THE PROGRESS OF EDUCATION.
In reviewing the educational progress which our country has made during
the later Middle Ages, our starting point must be the consideration of the
ideals which at various times dominated education, and created a supply
of, and a demand for, facilities for education.
The ideal behind the schools first established in this country was
essentially religious. The early missionaries clearly realised that the
Christian religion could not exist side by side with ignorance. It was
necessary that provision should be made to enable converts effectively to
participate in the divine service offered by the church; it was imperative
that Latin should be taught to those who wished properly to understand the
teaching of the church and to those who were desirous of being admitted to
office in the church. Latin was the native language of the Christian
missionaries; the services of the church were conducted in that tongue;
and medieval ecclesiastical literature was written in the Latin language.
More than this, Latin was the universal language of the civilised world of
the time and, it must be remembered, there was no standard language in
this country which could act as a substitute. It was in response to this
ideal of the Church, the ideal which required that facilities for
religious education should be within the reach of all, that the Church set
herself to see that in every parish, in every town, in every city, a
school should be found.
The progress of the Christian religion entailed a progress in morality.
Progress in morality necessarily involved progress in civilisation. With
the growth of civilisation, there developed gradually an interest in the
things of the mind as well as the things of the body. Thus it came about
that education began to possess a value for its own sake, apart from its
service in connection with religious progress.
But the ideal of education, as necessary for moral perfection, never
ceased to be the ideal behind the establishment of church schools. From
the earliest date three things have been considered necessary for
religious education: there must be a training in habits of worship and
devotion, the mind must be stored with adequate and systematised knowledge
of the doctrine of the Church to serve as a guide to conduct, and there
must be held before the mind of the pupil the ideal character of Christ,
human and divine.
Hence we note that the curriculum of the schools evolved in response to
this ideal. It consisted, as we have seen, of song and grammar: song,
because of its value in the training of habits of worship and devotion;
grammar, because it put the scholar in possession of the key to unlock the
store of knowledge which the Church possessed.
Gradually another ideal came into existence. People began to realise that
these church schools were useful for "bread and butter" purposes. Just as
the ideal which we have first outlined and which created the supply of
schools was the highest possible, so the motive which exercised an
important influence upon the demand for schools was the lowest possible.
Yet, it must be confessed that the "bread and butter" motive proved to be
a most powerful one in stimulating the demand for schools. Throughout the
history of the human race self-interest has always been a powerful
stimulant to action. Under normal circumstances and in the great majority
of cases, as soon as a man freely realises that a certain course will be
of service to him, he proceeds to take the necessary action.
These two ideals were in operation, side by side, during the period from
the eleventh century to the close of the Middle Ages. The authorities of
the church, believing in the value of education as an agency for the
elevation of the human character sought to provide schools; the principle
of self-interest, in many cases, led children to attend these schools.
Towards the latter part of the period we are now concerned with, a new
ideal and a new agency gradually manifested itself. The new ideal arose
out of the perception of the value of education. Education began to be
conceived of as a preparation for a life in this world as well as a life
in eternity; now "learning and manners" begin to be combined just as
previously "religion and letters" were linked together. Thus we read that
the school at Wisbech was founded that children might be instructed in
"godly and vertuos lerninge,"[740] and the school at Tewkesbury "for the
bringynge up of the saide youths in knowlege of vertue and good
learninge."[741]
With this realisation of a social ideal for education, schools began to be
provided by civic societies and by merchants who had gained a fortune for
themselves. The social ideal arose out of the value of religious
education, hence the curriculum was not affected. There was a change in
the agency through which the school was provided, there was a change in
the mode of governing the schools, there was a change in the relationship
of the teacher to the church, but there was no change in the curriculum.
Inspired originally by a religious ideal, it was now known to serve a
social purpose.
Among the early merchant founders of schools may be mentioned William
Sevenoaks, a grocer of London, who founded Sevenoaks Grammar School in
1432, Edmund Flower, citizen and merchant tailor of London, the founder of
Cuckfield Grammar School in 1521, Richard Collyer, mercer, who founded
Horsham School, Sussex, in 1532, and William Dyer, mercer, who founded a
school at Houghton Regis in 1515.
Bearing these general principles in mind, we find that the main events
connected with the progress of education during the later Middle Ages may
conveniently be considered under three headings.
1. Circumstances which influenced the demand for schools.
2. Lollardism and Education.
3. Educational Legislation.
(1) The circumstances which influenced the demand for schools arose out of
the existing social conditions. The Church, as a profession, offered
considerable attraction to the able but penniless youth. Many of the
outstanding churchmen of the Middle Ages were men who had come from a
comparatively lowly origin. Thus William of Wykeham was the son of a
yeoman whose ancestors for generations had "ploughed the same lands, knelt
at the same altar, and paid due customs and service to the lord of the
manor." Henry Chicheley, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, famous as
the founder of All Soul's College, was also the son of a yeoman. William
Waynflete, afterwards Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor of England,
was of lowly origin and at one time occupied the comparatively humble
position of grammar master at Eton College at a salary of L10 a year.
But apart from the great prizes of the church available to those of
outstanding ability, there were also a large number of openings possible
to the man who had availed himself of the educational facilities offered
by the church schools and had there mastered the elements of grammar. He
might proceed from the parochial church schools to the school of a
collegiate church, and possibly he might make his way to the university
and ultimately obtain ordination to the priesthood.
The financial advantages of the education offered by the church became
obvious after the Norman Conquest, and arose out of an undesigned
circumstance. Prior to the Conquest, the parishes of this country were
under the spiritual care of Saxon rectors who were generally well-born and
whose position was well-endowed. The Norman Conquest ultimately resulted
in these men being deprived of their cures and being replaced by ill-paid
vicars or parochial chaplains. The chief factors which brought about this
condition of things were impropriations, papal provisors, pluralities, and
the custom, which gradually grew up, of appointing to livings men who had
only been admitted to minor orders in the church.
The practice of impropriation was an indirect result of the revival of the
monastic principle. The custom of endowing a newly founded monastery with
the patronage of existing churches gradually came into being. When a
vacancy occurred, the monastery as patrons of the benefice bestowed it
upon themselves as a corporation, and drew the stipend attached to it,
appointing a "vicar" to perform the requisite spiritual duties, and
allowing the vicar only a comparatively insignificant share of the
temporalities of the benefice. The position of the incumbent was
consequently considerably degraded both in dignity and in emolument.
The custom of papal provisors dates from the thirteenth century when the
popes began to assume a power of nominating to vacant benefices. In this
way foreigners were appointed to many of the most lucrative of the English
benefices. Naturally they never came near their parishes, but contented
themselves with the appointment of an ill-paid parochial chaplain to
discharge the necessary duties. This custom was put an end to by the
Statute of Praemunire (1392).
We must also note that the system of pluralities was carried on in the
Middle Ages to an extent which seems to us almost incredible to-day. One
man might hold several valuable livings which he never went near, whilst a
clerk, who was frequently paid a miserable wage, was expected to do the
work. Equally vicious was the custom of appointing to benefices men who
had only been admitted to minor clerical orders. "A glance at the lists of
incumbents of parishes in any good county history will reveal the fact
that rectors of parishes were often only deacons, sub-deacons, or
acolytes. It is clear that in many of these cases--probably in the
majority of them--the men had taken minor orders only to qualify
themselves for holding the temporalities of a benefice and never proceeded
to the priesthood at all."[742] Just as in the other cases we have
mentioned, these men drew the revenues of the living and then appointed a
deputy at a small salary to be responsible for the duty.
Whilst the spiritual effects of this policy were disastrous, the policy
itself resulted in education becoming an object of desire to men in the
lower social grades, as they saw in education an opportunity of escape
from their existing circumstances. It does not follow that these men made
either incapable or undesirable priests. One of the most charming pictures
drawn by Chaucer is that of the poor parson of the town, but his social
position is indicated by the fact that "with him there was a ploughman,
was his brother."
The number of possible ecclesiastical appointments does not end with
vicars and parochial chaplains. In addition there were the numerous
chantries, which existed in connection with so very many churches in the
country, and for each of which one or two priests would be required. Then
again the gilds to which we have already referred usually maintained one
or more chaplains. In these ways employment would probably be found for a
large number of priests. "There were at the Reformation, ten gilds in
Windham in Norfolk, seven at Hingham, seventeen at Yarmouth. Moreover, a
gild like a chantry, had sometimes more than one gild priest. Leland tells
us that the gild of St. John's in St. Botolph's Church, Boston, had ten
priests 'living in a fayre house at the west end of the parish
churchyard.' In St. Mary's Church, Lichfield, was a gild which had five
priests."[743]
Besides all these regular appointments, there were a large number of
priests who earned fees by taking "temporary engagements" to say masses
for the souls of the departed. Thus Archbishop Islip in his
"Constitutions" speaks of this class as those who "through covetousness
and love of ease, not content with reasonable salaries, demand excessive
pay for their labours and receive it."[744] Chaucer introduces one of
these characters into his _Canon Yeoman's Tale_:--
"In London was a priest an annueller,
That therein dwelled hadde many a year
Which was so pleasant and so serviceable
Unto the wife there as he was at table
That she would suffer him no thing to pay
For board ne clothing went he never so gay
And spending silver had he right ynoit."
Employment for qualified men was also available in connection with the
establishments of great nobles. The household books which are available
usually contain a record relating to a "maister of gramer." In addition to
grammar masters, these establishments often afforded opportunities for
employment for a number of priests. The "Household Book of the Earl of
Northumberland" gives us information which enables us to see that he
maintained a dean, ten other priests, and six children, who formed a choir
for his private chapel.[745]
It was not only noblemen of high standing who numbered chaplains on their
establishment. Knights and gentlemen and even wealthy tradesmen and yeomen
also had their domestic chaplains. Sir Thomas More writes: "there was such
a rabel (of priests) that every mean man must have a priest to wait upon
his wife, which no man almost lacketh now."[746]
We have thus demonstrated that there existed a considerable demand for men
who had received a certain amount of education, and that as a result the
demand for schools was stimulated. The account we have given in the
preceding part of this work shows that a supply of schools was forthcoming
to meet this demand. We have confined ourselves here to treating of the
demand for men of education in connection with ecclesiastical positions,
but it would also have been possible to show that men of education were
also needed in connection with commerce and law.
(2) Turning next to the second of the three headings we have indicated, we
note that Lollardism is the general term applied to the political and
theological doctrines associated with the name of John Wycliffe. His main
ideas are embodied in his _De Civili Domino_ and _De Domino Divino_. The
chief subject discussed in these works is the nature of the relationship
between a ruler and his subjects and between divine and civil lordship.
His conception of this relationship is based on a feudal view of society,
and he continually borrows illustrations of the relationship of divine to
civil lordship from the connection between feudal lord and vassal. It was
his application of this doctrine to questions touching temporal property
that brought him under the imputation of heresy because he taught that
"ecclesiastical persons or corporations had no indefeasible right to
temporalities which might be taken away in case of misuse."[747] This
theory cut across the doctrine of the supremacy of the spiritual power.
The State, according to Wycliffe, possessed the power of determining the
function of the Church, and when the Church either extended the sphere of
its legitimate operations or misused the revenues entrusted to it for
spiritual purposes, then it was the duty of the State to take such action
as might be necessary for the reformation of the Church.
Poole points out[748] that the main principle contained in the writings of
Wycliffe is the recognition of the significance of the individual whom
Wycliffe regarded as directly responsible to God, and to no one else.
Wycliffe divorced the Church from any necessary connection with the State
and conceived of it simply as a spiritual idea and as consisting of
individuals in a certain relation to God. It is to the uniqueness of
Wycliffe's idea of individualism that Poole considers the claim of
Wycliffe to rank as the "precursor of the Protestant reformation" to be
due.
The doctrines associated with Wycliffe seem to have made great progress
among the teachers of the time. This is not a matter for surprise.
