CHAPTER XVI._The history of drink

RETROSPECT—CONCLUSION.

The hasty survey which has been made in the preceding chapters, of

the drinking habits of our race in various lands and ages, will, we

trust, have had the effect of modifying some of our theories, based

upon preconceived ideas, concerning the causes of intemperance. That

climate is not a permanent source of that evil has, we think, been

clearly proved. Nor is the popular theory tenable that barbarism and

an aboriginal condition of mankind mean purity and sobriety, but

that drunkenness is the invariable concomitant of a high state of

civilisation. For, at the time when man is supposed to have been in a

state of paradisiacal innocence, the standard of his morality was very

low indeed, both as it concerned his indulgence in drink, as well as

in other respects; and although purity and simplicity of faith appear

at all times to have been accompanied by similar moral qualities, yet

religion alone, excepting in one or two cases, has not exercised an

important controlling influence upon the passion for drink in the human

race. On the other hand, however, the superstitious rites and ceremonies

with which religion has been more or less encumbered in all ages have

countenanced if not patronised the use of intoxicating beverages.

It is quite true that every phase and form of civilisation has at one

time or other been debased by its association with intemperance, and has

frequently ministered to man’s self-indulgence. Music and the arts have

not disdained to become the handmaids of debauchery; poetry has been

degraded by its influence; the artifice of politics and the designs of

priestcraft have found it a convenient tool. And as to science, she has

consented in a hundred different ways to multiply man’s opportunities

for self-debasement or to furnish him with palliatives for mitigating

the evil effects of his dissoluteness. But, on the other hand, if we

can trust our imperfect knowledge, we see already that the wave of

intemperance has invariably reached its highest point, not when nations

have been the most highly civilised (if any nation can be said to have

attained that condition), but either before it was fairly educated, or

during the national decadence.

Nor is the expression “waves of intemperance” purely imaginative, for

they have had a real existence in the history of the past. One or

more such waves rose high in ancient China, and probably overwhelmed

dynasties, and yet modern China is not reckoned amongst inebriate states.

Another reared itself in India, where it broke against the barriers which

were opposed to it by Buddha and his disciples. The pure descendants of

the Indian and Persian races, the Hindoos and Parsees, who are the best

educated, are at the same time amongst the most temperate of the Eastern

races. In ancient Rome, on the other hand, the wave of intemperance

reached its greatest altitude when the arts were languishing, when

her military prestige was waning, and when the barbarians whom she had

subdued were becoming in their turn her conquerors. That wave was never

broken, but for the time being it helped to wreck the civilisation of a

large section of the human race over which it passed. Another smaller

wave travelled from Central Asia towards the south-west, and there

Islamism was the rock upon which it burst. This is, perhaps, the most

conspicuous instance in which religion, aided, however, by the sword, has

offered an effective resistance to the spread of drunkenness. The same

tide which had submerged the Roman empire rolled on with undiminished

force, and nearly overwhelmed the empire of Germany. But there, for

the first time, we clearly apprehend the fact that drunkenness does

not run side by side with true civilisation, at least if the latter is

represented by all that is noble and refined in æsthetic tastes, all that

is enlightened in literature, science, and philosophy. For the Germans

were the greatest drunkards at the time they were mere fighting men; not,

perhaps, when they faced the legions of Germanicus, and certainly not

when they stood opposed to those of Napoleon III.; but whilst they were

still a nation of uncultivated boors, submissive followers of a band of

robber-barons, whose highest conception of human greatness consisted in

feats of arms and deeds of chivalry. But with the extension of commerce

and intercourse with surrounding peoples came habits of temperance and

frugality, in which the nation was soon confirmed by the spread of

knowledge, by intellectual culture in the upper classes, and by the

education of the great mass of the people.

And so, too, it has been in modern Scandinavia, in England, and in the

United States of America. In each of those lands the tide of intemperance

rose to its highest before the masses began to be educated, and in all

three the ebb appears to have set in with greater or less rapidity. So

far, then, it would appear, from a careful study of the history of drink

and its influence upon the various races and upon the different classes

of society, that barbarism and religious credulity are accompanied by

immorality and unbridled intemperance, whilst sobriety, virtue, and

self-restraint are the concomitants of pure religion, and of the arts of

civilisation.

But we must not content ourselves with the negative proposition that

intemperance is not the necessary outcome of civilisation, nor even with

the general statement that the latter brings with it self-restraint and

sobriety. The most potent check upon immorality, especially in recent

and modern times, has been enlightened public opinion, which is the

expression of advancing civilisation; and it is upon the conduct of those

who have moulded public opinion that the morality of every age has been

largely dependent. Evil examples in high places and a disregard of public

propriety have done as much to encourage the vice of intemperance as the

passion from which it springs. Whilst the priests of the ancient faiths

intoxicated themselves at the altar, and portrayed the deities whom they

served with tastes similar to their own, it was not likely that the crowd

of worshippers would practise sobriety. In those days the priesthood to

a large extent represented public opinion, and, as we have seen, they

not only countenanced drunkenness, but hallowed its exercise. When the

military heroes of ancient Rome gave away a hundred thousand congiaria of

wine to the mob, or kept cellars of 10,000 casks, or devoted whole days

and nights to drinking bouts, it is no wonder that the ragged plebeians,

without shoes or a mantle, spent the hours of the night in obscene

taverns and brothels in the indulgence of gross and vulgar sensuality;

for it was the great military leaders of that age who moulded public

opinion. And so, coming nearer to our time, when, in our own country,

the installation of a shepherd in the fold of Christ was commemorated

by a feast at which 300 tuns of ale and 100 tuns of wine were swallowed

down, and when the ladies of the court of Charles the dissolute “rolled

about in a state of intoxication,” it was only a necessary sequence

that the lower orders should get drunk upon gin at a penny a head, and

whilst in that condition they should herd together upon straw in dark

cellars which would have been unfit receptacles for the brutes, below

whose state they had fallen. And although in our day the public feeling

is expressed rather than created by those who occupy high places, still

the utterances of ministers of state such as those we have quoted, and

the open countenance and encouragement which is given by influential

party-leaders to persons who profit by the intemperance of the ignorant

and depraved, cannot fail to produce a very pernicious effect upon public

sentiment, and to militate against the exercise of its due influence upon

the national morals.

