PART II.

Produced by Henry Flower, Adrian Mastronardi, Ramon Pajares

Box and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images

generously made available by The Internet Archive/American

Libraries.)

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

* Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_.

* Small caps are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.

* Letter spaced Greek text is enclosed in tildes as in ~καὶ τὰ

λοιπά~.

* Footnotes have been renumbered. Each footnote is placed at the

end of the paragraph that includes its anchor.

* Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected, after

comparison with a later edition of this work. Greek text has

also been corrected after checking with this later edition and

with Perseus, when the reference was found.

* Original spelling, hyphenation and punctuation have been kept,

but variant spellings were made consistent when a predominant

usage was found.

* Nevetherless, no attempt has been made at normalizing proper

names (i.e. Rhegium and Rhêgium, Hêrakleia and Herakleia, Abydos

and Abydus, Arsacês and Arsakês, Krêtê and Krête and Krete,

Nabopolasar and Nabopolassar, Nanus and Nannus, Ninos and Ninus,

Perieget. and Periegêt. and Periêgêt., etc.). The author established

at the beginning of the first volume of this work some rules of

transcription for proper names, but neither he nor his publisher

follow them consistently.

* In p. 63, the word “different” has been inserted (“the members of

the same gens might belong to different demes”), after consulting

later editions.

* In p. 279, n. 534: the reference to c. xii, p. 227 has been changed

to “c. xii, p. 171” to preserve the meaning of the note.

HISTORY OF GREECE.

BY

GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.

VOL. III.

REPRINTED FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.

NEW YORK:

HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS

329 AND 331 PEARL STREET

CONTENTS.

VOL. III.

PART II.

CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.

CHAPTER IX.

CORINTH, SIKYON, AND MEGARA. — AGE OF THE GRECIAN DESPOTS.

Early commerce and enterprise of the Corinthians. — Oligarchy of

the Bacchiadæ. — Early condition of Megara. — Early condition of

Sikyôn. — Rise of the despots. — Earliest changes of government

in Greece. — Peculiarity of Sparta. — Discontinuance of kingship

in Greece generally. — Comparison with the Middle Ages of

Europe. — Anti-monarchical sentiment of Greece — Mr. Mitford. —

Causes which led to the growth of that sentiment. — Change to

oligarchical government. — Such change indicates an advance in

the Greek mind. — Dissatisfaction with the oligarchies — modes

by which the despots acquired power. — Examples. — Tendency

towards a better organized citizenship. — Character and working

of the despots. — The demagogue-despot of the earlier times

compared with the demagogue of later times. — Contrast between

the despot and the early heroic king. — Position of the despot. —

Good government impossible to him. — Conflict between oligarchy

and despotism preceded that between oligarchy and democracy. —

Early oligarchies included a multiplicity of different sections

and associations. — Government of the Geomori — a close order of

present or past proprietors. — Classes of the people. — Military

force of the early oligarchies consisted of cavalry. — Rise of

the heavy-armed infantry and of the free military marine — both

unfavorable to oligarchy. — Dorian states — Dorian and non-Dorian

inhabitants. — Dynasty of despots at Sikyôn — the Orthagoridæ. —

Violent proceedings of Kleisthenês. — Classes of the Sikyonian

population. — Fall of the Orthagoridæ — state of Sikyôn after

it. — The Sikyonian despots not put down by Sparta. — Despots at

Corinth — Kypselus. — Periander. — Great power of Corinth under

Periander. — Fall of the Kypselid dynasty. — Megara — Theagenês

the despot. — Disturbed government at Megara — The poet Theognis.

— Analogy of Corinth, Sikyôn, and Megara. _pages_ 1-47

CHAPTER X.

IONIC PORTION OF HELLAS. — ATHENS BEFORE SOLON.