Facilities for education were abundant and education was free. Either by
means of begging, or by exhibitions, or through social interest, a student
might be maintained without expense to himself until his course was
completed. What happened then? Owing to the system of patronage prevailing
in the Church, the clerk found that all the lucrative positions were
usually given to men who on account of their social connections could
command influence, regardless of their merits or demerits. This is brought
out clearly when we consider the presentees to benefices by patrons whom
Bishop Grosseteste refused to institute. One presentee was refused by the
bishop because he was a "boy still in Ovid";[749] another on the ground
that the young man was practically illiterate;[750] in answer to a request
of the papal legate, to institute a son of Earl Ferrers to a living, the
bishop asks to be excused; when pressed, he suggests that the son of Earl
Ferrers should simply draw the revenues of the living and appoint a vicar
to discharge the spiritual duties.[751]
It is not a matter of wonder that the views of Wycliffe found ready
supporters among those of the clergy who were of a low social origin. They
considered themselves qualified for ecclesiastical positions which they
had little hope of ever filling; hence they drifted to the teaching
profession, and in their bitterness of feeling would use the opportunity
they possessed to propagate among their scholars the new ideas they had
acquired.
It is on an hypothesis of the kind which we have outlined that it is
possible to interpret the legislation against Lollard teachers which was
enacted in the fifteenth century. In 1400, an Act was passed which
provided that:--
"None of such sect and wicked doctrines and opinions shall make any
conventicles, or in any wise hold or exercise schools."[752]
Any offender against this Act or anyone who in any way assisted or
supported an offender, "shall before the people in an high place be
burnt."
In 1406 a petition was presented to the king by the Prince of Wales which
drew attention to the propagation of teaching against the temporal
possessions of the clergy by certain teachers in "lieux secretes appellez
escoles,"[753] and prayed that no man or woman of any sect or doctrine
which was contrary to the catholic faith should hold school. The rigour
with which this commission was enforced is illustrated by the commission
which was issued to the prior of St. Mary's, Coventry, and to the mayor
and bailiffs of that city ordering them to arrest and imprison all
offenders found there.
The spread of Lollardism among teachers is further illustrated by the
"Constitutions" of Archbishop Arundel issued in 1408. He forbade "masters
and all who teach boys or others the arts of grammar and that instruct men
in the first sciences" to teach theology except in accordance with the
customary teaching of the Church, and also prohibited them from allowing
their scholars to select as subjects for disputations any topics relating
to the catholic faith or the sacraments of the Church.[754]
As the existing legislation was apparently not sufficient to effect the
desired purpose, another Act was passed in 1414. By this Act "all of them
which hold any errors or heresies as Lollards" and who sustained it in
"sermons, schools, conventicles, congregations, and confederacies" were to
be arrested.[755]
We have not found it possible to trace the effects of this legislation.
(3) We pass next to consider the Educational Legislation during the later
Middle Ages. In our summary of the economic condition of this country at
the opening of this period we referred to the scarcity of labour
consequent upon the Black Death.[756] As a result an Act was passed in
1388, which provided that "he or she which used to labour at the Plough
and Cart till they be of the age of twelve years, from henceforth they
shall abide at the same labour without being put to any Mystery or
Handicraft; and if any Covenant or Bond of Apprentice be from henceforth
made to the contrary, the same shall be taken for void."[757] The reason
for this Act is embodied in the statute itself: "there is so great
scarcity of Labourers and other Servants of Husbandry that the Gentlemen
and other People of the realm be greatly impoverished for the cause
thereof."
Either on account of the prosperity of the labouring classes due to the
increase of wages resulting from the demand for labour in the later
fourteenth century, or to avoid the provisions of the Act we have just
described, or for the purpose of making progress in social status, the
custom of sending children to schools seems to have developed. As a
result, the Commons of England petitioned the king in 1391 "de ordeiner et
comander, que null neif ou Vileyn mette ses Enfantz de cy en avant a
Escoles pur eux avancer par Clergie et ce en maintenance et salvation de
l'honour de toutz Frankes du Roialme."[758]
Mr. de Montmorency suggests four reasons for this action on the part of
the Commons.
(1) The Commons "were anxious to check the further increase in the
number of unbeneficed clergy and of those whom the bishops could
claim as subject to ecclesiastical law."
(2) Lollardism would be very attractive to the newly educated and
"the Legislature must have realised the revolutionary possibility of
the first and nobler Reformation."
(3) "The jurisdiction of Rome increased with the increase of popular
education," consequently, this "was a serious consideration for the
patriotic baronage of England."
(4) If a man became ordained, his services would be lost to the
manor.[759]
These reasons do not appear to be very conclusive. The first implies an
opposition between the clergy and laity which was non-existent; the
second and the third are contradictory. If the development of education
fostered Lollardism (which is probable, though it has not yet been
demonstrated) it could scarcely be regarded as equally favourable to Rome.
Further, the desire of limiting the jurisdiction of the Church could have
been gratified more simply by the abolition of the "privilege of clergy."
His fourth reason is a more plausible one but it must be noted that the
consent of the lord of the manor was required before children could be
sent to schools and before ordination.[760] For this reason, legislation
would scarcely be necessary to effect this purpose.
The more probable reason for this petition of the commons is that the
diminution of the supply of labour had caused employers to become fearful
of future possibilities, and that they were afraid that the result of
sending children to school would be that the number of those who would be
prepared to act as "hewers of wood and drawers of water" would be
seriously diminished.
We have just referred to the custom that villeins were not allowed to send
their children to school without the consent of their lords. This custom
was abolished by a statute of 1406 which provided that "chascun homme ou
femme de quele estate ou condicion qil soit, soit fraunc de mettre son
fitz ou file dapprendre lettereure a quelconque escole que leur plest
deinz le Roialme."[761] The same statute provided that labourers could not
apprentice their children to trades and manufactures in the towns unless
they owned land worth L1 a year, probably about L40 a year now.
It is difficult to understand the reasons for this legislation. The Feudal
System was already crumbling and its complete collapse was not far off. It
cannot therefore be assumed that the Act was passed merely to remove a
grievance, because the grievance itself was probably lightly felt. It is
just possible that the Act might have been intended to facilitate the
process by which it was sought to make good the deficiency of priests
occasioned by the Black Death. The reference to "daughters," however,
makes this suggestion improbable. There is also the possibility that the
phrase "dapprendre lettereure" meant an education which would provide for
"godly and virtuous living," which, as we have shown in the preceding
chapter, was becoming recognised as a part of the educational ideal.
The years 1446-7 are important in the history of education in England. In
1446 the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London petitioned the
king for permission to erect two new grammar schools in London; the
permission was granted and the Letters Patent duly issued.[762] In 1447, a
petition was similarly sent to the Commons by four London Rectors for
permission to set up four new grammar schools.[763] As we have already
considered these petitions in the chapter dealing with the question of the
monopoly of school keeping,[764] it will not be necessary for us to deal
further with the topic here.
We have now brought to a close our exposition of the educational
administration in England in the Middle Ages. Until comparatively recently
it was generally believed that the educational provision available in this
country could not be traced back further than to the efforts of the
Reformers of the Church in the sixteenth century, and to the influence of
the Renaissance. We are now able to realise that the two centuries
preceding the Reformation, at least, were a period in which facilities for
education in England were widespread and practically open freely to all.
The educational effect of the Reformation--even though undesigned--was to
remove from the great mass of the people the opportunities for attending
school which had previously been available for them. It is also extremely
probable that the significance of the Renaissance upon the educational
development of this country has been considerably exaggerated; this,
however, is a question which still awaits investigation.
APPENDIX.
WORKS CONSULTED.
A.--SOURCES.
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Alcuin: _Opera Omnia Patrologiae Cursus Complexus_, ed. Migne, vols. C.,
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_Dunstan, St., Memorials of_, ed. W. Stubbs (R. S.), Lond., 1874.
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Gross, Charles: _The Gild Merchant_, 2 vols., Oxon., 1890.
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ABBREVIATIONS.
_Ed. Ch._ Educational Charters.
_E. S. R._ English Schools at the Reformation.
_S. M. E._ Schools of Medieval England.
INDEX.
Aachen, Council of, 36, 58, 60
Abbot, John, 125, 155
Abbot of Ramsey, 36
Abbotsbury Gild, 144
"A B C," 74, 167, 228, 229
Abelard, 134, 135, 218
Acaster College, 75, 91, 211 _et seq._
Adam du Petit Point, 78, 220
Adelard, 34, 78
Adulterine Gilds, 148
Aelfric, Abbot, 36, 37, 54
Agatha, 13
Agriculture, 7, 129, 130
Aidan, St., 11, 15, 16
Aix-la-Chapelle, Council of, 58, 60
Alberic, 78, 218
Albert, Archbishop, 26, 27
Albertus Magnus, 134
Albigensian Heresy, 184
Alchemy, 224
Alcuin, 26 _et seq._, 29, 30, 36
Aldeborough, 163, 165
Aldhelm, 12, 26
Alexander II., Pope, 58
Alexander of Hales, 187
Alexandria, Schools of, 20
Alfeah, Bishop, 34
Alfred's Palace School, 33
Alfred the Great, 31 _et seq._
All Hallow's (London) School, 96
All Saints' School, Warwick, 43
Almonry Schools, 69, 106, 170, 172, 174
Almshouses, 200, 210
Aluuid, 41
Annones, 40
Anselm, Archbishop, 57, 58, 60, 78, 134, 135
Appointment of Schoolmasters, 104, 105
Apprenticeship, 153, 154
Aquinas, Thomas, 134
Arabic, 224, 225
Architecture, 7
Aristotle, 134, 220, 225
Art, 228
Arundel School, 105, 241
Asceticism, 6
Aske, Robert, 175
Asser, 32
Asserton, 168
Astronomy, 25
Athelard of Waltham, 42
Athelhelm, 39, 117
Athelstan, King, 34
Athelwold, Bishop, 33, 35
Athens, Schools at, 20
Augustine, St., of Canterbury, 3, 12, 20, 26
Augustine, St., of Hippo, 18, 23
Avranches School, 58
Bacon, Roger, 87, 224-227
Balcombe, 229
Balsham, Bishop, 204
Banbury, 230
Bardney, 174
Barton School, 86
Basil, St., of Caesarea, 7, 14, 27
Basil, St., of Lindisfarne, 11
Basingstoke, 163, 164
Battle School, 105
Beccles Manor, 105
Beckington, Bishop, 90
Bec, Monastery of, 27, 57, 58
Bede, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 24, 25 _et seq._
Bedford School, 85, 105
Begging Scholars, 189 _et seq._
Benedict Biscop, 12, 13, 14
Benedict, St., 8 _et seq._
Benedictine monks, 5 _et seq._
Benedictine rules, 9, 105, 178, 181
Benedictine statutes, 105, 178, 181
Berkeley, Lady, 207
Berkhampstead, 164
Bernard of Clairvaux, 135
Bernard Sylvester, 219
Bernard's, St., College, Oxford, 180
Bishop's Schools, 23, 24, 28 _et seq._
Black Death, 126, 127, 241, 243
Boethius, 133, 222, 226
Bologna, 136
Boniface, Archbishop, 140
Boston, 85, 237
Botelor School, 114
Bourne, 171
Brecon, 74, 167, 214
Bredgar, 207
Bridgnorth, 154, 163
Bristol Gilds, 146, 150
Bristol Schools, 85
Brock, William, 181
Bromiscombe, Bishop, 206
Brotherhood of the Holy Ghost, Gild of, 164
Bruton, 61, 105, 171, 172
Burghersh, Bishop, 193
Bury St. Edmunds, 61, 85, 89, 105, 114, 171
Byngham, Wm., 127
Byrhtferth, 36
Caedmon, 12
Calne Chantry, 168
Cambridge Gild, 144
Cambridge, Univ. of, 140, _et seq._, 179, 184, 186, 203, 204
Canon Law, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87
Canterbury, 26, 27, 28, 61, 74, 75, 204
Canterbury Hall, 180
Canute, King, 41
Capitalist Class, Rise of, 131
Capitularies, 787, 789, 802, 27
Carlisle Gilds, 146
Carpenter, Sir J., 213
Carrow Abbey, 176
Cassian, 7, 8
Cassiodorus, 8, 133
Catechetical Schools, 22
Cathedral Schools, 10, 22 _et seq._, 69
Ceolfrid, 10, 12
Ceolnoth, Archbishop, 19
Ceolwulf, 16
Chad, St., 5, 15
Chalons-sur-Soane, 24
Chancellor, 80 _et seq._, 106, 142, 213
Chantries' Act, 159, 169, 188, 206
Chantry Schools, 98, 109, 157 _et seq._
Charles the Great, 28, 46
Chartres, 5, 8, 66, 78, 218
Chaucer, 121, 176, 227, 237, 238
Chesterfield, 105
Chicheley, Archbishop, 126, 210, 235
Childrey, 229
Chivalry, 119, 120, 131
Choristers' Schools, 89 _et seq._
Christ Church, Hants., 85, 105, 171
Christ Church, Oxford, 180
Christ Church, Twineham, 61
Christian Schools, 22 _et seq._
Chrodegang, Bishop, 18
Church and Education, 1, 2, 18, 19, 33 _et seq._, 44 _et seq._, 53 _et
seq._, 118 _et seq._, 168, 169 _et seq._
Church and State, Relation between, 12, 17 _et seq._, 44, 45, 49, 76
Church Scot, 40
Cicero, 13, 21, 133, 225, 230
Cirencester, 105
Clement of Alexandria, 22
Clement V., Pope, 127
Clermont, 23, 24
Cloveshoo, Council of, 11
Cluny, 57 _et seq._
Cock Penny, 113
Coggeshall School, 164, 200
Colchester, 105
Colet, Dean, 67, 111, 113, 167, 230
College de Dix Huit, 202
Collegiate Churches, 17 _et seq._, 44 _et seq._, 106 _et seq._, 193,
196, Bk. III. Ch. 7
Collyer, Richard, 234
Cologne Gilds, 144
Commensales, 194
Commercial changes in the 15th century, 130
Common Sciences, 224
Corbeil, 35
Corpus Christi, Gild of, 156
Coventry Gild, 156
Coventry Leet Book, 125
Coventry School, 113, 154, 171, 174, 241
Coxford Priory and Convent, 109
Craft Gilds, 52, 146-148, 151
Crediton Chantry, 168, 214
Cromer School, 125
Cross, St., Hospital of, 191
Crusades, Influence on Education, 118 _et seq._, 132, 134
Cuckfield, 229, 230, 234
Curriculum, 22, 24, 26, 133, 166, 167, 226, 229, 230, 234, Book III.