Looking at the other side of the question, we find that all great

temperance reformers have appealed to public opinion to aid them in

their efforts. Confucius did not say to his disciples, “Be careful not

to drink wine to excess, for it will enervate your bodies and debase

your intelligence.” He was more practical than that. “The superior man

when he is at table does not glut his appetite,” he said; and “when you

go abroad be not given to excess in wine.” In other words, “Don’t lower

the standard of morality, nor degrade yourselves in public estimation,

by setting a pernicious example; for, remember, you are superior men,

the leaders of society.” The Buddhist priests were ordered not only

themselves to refrain from using strong drink, but they were told that

“there is no reward for him who gives intoxicating liquors.” And St. Paul

advised abstention from drink lest others should be “made weak” by the

example. Pliny, too, denounced the public drinking practices of his age,

and the scandalous conduct of the great military leaders, who, as we have

already said, moulded public opinion; and Mahomet said of drunkenness,

that it diverted the attention of mankind from its highest and noblest

occupations, prayer and the remembrance of God.

And if this has been the policy of temperance reformers in past ages,

much more conspicuously is it so in the present day, when public opinion

is becoming the censor of morals and the approver of merit and virtue.

That it is absolutely essential for them to have the popular sentiment

on their side has been conclusively shown in connection with every phase

of the question. It is futile for earnest men to lecture to drunkards

amongst the lower classes, so long as the great mass of the electors,

guided by unscrupulous party-leaders, choose publicans to represent

them in town councils, and promote them to the aldermanic or civic

chair. Equally idle is it for clergymen to preach temperance sermons to

decorous congregations whilst those who are enriched by the results of

drunkenness are permitted, in consequence of their wealth and influence,

to hold a higher rank than the parishioner whose calling is innocuous,

and even above him whose profession ministers to that health and

comfort which are undermined and uprooted by the gin-palace. Repressive

legislation, however wise and however indispensable it may be, is, as

we have seen, quite inefficacious unless supported by public opinion.

It is in those countries where not only the upper ranks, but the whole

mass of the people, enjoy the benefits of education, where, in fact, an

enlightened public opinion is a possibility; in Sweden, Norway, and the

United States of America, that the interference of the State authorities

has proved of any avail in the work of temperance reform. The duty of

Englishmen, in what is by many believed to be an important crisis in

our history, is therefore very plain. It is because the abuses to which

frequent reference has been made are tolerated and sanctioned in our own

country, that our people abroad as well as at home are stigmatised as—the

words come most reluctantly from the pen of one who is proud of his

nationality—as a nation of drinkers; and it is the duty of men in every

rank and station to express their disapproval of intemperance and the

causes which lead to its prevalence, and so to influence public opinion

in favour of sobriety.

And now let us say, in conclusion, that if the perusal of these pages

should have removed any misconceptions, or have suggested any important

truths, in connection with the subject of which they have treated; if

it should induce any who have hitherto been calculating, or timid, or

indifferent, to extend a warm and disinterested support to the cause

of temperance reform; or if it should afford help and encouragement to

those who are already labouring to raise the standard of morality and

to ameliorate the condition of the poor and ignorant, their publication

will not have been in vain, and we shall certainly have no cause to

regret having invited our readers to bear us company in this cursory and

imperfect glance over the history of drink in every age.

FOOTNOTES

[1] On the Action of Alcohol on the Mind, pp. 11, 12. W. Tweedie.

[2] Results of Researches on Alcohol, p. 6 (“An Inbred Enemy”). W.

Tweedie.

[3] Descent of Man, i. 12.

[4] Brehm, Thierleben, b. i. 1864, a. 75, 86. Also on the Ateles, s. 105,

and elsewhere.

[5] Morewood’s Inebriating Liquors, p. 55 and subsequent pages, which

contain numerous references. Dublin: W. Curry, jun., & Co. 1838. In

referring to this work, we shall in future simply say “Morewood.” An

earlier but much less perfect edition was published by Longmans in 1824.

[6] Researches in South Africa, p. 411. Murray.

[7] Researches in South Africa, pp. 186, 630, &c.

[8] The Malay Archipelago, vol. ii. p. 102.

[9] Striking instances will be found in the chapter on America in the

present work.

[10] Morewood, p. 65, where Malte Brun, Whittington, and other travellers

are referred to as authorities on the same subject.

[11] The Heart of Africa, vol. ii. p. 13. Sampson Low & Co.

[12] Heart of Africa, vol. i. p. 183.

[13] Morewood, who quotes authorities, p. 349.

[14] Ibid., p. 350.

[15] History of Europe, vol. i. 7th ed. p. 21.

[16] This will be further strikingly shown in the chapter which relates

to the habits of the tribes on the River Plate.

[17] Herodotus, iii. 20-22.

[18] Keller’s Lake Dwellings, p. 344, Longmans; and Nilsson’s Stone Age,

edited by Sir J. Lubbock, pp. xxiii., xxix., Longmans.

[19] For full information, see abstract of the treatise on the plants of

the lake-dwellings in Keller’s book (cited), p. 336, where illustrations

will be found of a great variety of plants in use at that early age.

[20] Keller’s Lake Dwellings, pp. 41, 342.

[21] One of our leading ethnologists, Mr. J. Crawfurd, F.R.S., expresses

the view, in a paper read by him before the Ethnological Society, March

10, 1868, that the discovery and art of manufacturing some kind of

intoxicating drink may be said to be coeval with the first dawn of social

development, for it has soon been made by barbarians of every race in

possession of the requisite raw materials; it is mere wandering savages,

he says, that have been found ignorant of it. The same author considers

that the vine is indigenous in several parts of Western Asia and Southern

Europe.

[22] Confucius et Mencius, par M. G. Pauthier, p. 152. Paris: Charpentier.

[23] Wright’s Homes of Other Days, p. 269. Trübner & Co.

[24] Confucius et Mencius, p. 153, _et seq._: “dejà entrées en

putréfaction.”

[25] Confucius et Mencius, p. 108.

[26] Ibid., p. 114.

[27] Ibid., p. 144.

[28] Ibid., p. 148.

[29] Ibid., p. 333.

[30] Ibid., p. 355. This game was made an excuse for gambling, a vice

still prevalent in China.

[31] Legge’s Chinese Classics. Trübner & Co.

[32] Legge’s “She-King, or Book of Ancient Chinese Poetry.” Trübner & Co.

[33] Legge’s Chinese Classics, vol. iii. pt. i p. 274.

[34] Other accounts are to be found in the “Shoo-King” of the condition

of China at the time, and one (vol. iii. pt. i. p. 274) describes the

people as being given up to highway robberies, villainies, and treachery;

the nobles as violating the laws; and that there was no certainty of

the apprehension of criminals. All this was attributed to the growth of

drunkenness.

[35] The She-King, pp. 182, 183.

[36] The She-King, p. 252.

[37] Ibid., p. 308.

[38] Ibid., p. 314.

[39] Ibid., p. 207.

[40] The She-King, p. 375.

[41] Ibid., p. 261.

[42] Ibid., p. 322.

[43] Ibid., p. 195.

