EARTH OSCILLATIONS.
Evidences of oscillation—Examples of oscillation—Temple of Jupiter
Serapis—Observations of Darwin—Causes of oscillation.
_Evidences of oscillation._—By earth oscillations are meant those slow
and quiet changes in the relative level of the sea and land which
geologists speak of as elevations or subsidences. These movements are
especially characteristic of volcanic and earthquake-shaken countries.
As evidences of elevations we appeal to phenomena like raised beaches,
sea-worn caves, raised coral reefs, and the remains of other dead
organisms like barnacles, and the borings of lithodomous shells in and
on the rocks of many coasts high above the level of the highest tides.
As a proof that subsidence has taken place, there is the evidence
afforded by submerged forests, the prolongation of certain valleys
beneath the bed of the ocean, the formation of coral islands, the
peculiar distribution of the plants and animals which we find in many
countries, and the submergence of works of human construction. Inasmuch
as these phenomena are discussed so fully in many treatises on physical
geology, the references to them here will be made as brief as possible.
Elevations and depressions which have taken place at the time of large
earthquakes in a paroxysmal manner have already been mentioned. The
movements referred to in this chapter, although generally taking place
with extreme slowness, in certain instances, by an increase in their
rapidity, have approached in character to earth pulsations. In most
instances it would appear that the upward movement of the ground, which
may be likened to a process of tumefaction, goes on so gently that it
only becomes appreciable after the lapse of many generations.
_Examples of movements._—Lyell estimated that the average rate of rise
in Scandinavia has been about two and a half feet per century. At the
North Cape the rise may have been as much as five or six feet per
century. Observations made at the temple of Jupiter Serapis, between
October 1822 and July 1838, showed that the ground was sinking at the
rate of about one inch in four years. Since the Roman period, when this
temple was built, the ground has sunk twenty feet below the waves. Now
the floor of the temple is on the level of the sea. Lyell remarks that
if we reflect on the dates of the principal oscillations at this place
there appears to be connection between the movements of upheaval and a
local development of volcanic heat, whilst periods of depression are
concurrent with periods of volcanic quiescence.[154]
As examples of movements even more rapid than those at the Temple of
Jupiter Serapis we refer to an account of the earthquakes in Vallais
(November 1755), when the ground about a mountain at a small distance
from Brigue sank about a thumb’s-breadth every twenty-four hours. This
took place between December 9 and February 26.[155]
Another remarkable example of earth movement is given in the account
of the earthquake at Scarborough, on December 29, 1737, when the head
of the spa water well was forced up in the air about ten yards high. At
this time the sands on the shore are said to have risen so slowly that
people came out to watch them.[156]
Two other examples of rapid earth movement are taken from Professor
Rossi’s ‘Meteorologia Endogena.’ Professor D. Seghetti, writing to
Professor Rossi, says that a few lustres ago (one lustre = twenty
years) Mount S. Giovanni hid the towns Jenne and Subiaco from each
other. From Subiaco the church at Jenne is now visible, which a few
years ago was invisible. The people at Jenne also can see more than
formerly. The supposition is that the side of Mount S. Giovanni is
lowered. This fact corresponds to a fact stated by Professor Carina,
who says that forty or fifty years ago from Granaiola you could not see
either the church of S. Maria Assunta di Citrone or the church of S.
Pietro di Corsena. Now you can see both.[157]
For a remarkable example illustrating the connection between seismic
activity and elevation we are indebted to the patient labours of
Darwin, who carefully investigated the evidences of elevation which
are visible upon the western coasts of South America. These evidences,
consisting of marks of erosion, caves, ancient beaches, sand dunes,
terraces of gravel, &c., were traced between latitudes 45° 35′ to 12°
5′, a distance north and south of 2,075 geographical miles, and there
is but little doubt that they extend much farther. As deduced from
observations upon upraised shells alone, a summary of Mr. Darwin’s
observations are contained in the following table:—
Feet
At Chiloe the recent elevation has been 350
„ Concepcion „ „ 625 to 1,000
„ Valparaiso „ „ 1,300
„ Coquimbo „ „ 252
„ Lima „ „ 85
Shells, similar to those clinging to uplifted rocks, which are
evidences of these elevations, still exist in the neighbouring seas,
and in the same proportionate numbers as they are found in the upraised
beds. In addition to this, Mr. Darwin shows us that at Lima, during the
Indo-human period, the elevation has been at least eighty-five feet.
At Valparaiso, during the last 220 years, the rise was about nineteen
feet, and in the seventeen years subsequent to 1817 the rise has been
ten or eleven feet, a portion only of which can be attributed to
earthquakes. In 1834 the rise there was apparently still in progress.
At Chiloe there has been a gradual elevation of about four feet in four
years. These, together with numerous other examples, testify to the
gradual but, as compared with other parts of the globe, exceedingly
rapid rise of the ground upon the western shores of South America.[158]
The most important point to be noticed is that this district of rapid
elevation is one of the most earthquake-shaken regions of the world.
And further, judging from Darwin’s remarks, in those portions of it
where the movements have been the most extensive, and at the same time
probably the most rapid, the seismic disturbances appear to have been
the most noticeable.
Similar remarks may be applied to Japan, it being in those districts
where evidences of recent elevation are abundant that earthquakes
are numerous. Thus, in the bay of Yedo, where we have borings of
lithodomi in the tufaceous cliffs ten feet above high-water mark,
which, inasmuch as the rock in which they are found is soft and easily
weathered, indicate an exceedingly rapid elevation, earthquakes are of
common occurrence.
From the evidences of elevation which we have upon the South American
coast, Japan, and in other countries, it appears that these movements
are intermittent, there being periods of rest, when sea cliffs are
denuded, and perhaps even periods of subsidence. There is also evidence
to show that, although these movements have been gradual from time to
time, they have been aided by starts occasioned by earthquakes.
As to whether earthquakes are more numerous during periods of
elevation, or of subsidence, or during the intermediate periods of
rest, we have no evidence.
Sudden displacements which occasionally accompany earthquakes might, it
was said, sometimes be regarded as the _cause_ of an earthquake, and
sometimes as the _effect_.
The slow elevations here referred to may be looked upon as being one of
the more important factors in the production of earthquakes. By various
causes the rocky coast is bent until, having reached the limit of its
elasticity, it snaps, and, in flying back like a broken spring, causes
the jars and tremors of an earthquake.
If this is the case, then the number of earthquakes felt in a district
which is being elevated may possibly be a function of the rate of
elevation.
APPENDIX.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS, PAPERS, PERIODICALS, WHICH ARE
REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING PAGES.
• • • • •
_For a more complete bibliography of earthquakes refer to Mallet’s
catalogue of works given in his report to the British Association
in 1858._
• • • • •
A True and Particular Relation of the Dreadful Earthquake which
happened at Lima, &c. (1746). 1768.
Abbot, Gen. H. L. On the Velocity of Transmission of Earth Waves.