Chap. 8
Cuthbert, St., 13, 16
Cynewulf, 12
Danish Invasions, 31
Decay of Chivalry, 131
Decline of Feudal System, 130
Denton, 168
Derby, 85, 89, 105, 171, 192
Deritend, 163, 164
Dialectics, 133
Diet, 5
Discipline, 42
Dominic, St., 149, 183
Dominician Friars, 183 _et seq._
Donatus, 35, 66, 71, 88, 133, 228
Doomsday Book, 30, 39, 43, 50
Dorchester, 168
Drapers' Guild, 154
Duns Scotus, 134, 187
Dunstable, 85, 96, 105, 171, 221
Dunstan, Archbishop, 16, 33 _et seq._, 38, 39, 96
Dunwich, 65
Durham, 105, 114, 123, 124, 146, 173, 174, 177, 178, 192
Dyer, William, 234
Eadmer, 62
Eanbald, Archbishop, 29
East Retford, 163, 165
Eata, 11
Eccleshall, 163, 165
Economic conditions in Anglo-Saxon times, 14
Edgar, King, 33, 41, 86
Edward the Confessor, 43
Edward VI., Schools of, 152
Egglesfield, 196
Elementary Instruction, 222
Elizabeth, Queen, 152
Endowment, 196
Episcopal Schools, 24, 28, 61
Ernwulf, Prior, 57
Eton, 70, 91, 96, 101, 167, 188 _et seq._, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 201,
214, 215
Evesham, 61, 104
Exeter, 70, 97, 144, 154, 192, 197, 198
Experimental Science, 224
Eye Chantry, 164
Eynsham, 138
Factory System, 129
"Fagging," 122
Farmary School, 173, 174
Farthinghoe, 125, 155
Fastolf, Sir John, 162
Ferendon, 98
Feudal System, 45 _et seq._, 118 _et seq._, 243
Fines, Feudal, 51
Fitzstephen, 10, 113, 117, 221
Fleury, 35, 42
Florence of Worcester, 62
Flower, Ed., 234
Foreign Trade in 15th century, 130
Fotheringhay, 210
France, Church of, 78
Franciscans, 149, 182, 183
Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin, 151
Free School, 67 _et seq._
Free Tenants, 50, 117
French Language in Schools, 127, 128, 223
Freya, 3
Friars, 182 _et seq._, 223
Frideswide, St., 138
Frith Gilds, 145
Frithegode, 39
Gallienus, 144
Gaps School, 24
Gardyner, John, 155
Gargrave, 164, 165
Geoffrey of Maine, 61
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 62
Ghent, 38
Giffard, Bishop, 180
Gilds, 2, 52, 109 _et seq._, 136, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151,
155, 156
Giles, Bishop, 192, 203
Giraldus Cambrensis, 138, 222
Girls, Education of, 170 _et seq._
Glasney, 74, 167, 206
Glastonbury, 33, 34
Gloucester, 19, 96, 98, 100, 105, 171, 174, 177, 178
Gloucester College, Oxford, 180, 181
Godfrey of Malmesbury, 59
Goldsmiths' Company, 125, 155
Goode, Bishop, 74
Graeco-Roman Schools, 20, 24
Grammar, 7, 65, 193, 194, 198, 205, 206, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 222,
224, 227, 228, 229, 233, 238, 241
Grammar School, 20, 65 _et seq._, 84 _et seq._
Grandisson, Bishop, 192, 206
Grantham School, 86
Gratian, Edict of, 40
Greek Education, 8
Greek, 224, 225
Green, Sir Wm., 190
Gregory, Bishop, 23, 26, 31
Gregory VII., Pope, 48
Gregory IX., Pope, 136
Grimsby School, 86
Grosseteste, Robert, 139, 223, 240
Gryndour, Richard, 114
Guildford, 186
Guldulf, Bishop, 57
Gynwell, Bishop, 176
Hadrian, Abbot, 12, 25
Hamburg Gild, 144
Hamlyn, John, 100
Hanse des Merchandes de L'eau, 146
Harold, King, 42
Harrow, 200
Hartlebury, 113
Hastings, 85
Hatherton, 157
Hebrew, 224, 225
Hemmingborough, 208
Henry I., 147
Henry II., 47, 146
Henry III., 140, 141
Henry VII., 181
Henry VIII., 159
Henry of Blois, Bishop, 191
Henry of Huntingdon, 62
Herebald, 25
Hermit, 6
Herton, Rd., 191
Hexham, 25, 28, 30
Heytesbury, 213
Higham Ferrens, 210
Hilary, Bishop, 23
Hincmar, 48
Hingham, 237
Holbeach, 168
Holy Cross, Waltham, 42
Horace, 13, 20
Horncastle, 86
Horsham, 23
Hospitals, 191, 192, 210, 213
Hospitaller, 120
Houghton, 168, 234
Howden Schools, 73, 205
Hull Schools, 168
Hundred Years' War, 130
Huntingdon, 61, 62, 85, 96, 105, 171
Ideals of Chivalry, 119, 120
Ilbert of Lacy, 94
Impropriation, 236
Infant Education, 7, 10
Ini, King, 16
Innocent III., Pope, 47, 84, 182
Ipswich, 114, 116, 154, 178, 179, 186, 228
Ireland, 11, 20, 34
Isidorus, 133
Islip, John, Abbot, 180
Islip, Simon, Archbishop, 180, 237
Ivo of Chartres, 58
Jarrow, 12
Jerome, 20, 26
Jews, 6
John, Abbot, 13
John, King, 140
John of Cella, 61
John of Salisbury, 78, 87, 217-220, 222
John, St., Bishop of Hexham, 25
John, St., of Beverley, 25
Joissy of London, 202
Kalendars, Gild of, 105
Kempe, John, 211
King's College, Cambridge, 194
Kingston Gild, 156
Kinoulton, 70, 86
Knighthood, 120
Knights of Santiago, 120
Lancaster, 105, 155, 163 _et seq._
Lanfranc, 15, 57, 58, 78, 204
Langley, Bishop, 114, 158
Lateran Council, 83, 84
Latin, 4 _et seq._, 11, 13, 19, 29, 32, 43, 72, 103, 166
Launceston, 74, 167
Law, 221, 228
Lectors, 186
Ledbury, 214
Legislation, 235, 241
Leicester, 105
Leland, 137
Le Mans, 24
Leo I., Pope, 24, 26
Lerens, 24
Lewes, 105, 171
Libraries, 12, 26, 27
Lichfield, 230, 237
Lincoln, 80, 86, 91, 101, 102, 146, 168, 172, 186
Lindisfarne, 3, 11, 74, 75
Litteratores, School of, 20
Llangadock, 214
Llanthony, 98
Logic, 133, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 230, 235, 238, 240, 241,
242, 243
Lombard, Peter, 224
London, Council of, 56
Luebeck, 144
Lucretius, 21
Luxeuil, 24
Lyme Regis, 145, 168
Lynn, 144
Lyons, 20
Macclesfield, 125
Maidstone, 208
Maistyr of Gramer, 123
Maldon, 150
Malet, Robert, 94
Malmesbury, 105
Manchester, 113, 230
Manners, 234
Manorial System, 49 _et seq._, 126
Manufactures, Rise of, 128
Manuscript, Transcription of, 8, 9
Marlborough, 86
Marseilles, 7
Martianus, 133
Mary-le-Bow, 96
Mary, Queen, 152
Mary's, St., Coll., Oxford, 180
Mathematics, 20, 224, 225, 226
Mathilda, Empress, 47
Medicine, 221
Mellitus, Bishop, 17
Mendicant Orders, 170, 182 _et seq._
Mercers' Gild, 125, 154
Merchant Gilds, 52, 145, 146, 151
Merchant Taylors, 230
Merton College, 193, 203, 204, 221, 223
Metaphysics, 224
Methodist Revival, 149
Mettingham, 207
Middle Class, Rise of, 131
Mildenhall Manor, 105
Monachism, 5, 6, 55
Monasteries, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 42, 55 _et seq._, 170 _et
seq._, 193, 194, 195, 202, 204, 236
More, Sir Thomas, 122, 238
Moral Sciences, 21, 224
Morton, Cardinal, 122
Municipal Authority, Development of, 52, 151, 208
Music, 19, 20, 43, 71, 72, 133, 178
Naples, University of, 136
Nations, 141
Natural Philosophy, 224
Neckham, Alexander, 221, 222
Neckham, Robert, 61, 78, 221, 222
New College, 210
New Testament, 6
Newark, 86, 108, 111
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 186
Newland School, 68, 114, 161, 167, 168
Newman, Cardinal, 1
Nicholas Breakspear, 16
Nicholas, St., Hospital of, 192
Nominalist, 134
Norfolk Gilds, 145
Norman Conquest, 48 _et seq._, 56, 57, 76, 127, 128
North Wroxall Chantry, 168
Northallerton, 73, 164
Northampton, 86
Norton Chantry, 168
Norwich, 107, 144, 175, 186, 190
Notre Dame Schools, 135
Novices, Schools for, 105, 116, 170, 174, 177, 178, 204
Nutt Money, 113
Oakley, Bucks, 41
Oblates, Schools for, 204
Odiham School, 164, 165
Odo, Archbishop, 39, 117
Offa, King, 19, 30
Optics, 224
Orderic Vitalis, 62
Origen, 23
Orosius, 26, 133
Oseney Abbey, 138
Oswald, St., 3, 34 _et seq._
Ottery St. Mary, 206
Oxford, 137 _et seq._, 146, 179 _et seq._, 184, 186, 193, 196, 203, 222,
224, 226, 227, 228
Pachomius, 6
Pages, 120
Palace Schools, 28, 29, 33
Palmers' Gild, 150
Pantaenus, 22
Paris, 24, 27, 78, 135, 138, 146, 202, 203, 218, 220, 221, 222, 224
Parish Schools, 25, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40 _et seq._, 107, 108
Parlour Boarder, 195
Partney School, 86
Paston Letters, 162
Patrick, St., 34
Paul, Abbot, 57, 59
Peckham, Archbishop, 107, 187
Penrhyn, 206
Percival, Sir John, 125
Pershore, 40
Peter Helias, 219
Peterhouse, Cambridge, 204
Peter's, St., School, Cornhill, 96
Philosophy, 227, 228
Piers Plowman, 189
Plesby, 208
Plymouth School, 154
Poitiers School, 24
Political Ideas of Church in Middle Ages, 44, 45
Polesworth Nunnery, 176
Polychronicon, 65
Pontefract, 85, 192
Potation Money, 113
Poverty of Scholars, 197-199, 201, 220
Praemunire, 236
Primer, 228
Priscian, 35, 66, 71, 133, 228
Prittlewell School, 164
Provisors, 236
Psalter, 6, 74, 75, 217, 228
Public School, 69 _et seq._, 122, 188 _et seq._, 195, 198
Public School Commission, 67
Pullen, Robert, 137, 220
Putta, Bishop, 72
Quadrivium, 28, 36, 133, 219
Questiones Grammaticales, 36
Raleigh, Bishop, 140
Raleigh School, 151
Ramsey Abbey, 36
Raveningham, 207