[44] The She-King, pp. 266-268.

[45] The great reformer known to us as Buddha was born at the foot of the

mountains of Nepaul, and his death took place according to one writer 543

B.C., according to another 477 B.C., consequently about a year before the

date assigned for the death of Confucius. See Max Müller’s “Chips from a

German Workshop,” vol. i. p. 247.

[46] Hardy’s Eastern Monachism, p. 24. Partridge & Oakey.

[47] Ibid., pp. 80-82.

[48] Morewood, p. 231, and elsewhere. This author gives interesting

details of the distilling processes in China.

[49] Social Life of the Chinese, by the Rev. Justus Doolittle, p. 500.

Sampson Low & Co.

[50] Ibid., pp. 500-512.

[51] Chinese Sketches, by H. A. Giles, of H.B.M. Consular Service, p.

154. Trübner & Co.

[52] This is explained by Mr. Doolittle, who says that many games are

played, in the course of which the loser is compelled repeatedly to empty

his cup of wine.

[53] Chinese Sketches, p. 12.

[54] History of the Ancient Sanskrit Literature, pp. 523, 572. Williams &

Norgate.

[55] Haug’s Essays on the Religion, &c., of the Parsees, pp. 280-283.

Trübner & Co.

[56] The Bases of Temperance Reform, p. 113. Rev. D. Burns, M.A. London:

Tweedie & Co.

[57] Rig-Veda, 1. 4. 2. Most of these extracts from the Rig-Veda

have been translated for this work from the original Sanskrit by Dr.

Myriantheus, an able Sanskrit scholar, and compared by the author where

it was possible with Wilson’s and Langlois’ translations of the Rig-Veda.

With respect to the foregoing quotation, Dr. Max Müller translates it

(in a letter to the author): “The intoxication of a wealthy man bestows

wealth;” that is, a wealthy man when intoxicated is generous. Nothing can

be more convincing than this rendering that the Aryan conception of the

gods was but a reflection of the character of the people themselves.

[58] Rig-Veda, 1. 9. 1.

[59] Ibid., 1. 52. 5.

[60] Ps. cxxxvi., and Rig-Veda, Langlois’ translation, p. 174.

[61] Rig-Veda, 8. 1. 23.

[62] Ibid., 10. 119.

[63] Ibid., 10. 112. 3.

[64] Ibid., 3. 58. 6.

[65] Rig-Veda, 1. 54. 8, and 3. 43. 5.

[66] Ibid., 5. 43. 3.

[67] Aitareya Brahmána, vol. ii. p. 507.

[68] Rig-Veda, 1. 191. 10.

[69] Ibid., 8. 2. 12.

[70] Chips from a German Workshop (R. V. 7. 86. 6).

[71] Manu was a religions and moral lawgiver, whose doctrines united the

spirit of Buddhism with that of the Brahmans. One of his translators and

commentators, Sir William Jones, believes him to have lived in or before

the ninth century B.C. Professor Wilson, one of the translators of the

Rig-Veda, places him about the sixth century B.C. Gautama Sâkya (Buddha)

is, however, supposed to have lived in the sixth or fifth century B.C.

These are discrepancies which we cannot attempt here to reconcile. The

extracts in the text are from Sir William Jones’s translation of the

“Institutes of Hindoo Law, or the Ordinances of Manu,” chap. xi. Allen &

Co.

[72] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. xlii. p. 10 _et seq._

[73] Morewood, p. 162, and Table, p. 717.

[74] Ibid., p. 182.

[75] The Natives of India, by James Kerr, pp. 171-173. Allen & Co.

[76] Wanderings of a Pilgrim, vol. ii. pp. 147, 148. Pelham Richardson.

[77] India and its Native Princes, by Louis Rousselet, p. 173. Chapman &

Hall.

[78] In Doran’s Table Traits, p. 300 (Bentley), will be found a

drinking-song which was sung in the army not very long since during the

prevalence of cholera, when, the author says (not defining the exact

period), drinking in India was fearful. We extract two verses to show the

callousness that prevailed.

“Not a sigh for the lot that darkles,

Not a tear for the friends who sink,

We’ll fall ’mid the wine cup’s sparkled,

As mute as the wine we drink.

Come, stand to your glasses steady!

’Tis this that the respite buys.

One cup to the dead already;

Hurrah! for the next that dies.

“Who dreads to the dust returning?

Who shrinks from the sable shore,

Where the high and haughty yearning

Of the soul can sting no more?

No, stand to your glasses steady;

This world is a world of lies!

One cup to the dead already;

Hurrah! for the next that dies.”

[79] Avesta, Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, by Dr. F. Spiegel, vol.

i. p. 8. Leipzig: Engelmann.

[80] Haug, Essay on the Religion of the Parsees, p. 282. London: Trübner

& Co.

[81] Vendidad, by Dr. Spiegel, vol. i. p. 207.

[82] Vendidad, vol. i. p. 253. See also vol. iii. p. xlix.: “Die Daevas

Kunda, Banga und Vibanga als Gegner des Craosha, es sind die Dämonen der

Trunkenheit.”

[83] And judging from the Zend-Avesta, to other gross forms of immorality.

[84] Born at Halicarnassus, B.C. 484.

[85] Herodotus, i. 133.

[86] Ibid., i. 126.

[87] Ibid., i. 212.

[88] Ibid., iii. 20-22.

[89] Sale’s Koran, p. 84. F. Warne & Co. “Lots, and images, and divining

arrows” are explained to mean “all inebriating liquors and games of

chance.” See also sec. v. and chap. ii. p. 23, where it is said that “in

lots and wine there is great sin.”

[90] Sale’s Koran, p. 199.

[91] Ibid., pp. 95, 96. Also the present chapter and the chapter on the

Egyptians; also Morewood, p. 721, table, from which it will be seen

that there were imported into Turkey between the years 1827 and 1834

inclusive, 229,460 gallons of spirits, besides wines, beer, and ale, and

that 11,272 gallons of wine were exported from Turkey during the same

period.

[92] Morewood, pp. 85-89.

[93] Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft, by Dr. G. Klemm, vol. ii. pp. 338,

339. Leipzig: Romberg.

[94] Fraser’s Persia, p. 332. Oliver & Boyd.

[95] Through Persia by Caravan, by Arthur Arnold, vol. ii. p. 322.

Tinsley. See also Klemm’s Culturwissenschaft, p. 323: “Man geniesst den

Wein vornehmlich gern des Abends,” he says of all Moslems.

[96] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 20.

[97] Ibid., vol. i. p. 283.

[98] Max Müller’s Chips from a German Workshop, vol. i. p. 161.

[99] The Parsees, by Dosabhoy Framjee. Smith, Elder, & Co.