_Am. Jour. Sci._ XV., March 1878.
— Shock of the Explosion at Hallet’s Point, Nov. 14, 1876.
_Battalion Press._
Alexander, Prof. T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
American Journal of Science.
Annali del reale osservatorio meteorologico Vesuviano.
Annual Register, The.
Anonymous, A Chronological and Historical Account of the most
Memorable Earthquakes in the World, &c. 1750.
— A Vindication of the Bishop of London’s Letter occasioned by the
Late Earthquake. 1750.
— Phenomena of the Great Earthquake of Nov. 1, 1755.
— Serious Thoughts occasioned by the Late Earthquake at Lisbon.
1755.
Asiatic Society of Japan, Transactions of.
Ayrton, Prof. W. E. _See_ Perry, J.
Bárceno, M. Estudio del Terremoto (May 17, 1879) Mexico. 1879.
Beke, Dr. C. T. Mount Sinai a Volcano.
Bissett, Rev. J. A Sermon (on account of the Earthquake at Lisbon,
Nov. 1, 1755). 1757.
Bittner, A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Erdbebens von Belluno vom
29. Juni 1873.
— Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. d. Wissensch., lxix. II. Abth., 1874.
Bollettino del Vulcanismo Italiano.
Boué, Dr. A. Ueber das Erdbeben welches Mittel-Albanien im
October d. J. so schrecklich getroffen hat. _Die K. Akad. d.
Wissenschaften_, Nov. 1851.
— Parallele der Erdbeben, des Nordlichtes und des Erdmagnetismus.
— Ueber die Nothwendigkeit die Erdbeben und vulkanischen
Erscheinungen genauer als bis jetzt beobachten zu lassen. _Die
K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften_, 1851 and 1857.
Bouguer, M. Of the Volcanoes and Earthquakes in Peru.
British Association, Reports of.
Brunton, R. H. Constructive Art in Japan. _Trans. Asiatic Soc. of
Japan_, II. and III., Pt. 2.
Bryce, J. Report to British Association, 1841.
Buffour, M. The Natural History of Earthquakes and Volcanoes.
C. H. A Physical Discussion of Earthquakes, &c. 1693.
Canterbury, Thomas, Lord Archbishop of, The Theory and History of
Earthquakes.
Casariego, E. A. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Cawley, G. Some Remarks on Construction in Brick and Wood, &c.
_Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan_, VI. Plate ii.
Chaplin, Prof. W. S. An Examination of the Earthquakes recorded
at the Meteorological Observatory, Tokio. _Trans. Asiatic Soc.
of Japan_, VI. Part ii.
Comptes Rendus.
Credner, H. Das Dippoldiswalder Erdbeben vom Oktober 1877.
— Zeitschr. f. d. Naturwiss. f. Sachsen u. Thüringen.
— Das Vogtländisch-erzgebirgische Erdbeben, 23. Nov. 1875.
— Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Naturwissenschaften, xlviii., Oktober.
Dan, T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Darwin, Charles. Researches on Geology and Natural History.
— Geological observations.
Darwin, G. H. Reports on Lunar Disturbance of Gravity to British
Association, 1881. 1882.
Diffenbach, F. Plutonismus und Vulkanismus in der Periode von
1868–1872, und ihre Beziehungen zu den Erdbeben im Rheingebiet.
Doelter, C. von. Ueber die Eruptivgebilde von Fleims, nebst einigen
Bemerkungen über den Bau älterer Vulcane.
— lxxiv. Band d. Sitzungsb. d. K. Akad. d. Wissensch., I. Abth.,
Dec. Heft, Jahrg. 1876.
Doolittle, Rev. T. Earthquakes Explained and Practically Improved,
&c. 1693.
Doyle, P. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Emerson, Prof., B.A. Review of Von Seebachs’ Earthquake of March 6,
1872. _Am. Jour. Sci._, Series III.
Ewing, Prof. J. A. Earthquake Measurement. A memoir published by
the Tokio University. 1883.
— See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Falb, R. Gedanken und Studien über den Vulkanismus, &c. 1875.
— Grundzüge zu einer Theorie der Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche.
— Das Erdbeben von Belluno. ‘Sirius,’ Bd. VI., Heft ii.
Flamstead, J. A Letter concerning Earthquakes. 1693.
Forel, F. A. Les Tremblements de Terre (Suisse). _Arch. des
Sciences Physiques et Naturelles_, VI. p. 461.
— Tremblement de Terre du 30 Décembre 1879.
Fuchs, Karl. Vulkane und Erdbeben.
— _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde._
Garcia, J. C. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Geinitz, Dr. E. Das Erdbeben von Iquique am 9. Mai 1877, &c. _Die
K. Leop.-Carol.-Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher_, Band
xl., Nr. 9.
Gentleman’s Magazine, The.
Geographical Society, Proceedings of.
Geological Society, Proceedings of.
Girard, Dr. H. Ueber Erdbeben und Vulkane. 1845.
Gray, T. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
— On Instruments for Measuring and Recording Earthquake Motions.
Phil. Mag. Sept. 1881.
— On Recent Earthquake Investigation. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1881.
Guiscardi, Prof. G. Notizie del Vesuvio. 1857.
— Il terremoto di Casamicciola del 4 Marzo. 1881.
Hales, S., D.D., F.R.S. Some Considerations on the Causes of
Earthquakes. 1750.
Hamilton, Sir W. Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, &c.
1774.
Hattori, I. Destructive Earthquakes in Japan. _Trans. Asiatic Soc.
of Japan_, V. Plate i.
Heim, Prof. A. Les Tremblements de Terre et leur Etude
Scientifique. 1880.
— Prof. A. Die Schweizerischen Erdbeben in 1881–1882.
Hoeffer, Prof. H. Die Erdbeben Kärntens und deren Stosslinien.
_Die Kais. Akademie d. Wissenschaften_, Band xlii.
Höfer, Prof. H. Das Erdbeben von Belluno, am 29. Juni 1873.
_Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. d. Wissensch._, I. Abth., Band lxxiv.
Hoff, K. E. A. von. Geschichte der durch Ueberlieferung
nachgewiesenen natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche.
1822.
Hooke, R., M.D., F.R.S. Discourses concerning Earthquakes.
Hopkins, William. Report to the British Association on the
Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes. 1847.
Horton, Rev. Mr. An Account of the Earthquake which happened at
Leghorn in Italy (Jan. 1742). 1750.
Humboldt, Alexander von. Cosmos.
— Travels.
Jeitteles, L. A. Bericht über das Erdbeben am 15. Januar 1858.
— Sitzungsberichte der mathem.-naturw. Classe d. K. Akad. d.
Wissensch., xxxv. S. 511.
Judd, J. W., Prof. Volcanoes, What they Are and What they Teach.
Knipping, E. Verzeichniss von Erdbeben wahrgenommen in Tokio,
&c. _Mitt. d. Deutsch. Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde
Ostasiens_, Heft 14.