Read, Sir Bartholomew, 125, 155
Reading, 73
Reading School, 20, 73, 85, 171, 174
Realists, 134
Reformation, 215, 242, 244
Remuneration of Schoolmasters, 111 _et seq._
Renaissance, 244
Revival of learning, 59, 118
Rewley, 180
Rhetores, School of, 20
Rhetoric, 7, 133, 219
Richard II., King, 152
Richard of Middleton, 187
Ripon, 38
Rites of Durham, 173, 174, 177
Robert of Melun, 218
Roger Bacon, 87, 224-227
Roger, Earl of Warwick, 95
Roger, Thorold, 162
Roger of Wendover, 62
Roman Law, 26, 45, 133, 137, 138
Roman Uncials, 74
Roscellinus, 134
Rotherham, 72, 91, 94, 168, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 231
Royal Commission into University Education in Wales, 72
Rushworth School, 175
St. Albans School, 65, 221
St. Andrew's, Holborn, School, 96
St. Anthony, London, 96
St. Augustine, 3, 12, 17
St. Augustine of Hippo, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26
St. Basil of Caesarea, 7
St. Benedict, 9
St. Jerome, 12
St. Paul's School, 17, 80, 81, 90, 96, 99, 111, 167, 172
St. Vandrille School, 24
Salerno Medical School, 136
Salisbury Gilds, 146
Salisbury, John of, 65, 128, 217-220, 222
Salisbury School, 115, 172
Samson, Abbot, 41, 61, 78, 87, 89, 114
Scholasticism, 132, 134, 135
Scholasticus, 80
School Books, 13 _et seq._
School Fees, 69
School Houses first erected, 88
Schools of Theology, 78 _et seq._
Sciences, Common, 224
Scola Grammatice, 65
Scot, Church, 40
Scriptorium, 10, 12
Scripture, 19, 39 _et seq._
Secular Clergy, 18 _et seq._, 55, 76 _et seq._
Sens, Council of, 135
Sentences, 224
Seven Liberal Arts, 66, 216
Sevenoaks School, 126
Shermen Gild, 154
Shoemakers' Gild, 154
Shrewsbury School, 67, 68, 154
Sidonius Apollinaris, Bishop, 23
Sigebert, 24, 64
Simeon of Durham, 62
Simon de Gorham, 59
Simon of Poissy, 220
Singing, 10 _et seq._, 121
Social Consciousness, 167, 168, 214
Song School, 71 _et seq._, 166
Southampton Gilds, 146
Southwell School, 86, 88, 108, 223
Spiritual Power, Dogma of, 47
Stamford College, 167
Staphorst Gilds, 144
Stapleton, Bishop of, 79, 192
State and Church, 1, 2, 49, 76 _et seq._
Staunton School, 164, 165
Stockport School, 155
Stratford-on-Avon Gilds, 154
Studium, 136, 185, 186
Sullington School, 168
Tabenna, 6
Tailors' Gild, 154
Tattershall, 211
Taxatio of Pope Nicholas, 157
Teaching Profession, Recognition of the, 82
Temporal Power, Dogma of, 47
Tenure of Schoolmasters, 110 _et seq._
Tewkesbury, 234
Thaxted School, 164
Theobald, Archbishop, 216
Theobald of Etampes, 88, 137
Theodore, Archbishop, 2, 16, 25, 64
Theodulf of Orleans, 30, 38, 86
Theological Schools, 78 _et seq._, 142, 220, 221, 223, 228, 241
Thetford, 85, 105, 171, 186
Thirsk School, 164
Thomas a Becket, 1, 7, 138, 216, 221, 222
Thomas, Archbishop, 79
Thomas of Brompton, 100
Thornton School, 168
Thurstan, Abbot, 57
Tonge, 209
Toulouse, University of, 136
Tours, Council of, 29
Towcester, 161
Trades in School Curriculum, 7
Transcription of Manuscripts, 8, 9
Trevisa, John, 65, 128
Trinity College, Oxford, 180
Trinity Gild, 151
Trivium, 28, 36, 133
Truro School, 164, 166
Twineham, Christ Church, 61
Universities, 124, 132 _et seq._, 170, 179 _et seq._, 188, 203, 222,
Book III. Chap. VII.
University and Church, 139 _et seq._
Utrecht, 42
Vacarius, 137
Vaison, Council of, 86
Valor Ecclesiasticus, 137
Vienne School, 18, 24
Villeins, 50, 117
Virtue, 234
Walchelin of Derby, 192
Waltham Abbey School, 42, 61, 85, 105
Warham, Archbishop, 179
Warin, 61
Warwick Gild, 154
Warwick School, 43, 71, 72, 85, 86, 95, 102, 154
Water, Abbot, 57
Waynflete, William, 111, 126, 237
Wearmouth, 11 _et seq._
Weavers' Gild, 147, 154
Wells School, 115
Wendover, Roger, 62
Westminster Abbey, 40
Westminster, Council of, 87
Westminster School, 174, 177, 181
Whitby Abbey, 12
Whitington, 230
Wilfrid, 12, 15, 16
William II., King, 56
William of Champeaux, 134, 135
William of Condres, 218
William of Malmesbury, 56, 62
William of Occam, 134, 187
Winchcombe, 105
Winchester Nunnery, 176
Winchester School, 91, 168, 174, 188, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201,
210, 228, 230
Windham, 237
Wisbech, 152, 153, 234
Wolsey, Cardinal, 122
Woodwork in curriculum, 7
Woolrichston Manor, 51
Wotton-under-Edge School, 110, 168, 207
Worcester College, Oxford, 181
Worcester Gild, 153, 154
Worcester School, 174
Wragley School, 163, 165
Writing, 9, 11, 20, 74 _et seq._, 211, 231
Wulfstan, 36
Wycliffe, 239, 240
Wye College, 211
Wykeham, William of, 111, 126, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 200,
210, 235
Wymborne School, 161
Yarmouth, 237
York, 12, 26, 27 _et seq._, 79, 86, 91, 151, 152, 172, 174
PRINTED AT THE BURLINGTON PRESS, FOXTON, NEAR CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _English Grammar Schools_, p. 10.
[2] _Constit. Hist._, p. 563.
[3] Montalembert: _Monks of the West_, I., 178.
[4] Green: _Short History_, Ch. I., sec. 3.
[5] Montalembert, _op. cit._ I., 23.
[6] Cf. Draper: _Intellectual Development of Europe_.
[7] Cf. _Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire_.
[8] _Regula S. Pachomii_, cap. 139, 140.
[9] _Regulae Fusius Tractatae_, XV. Interrog. (Pat. Lat., v. 31, col.
952).
[10] _Regulae Brevius Tractatae_, Interrog. CCXCII.
[11] _Regulae Brevius Tractatae_, XXXVIII.
[12] _Italy and Her Invaders_, IV., 391.
[13] Chapter XLVIII.
[14] _Etudes Monastiques_, p. 18.
[15] _H. E._, V., 24.
[16] Haddon and Stubbs: _Councils and Documents relating to Britain and
Ireland_, Vol. III, pp. 364-5.
[17] _H. E._, III., 27.
[18] _H. E._, III., 27.
[19] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., 52.
[20] "Eum innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportasse."
[21] Alcuin. _Ep._, 13.
[22] _H. E._, V., 15.
[23] _Monks of the West_, IV., 464.
[24] _H. E._, V., 24.
[25] _H. E._, IV., 18.
[26] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 53.
[27] Cf. Traill: _Social England_, I., p. 177. Bede: _H. E._, II., 20:
III., 11.
[28] _H. E._, IV., 13.
[29] Smith and Wace: _Dictionary of Christian Biography_.
[30] _H. E._, IV., 13.
[31] Bede: _Hist. Abb._, V., cf. _H. E._, III., 4.
[32] _Hist. Abb._, V.
[33] _Hist. Abb._, V.
[34] _H. E._, IV., 13.
[35] Cf. "homo XIII. annorum sese potest servum facere" Theod. _Penit._
XIX., sec. 29.
[36] _H. E._, V., 5.
[37] _H. E._, IV., 13.
[38] _H. E._, III., 27.
[39] _H. E._, III., 5.
[40] _H. E._, III., 28.
[41] Aelfric, _Homilies_, vol. I., p. 261.
[42] _H. E._, V., 3.
[43] Hunt: _Hist. of the Eng. Ch._, p. 239.
[44] Cf. Medley, _Constitutional History_, p. 557.
[45] _Op. cit._, p. 13.
[46] Dill: _Last Century of the Western Empire_, p. 67.
[47] _Erasmus_, p. 73.
[48] Hodgson: _Primitive Christian Education_, p. 103.
[49] Jerome: _Lives of Illustrious Men_, Ch. VIII.
[50] Eusebius: _H. E._, VI., pp. 3, 26.
[51] Jerome: _Lives of Illustrious Men_, Ch. XXVIII.
[52] _Sermo_ CCCLV., sec. 2, 6, 7.
[53] _Vita S. Augustini_, c. 11.
[54] Theiner: _Histoire des Institutions d'Education Ecclesiastique_, v.
1, pp. 103-117.
[55] Bede, _H. E._, III., 18.
[56] Cf. Fischer de Chevrier: _Histoire de l'Instruction Populaire en
France_, Ch. IV.; Mullinger: _University of Cambridge_, p. 11; Ampere:
_Histoire Litteraire de la France avant le Douzieme Siecle_, II., 278;
Joly: _Traite Historique des Ecoles Episcopales et Ecclesiastiques_, pp.
144-599.
[57] _I.e._ the clergy of the Bishop of Hexham.
[58] _H. E._, V., 6.
[59] _H. E._, IV., 2.
[60] Mignet: _Memoire sur la conversion de l'Allemagne par les Moines_, p.
25.
[61] Sandys: _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., 451.
[62] _H. E._, V., 18.
[63] _Aldhelmi Opera_, ed. Giles, p. 96.
[64] _De Pontiff. Ebor._, lines 1431-1447, trans. by Munroe.
[65] _Schs. of Charles the Great_, p. 61.
[66] For capitulary of 787 and 789, see Pertz: _Leges_, I., pp. 52, 65;
for that of 802, Pertz, I., 107; for translation see _Schools of Charles
the Great_, pp. 97-99.
[67] Mullinger: _op. cit._, p. 50.
[68] _Alcuini Opera Omnia_; Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Vols. C., CI.
[69] _Alcuini Epistolae_, Migne, _Pat. Lat._, 1851, Vol. C., p. 222.
[70] Heinemann: _Statutes of 852_, XI. _Acts of the Province of Rheims_,
I., p. 211. Azarias: _Essays Educational_, p. 180.