History of Athens before Drako — only a list of names. — No king

after Kodrus. — Life archons. — Decennial archons. — Annual

archons, nine in number. — Archonship of Kreôn. B. C. 683 —

commencement of Attic chronology. — Obscurity of the civil

condition of Attica before Solon. — Alleged duodecimal division

of Attica in early times. — Four Ionic tribes — Geleontes,

Hoplêtes, Ægikoreis, Argadeis. — These names are not names of

castes or professions. — Component portions of the four tribes.

— The Trittys and the Naukrary. — The Phratry and the Gens. —

What constituted the gens or gentile communion. — Artificial

enlargement of the primitive family association. Ideas of

worship and ancestry coalesce. — Belief in a common divine

ancestor. — This ancestry fabulous, yet still accredited. —

Analogies from other nations. — Roman and Grecian gentes. —

Rights and obligations of the gentile and phratric brethren. —

The gens and phratry after the revolution of Kleisthenês became

extra-political. — Many distinct political communities originally

in Athens. — Theseus. — Long continuance of the cantonal feeling.

— What demes were originally independent of Athens. — Eleusis.

— Eupatridæ, Geômori, and Demiurgi. — Eupatridæ originally held

all political power. — Senate of Areopagus. — The nine archons

— their functions. — Drako and his laws. — Different tribunals

for homicide at Athens. — Regulations of Drako about the Ephetæ.

— Local superstitions at Athens about trial of homicide. —

Attempted usurpation by Kylôn. — His failure, and massacre of his

partisans by order of the Alkmæônids. — Trial and condemnation of

the Alkmæônids. — Pestilence and suffering at Athens. — Mystic

sects and brotherhoods in the sixth century B. C. — Epimenidês of

Krete. — Epimenidês visits and purifies Athens. — His life and

character. — Contrast of his age with that of Plato. 48-88

CHAPTER XI.

SOLONIAN LAWS AND CONSTITUTION.

Life, character, and poems of Solon. — War between Athens and

Megara about Salamis. — Acquisition of Salamis by Athens. —

Settlement of the dispute by Spartan arbitration in favor of

Athens. — State of Athens immediately before the legislation of

Solon. — Internal dissension — misery of the poorer population. —

Slavery of the debtors — law of debtor and creditor. — Injustice

and rapacity of the rich. — General mutiny, and necessity for

a large reform. — Solon made archon, and invested with full

powers of legislation. — He refuses to make himself despot.

— His seisachtheia, or relief-law for the poorer debtors. —

Debasing of the money standard. — General popularity of the

measure after partial dissatisfaction. — Different statements

afterwards as to the nature and extent of the seisachtheia. —

Necessity of the measure — mischievous contracts to which the

previous law had given rise. — Solon’s law finally settled the

question — no subsequent complaint as to private debts — respect

for contracts unbroken under the democracy. — Distinction made

in an early society between the principal and the interest of

a loan — interest disapproved of _in toto_. — This opinion was

retained by the philosophers after it had ceased to prevail in

the community generally. — Solonian seisachtheia never imitated

at Athens — money-standard honestly maintained afterwards. —

Solon is empowered to modify the political constitution. — His

census — four scales of property. — Graduated liability to

income-tax, of the three richest classes, one compared with

the other. — Admeasurement of political rights and franchises

according to this scale — a Timocracy. — Fourth or poorest class

— exercised powers only in assembly — chose magistrates and held

them to accountability. — Pro-bouleutic or pre-considering Senate

of Four Hundred. — Senate of Areopagus — its powers enlarged.

— Confusion frequently seen between Solonian and post-Solonian

institutions. — Loose language of the Athenian orators on this

point. — Solon never contemplated the future change or revision

of his own laws. — Solon laid the foundation of the Athenian

democracy, but his institutions are not democratical. — The real

Athenian democracy begins with Kleisthenês. — Athenian government

after Solon still oligarchical, but mitigated. — The archons

still continue to be judges until after the time of Kleisthenês.