— See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Lasaulx, A. von. Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath am 22. October 1873.
Lemery, M. A Physico-Chemical Explanation of Subterranean Fires,
Earthquakes, &c.
Lescasse, M. J. Etude sur les Constructions Japonaises, &c.
_Mémoires de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils_.
Lister, M., M.D., F.R.S. Of the Nature of Earthquakes.
Little, Rev. J. Conjectures on the Physical Causes of Earthquakes
and Volcanoes. 1820.
Mallet, R. The Neapolitan Earthquake, Vol. II. _Reports to the
British Association_, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1854, 1858, 1861.
— Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of Cachar. _Proc. Geolog.
Soc._, 1872.
— Dynamics of Earthquakes. _Trans. Royal Irish Acad._ 1846.
Milne, David. Reports to British Association, 1841, 1843, 1844.
Milne, John. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
— On Seismic Experiments (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Trans.
Royal Soc._ 1882.
— On Seismic Experiments (with T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Proc.
Royal Soc._ No. 217, 1881.
— Earthquake Observations and Experiments in Japan (with T. Gray,
B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Phil. Mag._, Nov. 1881.
— On the Elasticity and Strength Constants of certain Rocks (with
T. Gray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E.) _Jour. Geolog. Soc._, 1882.
— A Visit to the Volcano of Oshima. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2, Vol.
IV., pp. 193–197, 255.
— On the Form of Volcanoes. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2, Vol. V., and
Dec. 2, Vol. VI.
— Note upon the Cooling of the Earth, &c. _Geolog. Mag._, Dec. 2.,
Vol. VII., p. 99.
— Investigation of the Earthquake Phenomena of Japan. _Rep. Brit.
Assoc._, 1881 and 1882.
— A Large Crater. _Popular Science Review._
— The Volcanoes of Japan (a series of Articles). _Japan Gazette._
— Earthquake Literature of Japan (a series of Articles). _Japan
Gazette._
— The Earthquake of Dec. 23, 1880. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1881.
— Earthquake Motion. _The Chrysanthemum_, 1882.
— Seismology in Japan. _Nature_, Oct. 1882.
— Earth Movements. _The Times_, Oct. 12, 1882.
Mitchell, Rev. J. Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations
upon the Phenomena of Earthquakes. 1760.
Mohr, Dr. F. Geschichte der Erde. 1875.
Naturkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. 1875–1880.
Naumann, Dr. E. Ueber Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche in Japan.
_Mitt. d. Deutsch. Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde
Ostasiens._ Heft 15.
Noggerath, Dr. J. Die Erdbeben vom 29. Juli 1846 im Rheingebiet,
&c.
— Die Erdbeben im Vispthale (1855).
— Die Erdbeben im Rheingebiet in den Jahren 1868, 1869, 1870.
— Jahrgänge d. Verbandlungen d. Natur. Vereins für 1870. _Rheinland
u. Westphalen_, xxvii.
Oldham, Dr. Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of Cachas. _Proc.
Geolog. Soc._ 1872.
— Thermal Springs of India. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of India_,
XIX. Plate 2.
— A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of
India_, XIX. Plate 3.
— The Cachas Earthquake. _Memoirs of Geolog. Survey of India_, XIX.
Plate 1.
Palmer, Col. H. S. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Palmieri, Prof. L., e Scacchi, A. Della Regione Volcanica del Monte
Vulture, e del Tremuoto ivi avvenuto nel dì 14 Agosto 1851, 1852.
— Annali del reale Osservatorio Meteorologico Vesuviano.
— Il Vesuvio, il Terremoto d’ Isernia e l’eruzione sottomarina di
Santorino. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e Mat. di Napoli_, iv. 1866.
— Sul recente Terremoto di Corleone. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e
Mat._, v. 1876.
— Il Terremoto di Scio del dì 4 Aprile. _R. Accad. d. Sci. Fis. e
Mat. di Napoli_, v. 1881.
— Sul Terremoto di Casamicciola del 4 Marzo 1881. _R. Accad. d.
Sci. Fis. e. Mat. di Napoli_. 1881.
Paul, Prof. H. M. See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Perrey, Prof. A. Earthquake Catalogue and Memoirs. (For list see
Mallet’s Report to British Association. 1858.)
— See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Perry, J., and W. E. Ayrton. On a Neglected Principle that may be
Employed in Earthquake Measurement.
— See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Philosophical Magazine.
Pickering, Rev. R. An Address to those who have either retired
or intend to leave Town under the Imaginary Apprehension of
the Approaching Shock of another Earthquake. 1750.
Ray, J., F.R.S. A Summary of the Causes of the Alterations which
have happened to the Face of the Earth.
Rockstroh, E. Informe de la Comision Científica del Instituto
Nacional de Guatemala, nombrada por el Sr. Ministro de
Instruccion Pública para el Estudio de los Fenómenos
Volcánicos en el Lago de Ilopango. 1880.
Rockwood, Prof. C. G. Notes on Earthquakes. Annually in the _Am.
Jour. Sci._
— Japanese Seismology. _Am. Jour. Sci._, XXII. Dec. 1881.
Romaine, W. A Discourse occasioned by the Late Earthquake. 1755.
Rossi, Prof. M. S. di. Intorno all’ odierna fase dei Terremoti in
Italia, e segnatamente sul Terremoto in Casamicciola del 4
Marzo 1881. _Società Geografica Italiana._ 1881.
— La Meteorologia Endogena, 2 vols.
Royal Society, Transactions of.
Scacchi, A. _See_ Palmieri.
Schmidt, Dr. J. F. Untersuchungen über das Erdbeben am 15. Januar
1858.
— Studien über Erdbeben. 1879.
— Die Eruption des Vesuv (1855). 1856.
Scrope, G. P. Volcanoes.
Seebach. Das mittle Deutsche Erdbeben (1872). _Mitt. der K.K.
geograph. Gesellsch._, II. Jahrg., 2. Heft, 1873.
Serpieri, Prof. A. C. S. Nuove Osservazioni sul Terremoto avvenuto
in Italia il 12 Marzo 1873. _Istituto Lombardo._ 1873.
— Il Terremoto di Rimini della notte 17–18 Marzo 1875.
— Documenti nuove e Riflessioni sul Terremoto della notte 17–18
Marzo 1875. _Meteorologia Italiana_, iv. 1875.
— Determinazione delle fasi e delle leggi del grande Terremoto
avvenuto in Italia nella notte 17–18 Marzo 1875. _Istituto
Lombardo._ 1875.
— Dell’ influenza del Lume Solare sui Terremoti. _Istituto
Lombardo._ 1882.
Sherlock, T., D.D. (Lord Bishop of London). A Letter on the
occasion of the late Earthquakes. 1750.
Shower, Rev. J., D.D. Practical Reflections on the Earthquakes that
have happened in Europe and America, &c. 1750.
Stübel, A. (see Reiss, W.)