[71] Mansi: _Concilia_, vol. IX., p. 790.
[72] Migne: _Pat. Lat._, vol. CV., p. 196.
[73] _Alcuini Epistolae_, ed. Migne, _Pat. Lat._, vol. C., p. 214.
[74] _Social England_, I., p. 141.
[75] Asserius, _de Rebus Gestis Alfredi_, ed. W. H. Stevenson, 1904.
[76] Stubbs: _Memorials of St. Dunstan_, p. 290; _Chronicon Abbatiae
Rameseiensis_, p. 25.
[77] _Aelfrici Grammatica Latino-Saxonica_, p. 2.
[78] Stubbs, _op. cit._, pp. 10, 74, 256.
[79] _Op. cit._, p. 257.
[80] _Op. cit._, p. 4.
[81] _Op. cit._, p. 14.
[82] _Op. cit._, p. LXXXV.
[83] Wulfstan: _Vita St. Aethelwoldi_, Migne: _Patrologia Cursus
Complexus_, CXXXVII., p. 87.
[84] Stubbs, _Memorials_, p. 214.
[85] _Op. cit._, p. 28, 46.
[86] Aelfric, _op. cit._, p. 1.
[87] Stubbs, _op. cit._, p. 101; _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, I., p. 129.
[88] _Chron. Abbat. Ram._, p. 42.
[89] _Vita Sancti Abbonis_, Migne, _Pat. Cur. Com._, CXXXIX., p. 390.
[90] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, p. XXVII.
[91] Stubbs, _op. cit._, XVIII, XIX.
[92] Stubbs, _op. cit._, pp. 28, 46.
[93] _Op. cit._, p. 261.
[94] Wulfstan, pp. 91, 95.
[95] See below, p. 38.
[96] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, pp. 112, 113.
[97] C. 940-1006.
[98] _Ed. Ch._, p. 39.
[99] _Ed. Ch._, p. 43.
[100] P. 30.
[101] _Ancient Laws_, p. 396.
[102] _Hist. Ch. York_, I., p. 404.
[103] _Chron. Abb. Ram._, p. 21.
[104] _English Society in the Eleventh Century_, p. 373.
[105] _Op. cit._, p. 143.
[106] D. d. I., f. 68, Ellis, I., 332.
[107] I., f. 1546, Ellis, I., 304.
[108] I., f. 149, Ellis, I., 267. See also _Times' Educational
Supplement_, 10th Oct., 1918.
[109] Hermanus: _De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi_, sec. 16 in Mem. of St.
Edmund's Abbey (R. S.) p. 46.
[110] "Publicas instituens scholas."
[111] _Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey_, p. 126.
[112] 1060. See _Tractatus de inventione Sante Crucis_, ed. W. Stubbs,
1861.
[113] _Ibid._, p. 15. These customs were probably due to the influence of
the reforms instituted by Chrodegang of Metz. We may assume that the
Godwin family supported the secular clergy in opposition to the regular
clergy who followed Edward the Confessor from Normandy.
[114] _Ibid._, p. 35.
[115] _Ibid._, p. 35.
[116] Adams: _Civilisation in the Middle Ages_, p. 197.
[117] Traill: _Social England_, I., p. 257.
[118] Traill, _op. cit._, I., p. 243.
[119] Advocated by Kemble in his _Saxons in England_.
[120] _Econ. Hist._, I., p. 20.
[121] Thorold Rogers: _Agriculture and Prices in England_, vol. II., pp.
613, 615, 616.
[122] Ashley, I., p. 42.
[123] _Ibid._, p. 34.
[124] Meredith: _Econ. Hist._, p. 49.
[125] Cf. Leach: _English Schools at the Reformation_. Holman: _English
National Education_.
[126] _Winchester College_, p. 92.
[127] See Book III., Ch. I.
[128] See p. 37.
[129] _De Gestis Regum Anglorum_, II., 304.
[130] Boehmer: _Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie_, p. 113,
n. 1.
[131] _Ibid._, p. 107.
[132] See Bateson: _Medieval England_, Ch. IV.
[133] Boehmer: _Op. cit._, pp. 3-24.
[134] Cf. Pignet: _Histoire de l'Ordre de Cluny_, III., p. 41. Maitland:
_The Dark Ages_, pp. 375, 389, 390.
[135] Cf. D'Achery, _Spicilegium_, IV., 4-226.
[136] Cf. _Constitutiones Lanfranci_.
[137] Cf. _Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani_, I., p. 52.
[138] Wm. of Malmesbury, _De Gestis Pontificum_, p. 249.
[139] Martini et Durand: _Thesaurus Anecdotorum_, I., 511; quoted Graham,
_Trans. Hist. Soc._, XVII.
[140] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., p. 57.
[141] _Ibid._, pp. 76, 184, 192.
[142] _De Gestis Pontificum_, p. 431.
[143] _Ibid._, p. 194.
[144] _Ibid._, p. 32.
[145] _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, II., 44, 289. See also _Hist. Intro.
Rolls Series_, ed. Stubbs, p. 43; Rashdall, _Universities_, II., p. 476;
J. Willis Clark, _The Care of Books_, p. 74; _De Gestis Regum_, I., pp.
xx-xxii.
[146] The case for the non-existence of schools in connection with
monasteries is effectively set out by Mr. G. G. Coulton in his _Monastic
Schools of the Middle Ages_.
[147] See Lanfranc, _Opera_, ed. Giles, I., 296. Cf. _L'Abbaye du Bec et
ses Ecoles_ par M. L'Abbe Porree.
[148] Migne, _Patrologia Cursus Completus_, CLXXXIX., 1051.
[149] Coulton, _op. cit._, p. 3.
[150] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., 73.
[151] _Ibid._, I., 196.
[152] _Mem. St. Edmund's Abbey_, I., 77, 78, 145.
[153] _Ibid._, p. 296.
[154] _Ibid._, p. 249.
[155] Cf. _Mem. St. Edmund's_, III., 182.
[156] See pp. 85, 86, 105, infra.
[157] _Foundation of Waltham Abbey_, pp. 15, 35.
[158] _Monasticon_, VI., pt. I., p. 79.
[159] _Ibid._, VI., pt. II., p. 615.
[160] _Ibid._, VI., pt. I., pp. 304, 305.
[161] Abbot of S. Albans, 1183-1195.
[162] _Gesta S. Albani_, I., p. 194.
[163] 1195-1214.
[164] _Ibid._, p. 217.
[165] _Mem. S. Edmund's Abbey_, XLIII.
[166] _H. E._, III., 18.
[167] _Early English Church History_, p. 125.
[168] Foster Watson: _Old Grammar Schools_, p. 2.
[169] _Op. cit._, p. 2.
[170] _Op. cit._, pp. 58, 59.
[171] In the _Cyclopaedia of Education_ Mr. Leach points out that there
are three passages in Livy alone (XXX., 17; XXXV., 23; XLI., 6) in which
"libera" is used in the sense of free from payment.
[172] _Report of Schools' Inquiry Commission_, pp. 122, 123.
[173] Art. "Free Schools," _Cyclopaedia of Education_.
[174] Cf. "cockpennies." See p. 113, infra.
[175] _Linc. Chapter Act_, Bk. A.2.30: _Ed. Ch._ p. 386.
[176] _V. C. H., Notts_, II., 216, _Ed. Ch._ 235, _Epis. Reg. York,
Romanus_, X., 75.
[177] _Stat. of the Realm_, ed. 1819, IV., pt. II., sec. 8.
[178] _Chancery Warrants_, Series I., file 1439, _Ed. Ch._, 412.
[179] Izacke's MS.: _Memorials of the City of Exeter_, fo. 178 _seq._;
reprinted Parry: _Founding of Exeter School_, pp. 104-112.
[180] _Op. cit._, p. 66.
[181] _Ed. Ch._, p. 273.
[182] _H. E._, IV., 18.
[183] _H. E._, IV., 12.
[184] _Yorkshire Schools_, vol. II., p. 116.
[185] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 61.
[186] _Ibid._, p. 62.
[187] _Ibid._, 87.
[188] _Ibid._, p. 85. Cf. with the appointments recorded in pp. 62 and 87.
[189] _Ibid._, p. 87.
[190] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.
[191] _Ibid._, p. 31.
[192] _Ibid._, p. 34.
[193] C. 700.
[194] Hunt: _English Church_, p. 202.
[195] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 89.
[196] For additional particulars, see article on "Writing" in the
_Cyclopaedia of Education_.
[197] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 283. Mansi, _Concilia_, XXII., ch. 228.
[198] Dec. V. it. 5: _Ed. Ch._, pp. 142-145.
[199] "Quum primum adolescens admodum studiorum causa migrassem in
Gallias." _Metal._, Bk. II., ch. 10.
[200] Cf. _Reg. Pontissera_, f. 55; _Ed. Ch._, p. 232.
[201] 1308-9.
[202] Cutts: _Parish Priests_, p. 46.
[203] "Erat enim apud nos sub patruo suo amabili et amicabili educatus, et
decenter eruditus." _Hist. Ch. of York_, II., 124.
[204] For additional references to the Chancellor's School of Theology at
St. Paul's, see reprint in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. 1, p. 219 of deeds in
St. Paul's Mun. Box. 21, No. 621 and 865; Gregory's _Chronicle_ (Camden
Soc. N. S. XVII., 1876, ed. J. Gairdner) p. 230: and Register of Bishop
Fitz-James, f. 127 b., printed in Sparrow Simpson's _Registrum
Statutorum_, p. 413.
[205] _Ep. Reg. Linc., Rot. Hug. de Wells_, III., 101.
[206] _Hist. Ch. of York_, II., p. 162.
[207] Reprinted in _Archaeol._, vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
[208] Deed reprinted in _Archaeol._, vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
[209] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 6; Sparrow Simpson, _Registrum
Statutorum_, p. 413.
[210] _Hist. Ch. of York_, III., 320; _Corpus Juris Canonis_, ed. H. L.
Richter, Dec. V. tit. 5; _Ed. Ch._, p. 143.
[211] Mansi: _Concilia_, I., 415.
[212] _Ep. Reg. Lincoln._, III., 101.
[213] Dec. V., tit. 5, ch. 2. _Ed. Ch._, p. 119.
[214] 1159-1181.
[215] _Ed. Ch._, p. 119.
[216] _Ed. Ch._, p. 123; see also Rashdall, II., p. 283; Mansi, XXII., c.
228.
[217] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.
[218] _Ed. Ch._, p. 145.
[219] _Ed. Ch._, p. 123, from Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. I.
[220] _H. E._, III., 18; IV., 1; _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., p. 390.
[221] _Mem. St. Ed. Abbey_, I., 46-7.
[222] _Tractatus de inventione Crucis_, p. 15.
[223] _History of Warwick Sch._
[224] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, II., 1.
[225] P. R. O. Anc. Deeds, 1073, _Ed. Ch._, p. 69.
[226] _V. C. H., Hants_, II., 251.
[227] _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., 281.
[228] _Gesta Abbatum Mon. St. Alb._, I., 72.
[229] _V. C. H., Suffolk_, II., 303.
[230] _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.
[231] _Ibid._
[232] _V. C. H., Berks_, II., 245.
[233] _V. C. H., Gloucester_, II., 355.
[234] _V. C. H., Derby_, II., 209.
[235] _V. C. H., Beds_, II., 152.
[236] _V. C. H., Northampton_, II., 234.
[237] _Ed. Ch._, p. 152.
[238] _Mem. Southwell Minster_, XLI.
[239] _Ibid._, p. 205.
[240] _V. C. H., Notts_, II., 216.
[241] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 449.
[242] _Archaeol._, v. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
[243] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 6.
[244] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 423.
[245] _Mem. of Beverley Min._, p. 292.
[246] _Hist. War. Sch._, p. 66.
[247] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.
[248] A.D. 529.
[249] A.D. 797.
[250] A.D., C. 960.
[251] _Decret. Greg._ IX., Lib. III., tit. 1: Rashdall, _Univ._ II., p.
601.