— After-changes in the Athenian constitution overlooked by the

orators, but understood by Aristotle, and strongly felt at Athens

during the time of Periklês. — Gentes and Phratries under the

Solonian constitution — status of persons not included in them. —

Laws of Solon. — The Drakonian laws about homicide retained; the

rest abrogated. — Multifarious character of the laws of Solon: no

appearance of classification. — He prohibits the export of landed

produce from Attica, except oil. — The prohibition of little or

no effect. — Encouragement to artisans and industry. — Power of

testamentary bequest — first sanctioned by Solon. — Laws relating

to women. — Regulations about funerals. — About evil-speaking and

abusive language. — Rewards to the victors at the sacred games.

— Theft. — Censure pronounced by Solon upon citizens neutral in

a sedition. — Necessity, under the Grecian city-governments, of

some positive sentiment on the part of the citizens. — Contrast

in this respect between the age of Solon and the subsequent

democracy. — The same idea followed out in the subsequent

Ostracism. — Sentiment of Solon towards the Homeric poems and the

drama. — Difficulties of Solon after the enactment of the laws.

— He retires from Attica. — Visits Egypt and Cyprus. — Alleged

interview and conversation of Solon with Crœsus at Sardis. —

Moral lesson arising out of the narrative. — State of Attica

after the Solonian legislation. — Return of Solon to Athens. —

Rise of Peisistratus. — His memorable stratagem to procure a

guard from the people. — Peisistratus seizes the Akropolis and

becomes despot — courageous resistance of Solon. — Death of Solon

— his character. — Appendix, on the procedure of the Roman law

respecting principal and interest in a loan of money. 88-162

CHAPTER XII.

EUBŒA. — CYCLADES.

The islands called Cyclades. — Eubœa. — Its six or seven towns —

Chalkis, Eretria, etc. — How peopled. — Early power of Chalkis,

Eretria, Naxos etc. — Early Ionic festival at Dêlos; crowded

and wealthy. — Its decline about 560 B. C. — causes thereof.

— Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo — evidence as to early

Ionic life. — War between Chalkis and Eretria in early times —

extensive alliances of each. — Commerce and colonies of Chalkis

and Eretria — Euboic scale of money and weight. — Three different

Grecian scales — Æginæan, Euboic, and Attic — their ratio to each

other. 163-172

CHAPTER XIII.

ASIATIC IONIANS.

Twelve Ionic cities in Asia. — Legendary event called the Ionic

migration. — Emigrants to these cities — diverse Greeks. —

Great differences of dialect among the twelve cities. — Ionic

cities really founded by different migrations. — Consequences

of the mixture of inhabitants in these colonies — more activity

— more instability. — Mobility ascribed to the Ionic race as

compared with the Doric — arises from this cause. — Ionic

cities in Asia — mixed with indigenous inhabitants. — Worship

of Apollo and Artemis — existed on the Asiatic coast prior to

the Greek emigrants — adopted by them. — Pan-Ionic festival and

Amphiktyony on the promontory of Mykalê. — Situation of Milêtus

— of the other Ionic cities. — Territories interspersed with

Asiatic villages. — Magnêsia on the Mæander — Magnêsia on Mount

Sipylus. — Ephesus — Androklus the Œkist — first settlement

and distribution. — Increase and acquisitions of Ephesus. —

Kolophôn, its origin and history. — Temple of Apollo at Klarus,

near Kolophôn — its legends. — Lebedus, Teôs, Klazomenæ, etc. —

Internal distribution of the inhabitants of Teôs. — Erythræ and

Chios. — Klazomenæ — Phôkæa. — Smyrna. 172-189

CHAPTER XIV.

ÆOLIC GREEKS IN ASIA.

Twelve cities of Æolic Greeks. — Their situation — eleven near

together on the Elæitic gulf. — Legendary Æolic migration. —

Kymê — the earliest as well as the most powerful of the twelve.