Stukeley, Rev. W., M.D., F.R.S. The Philosophy of Earthquakes,
Natural and Religious, &c. Plates 1, 2, and 3. 1756.
Sturmius, J. C. A Methodical Account of Earthquakes.
Suess, E. Die Erdbeben Niederösterreiches. _Die Kais. Akademie der
Wissenschaften_, Bd. xxxiii.
— Die Erdbeben des südlichen Italiens. _Die Kais. Akademie der
Wissenschaften_, Bd. xxxiv.
Volger, Dr. G. H. Untersuchungen über das Phänomen der Erdbeben.
1857.
Wagener, Dr. G. Bemerkungen über Erdbebenmesser und Vorschläge zu
einem neuen Instrumente dieser Art. _Mitt. d. Deutsch.
Gesellsch. für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens_, Heft 15.
— See _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_.
Winchilsea, The Earl of. A True and Exact Relation of the late
Prodigious Earthquake and Eruption of Mount Etna. 1669.
Woodward, J., M.D., F.R.S. Earthquake caused by some Accidental
Obstruction of a Continual Subterranean Heat.
SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN.
The following are a list of the papers published by this Society:—
VOL. I.
Milne, J. Seismic Science in Japan. 35 pages.
Ewing, J. A. New Form of Pendulum Seismograph. 6 pages, 3 plates.
Gray, T. Seismometer and Torsion Pendulum Seismograph. 8 pages, 2
plates.
Mendenhall, T. C. Acceleration of Gravity at Tokio (abstract). 2
pages.
Wagener, G., and E. Knipping. New Seismometer and Observations with
same. 18 pages, 1 plate.
Milne, J. Earthquake in Japan of Feb. 22, 1880. 116 pages, 5
plates, 8 woodcuts.
VOL. II.
Milne, J. Recent Earthquakes of Yeddo, Effects on Buildings, &c. 38
pages, 2 plates, and many tables.
Mendenhall, T. C. Gravity on Summit of Fujiyama (abstract). 2 pages.
Paul, H. M. Earth Vibrations from Railroad Trains (abstract). 4
pages.
Ewing, J. A. Astatic Horizontal Lever Seismograph (abstract). 5
pages, 1 plate.
Milne, J. Peruvian Earthquake of May, 9, 1877. 47 pages, 2 plates,
tables. Constitution, Rules, Officers and Members of the
Society, Dec., 1881.
VOL. III.
Gray, T. Steady Points for Earthquake Measurements. 11 pages, 3
plates.
Milne, J. Experiments in Observational Seismology. 53 pages, 1
plate, tables.
— The Great Earthquakes of Japan. 38 pages, 1 plate, many tables.
Perry, J. Theory of a Rocking Column. 4 pages.
Knipping, E. Earthquake of July 25, 1880, with Dr. Wagener’s
Seismometer. 4 pages.
Ewing, J. A. Earthquake Observation at three or more Stations, &c.
4 pages.
— Records of three recent Earthquakes. 6 pages, 3 plates.
— Earthquake of March 8, 1881. 8 pages, 1 plate.
Milne, J. Horizontal and Vertical Motion in Earthquake of March 8,
1881. 8 pages, 3 plates.
Gray, T. Seismograph for Registering Vertical Motion. 3 pages, 1
plate.
Ewing, J. A. Seismometer for Vertical Motion. 3 pages, 1 plate.
Gray, T. Seismograph for Large Motions. 2 pages.
— Compensating a Pendulum to make it Astatic. 3 pages.
Palmer, H. S. Note on Earth Vibrations. 3 pages.
Kuwabara, M. The Hot Springs of Atami. 2 pages.
VOL. IV.
Milne, J. Distribution of Seismic Activity in Japan. 30 pages, 1
plate.
Wada, T. Notes on Fujiyama. 7 pages.
Casariego, E. Abella y. Earthquakes of Nueva Vizcaya in 1881. 23
pages, 2 maps.
Milne, J. Utilisation of Earth’s Internal Heat. 12 pages.
Ewing, J. A. Earthquake of March 11, 1882. 5 pages.
Doyle, P. Note on an Indian Earthquake. 6 pages.
Milne, J. Systematic Observation of Earthquakes. 31 pages, 5 plates.
VOL. V.
Naumann, Dr. E. Notes on Secular Changes of Magnetic Declination in
Japan, p. 1–18.
Casariego, Don E. Abella y. Monografía Geológica del Volcan de
Albay ó El Máyon. p. 19–43.
Garcia, Don J. Centeno y. Abstract of a Memoir on the Earthquakes
on the Island of Luzon in 1880. p. 43–89.
Ewing, Prof. J. A. Seismological Notes.
— A Duplex Pendulum Seismometer.
— The Suspension of a Horizontal Pendulum.
— A Speed Governor for Seismograph Clocks, p. 89–95.
Dan, T., S.B. Notes on the Earthquake at Atami, in the Province of
Idzu, on September 29, 1882. p. 95–105.
VOL. VI.
Alexander, Prof. T. The Development of the Record given by a
Bracket Machine.
Milne, J. Earth Pulsations.
Ewing, J. A. Note on a Duplex Pendulum with a Single Bob.
Gergens, F. Note on an Iron Casting, Supposed to have been
Disturbed whilst Cooling by an Earthquake.
West, C. D. On a Parallel Motion Seismograph.
Ewing, J. A. Certain Methods of Astatic Suspension.
Alexander, T. Ball and Cup Seismometer.
Knipping, Messrs. Paul and. Report on a System for Earthquake
Observation.
Catalogues of Earthquakes.
INDEX.