[252] Wilkins, _Concilia_, I., p. 270, _Ed. Ch._, p. 139. Cf. this with
Theodulf's Capitularies of 797. See p. 30 supra, and Mullinger, Schs. of
Charles the Great, p. 130.
[253] _Univ._ II., p. 602.
[254] _Op. cit._, ed. Thomas, p. 79.
[255] A.D. 1212-1294.
[256] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, p. 398.
[257] _Mem. St. Edmund's Abbey_, I., p. 248.
[258] _Polycraticus_, II., 28, ed. Giles, p. 155.
[259] _Oxford Hist. Soc. Collectanea_, II., 156.
[260] _Op. cit._, p. 49.
[261] _Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde_, p. 3.
[262] _V. C. H., Derbyshire_, II., 213, from Cott. Mss. Titus, C. IX., f.
58.
[263] _Beverley Chapter Act Bk._ (Surtees Soc.) Vol. I., p. 293.
[264] Reprinted in _Archaeol._ vol. 62., pt. I., p. 198.
[265] _York Chapter Act Bk._ I., f. 25 b.
[266] Sparrow Simpson: _Registrum Statutorum_, pt. V., ch. 8; Brit. Mus.,
_Harl. MSS._, 1080.
[267] See Reynold's _Wells_, pp. CLXXX-V.
[268] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.
[269] _Registrum Antiquissimum Linc._, Chap. Mun. A 2, 26, fol. 10. b. _V.
C. H., Lincs._ I., 424. Similar appointments are recorded in 1427 and
1432. _Reg. Antiq. Lincs._, fol. 67 b.
[270] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 110.
[271] _Hist. Ch. of York_, I., 281.
[272] _Dugd. Mon._ III., 405.
[273] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, II., 1.
[274] _Hist. Warwick Sch._, p. 5, from Chartul. S. Mary's, Warwick, G. R.
Eccl. Misc. Bks. 22.
[275] _Cal. Pat._, 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10; _Ed. Ch._, p. 77.
[276] _P. R. O._, Cart. antiq. H., No. 18; _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.
[277] _Charter Roll_, II., Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27; _Ed. Ch._, p. 93.
[278] _Chancery Warrents_, Series 1, file 1439; _Ed. Ch._, p. 413. Dealing
with this grant of a monopoly of school keeping to Eton College, Mr. Leach
remarks "The remarkable invasion of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, to which
alone the grants and still more the enforcement of the monopoly of endowed
schools belonged," etc. _Schs. Med. Eng._, p. 259. Mr. Leach is in error
here. The grant of the monopoly of school keeping was a civil matter.
[279] _Pat._, 24, Hen. VI., pt. II., m. 28.
[280] _Rot. Parl._, V., 137.
[281] _Ibid._
[282] _Privy Council Register_, vol. VI.; Parry, _Founding of Exeter
School_, pp. 101-112.
[283] Supra, p. 96.
[284] _V. C. H., Gloucester_, II., 315, from Rot. Chart., p. 7.
[285] _Registrum Brev._, 35.
[286] Quoted by de Montmorency: _State Intervention_, p. 16.
[287] _Ed. Ch._, p. 91 from St. Paul's Mun. Press A., Box 60, No. 48.
[288] Surtees Society, vol. 98. See I., pp. 42, 48, 102, 113, etc.
[289] _Op. cit._, p. 102.
[290] _Epis. Joh. Saresberiensis_, ed. Giles, No. 19.
[291] The text of the "Gloucester School Case" is to be found in the Year
Book of the eleventh year of Henry IV., p. 47. It is reprinted as an
appendix to de Montmorency, _State Intervention_, pp. 241-242. Mr. de
Montmorency would seem to be in error in his interpretation of the
decision.
[292] Supra, p. 96.
[293] It is interesting to note here that the maintenance of a monopoly
was insisted upon by civic authorities no less than by ecclesiastical
persons.
[294] _Chapter Act Book, Lincoln_, 1406-7. _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., 426.
[295] _Hist. Warwick School_, p. 66.
[296] _Linc. Chapter Act Bk._, A. 2. f. 2; _Ed. Ch._, p. 237.
[297] _Reg. John Whethamstede_, II., 305.
[298] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, III., 290.
[299] See _Rites of Durham_, (Surtees Society) p. 81.
[300] _Abingdon Obedientaries Accounts_, 1375-6; Camden Soc.
[301] _Roger Prior's Reg._, V., 261 b.
[302] Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. B. M. Harl. MSS. 1005,
fol. 95.b., Trans., _V. C. H. Suffolk._ II., 307. For other instances of
appointments of schoolmasters by abbots, see _Gesta Abbatum Mon. S.
Albani_, (R. S.) I., p. 72. _V. C. H. Lincs._, II., 450.
[303] _B. M. Landsdowne MS._, 375: _Ed. Ch._, 299. _Westminster Abbey
Obedientaries Accounts_, reprinted _Ed. Ch._, pp. 306-315.
[304] Cf. _Statutes of the Church of York_, p. 6.
[305] _Yorkshire Schools_, I., p. 18 from Acta Capituli, G., c. ii. 70.
[306] _Beverley Chapter Act Bk._, I., pp. 157, 382; _Mem. Southwell
Minster_, p. 29. The function of the dean and chapter was not simply
formal. _Mem. Southwell Minster_, p. 125.
[307] The appointment of a master of song at a monastery was made by the
prior. Cf. Roger Prior's _Reg._ V., 261 b.
[308] _Statutes of the Ch. of York_, p. 5.
[309] _Lambeth MSS. Reg. Peckham_, f. 38 a., _Ed. Ch._, p. 233.
[310] _Lambeth MSS. Reg. Winchelsea_, f. 300. b., _Ed. Ch._, p. 239.
Scholastic patronage in monastic cathedral dioceses was subject to
episcopal review. _Worc. Epis. Reg. Silvester_, fol. 202.
[311] _Newcourt, Report_ II., 86, 87, 88.
[312] _Linc. Chapter Act Bk._, pp. 2, 24.
[313] See p. 61.
[314] See Chap. IV.
[315] The chancellor of a diocese exercised a considerable amount of
scholastic patronage.
[316] _Memorials of Southwell Minster_, XII.-XLII., 52.
[317] _Registrum Brevium_, fol. 35. The power of patronage to a school
could apparently be delegated. Thus the Bishop of Lincoln granted a
licence to the rector of Willeford "to chose a lettered and fit man in the
parish to teach the boys and others going to him the said science." See
_Linc. Epis. Reg. Gynwell_, fol. 135 b. This unusual action was due to the
scarcity of schoolmasters after the Black Death.
[318] 1382.
[319] _Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakfeld_, p. 72. _Ed. Ch._ pp. 331-341.
[320] See also _Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries_, III., 241.
[321] _Op. cit._, A. 2, 24, f. 14.
[322] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, I., 90.
[323] _Ibid._, p. 97.
[324] _Ibid._, p. 23.
[325] _Ibid._, p. 27.
[326] _Ibid._, p. 29.
[327] _Ibid._, p. 67.
[328] Re-founded 1531-2.
[329] In town muniments of Newark; reprinted by T. F. A. Burnaby, Town
Clerk, 1855.
[330] But cf. _Great Roll of the Pipe_ (Rec. Com.) pp. 9-10, which
suggests customary arrangements.
[331] Decretal V, tit. 5, cap. I.
[332] Wilkins: _Concilia_ I., p. 506.
[333] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.
[334] Cf. appointment of Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter.
[335] Who died c. 1191.
[336] See _Notes and Queries_, 8th series, vol. VII., pp. 338, 473-474;
_Cyclopaedia of Educ._, vol. II., p. 42.
[337] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, II., p. 759.
[338] _Ibid._, p. 649.
[339] See _Trans. Bristol and Glas. Archaeol._, Soc. VI.
[340] _E. S. R._, II., 82.
[341] _Ipswich Court Bk. Brit. M. Addit._, MS. 30158, fol. 34.
[342] _Ibid._
[343] Founded 1520.
[344] _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. and Chester_, VIII., 51.
[345] _V. C. H., Durham_, I., 371.
[346] _Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde_, p. 3.
[347] _S. M. E._, p. 161.
[348] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., pt. II., p. 765.
[349] Cooper: _Annals of Cambridge_, I., p. 56.
[350] _Reg. Joh. Whethamstede_, II., 305.
[351] _Cant. Cath. Mun._, X., 4, S. B. 4: _Ed. Ch._, pp. 252-267. The
Statutes of Ipswich School (1476-7) state that "The grammar schoolmaster
shall henceforth have jurisdiction and governance of all scholars within
the liberty and precint of this town, except only petties." _Ipswich Court
Bk._, B. M., MS. Add. 30158, fol. 34.
[352] P. 39.
[353] _Vita S. Thomas_, pp. 189, 190, ed. Giles, quoted Furnivall.
_Forewords_, p. 6.
[354] Cornish, _Chivalry_, p. 24.
[355] Cornish, _op. cit._, pp. 15, 16.
[356] _Liber Niger_, p. 45; quoted _Forewords_, p. 11.
[357] Lacroix; _Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages_, pp. 137,
138.
[358] _Op. cit._, p. 27.
[359] Roper's _Life of More_, ed. Singer, p. 3.
[360] Cavendish: _Life of Wolsey_, ed. Singer, vol. I., p. 38.
[361] _Household Book_, p. 254.
[362] _Liber Niger_, p. 51.
[363] _Household Bk._, Earl of Northumberland, pp. 41, 47, 97, 254.
[364] _Forewords_, p. 13.
[365] Froude, _Hist._ V., pp. 39, 40.
[366] _Coventry Leet Book_, I., 101.
[367] Mrs. Green, _Town Life in the Fifteenth Century_, II., 18.
[368] Chantry Certif., E. S. R., II., 144.
[369] Mrs. Green, _op. cit._, II., 16.
[370] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, I., 117.
[371] _Schools of Medieval England_, p. 246.
[372] Sharpe, _Wills_, II., 484.
[373] _Freemen of York_, vol. I., pp. 1, 77, 98--Sur. Soc., No. 96, 1897.
[374] Meredith: _Econ. Hist._, p. 81.
[375] _Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers_ (R. S.),
p. 401.
[376] 36, Ed., III., c. 8.
[377] _Muniments of King's College, Cambridge_: _Ed. Ch._, p. 402.
[378] _Op. cit._, II., 157.
[379] _Rot. Parl._, II., p. 246.
[380] _Ibid._, V., p. 274.
[381] Abram: _Social Life in England_, Ch. 1.
[382] Green: _Life in an Old English Town_, p. 278.
[383] Abram: _Social England_, p. 13.
[384] _Rot. Parl._, III., 501.
[385] _Ibid._, III., 601-2, V., 113.
[386] Abram, _op. cit._, p. 30.
[387] Abram, _op. cit._, p. 96.
[388] _Manners and Meals_, p. 189.
[389] The subject of the origin and development of the English
universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr.
Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with
here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are
concerned.
[390] Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic.
[391] Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy.
[392] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 36.
[393] _Ibid._, p. 39.
[394] _Ibid._, p. 42.
[395] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 60.
[396] Rashdall, _Univ._, I., p. 10.
[397] _Ibid._, p. 72.
[398] _Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea_, II., p. 153.
[399] _Ibid._, p. 105.
[400] _Ibid._, p. 156.
[401] _Ibid._, p. 159.
[402] _Rob. de Monte, Chron._ ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466.
[403] _Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant._, ed. Stubbs, Vol. II.,
p. 384.
[404] _Giraldus Cambrensis_: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73.
[405] Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236.
[406] _Materials for the Life of Becket_, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146.
[407] Rashdall, _Univ._, vol. II., p. 342.
[408] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 2.
[409] See Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 419-421.
[410] _Munimenta Academica_: I., 39, 40.
[411] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., 424.
[412] _Munimenta Academica_ (R. S.), I., 228, 229.
[413] _Chron: Roger of Wendover_ (R. S.), II., p. 51.
[414] See also _Munimenta Academica_, pp. 1-4.
[415] _Cal. Close Rolls_, 15 Hen. III., p. 586; _Ed. Ch._, p. 149.
[416] Cooper: _Annals of Cambridge_, I., 56.
