Dist._ (_Mesogon._)
_westermanni_, Discovery of a Parasite of Man, new to the United
States, Vet. Journ., 1894, p. 107.
STILES, C. W., and A. HASSALL. Notes on Parasites, No. 50: A Muscle
Fluke in American Swine, XVI Ann. Rep., Bur. of Anim. Industry
(1899), Wash., 1900, p. 559.
-- No. 51, The Lung Fluke in Swine, _ibid._, p. 560.
TANIGUCHI. Ein Fall von _Distomum_-Erkrankung des Gehirns mit dem
Symptomenkomplex von Jacksonscher Epilepsie, Arch. f. Psych, u.
Nervenheilk., 1904, xxxviii, No. 1.
WARD, H. B. _Dist. westerm._ in den Vereinigten Staaten, C. f. B. u.
P., 1894, xiv, p. 362; 1895, xvii, p. 304.
YAMAGIVA, K. Lungendistomenkrankh. in Japan, Arch. f. path. Anat.,
1892, cxxvii; Zur Ätiologie der Jacksonschen Epilepsie, _ibid._,
1890, cxix.
_Ophisthorchis felineus_ and _Metorchis truncatus_ (pp. 252 to 255, 261
and 262).
ASKANAZY, M. Über Inf. d. Mensch. mit _Dist. felin._ in Ostpreussen
u. ihren Zusammenhang mit Leberkrebs, C. f. B., P. u. Inf. (1), 1900,
xxviii, p. 491; Verh. d. Deutsch. path. Ges., 1900, iii, p. 72.
-- Die Ätiologie u. Path. d. Katzenegelerkrankg. d. Mensch., Deutsche
med. Wochenschrift, 1904, xxx, p. 689; Verh. d. Ver. f. wiss.
Heilkde. i. Königsb. i. Pr., 1904, iii, p. 3.
-- Weitere Mitteil. üb. d. Quellen d. Inf. mit _Dist. felineum_,
Schrift d. Phys.-oek. Ges., Königsberg i. Pr. (1905), 1906, xlvi,
p. 127.
BRAUN, M. Die Leberdistomen d. Hauskatze u. verw. Arten, C. f. B. u.
Par., 1893, xiv, p. 381.
-- Über ein für den Menschen neues Distomum, _ibid._, 1894, xv,
p. 602.
CHOLODKOWSKY, N. Icones helm. hom., II, St. Petersb., 1898, Taf. xi,
115.
KAMENSKY, G. Not. helm., I, Charkow, 1900.
KHOLODKOWSKY, N. Sur quelq. rar. paras. de l’homme en Russie, Arch.
de Paras., 1898, i, p. 354.
RIVOLTA. Sopra una spec. di _Distoma_ nel gatto e nel cane, Giorn.
anat., fisiol. e pat. d. animali, 1884, xvi, p. 20.
WARD, H. B. On _Dist. fel._ in the United States, Vet. Mag., 1895.
-- Notes on Parasites of the Lake Fish: III, On the Structure and the
Copulatory Organ in _Microphallus_, Stud. Zool. Lab., Univ. Nebraska,
May, 1901, p. 174.
WINOGRADOFF, K. Ein neues Dist. a. d. menschl. Leber, Nachr. v. d.
k. Tomskischen Univ. (1891), 1892, iv, p. 116; Ein zweiter Fall von
_Dist. sib._, _ibid._, p. 131.
-- Über Würmer, welche im menschl. Körper paras., _ibid._ (1892),
1893, v.
ZWAARDEMAKER, H. Cirrhosis parasit., Arch. f. path. Anat., 1890, cxx,
p. 197.
_Amphimerus noverca_ (p. 258).
COBBOLD, T. SP. Synopsis of the _Distomidæ_, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
London, 1859, Zool., v, p. 8; Further Observations on Entozoa, with
Experiments, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 1862; xxiii, p. 349, pl. 33,
figs. 1 and 2.
LEWIS, T. R., and D. CUNNINGHAM. Micros. and Phys. Res., XI Ann. Rep.
San. Comm. Govt. India, Calcutta, 1872, Appendix C, p. 168.
MCCONNELL, J. F. P. On the _Dist. conj._ as a Human Entozoon, Lancet,
1876, i, p. 343; 1878, i, p. 476.
_Clonorchis sinensis_ and _Cl. endemicus_ (pp. 258 to 261, 640, and
641).
BAELZ, E. Über einige neue Parasiten des Menschen, Berl. klin.
Wochenschr., 1883, p. 235.
BLANCHARD, R. Lésions du foie déterm. par la prés. des Douves, Arch.
de Paras., 1901, iv, p. 581.
COBBOLD, T. SP. The New Human Fluke, Lancet, 1875, ii, p. 423.