Abbadie, M. d’, on earth tremors, 309
Abbot, General H. L., on the transmission of vibrations, 62
Abella, M., on the earthquake in the Philippines in 1881, 77
Activity, on seismic, 6
Aristotle, on the classification of earthquakes, 41
Artificial earthquakes, experiments on, 57
— — intensity of, 61
Aurora, on the occurrence of, with earthquakes, 264
Ayrton and Perry, on the effect of soft foundations, 130
— — on the period of vibration of buildings, 115
— — on the principle of, 31
Barometer, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 266
Bertelli, on aurora and earthquakes, 265
— on earth tremors, 316, 320
— on the normal tromometer of, 317
Bittner, A., on the buildings of Belluno, 100
Bridges, on earthquake, 140
Brunton, R. H., on buildings in earthquake countries, 123
Buckle, on the history of civilisation, 1
Builders, interest of the study of earthquakes to, 3
Buildings, on cracks in, 98, 108
— the effect of earthquakes on, 96
— on the irregular destruction of, 96
— — effect on the end house in a row, 112
— — church of St. Augustin at Manilla, 113
— — relation of destruction of, to earthquake motion, 103
— — protection of, 143
— — pitch of the roof of, 110
— — position of openings in the walls of, 111
— — swing of, 115
— — period of vibration of, 115
— — principle of relative periods in, 116
— — types of, for earthquake countries, 121
— — effect of underlying rocks on, 130
— general conclusions regarding, 144
Cacciatore, definition of the, 18
Caldcleugh, A., on earthquake frequency, 245
— on barometric height and earthquakes, 266
Carruthers, J., on earthquakes and tides, 291
Centrum, definition of, 9
— on the depth of, 213
— on the maximum depth of, 218
Centrum, determination of position of, _see_ origins
Chaplin, W. S., on the bracket seismometer of, 27
— on earthquakes and the position of the moon, 252
Coast line, on the movement of, 160
Cocks, R., on earthquakes and tides, 290
Coseismic lines, definition of, 10
Curves, on microseismic, 321
Darwin, Charles, on the movement of coast lines, 160
— George H., on earth tides, 285
— on tidal loads, 291
— on earth pulsation, 330
— on the effect of fluctuations of barometric pressure, 336
— experiments at Cambridge, 310
Delauney, M. J., on the influence of the planets on earthquakes, 261
Diagonic, definition of, 11
Diastrophic, definition of, 11
Direction of motion, from instrumental records, 198
Distribution, on earthquake, 226
— examples of, 231
Disturbance, on the propagation of, 50
Douglas, J., on South American houses, 126
Earth particle, on the velocity and acceleration of, 79
Earthquake motion, nature of, as deduced from the feelings, 67
— direction of, derived from instrumental records, 69
— duration of, 71
— period of vibration in, 74
— examples of extent of, 75–77
— absolute intensity of force in, 83
— radiation of, 85
— velocity of propagation of, 87
Earthquake at Lisbon, velocity of propagation of, 88
Earthquakes, general examples of effects of, 142
— geological changes produced by, 161
— hunting, 187
— distribution of, 226
— maps, 189
— secondary, 248
— table of, for nineteenth century, 259
— on the course of, 277–281
— and tides, 290
— prediction of, 297–304
Elastic waves, nature of, 44
Emergence, angle of, 9
Energy, dissipation of, in earthquakes, 52
— seismic, in relation to geological time, 234
— — table of, 240
Epicentrum, definition of, 9
Euthutropic, definition of, 11
Ewing, J. A., pendulum seismograph of, 25
— astatic pendulum of, 26
— bracket seismograph of, 26
Falb, R., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 286
Fissures, on the material discharged from, 148
— on the explanation of, 151
Focal cavity, definition of, 9
— on the form of, 221
Forbes, D., on an earthquake in Mendoza, 151
Frequency of earthquakes, 243
Frere, Sir H. Bartle, on geological changes produced by earthquakes, 161
Fuchs, on sea waves, 176
— on the movement of the seismic centre, 233
— on earthquakes and volcanic outbursts, 271
— on hot springs, 157
Fumaroles, the effect of earthquakes on, 156
Geinitz, Dr., on sea waves, 182
Geologists, on the interest of seismology to, 2
Gray, T., astatic pendulum of, 26
— bracket seismometer of, 27
— conical pendulum of, 29
— dead heat pendulum of, 22
— on the rotation of bodies, 196
— rolling spheres and cylinders of, 29
— torsion pendulum seismometer of, 25
— vertical motion seismometers of, 32, 33
— and Milne, seismograph of, 38
Hattori, I., on the large earthquakes of Japan, 244
Haughton, Prof., list of active volcanoes of, 227
— method of finding earthquake origins of, 209
Hills, on the want of support on the face of, 136
Höfer, on an earthquake at Belluno, 225
Hoffmann, F., on the barometer and earthquakes, 267
Hooke, on earthquake motion, 42
Hopkins, on the thickness of the earth’s crust, 284
Humboldt, on meteors and earthquakes, 261
— on the barometer and earthquakes, 267
— on volcanoes and earthquakes, 279
Imagination, effect of earthquakes on the, 2
Instruments, direction of motion derived from, 198
Intensity, on earthquake, 51, 71
— seismic curve of, for Kioto, 242
Isoseismic circles, definition of, 10
— areas, definition of, 10
Kluge, on sea waves, 175
— on earthquake frequency, 246
— on simultaneous earthquakes, 248
— on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
— on earth pulsations, 339
Kreil, pendulum seismometer of, 25
Lakes, on disturbances in, 154
Land, effect of earthquakes on, 146–162
— on the reason of movements of, 162
— on cracks and fissures formed in, 146
Level, on the use of for earth pulsations, 328
Literature, on seismic, 6
— on Japanese earthquake, 7
Mallet, R., on area of disturbance as a test of seismic energy, 78
— on clock stopping, 36
— list of works on earthquakes of, 5
— curve of seismic energy of, 238
— definition of earthquake of, 43
— on earthquake frequency, 243
— on the influence of the heavenly bodies on earthquakes, 253
— on maximum depth of origin, 218
— on pendulum seismometers, 20
— projection seismometer of, 17
— on the Neapolitan earthquake, 69, 77, 83, 97, 103, 132, 142, 218, 280
— on sea waves, 170
— on the swing of mountains, 135
— on propagation from a fissure, 217
Mallet on the temperature of focal cavity, 84
Malvasia, M. le Conte, on earth tremors, 316
Martin, D. S., on the New England earthquake of 1874, 142
Meizoseismic area, definition of, 10
Melzi, on curves of microseismic motion, 322
Meteors, on earthquakes and, 260
Microseismic movements, on cause of, 324
Milne, D., on the Lisbon earthquake, 87
— on earthquake synchronism, 247
Mitchell, on earthquake motion, 42
Moon, effect of, on earthquakes, 251, 285
Mountains, on the swing of, 135
Naumann, E., on meteors and earthquakes, 261
— on sun spots and earthquakes, 263
Ocean, on disturbances in, 163–186
Origin, definition of, 9
— on the determination of, 187
— position of, deduced from direction of motion, 192
— — from destruction of buildings, 194
— — from rotation of bodies, 195
— — from time of occurrence, 199
— — examples of methods of calculating, 200–212
Oscillations, on earth, 344
Overturning moment, on the area of greatest, 53
Palmer, Col. H. S., on earth tremors, 307
Palmieri, on clock stopping, 36, 62
Paul, H. M., on earth tremors, 308
Perrey, A., on the influence of the moon on earthquakes, 251
Perrey on the periodicity of earthquakes, 8
Perry, J., on position of openings in walls, 111
Physicists, on the interest of earthquakes to, 2