[417] Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550.
[418] Toulmin Smith: _English Guilds_, p. XIV.
[419] Dates from the eleventh century.
[420] _English Guilds_, p. lxxxi.
[421] _Ibid._, p. lxxxiii.
[422] _Two Thousand Years of Gild Life_, p. 106.
[423] Hartshorn: _Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe_, 1100-1700,
p. 12.
[424] Ashley: _Econ. Hist._, I., p. 70.
[425] Gasquet: _Precis des Institutions de l'Ancienne France_, II.,
233-243.
[426] Gross, _Gild Merchant_, p. 32. n. 1.
[427] _Ibid._, pp. 37 _seq._
[428] Ashley, _Econ. Hist. I._, p. 72.
[429] _Ibid._, p. 79.
[430] _Ibid._, p. 80.
[431] _Ibid._, p. 81.
[432] _Bristol Little Red Book_, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the
Corporation of Bristol.
[433] Toulmin Smith, _op. cit._, p. 280.
[434] T. Smith, _op. cit._, p. 198.
[435] Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark in _Essex Rev._ XV., p. 146.
[436] _Gild Certif._, 57.
[437] Other instances are Prittlewell, _Cal. of Pat._ 1476-85, p. 34;
Thaxted, _ibid._, p. 227; Finchingley, _Chantry Certif._, XIX., 13; XX.,
19; XXX., 17. The connection of a grammar school at Ipswich with the
Corpus Christi Gild is shown by the _Ipswich Court Bk._, Brit. Mus. Ad.
MS., 30158 fol. 34; at Winchester with the Corpus Christi Gild, Brit. Mus.
Ad. MS. 24435 fol. 153 b.; at Louth with St. Mary's Gild, Church-wardens'
Accounts of the Parish Church, 1533 in R. W. Goulding's Court Rolls of the
Manor of Louth. The gild of the Blessed Mary founded a school at
Wellingborough in 1392 (Pat. 16, R. II., pt. ii., m. 29, 30). See also p.
161 infra.; gilds and chantries are so closely connected that it is
difficult to draw a definite line of demarcation in some cases.
[438] _E. S. R._, II., 283, 284.
[439] _E. S. R._, II., pp. 20-22.
[440] Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, p. 221.
[441] _Ibid._, pp. 203-205; _E. S. R._, 267-268.
[442] _Hist. of Warwick Sch._, p. 95.
[443] _Coventry Leet Book_, I., 101.
[444] Redstone, _Trans. Royal Hist. Soc._, N. S., XVI., p. 166.
[445] _Hist. MS._, Com. X., App. IV., 425; _Ed. Ch._, 439.
[446] Carlisle: _Endowed Gr. Schs._, I., 335.
[447] _E. S. R._, II., 180-184.
[448] P. C. C., 34 Luffenham, p. 269.
[449] Copy of will in _Duchy of Lancaster Misc. Bks._, 25 fol. 19.
[450] _E. S. R._, II., 144.
[451] _E. S. R._, II., 144.
[452] _E.g._ Douze Gild, Feste du Pin.
[453] Toulmin Smith: _English Gilds_, p. 115.
[454] _Ibid._, p. 155.
[455] _Ibid._, p. 160.
[456] _Ibid._, p. 226. For other instances see pp. 179, 194, 287, and
Hartshorn, _op. cit._, p. 15.
[457] Cf. Page, _Yorkshire Chantries_, Surtees Society.
[458] See also _Liber Vitae_ of Durham, Surtees Society.
[459] _E. S. R._, I., 53.
[460] See _V. C. H., Durham_, I., p. 371.
[461] _E. S. R._, II., 60.
[462] _Ibid._, p. 65.
[463] _Stat. of the Realm_, IV., pt. I., p. 24.
[464] _Eng. Schs. at Ref._, p. 91.
[465] _E. S. R._, II., 56.
[466] _Chant. Certif._ XXI., No. 24, Trans. Bristol and Glouc. Archael.
Soc. VI.
[467] _Chantry Certif._, No. 36. This chantry was founded by Letters
Patent. (Pat. 27, Henry VI., pt. I, m. 27). Further Letters Patent were
granted in 1451. (P. C. C. Luffenham, p. 278). The chantry patent does not
say anything about the school. See also _E. S. R._, II., 146.
[468] Bk. III., Ch. 1.
[469] _Paston Letters_, V., 21.
[470] _Work and Wages_, p. 165.
[471] _Paston Letters_, IV., 237-44; Abram: _Social Life in England_, p.
189.
[472] _E. S. R._, II., p. 89.
[473] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp. 60, 61.
[474] _E. S. R._, II., p. 286.
[475] _E. S. R._, p. 228.
[476] _S. M. E._, p. 177.
[477] _E. S. R._, II., p. 123.
[478] _E. S. R._, II., p. 297.
[479] _E. S. R._, II., p. 201.
[480] _E. S. R._, II., p. 160.
[481] _E. S. R._, II., p. 302.
[482] _E. S. R._, II., p. 89.
[483] _E. S. R._, II., p. 100.
[484] _E. S. R._, II., p. 297.
[485] _E. S. R._, II., p. 39.
[486] Cf. Leach, _E. S. R._, I., p. 91.
[487] _E. S. R._, I., pp. 91, 92.
[488] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.
[489] _E. S. R._, II., p. 317.
[490] _E. S. R._, II., p. 34.
[491] _E. S. R._, II., p. 78.
[492] _E. S. R._, II., p. 317.
[493] _E. S. R._, II., p. 47.
[494] _E. S. R._, II., p. 15.
[495] _E. S. R._, II., p. 152.
[496] _E. S. R._, II., p. 258.
[497] _E. S. R._, II., p. 320.
[498] Wilkins, _Concilia_, III., p. 722; _Ed. Ch._, pp. 444-6.
[499] Wilkins, _Concilia_, IV., p. 3.
[500] _Statutes of the Realm_, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
[501] Cf. Coulton: _Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages_. Leach:
"_Monasteries and Education_" in _Cyclopaedia of Education_.
[502] _Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani_, I., p. 72.
[503] _V. C. H., Hants._, II., p. 251.
[504] _V. C. H., Suffolk_, II., p. 303.
[505] _P. R. O._, antiq. H., No. 8.
[506] Charter Roll, 2 Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27.
[507] _V. C. H., Berks._, II., p. 245.
[508] _Rot. Chart._, p. 7.
[509] _V. C. H., Derbyshire_, II., p. 209.
[510] _V. C. H., Bedfordshire_, II., p. 152.
[511] _V. C. H., Lincs._, II., p. 450.
[512] _Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds_, Harl. MSS. 1005, fol.
95 b. The list of schools in connection with monasteries does not profess
to be exhaustive.
[513] _V. C. H., Sussex_, p. 413.
[514] Exch. K. R. Misc. Bks. (P. R. O.), fol. 21, 168, 178, 180. _V. C.
H., Wars_, II., p. 319.
[515] See _Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries_, III., p. 241.
[516] _Chant. Certif._, 42, No. 172.
[517] Sparrow Simpson, _Registrum Statutorum_, pt. VIII., ch. 6.
[518] _Ed. Ch._, p. xxxii.
[519] Reg. Whethamstede, (R. S.), II., 315, trans. Gibbs: _Hist. Rec. of
St. Albans_.
[520] B. M. Landsdowne, MS., 375, see _V. C. H., Herts._, II., p. 315.
[521] Surtees Society publication, p. 91.
[522] _Op. cit._, V., pp. 302-3.
[523] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, III., p. 290.
[524] _Lit. Cantuar_ (R. S. 85), II., p. 464.
[525] _B. M. Add. Chart._, 19641, _V. C. H., Berks._, p. 243.
[526] _Journal of Educ._, Jan. 1905. _Ed. Ch._, p. 306.
[527] _S. M. E._, p. 220.
[528] _Ibid._, p. 221.
[529] _Ibid._, p. 221.
[530] _Early Yorkshire Schools_, I., p. 31.
[531] Sharpe: _Hist. and Antiq. Coventry_, p. 154 n.
[532] Valor. Eccl. (R. C.), III., p. 51. Among the remaining almonry
schools were those of Sherborne Abbey, Thornton, Ixworth, Norwich, Ely,
Evesham, Furness, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe, and Winchester.
[533] _S. M. E._, p. 218.
[534] Mon. Schs. in Mid. Ages. _Contemp. Rev._, June 1913. Appendix. As to
the number of children in the almonry schools, we may note that there were
only three boys at St. Swithun's in 1381-2, five in 1400-1, eight in
1469-70, and none at all in 1484-5. Compotus Rolls ... of St. Swithun's,
204 n. See also Abram: _English Life and Manners_, p. 207. Leach considers
that the total number of boys educated in the almonry schools was 1,000.
_S. M. E._, p. 230.
[535] _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._, ed. Gairdner, Vol. XII., p.
405. Coulton, Monastic Schools, _Contemp. Rev._, June 1913.
[536] _Dugd. Mon._, II., p. 363.
[537] _Ibid._, II., p. 457.
[538] _Ibid._, IV., p. 69.
[539] Coulton, _Mon. Sch._, p. 7.
[540] _V. C. H., Beds._, I., p. 356.
[541] _Social Life_, p. 216. See also _Early Chanc. Proceed._, 44/227.
[542] _Downside Rev._, Vol. X., p. 31, _seq._
[543] _The Old English Bible and other Essays_, p. 227.
[544] Surtees Society, 107, ed. Canon Fowler, p. 91.
[545] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._, I., 53.
[546] _Ibid._
[547] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Register): _Ed. Ch._, p. 290.
[548] _Ibid._
[549] Roger Prior's _Reg._, V., 261 b.
[550] "Non habeant ludimagistrum."
[551] _Visitations of Dioc. of Norwich_ (Camd. Soc.) 1888, ed. Jessop, pp.
137, 221.
[552] Brit. Mus. MSS., Arundel, f. 69, _Ed. Ch._, p. 445.
[553] _Ibid._
[554] _Worcester College_, by C. H. Daniel and W. R. Barker, p. 3.
[555] _Chron. Petroburgense_ (Camd. Soc., 1849), p. 31, _Ed. Ch._, p. 197.
[556] Worc. Epis. Reg. Giffard, fol. 206, _Ed. Ch._, p. 199.
[557] Worc. Ep. Reg. Giffard, f. 429, _Ed. Ch._, 198.
[558] _Some Durham College Rolls_ (Oxon. Hist. Soc., 1896); _Collectanea_,
III., 7.
[559] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 498.
[560] _Ibid._, p. 499.
[561] _Ibid._, pp. 478-480.
[562] _Hist. Mon. Glouc._ (R. S.), I., 34.
[563] _Op. cit._, p. 26.
[564] _V. C. H., Glouc._, II., p. 341.
[565] _Worcester Coll._, p. 27.
[566] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Reg.), _Ed. Ch._, p. 293.
[567] Brit. Mus. MS. Harl., 1498. _Ed. Ch._, p. 440.
[568] _Ibid._
[569] Rashdall: _Univ._ II., p. 480.
[570] _Ibid._
[571] Jessop: _Coming of the Friars_, p. 21.
[572] _Ibid._, p. 22.
[573] See Denifle: _Constitutiones des Predeger_--Ordene vom Jahre,
1228--in Archiv. fur Litt. und Kirchenges des Mittelalters, 1885, p. 194.
[574] Rashdall: _Univ._, vol. I., p. 348.
[575] _Cyclopaedia of Educ._, Art. Franciscans.
[576] _Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc._, VIII., N. S. May, 1894.
[577] Little: _Op. cit._, p. 49.
[578] _Acta Selecta Capitulorum Generalium Ord. Praed._, ed. Martene and
Durand, IV., pp. 1899-1900.
[579] Douais: _Essai sur l'Organisation des Etudes dans l'Ordre des Freres
Precheurs en Provence et Toulouse_, p. 53. Little points out that
"philosophy is generally equivalent to arts, and is sometimes applied to
natural philosophy. So one may take 'naturalium et artium' as
interpretative of 'philosophie,'" _op. cit._, p. 50.