GAIDE. De la distomatose hépatique au Tonkin, Ann. d’Hyg. et de
Méd. Colon., 1905, viii, p. 568; abstracted in Arch. f. Schiffs- u.
Trop.-Hyg., 1906, x, p. 256.
IJIMA, J. _Dist. endemicum_, Journ. Coll. Sci., Imp. Univ., Japan,
1886, i, p. 47.
INOUYE, Z. Über d. _Distom. spathulatum_, Arch. f. Verdauungskrankh.,
1903, ix, p. 107.
KATSURADA, F. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. _Dist. spathulat._, Beitr. z.
path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path., 1900, xxviii, p. 479.
LOOSS, A. On some Parasites in the Museum of the School of Trop.
Med., Liverpool, Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1907, i, p. 123.
MCCONNELL, J. F. P. Remarks on the Anatomical and Pathological
Relations of a New Species of Liver-fluke, Lancet, 1875, ii, p. 271;
1878, i, p. 406.
MCGREGOR. A New Form of Paralytic Disease Associated with the
Presence of a New Species of Liver Parasite, Lancet, 1877, i, p. 775.
MOTY. Lésions anat. prod. par le _Dist. sinense_, C. R. Soc. Biol.,
Paris, 1893, p. 224.
SAITO, S. Über den Eiinhalt d. Dist. spathul. u. d. morphol.
Beschaffenh. seines Embryos, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., i Orig., 1906,
xlii, p. 133.
_Heterophyes heterophyes_ (pp. 262 to 264).
BLANCHARD, R. Note prél. sur le _Dist. heterophyes_, C. R. Soc.
Biol., Paris, 1891 (9), iii, p. 792.
LOOSS, A. Über d. Bau von _Dist. heteroph._ u. _D. fraternum_ n. sp.,
Cassel, 1894.
LOOSS, A. Not. z. Helminth. Ägypt., I, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1896
(1), xx, p. 836.
-- Weitere Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Tremat.-Fna. Ägypt., Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst. 1899, xii, p. 699.
-- Notz. z. Helminth. Ägypt, V, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1902, i Orig.,
xxxii, p. 886.
SANDWITH, F. M. _Dist. heterophyes_ in a Living Patient, Lancet,
1899, ii, p. 888.
SIEBOLD, C. TH. V. Beitr. zur Helminth. hum., Z. f. wiss. Zool.,
1852, iv, p. 52.
DICROCŒLIUM DENDRITICUM (pp. 266, 267).
ANGLAS, J., and _E. de Ribaucourt_. Etude anat. et hist. du _Dist.
lanceolatum_, Ann. Sci. Nat., 8vo, sér. xv, 1902, p. 313; _cf_. Zool.
Centralbl., 1902, ix, p. 840.
ASCHOFF, L. Ein Fall von _Dist. lanc._ i. d. menschlichen Leber,
Arch. f. path. Anat., 1892, cxxx, p. 493.
BRERA, V. L. Memor. fis.-med. sopra i princ. vermi di corpo, Roma,
1811.
DUBINI, A. Entozoograf. umana, Milano, 1850.
GALLI-VALERIO, B. Notes de parasitol., B, Paras. anim. (4) Œufs de
_Dicr. lanc._ dans les fèces de l’homme, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1905,
i Orig., xxxix, p. 239.
HOLLACK, J. Z. Kenntn. der sexuellen Amphitypie bei Dicrocoel., C. f.
B., P. u. Inf., 1902, i Orig., xxxii, p. 867.
KAMENSKY, S. Notes helm. No. 2, Sur la prés. réelle du _Dicroc.
lanceol._ chez le chien, Trav. Soc. Nat. Univ. Charkow, 1902, xxxvi,
p. 63.
MEHLIS, C. F. S. Observ. anat. de _Dist. hep._ et _lanceol._,
Gotting., 1825.
PIANA, G. P. Le cercarie d. moll. stud. in rapp. colla pres. del
_Dist. epat._ e _D. lanc._, La clinica veter., 1882, v.
WALTER, G. Beitr. zur Anat. und Histol. einig. Tremat., Arch. f.
Naturg., 1858, xxiv (1), p. 269.
ZSCHOKKE, F. Selt. Paras. des Menschen, C. f. B. u. P., 1892, xii,
p. 500.
_Schistosoma hæmatobium_ (pp. 270 to 277 and 641 to 644).
BALFOUR, A. Eosinophilia in Bilharzia dis. and Dracontiasis, Lancet,
1903, ii, p. 1649.
BEYER, H. G. A Second Chinese Case of Infection with the Asiatic
Blood Fluke, Amer. Med., 1905, x, p. 578.
BILHARZ, TH. Beitr. zur Helminth. hum., Z. f. w. Zool., 1852, ii,
pp. 53, 454.
CATTO, J. _Schistosoma cattoi_, a New Blood Fluke of Man, Brit. Med.