Planets, influence of, on earthquakes, 260
Plantamour, M., on earth pulsations, 328
Pleistoseists, definition of, 10
Poly, M. A., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
— on earthquakes and revolving storms, 294
Prost, M. le Baron, on earth tremors, 316
Pulsation, on earth, 4, 326–343
Records, on receivers of, 33
Rivers, on disturbances in, 154
Rockwood, Prof., on American earthquakes, 6
Ronaldson, T., on San Francisco houses, 129
Rossi, M. S. di, on an eruption of gas in the Tiber, 153
— aurora and earthquakes, 264
— earth tremors, 317, 320
— earth oscillations, 346
— earth pulsations, 327
— microseismograph of, 318
— microphonic observations of, 319, 323
— normal tromometer of, 317
Schmidt, on the influence of barometric pressure on earthquakes, 267
Sea waves, on nature of, 165
— on cause of, 171
— seldom produced by earthquakes which originate inland, 175
— on velocity of propagation of, 177
— examples of, 179
Seasons, frequency of earthquakes at different, 254
Seebach, on the determination of origins, 211
— on the focal cavity, 224
Seismic vertical, definition of, 9
Seismic and volcanic phenomena, relation of, 270
— — conclusions regarding, 275, 295
Seismology, definition of, 9
Seismometers, on various forms of, 17–40
Seismoscopes, on various forms of, 13–20
Serpieri, P. A., on distribution of seismic movement, 231
Shadows, on earthquake, 137
Spring, on frequency of earthquakes during, 156
Stukeley, on earthquake motion, 42
— earthquakes and aurora, 265
Succussatore, definition of, 10
Sun, on the effect of, on earthquakes, 253, 285
Temperature, effect of changes of, on earthquakes, 268, 294
Terremoto, definition of, 10
Thomson, Sir W., on the rigidity of the earth, 285
Time, on recording apparatus for, 35
Travagini, F., on earthquake motion, 42
Trembelores, definition of, 10
Tremors, on earth, 3, 306–325
Understanding, effects of earthquakes on, 2
Verbeck, on the ball and plate seismometer of, 31
Vibration, on the nature of earthquake, 12
Vorticose motion, on, 70
— definition of, 10
Wagener, on the pendulum seismometer of, 25
— vertical motion seismometer of, 33
— list of earthquakes, 76
Wave paths, definition of, 9
Waves, on the nature of earthquake, 55
— on the interference of, 138
Wells, on the effect of earthquakes on, 156
Wenthrop, on the New Zealand earthquake of 1855, 79
West, on the parallel motion seismometer of, 28
Winslow, on pulsations of the ocean, 334
Wolf, R., on earthquakes and sun spots, 263
Woodward, on earthquake motion, 42
Young, Dr. T., on earthquake motion, 43
Zantedeschi, M. F., on the influence of the sun and moon on earthquakes, 285
Zöllner, on the bracket seismometer of, 27
— on earth tremors, 309
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| FOOTNOTES: |
| |
| [1] _Mémoires de l’Académie Imp. de Dijon_, vols. xiv. and xv., |
| 2nd Series, 1855–56. |
| |
| [2] _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 65. |
| |
| [3] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1753. |
| |
| [4] 1 Kings xix. 11, 12. |
| |
| [5] ‘Notes on the Great Earthquake of Japan.’ J. Milne, _Trans. |
| Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. |
| |
| [6] See Mallet’s List of Works on Earthquakes, _Report of the |
| British Association_, 1858, p. 107. |
| |
| [7] _Quarterly Review_, vol. lxiii. p. 61. |
| |
| [8] _De Mundo_, c. iv. |
| |
| [9] See _Phil. Trans. R. S._, Part III. 1882. |
| |
| [10] _Report of the British Association_, 1851. |
| |
| [11] ‘On the Velocity of Transmission of Earth Waves,’ by General |
| H. L, Abbot, _American, Journal of Science and Arts_, vol. xv. |
| March 1878; ‘Shock of the Explosion at Hallet’s Point,’ by |
| Bvt. Brig.-Gen. Henry L. Abbot, read before the Essayons Club |
| of the Corps of Engineers, Nov. 1876. |
| |
| [12] _West. Rev._, July 1849. |
| |
| [13] _Phil. Trans._, L., 1755. |
| |
| [14] The solution is taken from Mallet’s _Account of the |
| Neapolitan Earthquake_, vol. i. p. 155. |
| |
| [15] _Neapolitan Earthquake_, ii. p. 300. |
| |
| [16] See _Edinburgh Phil. Trans._, vol. xxxi. |
| |
| [17] See _Report of British Association_, 1858, p. 10. |
| |
| [18] _Meteorologia Endogena_, i. p. 306. |
| |
| [19] See remarks on the Earthquake ‘Push,’ p. 162. |
| |
| [20] See _Researches in Geology and Natural History_, p. 374. |
| |
| [21] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, _Atlantic Monthly_, |
| March, 1883. |
| |
| [22] Mallet, _Dynamics of Earthquakes_. |
| |
| [23] Stud Mill at Haywards. |
| |
| [24] See ‘Constructive Art in Japan,’ by R. H. Brunton, C.E., |
| F.R.G.S., F.G.S., _Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan_, |
| December 22, 1873, and January 13, 1875. |
| |
| [25] _Journal of the American Geographical Society_, vol. x. |
| |
| [26] _Phil. Trans._, li. 1760. |
| |
| [27] _Ibid._, xviii. |
| |
| [28] ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ H. D. Warner, _Atlantic Monthly_, |
| March 1883. |
| |
| [29] T. Ronaldson, _A Treatise on Earthquake Dangers &c._ |
| |
| [30] _Principles of Geology_, Lyell, vol. ii. p. 106. |
| |
| [31] _The Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857_, R. Mallet, vol. ii. p. |
| 359. |
| |
| [32] _Am. J. Sci._ x. 191. |
| |
| [33] _Reports of British Association_, 1858, p. 106. |
| |
| [34] See chapter ‘Causes of Earthquakes’ for details of this myth. |
| |
| [35] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. x. p. 191. |
| |
| [36] _The Earth_, p. 599. |
| |
| [37] Lyell, _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. chap. xxix. |
| |
| [38] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xx. p. 212. |
| |
| [39] _Trans. Seis. Soc._ vol. v. p. 67–68. |
| |
| [40] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. iv. |
| |
| [41] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xviii. |
| |
| [42] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ _Proc. Geolog. Soc._ |
| 1872. |
| |
| [43] _Phil. Trans._ vols. li. and xviii.; _Gent. Mag._ vol. xx. |
| 212. |
| |
| [44] _Trans. Royal Geog. Soc._ vol. vi. |
| |
| [45] _Phil. Trans._ vols. xxxvi. and xxxix. |
| |
| [46] _Am. Jour. of Sci._ 1865, vol. xl. p. 365. |
| |
| [47] _Proc. Geolog. Soc. Ap._ 1875, p. 270. |
| |
| [48] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxi. p. 569. |
| |
| [49] _Jahrb. f. Min._ 1840, p. 173. |
| |
| [50] Oldham and Mallet, ‘Cachar Earthquake,’ _Trans. Geolog. Soc. |
| Ap._ 1872. |
| |
| [51] O. Volger, _Unters üb. d. Phän. d. Erdb._ vol. iii. p. 414. |
| |
| [52] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. p. 166. |
| |
| [53] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxvi. p. 91. |
| |
| [54] _Compte Rendu_, 1873, p. 66. |
| |
| [55] _An Historical Account of Earthquakes_, p. 46. |
| |
| [56] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 436. |
| |
| [57] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xlv. p. 129. |
| |
| [58] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 547. |
| |
| [59] _Ibid._ vols. xlii. and xxxix. |
| |
| [60] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix, part i. |
| |
| [61] _Compte Rendu_, 1873, part ii. p. 66. |
| |
| [62] _Die Vulcan. Ers. d. Erde_, C. W. C. Fuchs. |
| |
| [63] _Comte Rendu_, 1875, p. 693. |
| |
| [64] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xix. p. 190. |
| |
| [65] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 115. |