[100] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine.”

[101] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, by Rev. W. Ritchie,

D.D., p. 224, and elsewhere, Houlston & Wright; and “The Basis of

Temperance Reform,” by Rev. D. Burns, chap. v., Pitman; and “Bacchus

Dethroned,” by F. Powell, chap. vii. Kempster.

[102] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine.”

[103] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 68.

[104] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 65.

[105] Exod. xxix. 40, 41; Lev. xxiii. 13; Judges ix. 12, 13: “Then said

the trees unto the vine, Come thou and reign over us. And the vine said

unto them, Should I leave my wine, _which cheereth God and man_, and go

to be promoted over the trees?”

[106] The Talmud, by H. Polano, pp. 349, 355. F. Warne.

[107] The Mishna, De Sola and Raphael, pp. 7-9. The author has to thank

the Rev. M. Joseph of Liverpool for some of these references.

[108] Babylonian Talmud, Treatise _Berachot_, fol. 35 a.

[109] The Mishna, De Sola and Raphael, p. 48.

[110] Lev. x. 9.

[111] Num. vi. 3, 20.

[112] Jer. xxxv. 7.

[113] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Art. “Wine;” also note at end of

chapter i. of this treatise.

[114] Polano’s Talmud, p. 261; also Isa. xxii. 14.

[115] Gen. xxvii. 28, 37; Deut. vii. 13, xi. 14, xxvii. 51; 2 Chron. xi.

11; Ps. civ. 15; Song of Solomon v. i.; Lam. ii. 12; and Hosea xiv. 7,

where wine is named amongst the blessings to be restored to Israel.

[116] Isa. lv. 1.

[117] Polano’s Talmud, p. 247.

[118] Gen. xiv. 18.

[119] Polano’s Talmud, p. 291.

[120] Gen. xviii. 9-20.

[121] Gen. xix. 35.

[122] Prov. xxiii. 29-32.

[123] Isa. v. 11.

[124] Poland’s Talmud, p. 254.

[125] Joel iii. 3.

[126] Luke i. 15; Matt. iii. 4; Mark i. 6.

[127] Luke vii. 33, 34.

[128] John ii. 7 _et seq._

[129] Scripture Testimony against Intoxicating Wine, p. 184.

[130] Tim. v. 23.

[131] 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3, 8.

[132] Rom. xiv. 21.

[133] Rom. xiv. 2-4.

[134] Rom. xiii. 13.

[135] 1 Cor. vi. 10. The early Christian fathers, to whose teachings

concerning drunkenness we shall refer hereafter, found the vice to

prevail almost wherever they went as missionaries, in Africa, Gaul,

Britain, and elsewhere, and they denounced it in the most vehement terms.

[136] See the remarks on Inebriate Asylums in our chapter on America.

[137] Gen. xl. 11. This was, however, the unfermented juice of the grape.

[138] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. p. 4. Murray.

[139] Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. pp. 45, 46, 52, 53.

[140] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 127. Bohn.

[141] Pliny’s Natural History, vol. iii. p. 247. Bohn. Those who are

disposed to study the conflict of evidence further should refer to

Bishop H. Browne on Gen. xl. 9, &c., and Wilkinson’s note to Rawlinson’s

Herodotus, ii. 77.

[142] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 55. Bohn.

[143] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 56.

[144] Dionysus is considered by some authors to be the same as the

Egyptian Osiris. Diodorus, i. 11. Wilkinson’s Egyptians, i. 285.

[145] Smith’s Larger Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Dionysia,” by Dr.

L. Schmitz.

[146] Buckley’s Odyssey, Book ix. p. 118 _et seq._ Bohn.

[147] Odyssey, p. 292. Circe, too, intoxicates her admirers with

“Pramnian wine” (Ibid., Bk. x.) and drunkenness is a constant theme

throughout the book.

[148] Bohn’s Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 682.

[149] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Helotes,” by Philip Smith.

[150] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 229, and vol. ii. p. 731.

[151] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.

[152] Athenæus, vol. i. p. 59.

[153] Pliny was born in the north of Italy, A.D. 23. He served as a

soldier in Germany, and practised as a special pleader in Rome. He was

killed at the age of fifty-six whilst observing an eruption of Vesuvius,

for he was an ardent lover of nature. Our extracts and references are

found in his “Natural History.” Bohn.

[154] Natural History, vol. iii. pp. 252, 253, _et seq._

[155] About 220 B.C.

[156] Pliny, p. 252. See also the account of the miracle of Cana, John

ii. 10.

[157] A measure of about six pints.

[158] Pliny, p. 255.

[159] Pliny, p. 215.

[160] For farther particulars concerning the process of wine-making in

Rome, the reader is referred to Smith’s “Dictionary of Antiquities,”

Art. “Vinum,” by W. Ramsay, which contains a large amount of useful and

interesting information on the subject.

[161] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 218 (Book xiv.).

[162] Ibid., p. 222 _et seq._

[163] The “Kölnische Zeitang,” Friday, November 23, 1877. “Vermischte

Nachrichten.” See also “The Chemistry of Wine,” p. 374, by Mulder.

Churchill.

[164] Pliny, vol. iii. p. 239.

[165] Pliny, vol. iv. p. 259.

[166] Athenæus, vol. ii. p. 772.

[167] Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, Art. “Vinum.”

[168] Athenæus, p. 738 _et seq._

[169] Ibid., p. 747.

[170] Petronius (Bohn’s Classical Library); Athenæus, &c.

[171] Athenæus, p. 729.

[172] Petronius, Trimalchio’s Feast.

[173] Originally the skeleton was carried round to remind the feasters

of their mortality, and to warn them _not_ to indulge too freely in the

pleasures of the table.

[174] In England it was customary in the Middle Ages to pour the wine

down the offender’s sleeve. At Haddon Hall there is still an iron clasp

fixed against a wall, which was used for the purpose of holding the wrist

whilst that operation was performed.

[175] Book iv. cap. 28.

[176] More than two gallons at a draught! It seems an incredible feat.

[177] Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. iii. p. 215. Edinburgh:

Strachan, 1782.

[178] Bohn’s Tacitus, vol. ii. p. 312 _et seq._

[179] J. W. Petersen. Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalneigung rum

Trunke, p. 7. (History of the German National Tendency to Drink,

originally published in Stuttgart, 1782.) Stuttgart: Scheible, 1856.

[180] Klemm’s Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft, vol. ii. p. 326, Leipzig,

Romberg, 1856; and Petersen, p. 9.