Journ., January 7, 1915; abstracted in C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1906, i,
Ref. xxxvii, p. 617.
CHAKER, M. Et. sur l’hématurie d’Egypt, Thèse, Paris, 1890.
CHATIN, J. Obs. sur le dével. et l’org. du proscol. de la Bilh., Ann.
sc. nat. Zool., 1881 (6), xi.
FRITSCH, G. Zur Anat. d. _Bilh. haemat._, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 1888,
xxxi, p. 192.
FUJINAMI, A. Weitere Mitt. über die path. Anat. d. sog.
Katayama-Krankh. und der Krankheits-Er. ders., Kyoto Igaku Zassi,
March 1, 1904. (In Japanese, with German abstract.)
FUJINAMI, A., and J. KON. Beitr. z. Kenntn. der pathol. Anat. der
sog. Katayama-Krankheit, _ibid._, 1904, i, 1; abstracted in C. f. B.,
P. u. Inf., 1905, i, Ref. xxxvi, p. 499.
GUNN. Bilharzia Disease, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1906, No. 14;
abstracted in C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1907, i, Ref. xxxix, p. 217.
KARTULIS. Vorkommen d. Eier von _Dist. haemat._, Arch. f. path.
Anat., 1885, xcix, p. 139.
-- Weitere Beitr. z. path. Anat. d. Bilharz., _ibid._, 1898, clii,
p. 474.
KASAI, K. Unters. über die sog. Katayama-Krankh., Mitt. der med.
Ges., Tokio, 1904, xviii, p. 4; abstracted in C. f. B., P. u. Inf.,
1905, i, Ref. xxxvi, p. 499.
KATSURADA, F. _Schistosomum japonicum_, ein neuer menschl. Paras.,
durch welchen eine endem. Krankh. in versch. Gegend. Japans
verursacht wird, Annot. zool. japon., 1904, v, 3, p. 147.
LAHILLE, A. La bilharziose intest. aux Antilles, Ann. d’Hyg. et de
Méd. Colon., 1906, ix, p. 262.
LETULLE, M. Bilharziose intestinale, Arch. de Paras., 1905, ix,
p. 329.
LOOSS, A. Beob. über Eier und Embr. v. Bilh., in Leuckart: Die Paras.
d. Menschen, 2. Aufl., i, p. 521.
-- Bemerkungen zur Lebensgeschichte der _Bilh. haem._, C. f. B. u.
P., 1894, xvi, pp. 286, 340.
-- Rech. faun. paras. de l’Egypt, Mém. Inst. égypt., 1895, iii,
p. 158.
-- Zur Anat. und Histol. d. _Bilh. haem._, Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,
1895, xlvi, p. 1.
-- Bilharziosis, Handb. d. Tropenkrankh., 1905, i, p. 93.
-- _Schistosomum japonicum_, eine neue asiatische Bilharzia d.
Menschen, C. f. B., P. u. Inf., 1905, i Orig., xxxix, p. 280.
LORTET and VIALLETON. Etud. sur la _Bilh. hæm._, Paris, 1895; Ann. de
l’Univ. de Lyon, 1894, ix.
OGAWA. Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Katayama-Krankh., Kyoto Igaku Zassi,
1904, i, p. 3; with German abstract.
RAILLIET, A. Obs. sur l’embr. du _Gynæcoph. hæm._, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1892, xvii, p. 101.
RÜTIMEYER, L. Über Bilharzia-Krankheit, Mitt. klin. u. med. Inst. d.
Schweiz., i, 1894, xii, p. 871.
SCHEUBE, B. Ein neues _Schistosomum_ beim Menschen, Arch. f. Schiffs-
u. Tropen-Hyg., 1905, ix, p. 150.
SONSINO, P. Ric. s. sviluppo d. Bilh., Giorn. R. Ac. med., Torino,
1889, xxxii, p. 380.
STILES, C. W. The New Asiatic Blood Fluke ... of Man and Cats, Amer.
Med., 1905, ix, p. 821.
WILLIAMSON. _Bilharzia hæmatobium_ in Cyprus, Brit. Med. Journ.,
1902, p. 956.
WOOLLEY, P. G. The Occurrence of _Schistosoma japonicum_ vel cattoi
in the Philippine Islands, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 1906, i, p. 83.
*Class III.--Cestodes* (pp. 282 to 359 and 644 to 674).
[An almost complete collection of the literature relating to Cestodes
up to 1895 is to be found in Braun’s monograph on the tapeworms in
Bronn’s “Klassen und Ordnung des Thierreiches,” iv, p. 2; of later
books the following may be mentioned.]
BARTELS, E. _Cysticercus fasciolaris_, Anat., Beitr. zur Entw. und
Umwandl. in _Taenia crassicollis_, Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 1902, xvi,
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