— Magnêsia ad Sipylum. — Lesbos. — Early inhabitants of Lesbos

before the Æolians. — Æolic establishments in the region of

Mount Ida. — Continental settlements of Lesbos and Tenedos. —

Ante-Hellenic inhabitants in the region of Mount Ida — Mysians

and Teukrians. — Teukrians of Gergis. — Mitylênê — its political

dissensions — its poets. — Power and merit of Pittakus. — Alkæus

the poet — his flight from battle. — Bitter opposition of

Pittakus and Alkæus in internal politics. — Pittakus is created

Æsymnete, or Dictator of Mitylênê. 190-201

CHAPTER XV.

ASIATIC DORIANS.

Asiatic Dorians — their Hexapolis. — Other Dorians, not included

in the Hexapolis. — Exclusion of Halikarnassus from the

Hexapolis. 201-203

CHAPTER XVI.

NATIVES OF ASIA MINOR WITH WHOM THE GREEKS BECAME CONNECTED.

Indigenous nations of Asia Minor — Homeric geography. — Features

of the country. — Names and situations of the different people.

— Not originally aggregated into large kingdoms or cities.

— River Halys — the ethnographical boundary — Syro-Arabians

eastward of that river. — Thracian race — in the north of Asia

Minor. — Ethnical affinities and migrations. — Partial identity

of legends. — Phrygians. — Their influence upon the early Greek

colonists. — Greek musical scale — partly borrowed from the

Phrygians. — Phrygian music and worship among the Greeks in

Asia Minor. — Character of Phrygians, Lydians, and Mysians. —

Primitive Phrygian king or hero Gordius — Midas. 203-218

CHAPTER XVII.

LYDIANS. — MEDES. — CIMMERIANS. — SCYTHIANS.

Lydians — their music and instruments. — They and their capital

Sardis unknown to Homer. — Early Lydian kings. — Kandaulês

and Gygês. — The Mermnad dynasty succeeds to the Herakleid. —

Legend of Gygês in Plato. — Feminine influence running through

the legends of Asia Minor. — Distribution of Lydia into two

parts — Lydia and Torrhêbia. — Proceedings of Gygês. — His son

and successor Ardys. — Assyrians and Medes. — First Median

king — Dêïokês. — His history composed of Grecian materials,

not Oriental. — Phraortês — Kyaxarês. — Siege of Nineveh —

invasion of the Scythians and Cimmerians. — The Cimmerians. —

The Scythians. — Grecian settlements on the coast of the Euxine.

— Scythia as described by Herodotus. — Tribes of Scythians. —

Manners and worship. — Scythians formidable from numbers and

courage. — Sarmatians. — Tribes east and north of the Palus

Mæotis. — Tauri in the Crimea — Massagetæ. — Invasion of Asia

by Scythians and Cimmerians. — Cimmerians driven out of their

country by the Scythians. — Difficulties in the narrative of

Herodotus. — Cimmerians in Asia Minor. — Scythians in Upper

Asia. — Expulsion of these Nomads, after a temporary occupation.

— Lydian kings Sadyattês and Alyattês — war against Milêtus. —

Sacrilege committed by Alyattês — oracle — he makes peace with

Milêtus. — Long reign — death — and sepulchre, of Alyattês. —

Crœsus. — He attacks and conquers the Asiatic Greeks. — Want of

coöperation among the Ionic cities. — Unavailing suggestion of

Thalês — to merge the twelve Ionic cities into one Pan-Ionic city

at Teôs. — Capture of Ephesus. — Crœsus becomes king of all Asia

westward of the Halys. — New and important era for the Hellenic

world — commencing with the conquests of Crœsus. — Action of the

Lydian empire continued on a still larger scale by the Persians.

219-263

CHAPTER XVIII.

PHENICIANS.

Phenicians and Assyrians — members of the Semitic family of the

human race. — Early presence of Phenician ships in the Grecian

seas — in the Homeric times. — Situation and cities of Phenicia.