[580] _Constitutiones antique ordinis Predicatorum_, ed. Denifle, I., p.
202.
[581] _Ibid._, I., p. 201.
[582] Little: _op. cit._, p. 50.
[583] Denifle: _op. cit._, p. 222.
[584] Douais: _op. cit._, p. 3.
[585] Little: _op. cit._, p. 53.
[586] Douais: _Op. cit._, p. 58.
[587] Little: _op. cit._, p. 53.
[588] _Op. cit._, p. 54.
[589] Martene: _op. cit._, IV., p. 1900.
[590] _Op. cit._, p. 56.
[591] Denifle: _op. cit._, pp. 190-1.
[592] _Stat. of the Realm_, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
[593] Bk. I., Ch. 1.
[594] Foundation deed, Winchester College in Hist. _Winchester Coll._, p.
66.
[595] _Ibid._
[596] _Ibid._
[597] Lyte: _Hist. Univ. Oxford_, p. 97.
[598] Rashdall, _Univ._, II., p. 656.
[599] _Munimenta Academica_, II., p. 684.
[600] _Norwich Corporation Records. Session Book of 12th Hen. VIII._
Norfolk Archaeol., IV., p. 342.
[601] _Univ._, II., p. 657.
[602] Quoted in Moberly's _Life of William of Wykeham_, p. 108.
[603] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 4.
[604] Cott. MSS. Titus, c. IX., f. 58; _Ed. Ch._, p. 110.
[605] _Grandisson's Register_, II., p. 666.
[606] _Durham Cathedral Muniments, Liber Elemosinarii_, fol. 12 r.; _Ed.
Ch._, p. 124.
[607] _Sarum Church and Diocese_ (R. S.), p. 334.
[608] _Stat. Coll. Oxon._, I.; _Ed. Ch._, p. 171.
[609] Strictly speaking, Winchester and Eton were examples of the
collegiate churches we are describing in the next chapter. In their turn,
the collegiate churches of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were
chantries on a large scale.
[610] _Rot. Parl._, V., 45.
[611] _Ibid._
[612] Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439: _Ed. Ch._, p. 413.
[613] _Ibid._
[614] _Univ._ II., p. 500.
[615] _Winchester College_, pp. 88, 89.
[616] _Winchester School_, p. 92.
[617] _Ibid._
[618] Whiston: _Cathedral Trusts_, p. 12.
[619] _S. M. E._, p. 119.
[620] _Univ._, II., p. 656.
[621] _Forewords_, XXXI.-XXXVI.
[622] _S. M. E._, p. 206.
[623] _Ibid._, p. 207.
[624] Lebeuf: _Histoire de la Ville et tout le Diocese de Paris_, II., pp.
129, 130.
[625] Walsingham: _Ypodigma Neustriae_ (R. S.), p. 141.
[626] Sarum Ch. and Dioc. (R. S.), p. 334.
[627] Or 1263, _Univ._, II., p. 481.
[628] _Stat. Coll. Oxford_, I.; _Ed. Ch._, p. 171.
[629] _Univ._, II., p. 482.
[630] _Univ._, II., p. 485.
[631] Wilkins, _Concilia_, I., pp. 3, 55 _seq._
[632] Statutes, cap. 40; _Ed. Ch._, p. 185.
[633] Pat. Roll, 9 Edw., I., m. 28; _Ed. Ch._, p. 224.
[634] Charter Roll, 13 Edw., I., m. 28; _Ed. Ch._, p. 226.
[635] _Ibid._
[636] Ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel.
[637] Wharton: _Anglia Sacra_, I., p. 740.
[638] _Mon._, VI., p. 1473.
[639] Brit. Mus. _Cott. MSS. Faustina_, A., VI. f. 104, reprinted in
_Early Yorkshire Schools_, Vol. II., pp. 84-86; _Registrum Parvum_, f. 11,
reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, pp. 86-88.
[640] _Mon._, VI., p. 1344.
[641] _E. S. R._, II., p. 40.
[642] _E. S. R._, II., p. 31.
[643] _Mon._, VI., p. 1346.
[644] _E. S. R._, II., p. 54.
[645] _Mon._, VI., p. 1459.
[646] _S. M. E._, p. 210.
[647] _Reg. Ep. Worcester_, H. Wakefield, p. 72, _Ed. Ch._, pp. 330-334.
[648] _Ibid._
[649] _Ibid._
[650] _Ibid._
[651] Pat. 16, Ric. II., p. 1, m. 24.
[652] Reg. principale D. Archiep. Cantuar, fol. 124 a, reprinted _Mon._,
VI., p. 1391.
[653] _Mon._, VI., p. 1393.
[654] Duchy of Lanc. Cert. of Colleges, No. 4, Chant. Certif. XX., 43.
[655] Reprinted _Mon._, VI., pp. 1394-1395.
[656] _S. M. E._, p. 209.
[657] _Mon._, VI., p. 1375.
[658] _Pat._ 5, Hen. VI., p. m. 19.
[659] _S. M. E._, p. 211.
[660] _Mon._, VI., p. 1401.
[661] _Pat._ 12, Hen. IV., _pars unica_, m. 20.
[662] _Pat._, 3, Hen. V., pt. I, m. 6, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1404-1411.
[663] _Ibid._, p. 1407.
[664] _Mon._, VI., p. 1415.
[665] MS. in bibl. Cotton, fol. 8, reprinted in _Mon._, VI., pp.
1417-1423.
[666] See also _Chant. Certif._, 45, No. 47.
[667] _Mon._, VI., p. 1411.
[668] Cf. _E. S. R._, II., pp. 153, 154, 155, 280; P. R. O., Aug. Off.
Misc. Bks. 147.
[669] _Pat._ 10, Hen. V., m. 3, reprinted _Mon._, VI., pp. 1425-6.
[670] Cp. _S. M. E._, p. 254.
[671] _Mon._, VI., p. 716.
[672] Carlisle, _Endowed Gr. Schools_, II., p. 301.
[673] _Mon._, VI., p. 1430.
[674] _S. M. E._, p. 255.
[675] _S. M. E._, p. 256.
[676] Probably about 1470.
[677] _Rot. Parl._, V., p. 256; reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp.
89-91.
[678] _E. S. R._, II., p. 298.
[679] _Mon._, VI., pp. 1441-1443; _Yorkshire Schools_, II., pp. 101-141.
[680] Reprinted _Yorkshire Schools_, II., 109-130, from MS. at Sydney
Sussex Coll., Camb.
[681] _Ib._, pp. 113, 114.
[682] _Ib._, p. 115.
[683] _Ib._, p. 116.
[684] _Ib._, p. 110.
[685] _Ibid._, p. 116.
[686] p. 210.
[687] _Mon._, VI., p. 766.
[688] _S. M. E._, p. 261.
[689] Pat., II., Ed. IV., p. 2., m. 15, _Mon._, VI., p. 725.
[690] Cf. _S. M. E._, p. 272.
[691] Canon Law of 1179 and 1215 did not initiate the custom.
[692] See Bk. I., Ch. II.
[693] Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.
[694] Geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
[695] On the general subject, see Abelson, _The Seven Liberal Arts_,
Parker, "The Seven Liberal Arts," _Eng. Hist. Rev._, V., pp. 417-461, July
1890; Rashdall, _Univ._, I., pp. 33-37; West, _Alcuin_ pp. 4-27.
[696] _E. S. R._, II., p. 56.
[697] _E. S. R._, II., p. 117.
[698] Bk. II., ch. II.
[699] _Polycraticus_, II., 28.
[700] Bk. II., ch. X.
[701] "Quum primum adolescens admodum, studiorum causa migrassem in
Gallias."
[702] _Metal._, I., 24.
[703] _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_, p. 121.
[704] Johannis Saresberiensis, _Opera_, ed. Giles, Vol. V., pp. 79, 80.
[705] _Metal._, II., 10; trans. by Poole.
[706] _Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Albani._, I., 72.
[707] _Ed. Ch._, p. 116.
[708] _Life of Thomas a Beckett_ (R. S.), III., p. 3.
[709] _Ibid._, p. 14.
[710] For description see Drane: _Christian Schools and Scholars_, pp.
230-2; Foster Watson, _Grammar Schools_, pp. 32-37.
[711] _Mem. of Southwell Minster_, p. 205.
[712] Taylor: _Medieval Mind_, vol. II., p. 516.
[713] Bacon: _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, p. lix.
[714] _Ibid._, p. 59.
[715] _Ibid._, p. 398.
[716] _Opus Major_, par. 1.
[717] See Brewer's ed., p. 322, _seq._
[718] Cf. Taylor, _op. cit._, vol. II., p. 527.
[719] _Opus Tertium_, Ch. XXIX., trans. by Taylor.
[720] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, p. lix.
[721] _Op. cit._, p. lxii.
[722] _Op. cit._, p. lxxv.
[723] _Op. cit._, p. lxxv.
[724] _Opera Inedita_, ed. Brewer, pp. 58, 59.
[725] Anstey: _Munimenta Academica_, I., p. 34.
[726] Chaucer: _Canterbury Tales_, ed. Skeat, p. 299.
[727] _Ibid._, p. 421.
[728] _Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford_, vol. I.; _Ed. Ch._, pp.
349-373.
[729] Brit. Mus. Add., MS. 30158, f. 34.
[730] _I.e._ the "Apeseyes."
[731] Cf. article in _Cyclopaedia of Education_.
[732] Carlisle: _Grammar Schools_, I., p. 314.
[733] _P. C. C._, 8 Maynwaryng.
[734] See Carlisle, _op. cit._, II., pp. 594-598.
[735] A copy of this time table is reprinted in Leach: _Educational
Charters_, pp. 448-451; see also _Archaelogia_, XXXIV., p. 37, _seq._
Foster Watson gives a full account of the projected statutes for Cardinal
College, Ipswich (1528) in _Old Grammar Schools_, pp. 16-18.
[736] For an account of the manuals of Stanbridge, see Foster Watson:
_English Grammar Schools_, pp. 385-386.
[737] _Ibid._, pp. 238-45.
[738] Among the records of the chantry schools, six are mentioned as
teaching writing; see _E. S. R._, II., pp. 66, 98, 251, 305, 307, 312.
[739] _Yorkshire Schools_, II., p. 109.
[740] _E. S. R._, II., p. 21.
[741] _E. S. R._, II., p. 85.
[742] Cutts: _Scenes and Characters in the Middle Ages_, p. 200.
[743] Cutts: _op. cit._, p. 205.
[744] Johnson: _Canons_, II., p. 421.
[745] _Household Book of Henry Algernon, fifth Earl of Northumberland_,
Antiq. Repertory, IV., p. 242.
[746] _Dialogue of Heresies_, III., c. 12.
[747] Dunning: _Political Ideas_, p. 263.
[748] _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_, p. 305.
[749] _Letters of Grosseteste_ (R. S.), p. 63.
[750] _Ibid._, p. 68.
[751] _Ibid._, p. 151.
[752] 2 Hen. IV., c. 15. _Stat. of the Realm_, II., 127.
[753] _Rot. Parl._, III., 584.
[754] Johnson: _Laws and Canons_, II., p. 465. Wilkins: _Concilia_, III.,
p. 317.
[755] 2 Hen. V., c. 7.
[756] See p. 129.
[757] _Rot. Parl._, 12, R. II., c. 5.
[758] _Rot. Parl._, 15, Ric. II., 39; quoted de Montmorency, _State
Intervention_, p. 27.
[759] _Op. cit._, pp. 30-32.
[760] See p. 200.
[761] _Statutes of the Realm_, 7, Henry IV., c. 17.
[762] _Pat._, 24, Henry VI., pt. ii., m. 28.
[763] _Rot. Parl._, V., 137.
[764] Bk. II., ch. VI.
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
the original text.
The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
letters have been replaced with transliterations.
Punctuation has been corrected and standardized without note.
In the list on page 39 (beginning "10. And we enjoin that no priest
receive another's scholar . . .), the numbers are presented as in the
original text.
In the original text, footnote 451 appears on page 155 with no
corresponding marker. The marker in this text has been added by the
transcriber.