[181] Readers who are desirous of following the extension of vine-culture

in Germany and Europe generally, will find full details in a work by H.

von Carlowitz, Leipzig, 1846; and a fair list of all important works on

the subject published in past times in Germany is to be found in Klemm,

p. 327 _et seq._

[182] All the chief vineyards on the Rhine were planted by the monks. See

“Speise und Trank vergangener Zeiten in Deutschland” (Food and Drink in

Past Times in Germany), by Dr. A. Schlossar, p. 23. Vienna: A. Hartleben,

1877.

[183] For an account of the preparation of mead, see “Speise und Trank

vergangener Zeiten,” &c., p. 24.

[184] “Ut nullus ebrius suam causam in mallo possit conquirere, neo

testimonium dicere. Nec placitum comes habeat, nisi jejunus.” See

Petersen, Appendix, p. 128. Also Klemm, pp. 342, 343.

[185] “Ut in hoste nemo parem suum, vel quemlibet alium bibere coget, et

quicunque in exercitu ebrius inventus fuerit, ita excommunicetur, ut in

bibendo sola aqua utatur, quousque se male fecisse cognoscat.” Petersen,

p. 128.

[186] “Jus Potandi,” from the original, published in 1616, by “Dr. M.

Oberbreyer,” Introduction. Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger. Whether “Jus

Potandi” be a satire, as it probably is, or a serious production, it very

faithfully reflects the drinking habits of the time.

[187] Studenten-Lieder des Mittelalters. Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger.

[188] Jus Potandi, p. xvi., Introduction.

[189] “Das Leipziger gekräuterte, bauchzerreissende Rastrum.”—_Jus

Potandi_, clause 8, p. 13. See also, “Speise und Trank vergangener Zeiten

in Deutschland,” p. 46, where many other kinds of beer are mentioned.

[190] Jus Potandi, clause 24, p. 31.

[191] Ibid., clause 25, p. 34.

[192] Ibid., clause 48, p. 69. See “Speise und Trank,” &c., p. 38, where

the drunkenness of females is referred to.

[193] Ibid., clause 18, p. 22.

[194] Jus Potandi, clause 34, p. 45.

[195] Ibid., clause 15, p. 20.

[196] Ibid., clause 45, p. 64.

[197] Similar codes will hereafter be referred to, of an undoubtedly

serious character, as existing in France and England.

[198] Full confirmation of this state of things is given in “Speise und

Trank,” &c., pp. 10, 11, 28, 31, 32, and at p. 34, where an account is

given of a hundred and ten persons drinking four tuns of beer and one and

half ohm of wine at a sitting.

[199] “Saus und Braus” in German is equivalent to “revelry” in English.

[200] The same practice prevailed even amongst women. Speise und Trank,

&c., p. 38.

[201] Speise und Trank, &c., pp. 11, 12, 18.

[202] Eckehardus, jun.: De Casibus Monast. St. Galli, cap. ix. p. 41;

also Speise und Trank, &c., p. 17, as to monasteries in the Black Forest.

[203] Rabanus Maurus. The Discipline of Drink, by Rev. T. E. Bridgett.

Burns & Oates.

[204] _Loc. cit._, p. 141.

[205] As to the luxury and drunkenness of priests, see also “Speise und

Trank,” &c., pp. 10, 11, 17.

[206] Speise und Trank, &c., pp. 47, 48. The first coffee-house was

opened in Vienna in 1683; in Augsburg, 1713; in Stuttgart, 1712. This

part of the subject will be fully treated of in one of the chapters on

England.

[207] Petersen, “Concluding remarks.”

[208] The German Working Man. Longmans & Co.

[209] Discipline of Drink, p. 255. All the German Culture Unions are

practically temperance societies, although alcoholic drink (chiefly

German beer) is freely obtainable in them.

[210] The events which have happened in Berlin whilst this treatise is

passing through the press lead the author to add, “without assassination.”

[211] Discipline of Drink, chap. xi.

[212] Homes of Other Days, by Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., p. 294,

Trübner & Co.; British Monachism, by T. D. Fosbrooke, p. 47, Nichols &

Son and Rivington, 1802.

[213] Homes of Other Days, p. 42.

[214] Discipline of Drink, p. 77.

[215] Harleian, Cottonian, &c.

[216] Homes of Other Days, pp. 45-47. The various instrumentalists

of the Anglo-Saxon period are called by the author _hearpere_, the

harper; _bymere_, the trumpeter; _pipere_, the piper or flute-player;

_fithelere_, the fiddler; and _horn-blawere_, the horn-blower.

[217] Legend of St. Juliana, Homes of Other Days, p. 50.

[218] Discipline of Drink, p. 135.

[219] Ibid., p. 135.

[220] Ibid., p. 136.

[221] Fosbrooke’s British Monachism, vol. i. pp. 16, 17.

[222] Ibid.

[223] Fosbrooke’s British Monachism, vol. i. p. 24.

[224] Homes of Other Days, p. 25.

[225] Homes of Other Days, p. 119.

[226] The reader must remember that noon was the dinner-hour.

[227] Justiciar was equivalent to our Lord Chief-Justice.

[228] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, by T. E. Tomlins

and J. E. Rokewode. Whittaker.

[229] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 27.

[230] Homes of Other Days, p. 94.

[231] Homes of Other Days, p. 288.

[232] Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 124.

[233] Discipline of Drink, p. 80.

[234] Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 124.

[235] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, pp. 30, 31.

[236] Ibid., p. 35.

[237] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 44; also

Fosbrooke, vol. i. p. 83.

[238] Beer and wine were both made by the monks. In the time of William

Rufus there were four brewers, and five servants in the vineyard at

Kresham monastery (Fosbrooke, vol. ii. p. 102). A most amusing record

for posterity, by the by, of the customs of our day will be the

advertisements which appear from time to time in our English papers, of

the right of certain monasteries to the sole manufacture of well-known

liqueurs—Gin and Gospel!

[239] A Book about the Clergy, by J. C. Jeaffreson, vol. i. p. 354. Hurst

& Blackett.

[240] Discipline of Drink, p. 113.

[241] It is but right to say that decrees were from time to time

promulgated by the synods and bishops against the practice of holding

“ales” in churches, but they seem to have had little effect.

[242] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 356.

[243] Homes of Other Days, p. 368.

[244] Homes of Other Days, p. 427.

[245] Ibid., p. 445.

[246] Homes of Other Days, p. 346.

[247] Ibid., p. 397.

[248] Discipline of Drink, p. 175; see also p. 176 and elsewhere. Also,

British Monachism, vol. i. p. 66. For some time after the Reformation

some of the poorer English clergy kept taverns. ‘Miscellany Accounts of

the Diocese of Carlisle’ (1703-7) by William Nicholson, late Bishop of

Carlisle, ed. by R. S. Ferguson. (“Contemporary,” May 1878.)