— Phenician commerce flourished more in the earlier than in the

later times of Greece. — Phenician colonies — Utica, Carthage,

Gadês, etc. — Commerce of the Phenicians of Gadês — towards

Africa on one side and Britain on the other. — Productive region

round Gadês, called Tartêssus. — Phenicians and Carthaginians —

the establishments of the latter combined views of empire with

views of commerce. — Phenicians and Greeks in Sicily and Cyprus —

the latter partially supplant the former. — Iberia and Tartêssus

— unvisited by the Greeks before about 630 B. C. — Memorable

voyage of the Samian Kôlæus to Tartêssus. — Exploring voyages

of the Phôkæans, between 630-570 B. C. — Important addition

to Grecian geographical knowledge, and stimulus to Grecian

fancy, thus communicated. — Circumnavigation of Africa by the

Phenicians. — This circumnavigation was really accomplished —

doubts of critics, ancient and modern, examined. — Caravan-trade

by land carried on by the Phenicians. 264-289

CHAPTER XIX.

ASSYRIANS. — BABYLON.

Assyrians — their name rests chiefly on Nineveh and Babylon. —

Chaldæans at Babylon — order of priests. — Their astronomical

observations. — Babylonia — its laborious cultivation and

fertility. — City of Babylon — its dimensions and walls. —

Babylon — only known during the time of its degradation — yet

even then the first city in Western Asia. — Immense command of

human labor possessed by the Babylonian kings. — Collective

civilization in Asia, without individual freedom or development.

— Graduated contrast between Egyptians, Assyrians, Phenicians,

and Greeks. — Deserts and predatory tribes surrounding the

Babylonians. — Appendix, “Nineveh and its Remains,” by Mr.

Layard. 290-307

CHAPTER XX.

EGYPTIANS.

Phenicians — the link of commerce between Egypt and Assyria. —

Herodotus — earliest Grecian informant about Egypt. — The Nile

in the time of Herodotus. — Thebes and Upper Egypt — of more

importance in early times than Lower Egypt, but not so in the

days of Herodotus. — Egyptian castes or hereditary professions. —

Priests. — The military order. — Different statements about the

castes. — Large town population of Egypt. — Profound submission

of the people. — Destructive toil imposed by the great monuments.

— Worship of animals. — Egyptian kings — taken from different

parts of the country. — Relations of Egypt with Assyria.

— Egyptian history not known before Psammetichus. — First

introduction of Greeks into Egypt under Psammetichus — stories

connected with it. — Importance of Grecian mercenaries to the

Egyptian kings — caste of interpreters. — Opening of the Kanôpic

branch of the Nile to Greek commerce — Greek establishment at

Naukratis. — Discontents and mutiny of the Egyptian military

order. — Nekôs son of Psammetichus — his active operations. —

Defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemisch. — Psammis, the son

of Nekôs. — Apriês. — Amasis — dethrones Apriês by means of the

native soldiers. — He encourages Grecian commerce. — Important

factory and religious establishment for the Greeks at Naukratis.

— Prosperity of Egypt under Amasis. — Appendix, on the Egyptian

chronology given by Manetho, as explained by M. Boeckh. 308-342

CHAPTER XXI.

DECLINE OF THE PHENICIANS. — GROWTH OF CARTHAGE.

Decline of the Phenicians — growth of Grecian marine and

commerce. — Effect of Phenicians, Assyrians, and Egyptians on the

Greek mind. — The alphabet. — The scale of money and weight. —

The gnomon — and the division of the day. — Carthage. — Era of

Carthage. — Dominion of Carthage. — Dido. — First known collision

of Greeks and Carthaginians — Massalia. — Amicable relations

between Tyre and Carthage. 342-348

CHAPTER XXII.

WESTERN COLONIES OF GREECE — IN EPIRUS, ITALY, SICILY, AND GAUL.