| |
| [66] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxi. 1751. |
| |
| [67] _Jour. Royal Geo. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 319. |
| |
| [68] Darwin, _Geolog. Observations_, p. 232. |
| |
| [69] _Ibid._ p. 245. |
| |
| [70] Lyell, _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. pp. 107–8. |
| |
| [71] _Gent. Mag._ 1733, vol. iii. p. 217. |
| |
| [72] ‘Earthquakes of Cutch,’ _Jour. Royal Geo. Soc._ vol. xl. |
| |
| [73] M. Daussy, ‘Sur l’existence probable d’un volcan sousmarin |
| situé ar environ 0° 20′ de lat. S., et 22° 0′ de long, ouest,’ |
| _Comptes Rendus_, vol. vi. p. 512. |
| |
| [74] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xlv. p. 133. |
| |
| [75] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xiv. p. 209. |
| |
| [76] D. C. F. Winslow, ‘Tides at Tahiti,’ _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1865, |
| p. 45; also Mallet’s _Catalogue of Earthquakes_. |
| |
| [77] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. i. p. 469. |
| |
| [78] Darwin, _Researches in Geology, &c._, p. 378. |
| |
| [79] Kluge, _Jahrb. f. Min._ 1861, p. 977. |
| |
| [80] Darwin, _Voyage of a Naturalist_, p. 309. |
| |
| [81] Prof. A. D. Bache, _United States Coast Survey Report_, |
| 1855, p. 342. |
| |
| [82] _United States Coast Surrey Report_, or _Am. Jour. Sci._ vi. |
| p. 77. |
| |
| [83] _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, 1877, Heft xii. S. 454, |
| and _Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop. Carol. Deutschen Acad. d |
| Naturforscher_, Band xl. No. 9. |
| |
| [84] J. Milne: ‘Peruvian Earthquake of May 9, 1877.’ See _Trans. |
| Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. ii. |
| |
| [85] _Report of British Association_, 1847, p. 84. |
| |
| [86] _Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath, &c._, p. 134. |
| |
| [87] _Phil. Trans._ vol. li. |
| |
| [88] See _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1872. |
| |
| [89] David Milne says that ‘out of 110 shocks recorded in |
| England, thirty-one originated in Wales, thirty-one along the |
| south coast of England, fourteen on the borders of Yorkshire |
| and Derbyshire, and five or six in Cumberland.’ |
| |
| [90] E. Suess, _Die Erdbeben Niederösterreiches_. |
| |
| [91] H. Hoeffer, _Die Erdbeben Kärntens_. |
| |
| [92] _Six Lectures on Physical Geography_, by Rev. S. Haughton, |
| F.R.S., chap. i. |
| |
| [93] Ramsay, ‘Geological History of Mountain Chains,’ _Mining |
| Journal_. |
| |
| [94] A notable example of a rapid diminution in the number of |
| earthquakes felt at a place is that of Comrie in Scotland. In |
| 1839–40, no less than sixty shocks were felt in eleven months. |
| In 1842–43, about thirty shocks were felt, and in the |
| following year thirty-seven. Since this time the number of |
| shocks has decreased until they are almost of as rare |
| occurrence at Comrie as in other portions of the British |
| Isles. |
| |
| [95] _Phil. Trans._ vol. i. 1836. |
| |
| [96] _Am. Jour. of Sci._ vol. xxxvii. p. 1. |
| |
| [97] Milne, ‘British Earthquakes,’ _Edin. Phil. Jour._ vol. xxxi. |
| |
| [98] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. pt. i. |
| |
| [99] _Compte Rendus_, 1875, p. 690. |
| |
| [100] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xi. p. 233. |
| |
| [101] _Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan_, vol. vi. |
| pt. i. p. 353. |
| |
| [102] Kluge, _Ueber die Ursachen_, &c., p. 74. |
| |
| [103] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. xix. p. 162. |
| |
| [104] _Mitt. d. Deutsch._ Ges., Aug. 1878. |
| |
| [105] _Report to British Association_, 1850, p. 74. |
| |
| [106] Fuchs, _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde_, p. 424. |
| |
| [107] _Bern. Naturf. Gesellschaft_, 1852. |
| |
| [108] _Comptes Rendus_, 1874, Jan. to June, p. 51. |
| |
| [109] Boué, _Parallele der Erdbeben, Nordlichter und |
| Erdmagnetismus, in Sitz. der K. A. d. Wissensch_. 1856, vol. |
| iv. p. 395. |
| |
| [110] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. p. 107, &c. |
| |
| [111] _Phil. Trans._ vol. lxviii. p. 221. |
| |
| [112] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxvii. p. 508. |
| |
| [113] _Die Vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Erde_, p. 419. |
| |
| [114] Petermann’s _Geogr. Mitth._ 1858, sec. 246. |
| |
| [115] _Notes on volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands_, W. T. |
| Brigham, Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1868. |
| |
| [116] _Gent. Mag._ vol. xxiii., 1753. |
| |
| [117] _Jour. Royal Geog. Soc._ vol. vi. |
| |
| [118] _Ibid._ vol. vi. |
| |
| [119] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlii. |
| |
| [120] _Am. Jour. Sci._ vol. x. p. 191. |
| |
| [121] ‘Earthquakes of San Salvador, December 21–30, 1879.’ _Am. |
| Jour. Sci._ vol. xix. p. 415. |
| |
| [122] _Gent. Mag._ 1757, p. 323. |
| |
| [123] _Phil. Trans._ vol. li., 1760. |
| |
| [124] Mallet, _Report to Brit. Ass._, 1858, p. 67. |
| |
| [125] Von Lasaulx, _Earthquakes of Herzogenrath_. |
| |
| [126] Lyell, _Principles_, vol. ii. p. 51. |
| |
| [127] Lyell, _Principles_, vol. i. p. 402. |
| |
| [128] Fuchs, p. 464. |
| |
| [129] _Comptes Rendus_, August 1854. |
| |
| [130] _Nature_, April 26, 1883. |
| |
| [131] _Phil. Soc._, Wellington, New Zealand, 1875. |
| |
| [132] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xlii. |
| |
| [133] M. S. di Rossi, _Earthquakes of Casamicciola_. |
| |
| [134] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xviii. 1683–5. |
| |
| [135] _Ibid._ vol. xlix. |
| |
| [136] H. D. Warner, ‘The City of Earthquakes,’ _Atlantic |
| Monthly_, March 1833. |
| |
| [137] Palmer, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 148. |
| |
| [138] Palmer, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iii. p. 148. |
| |
| [139] Paul, _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. ii. p. 41. |
| |
| [140] G. H. and H. Darwin, _Reports of British Association_, 1881. |
| |
| [141] _Reports of British Association_, 1881. |
| |
| [142] _Comptes Rendus_, 1875, January to June, p. 685. |
| |
| [143] _Tel. Jour._, November 15, 1881. |
| |
| [144] _Minutes and proceedings of the Institute of Civil |
| Engineers_, vol. lx. p. 412, and vol. lxiv. p. 343. |
| |
| [145] _See_ ‘Earth Tremors,’ p. 309, experiments of M. d’Abbadie, |
| &c. |
| |
| [146] _Meteorologia Endogena._ |
| |
| [147] _Ibid._ |
| |
| [148] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xlix. p. 544. |
| |
| [149] _Annual Register_, vol. iv. 1761, p. 92. |
| |
| [150] _Phil. Mag._, May 1876, p. 447. |
| |
| [151] _Boston Soc. Nat. Hist._, 1868. |
| |
| [152] ‘Notes on Tides at Tahiti,’ &c., _Am. Jour. Sci._ 1866, |
| vol. xlii. p. 45. |
| |
| [153] _Trans. Seis. Soc. of Japan_, vol. iv. Milne, _Systematic |
| Observation of Earthquakes_. |
| |
| [154] _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii. 177. |
| |
| [155] _Gent. Mag._, vol. xxvii. p. 448. |
| |
| [156] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xli. p. 805. |
| |
| [157] _Meteorologia Endogena_, vol. i. pp. 186, 187. |
| |
| [158] Darwin, _Geological Observations_, p. 275 _et seq._ |
| |
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VOLCANOES:
_WHAT THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY TEACH_.