[249] King Henry IV., Part II. Act ii. sc. 4.

[250] Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century, p. 25.

[251] British Monachism, vol. ii. p. 122.

[252] Homes of Other Days, p. 181; MS. Sloane Museum, No. 2435.

[253] British Monachism, vol. ii. p. 167.

[254] British Monachism, vol. i. p. 121.

[255] Hallam’s Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 71. Murray.

[256] British Monachism, vol. i. pp. 138-140.

[257] Ibid., vol ii. p. 19.

[258] British Monachism, vol. ii. pp. 32, 33.

[259] Ibid., pp. 42-47.

[260] Ibid., p. 177.

[261] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 91.

[262] Canons of Œlfric, A.D. 970; Discipline of Drink, p. 150.

[263] Decree of Giles of Bridport, Bishop of Salisbury, A.D. 1256,

against “Scot-ales,” _loc. cit._, p. 176.

[264] Synod of Kilkenny, A.D. 1614, _loc. cit._, p. 180.

[265] Nationalneigung zum Trunke, p. 97.

[266] Nugæ Antiquæ, i. 348-350; in Lingard’s History of England, vol. ix.

p. 109 n., 2d ed., 1825.

[267] Macaulay’s History of England, vol. i. chap. i, Longmans, 1873;

Scott’s Peveril of the Peak; Brooke’s Manners and Customs of the English,

Blackwood, &c.

[268] John Evelyn, one of the first Fellows of the Royal Society, A.D.

1620-56, quoted in Doran’s “Table Traits,” p. 458. Bentley.

[269] Kindly given to the author by Sir Sydney Waterlow, Bart., M.P.

[270] From Memoires de l’Angleterre, A.D. 1698, in Homes of Other Days,

p. 473.

[271] Doran’s Table Traits, p. 66.

[272] Doran’s “Table Traits,” where a more detailed account is given of

the clubs here named, along with many others.

[273] Alphonse Esquiros, “The English at Home.”

[274] Those who are curious to know which of the political and social

leaders of the period were drunkards should read Lecky’s “History of

England in the Eighteenth Century,” vol. i. chap. iii. pp. 476-482.

Longmans & Co., 1878.

[275] Morewood, p. 25.

[276] The Chemistry of Wine, p. viii., by C. J. Mulder. Churchill.

[277] Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, vol. i. p. 42, 6th ed.

[278] Morewood, p. 560.

[279] The table is compiled from Mulder’s “Chemistry of Wine”

(Appendix), Bloxam’s “Chemistry,” and the author’s own article on “Beer

Scientifically and Socially Considered,” Quarterly Journal of Science,

1870, vol. vii. p. 315, and from other sources.

[280] Rev. Dawson Burns, M.A., Metropolitan Superintendent of the United

Kingdom Alliance. From the Journal of the Statistical Society, March

1875, p. 13.

[281] Morewood, p. 560.

[282] Macfarlane and Thomson’s History of England, vol. iii. p. 258;

Lecky’s History of England during the Eighteenth Century, pp. 476-482.

[283] It should be mentioned that in 1751 more stringent regulations were

enacted, but none that in any degree approached the “Gin Act” in severity.

[284] Fraser’s Life of Berkeley, pp. 332, 333, in Lecky’s History of

England.

[285] The Upas Tree in Marybone Lane, by James Smith (1775-1839).

[286] The High Street of Edinburgh, by Sir Alexander Boswell, the oldest

son of Johnson’s biographer (1775-1822).

[287] Meaning Welshman.

[288] From an old poem, in the “Discipline of Drink,” p. 84.

[289] A.D. 1678. Ibid., p. 182.

[290] Jeaffreson’s Book about the Clergy, vol. i. p. 91 n.

[291] Lecky’s History of England, vol. ii. p. 93.

[292] A.D. 1698-1762.

[293] The Court of Death. Gay lived 1688-1732.

[294] Lecky’s History of England, p. 476 and notes, where numerous

authorities are quoted.

[295] Third Report of the Lords’ Committee, p. 954, Q. 10,116.

[296] For further details as to the sale of alcoholic drinks to females,

and reputed drinking practices amongst them, _vide_ First Report of

Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, evidence of Captain Palin, Chief

Constable of Manchester, p. 166, Q. 1601; also Third Report, evidence of

Sir William Gull, M.D., p. 254, Q. 10,116. In the work on “The Uses of

Wines in Health and Disease,” p. 8, by Dr. Anstie (Macmillan), the author

refers to secret dram-drinking by women; but medical men, like police

magistrates, usually have before their eyes the worst side of human

nature.

[297] First Report of Lords’ Committee, p. 16, Q. 184.

[298] Third Report, p. 32, Qs. 8311, 8312.

[299] It must be clearly understood that the above remarks are not

intended to disparage the evidence that was tendered by Mr. Chamberlain,

M.P., who replied to the questions of Lord Aberdare, and whose efforts

in the cause of licensing reform merit, in the author’s opinion, greater

appreciation than they have received.

[300] First Report, p. 240, Qs. 2416-2418.

[301] Table No. 22, Extract from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of

Police of the Metropolis for the year 1876.

[302] In the same report (1876) the reader will find that Colonel

Henderson attributes the additional number of arrests to “the increased

activity of the police,” but he believes there has been some increase in

drunkenness during the last six years. Of course he can only judge of the

class which comes under the notice of the police.

[303] Table laid before the Committee of the House of Lords on

Intemperance, by the Head Constable of Liverpool, being a compendium of

the facts relating to the subject for twenty-one years.

[304] “Instructions” for 1845, pp. 34, 35; 1867, p. 33; and 1878, p. 42;

kindly supplied to the author by the Chief Constable.

[305] Journal of the Statistical Society, March 1875.

[306] P. 7.

[307] Return to a canvass of working men made by sixty-seven of the

largest employers of labour in Liverpool, and verified by the President

of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce. See also the remarks on the

extension of the hours by the present Government.

[308] It may be added, as an expression of opinion, that the Rev.

Canon Ellison considers there is a diminution of drunkenness in the

agricultural districts. See his evidence before the Lords’ Committee,

Third Report, p. 105, Q. 8930. From other evidence, also, the author

has satisfied himself that one of the chief objects of the Agricultural

Labourers’ Union, like most other trades unions, has been to prevent the

payment and expenditure of wages in drink. In many parts of England a

considerable proportion of the labourers’ wages is still paid in cider—an

infamous system, which ought long since to have been abolished along with

other forms of “truck.” The three reports also contain many expressions

of opinion, very conflicting, however, on the prevalence of drunkenness

amongst miners, quarrymen, &c., which are well worthy of the reader’s

perusal.

[309] The English at Home, by Alphonse Esquiros, pp. 271-273. Chapman &

Hall.