Early unauthenticated emigration from Greece. — Ante-Hellenic

population of Sicily — Sikels — Sikans — Elymi — Phenicians. —

Œnotria — Italia. — Pelasgi in Italy. — Latins — Œnotrians —

Epirots — ethnically cognate. — Analogy of languages — Greek,

Latin, and Oscan. — Grecian colonization of ascertained date in

Sicily — commences in 735 B. C. — Cumæ in Campania — earlier

— date unknown. — Prosperity of Cumæ between 700-500 B. C. —

Decline of Cumæ from 500 B. C. — Revolution — despotism of

Aristodêmus. — Invasion of Cumæ by Tuscans and Samnites from the

interior. — Rapid multiplication of Grecian colonies in Sicily

and Italy, beginning with 735 B. C. — Foundation of Naxos in

Sicily by Theoklês. — Spot where the Greeks first landed in

Sicily — memorable afterwards. — Ante-Hellenic distribution

of Sicily. — Foundation of Syracuse. — Leontini and Katana. —

Megara in Sicily. — Gela. — Zanklê, afterwards Messênê (Messina).

— Sub-colonies — Akræ, Kasmenæ, Kamarina, etc. — Agrigentum,

Selinûs, Himera, etc. — Prosperity of the Sicilian Greeks. —

Mixed character of the population. — Peculiarity of the monetary

and statical system, among the Sicilian and Italian Greeks. —

Sikels and Sikans gradually Hellenized. — Difference between the

Greeks in Sicily and those in Greece proper. — Native population

in Sicily not numerous enough to become formidable to the Greek

settlers. — Sikel prince Duketius. — Grecian colonies in southern

Italy. — Native population and territory. — Sybaris and Krotôn.

— Territory and colonies of Sybaris and Krotôn. — Epizephyrian

Lokri. — Original settlers of Lokri — their character and

circumstances. — Treachery towards the indigenous Sikels. —

Mixture of Sikels in their territory — Sikel customs adopted. —

Lokrian lawgiver Zaleukus. — Rigor of his laws — government of

Lokri. — Rhêgium. — Chalkidic settlements in Italy and Sicily

— Rhêgium, Zanklê, Naxos, Katana, Leontini. — Kaulônia and

Skyllêtium. — Siris or Hêrakleia. — Metapontium. — Tarentum —

circumstances of its foundation. — The Partheniæ — Phalanthus

the œkist. — Situation and territory of Tarentum. — Iapygians. —

Messapians. — Prosperity of the Italian Greeks between 700-500

B. C. — Ascendency over the Œnotrian population. — Krotôn and

Sybaris — at their maximum from 560-510 B. C. — The Sybarites —

their luxury — their organization, industry, and power. — Grecian

world about 560 B. C. — Ionic and Italic Greeks are then the most

prominent among Greeks. — Consequences of the fall of Sybaris. —

Krotoniates — their salubrity, strength, success in the Olympic

games, etc. — Massalia. 349-402

CHAPTER XXIII.

GRECIAN COLONIES IN AND NEAR EPIRUS.

Korkyra. — Early foundation of Korkyra from Corinth. — Relations

of Korkyra with Corinth. — Relations with Epirus. — Ambrakia

founded by Corinth. — Joint settlements by Corinth and Korkyra.

— Leukas and Anaktorium. — Apollonia and Epidamnus. — Relations

between these colonies — Commerce. 402-410

CHAPTER XXIV.

AKARNANIANS. — EPIROTS.

Akarnanians. — Their social and political condition. — Epirots —

comprising different tribes, with little or no ethnical kindred.

— Some of these tribes ethnically connected with those of

southern Italy; — others, with the Macedonians — impossible to

mark the boundaries. — Territory distributed into villages — no

considerable cities. — Coast of Epirus discouraging to Grecian

colonization. — Some Epirotic tribes governed by kings, others

not. 411-419

HISTORY OF GREECE.

PART II.

CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.