=By J. W. JUDD=,
Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines (London).
• • • • •
With Ninety-six Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
• • • • •
“The volume before us is one of the pleasantest science manuals we have
read for some time.”—_Athenæum._
“Mr. Judd’s summary is so full and so concise, that it is almost
impossible to give a fair idea in a short review.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._
“Professor Judd discusses the nature of volcanic action, the internal
structure of volcanic mountains, the distribution of volcanoes upon
the surface of the globe, their activity in different periods of the
earth’s existence, the use of volcanoes in the economy of nature, the
various theories that have been made to explain volcanic action. He has
abbreviated in this volume a vast amount of information, which has a
fascinating interest for many minds by reason of its relation to the
past history and future destiny of this little bubble of earth upon
which we sail through the infinite spaces of ether.”—_New York Home
Journal._
“The book gives an exhaustive statement of the phenomena of volcanoes,
and of the facts in the formation of mountain-chains, and relates a
mass of interesting observations and facts, the results of patient and
extensive personal investigation and study, mostly in different places
in Southern Europe, but not neglecting the world’s larger volcanoes in
other regions.”—_Hartford Times._
“A fascinating example of patient observation, sound judgment, and
acute reasoning. Under Professor Judd’s skillful treatment the volcano
is forced not only to tell its own history, but also to solve a number
of earth problems seemingly disconnected with it; and the story is
told in strong, nervous language, and with an earnestness and subdued
enthusiasm that are delightfully stimulating.”—_Boston Gazette._
“Professor Judd first points out the errors in the old definition of
a volcano. The volcanic hole is very often not on the summit, but
on the side, sometimes at the base of the mountain or hill, and it
sends forth steam rather than smoke, and the supposed raging flames
are nothing more than the glowing light of a mass of molten material
reflected from those vapor-clouds. So our old ignorance vanishes, and
in this admirable work the internal structure of volcanic mountains,
the nature and products of volcanic action, and the distribution of the
materials rejected from volcanic vents, the succession of operations
taking place at volcanic centers, are all very ably and clearly
discussed.”—_Philadelphia Times._
“A succinct and excellent treatise on a very interesting
subject.”—_Philadelphia North American._
• • • • •
_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of
price._
• • • • •
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS.
=By J. B. STALLO=.
• • • • •
12mo, cloth $1.75.
• • • • •
“Judge Stallo’s work is an inquiry into the validity of those
mechanical conceptions of the universe which are now held as
fundamental in physical science. He takes up the leading modern
doctrines which are based upon this mechanical conception, such as
the atomic constitution of matter, the kinetic theory of gases, the
conservation of energy, the nebular hypothesis, and other views, to
find how much stands upon solid empirical ground, and how much rests
upon metaphysical speculation. Since the appearance of Dr. Draper’s
‘Religion and Science,’ no book has been published in the country
calculated to make so deep an impression on thoughtful and educated
readers as this volume.... The range and minuteness of the author’s
learning, the acuteness of his reasoning, and the singular precision
and clearness of his style, are qualities which very seldom have been
jointly exhibited in a scientific treatise.”—_New York Sun._
“Judge J. B. Stallo, of Cincinnati, is a German by birth, and came to
this country at about the age of seventeen. He was early familiar with
science, and he lectured for some years in an Eastern college; but
at length he adopted the profession of law. He is also remembered by
many as an author, having a number of years ago written a metaphysical
treatise of marked ability for one of his youthful years. His present
book must be read deliberately, must be studied to be appreciated; but
the students of science, as well as those of metaphysics, are certain
to be deeply interested in its logical developments. It is a timely and
telling contribution to the philosophy of science, imperatively called
for by the present exigencies in the progress of knowledge. It is to be
commended equally for the solid value of its contents and the scholarly
finish of its execution.”—_The Popular Science Monthly._
“The book is of vital interest to a much larger class than
specialists—to all, in fact, who value clear thinking or are interested
in the accuracy more than the progress of scientific thought. It deals
with the results and theories of physical science, and in no sense
with the processes of the laboratory. It is written with a clearness
that is uncommon in philosophic works and with a desire to find truth,
conscious of the fact that a prime prerequisite of finding it is to
clear the way of accumulated and fast-settling untruths. It is a
scientific rebuke, as severe as it is lucid, of the scientists who
leave their apparatus and go star-gazing: here is the pit into which
they have fallen.”—_New York World._
“The volume is an important contribution to scientific discussion,
and is marked by closeness of reasoning, and clearness and cogency of
statement.”—_Boston Journal._
• • • • •
_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of
price._
• • • • •
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond St.
• • • • •
Transcriber’s Notes:
- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- Text enclosed by equals is in bold (=bold=).
- Blank pages have been removed.
- Silently corrected typographical errors.
- Spelling and hyphenation variations made consistent.
- Front publication list moved to the back.
- Tables pages 77, 89: removed unneeded right braces.
- Tables pages 240, 257: changed to use cell borders instead of right braces.
- Table page 259: Northern Hemisphere average 15·0 corrected to 150.