[310] Whilst writing these pages the author read the following narrative

in the “Liverpool Daily Post,” April 25, 1878, which illustrates the

condition of the poor in some of the lowest parts of that town:—

“On Tuesday afternoon the attention of a constable was drawn to the not

very unusual phenomenon of a drunken man and woman in Johnstone Street.

The woman had a child in her arms. It was taken from her, and found to be

in a shockingly diseased and neglected state. The constable afterwards

visited the ‘home’ of the inebriates. The sole piece of furniture was

an old table. In the top room the woman’s father was lying on the bare

boards, without a vestige of clothing upon him, and covered only by an

old rug. In another part of the house was an aunt, who was much the worse

for drink. Around her were three young children. There was not a particle

of food in the whole place, and when the children were given some buns to

eat, they devoured them savagely. Drunken parents reeling in the street

with an unhealthy and neglected baby; a house in a court, with only an

old table in it; an old man lying on the bare boards, with simply a rug

for clothing or covering; a tipsy aunt, and three hungry, dirty children

around her, make up a picture which would be considered unusually

terrible if the scene were laid in the hut of a savage, and which is

certainly a bitter satire on nineteenth century civilisation. The father

and mother were brought up at the Police Court yesterday, and remanded;

and the court ordered that the children should be removed forthwith to

the workhouse.”

[311] Mr. Carnegie’s evidence before the Lords’ Committee on

Intemperance, First Report, p. 262.

[312] Alison’s History of Europe, vol. xv. p. 191, 7th ed. Blackwood.

[313] Morewood, p. 477.

[314] A.D. 1771-92.

[315] History of Europe, vol. xv. p. 191, 7th ed.

[316] First Report of Lords’ Committee, p. 262.

[317] In his first edition (1824) he does not refer to the smaller

stills; indeed, his remarks are of no interest. His second edition is

dated 1838.

[318] Morewood, p. 480.

[319] Morewood, p. 481.

[320] Rev. Dawson Burns’ paper before Statistical Society, p. 17.

[321] Morewood, p. 481.

[322] Carnegie, _loc. cit._, p. 263.

[323] We shall find precisely the same state of things to exist in

certain parts of America.

[324] See the evidence on the “Gothenburg System” in the Report of the

Lords’ Committee.

[325] A good deal of information concerning the sale of brandy (Bränvin)

in Sweden may be gleaned from the Acts of June 26, 1871 (Stockholm,

Norstedt & Söner), and from those of 18th September 1874 and 16th May

1877, for which the author is indebted to Mr. Oscar Dickson of Gothenburg.

[326] The author is indebted for these particulars to Mr. S. P. Wilding

(son of a former American Vice-Consul at Liverpool), who has resided many

years on the River Plate.

[327] _Macropiper methysticum_: Miquel. See Lindley’s Medical and

Economic Botany, p. 133. Bradbury & Evans.

[328] P. 250; also Lindley’s Medical Botany, _loc. cit._

[329] P. 325, and Addenda. This table also appears in the first edition

(1824), p. 177.

[330] America, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, by J. S.

Buckingham, vol. ii. p. 304. Fisher.

[331] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 417.

[332] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 36.

[333] Sketches on the Prairies, by Captain A. H. Markham, R.N., in “Good

Words,” May 1878.

[334] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 21. National Temperance

Society and Publication House. New York.

[335] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 43.

[336] New York Herald, 18th April 1878.

[337] New York Herald, 16th April 1878.

[338] The San Francisco weekly “Alta California.” The author has not

named any other papers. He has studied whole files of them, in some cases

without even finding drunkenness mentioned, and the reader who desires to

consider the question carefully can easily do the same.

[339] “Prohibitory Liquor Legislation in the United States,” by Justin

M’Carthy, “Fortnightly Review,” August 1871, p. 166. Although a writer on

America is here quoted, the author has not trusted to printed testimony

in any of these observations upon the drinking habits of the United

States. He has verified them from the experience of numerous friends and

acquaintances who have travelled and resided in the States, Englishmen,

Germans, and Americans themselves.

[340] By some it is affirmed that the middle classes of the United States

consume more _spirits_ than the same class in England.

[341] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 306. By D. Macrae. Edinburgh:

Edmonston & Douglas.

[342] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 305.

[343] The Americans at Home, p. 307.

[344] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 15.

[345] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 20.

[346] Ibid.

[347] Ibid., p. 22.

[348] Liquor Laws of the United States, p. 131. It is right to mention

that the publication from which these particulars are taken was issued

in 1877, since which time no doubt many changes have taken place in the

liquor legislation of the various States, but these the author has been

unable to learn from trustworthy sources. The tendency of legislation

seems to be towards “local option” or “permissive prohibition.”

[349] Greater Britain, vol. i. p. 202. By C. W. Dilke. Macmillan.

[350] Prohibitory Legislation, &c. “Fortnightly Review,” Aug. 1871, p.

166.

[351] This was, of course, some years after Mr. M’Carthy’s visit.

[352] _Vide_ Third Report of the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, pp.

211, 212. Evidence of Professor Leone Levi, where the essential part of

the Consul’s report is given.

[353] Mr Caine says that he has seen Boston under prohibition with nine

hundred drink-sellers deliberately inserting in the Boston Directory

their names and addresses _as_ drink-sellers, and a far greater number

openly defying the law. He, however, favours “prohibition by local

option.”

[354] Reports on the Subject of a License Law, by a Joint Special

Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter,

1867. The author is indebted to the Secretary of State of Massachusetts

for this and other valuable printed reports on the subject of the liquor

traffic in that State.

[355] Reports on the Subject of a License Law, &c., p. 16.

[356] In his book on the German working man, the author of this treatise

said (p. 109), “Beer” (meaning the German beer), “means sobriety; wine

and spirits mean intoxication.”

[357] Liquor Laws, p. 26.

[358] Boston: Wright & Potter.

[359] Report of Governor’s Address, p. 54. The circumstances are,

however, we hope, different in the two countries, otherwise there is a

poor chance for the American bill. According to the Third Report of the

Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, p. 195 (Mr. Patterson’s evidence), in

Liverpool, the town most in need of temperance reform, the aldermen, who

in the U.S.A. decide the question of granting licenses, have in their

body, besides a large wine and spirit merchant, two publicans who occupy

between them from sixty-four to eighty-four public-houses.

[360] Governor’s Address, p. 57.

[361] Governor’s Address, p. 58.

[362] The Maine Law Vindicated, p. 7.

[363] Prohibitory Legislation, p. 174.

[364] Ibid., p. 176.

[365] Ibid., p. 169.

[366] The Americans at Home, vol. ii. p. 315.

[367] Third Report of the Lords’ Committee on Intemperance, p. 3;

Evidence of Rev. R. M. Grier.

[368] The Great Country, by George Rose, M.A. (Arthur Sketchley),

Tinsley. A very graphic account of a visit to an inebriate asylum,

extracted from the “Atlantic Monthly,” will be found in this work, pp.

385-401.

[369] Alcohol, its Place and Power, pp. 46-109, &c. Glasgow: Scottish

Temperance League.

[370] Dr. Anstie’s two works, “Stimulants and Narcotics,” and “The Use

of Wines in Health and Disease.” See Also Dr. T. P. Lucas on “The True

Action and Physiological Results of Alcohol,” pp. 140, 141 (a strong

temperance work); “On Chronic Alcoholic Intoxication,” p. 9, by W.

Marcet, M.D., F.R.S. (Churchill); “The Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous

System,” by Dr. Hammond in “The Psychological and Medico-Legal Journal,”

July 1874, New York. The records of discussions amongst guardians of

the poor where objection has been made to the use of beer as an article

of diet also tend in the same direction. At a recent meeting of the

West Derby Board, for example, the medical officers, one of whom is a

total abstainer, distinctly expressed their determination to continue

administering alcohol as a medicine.

[371] See the Report of the Temperance Hospital, “Daily News,” May 31,

1878.

[372] Richardson’s Researches on Alcohol, p. 6.

[373] Miller’s Alcohol, its Place and Power, p. 92.

[374] Pope’s Homer’s Odyssey, book ix.

[375] Tom Moore.

[376] Anstie, Uses of Wine in Health and Disease, p. 11.

[377] Ibid., p. 40.

[378] Morewood, p. 339.

[379] Rev. D. Burns, to whom the author is indebted for some of these

particulars.

[380] Morewood, p. 340.

[381] Ibid., p. 341.

[382] Third Report, p. 25, Q. 8242.

[383] Readers who are desirous of pursuing the question of temperance

societies will find a vast amount of information in Graham’s “Temperance

Guide.” London: Pitman, &c.

[384] Speech of the Duke of Westminster, Free Trade Hall, Manchester.

[385] The Licensing Act 1872, Section 13.

[386] Report of the Liverpool Police, 1877.

[387] See especially the evidence of Mr. Robinson (Chief Constructor),

Second Report p. 117.

INDEX.

Abbot Sampson, actions of, 127, 131.

Abbots, vices of, 144.

Aberdare, Lord, on drinking amongst the working classes, 176, 177.

Abstinence total, not recommended by ancient Chinese, 20.

of Buddhist priests, 27, 28.

of Mohammedans, 53.

not universal, 55.

in Koom, in Persia, 55.

of Nazarites during noviciate, 62.

of Rechabites, 63.

of Lacedæmonians, 81.

amongst native Americans in the United States, 222.

of English temperance societies, 241.

Addison, at Button’s club, 156.

on intemperance in his day, 164.

Adulteration, of wine, materials used for, in ancient Rome, 89.

in Germany, 90.

of beer with salt, in England, 249.

of spirits with water, in England, 250.

Agreement to hold ales, 135.

Agromanyus (Ahriman) drunkenness supposed to be the work of, 50.

Alcohol, first obtained by Villeneuve, 159.

table of percentage in various intoxicating drinks, 160.

Ales, agreement to hold, 135.

“bid,” 134, 136.

“bride,” 134.

“church,” 134, 136.

“clerk,” 136.

held in churches, 135.

forbidden to be held in churches, 137.

“help,” 134.

Whitsun and Easter, 134.

Ale-wives of mediæval England, 139.

Alexis, on cabbage as an antidote to drunkenness, 75.

Alison on drunkenness amongst savages, 10.

on former drunkenness in Sweden, 196.

America, South, study of drunken habits in, 201, 202.

United States of, 205-227, (see “United States.”)

Americans, drinking habits of, 205-227.

_Amphoræ_, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.

Anglo-Norman, politeness, 125.

fabliaux, 126.

wood carvings, 126.

knights, stories of drinking amongst, 126, 127.

drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128.

ladies, drinking etiquette for, 129.

ecclesiastics, luxury of, 130.

Anglo-Saxon intemperance, 119.

mode of pledging, 120.

feasts, 121.

music, 121.

legends, 122.

women, intemperance amongst, 122.

taverns, 122.

clergy, 122.

monasteries, drinking in, 123.

nunneries, irregularities in, 124.

drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128.

“Announcement about drunkenness”, the, an ancient Chinese edict,

19-21.

_Annus mirabilis_ of drink, the, (1736), 161.

Anstie, Dr., on dram-drinking amongst women, 173.

on moderate drinking, 238.

Apes, taste for drink in, 2, 3.

_Apothecæ_, Roman apartments for storing wine, 88.

Arch, Joseph, on improved habits of agricultural labourers, 187.

Archbishops, drinking at installations of, 137.

Aristocracy, drinking habits of Roman, 99.

mediæval German, 105-111.

English, of the present day, 171, 172.

Arnold, Arthur, on Mussulman intemperance, 55, 56.

Arrack, of modern India, 43.

Persia, 55.

Aryans, “Soma,” drink and sacrifice of the, 35.

their belief in the drinking propensities of their gods, 35.

drunkenness of their priests, 39.

the laity, “Sura” and other drinks used by, 39.

drunkenness of, 40.

_Asclepias_, a creeper used for making “Soma,” 36.

Asylums, inebriate in the United States, 227.

Athenæus, authorities quoted from, 75 (verses), 82 (verses), 83

(verses), 91, 92, 94 (verses).

Egyptian wines named by, 74.

on Egyptian intemperance, 75.

Atlantic Monthly, the, on inebriate asylums, 227, 228.

Bakers, improved drinking habits of, 184.

changes in drinking habits produced by machinery, 184.

Ballot, decrease of drunkenness through the, 173.

Bands of Hope, a remedy for drunkenness, 245.

_Banga_, An ancient Persian drink, 51.

Bangor (Maine), state of the drink question in, 220.

Barley, its early use in making an intoxicating drink, 11, 12.

its early use in making “Sura,” 39.

its use in Egypt, 73, 74.

its use by the ancient Germans, 103.

_Bassia Latifolia_, used in an intoxicating drink of ancient India,

41.

Beer, of ancient Egypt, 74.

of ancient Germans, 103.

various kinds of, in mediæval Germany, 108 and _note_.

Erfurt, praised by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 111.

table of alcoholic strength of, 160.

light, considered a temperance drink by Committee on Maine Law in

Massachusetts, 222.

adulterated with salt in England, 249.

_Bengueh_, a drink of mediæval Persia, 54.

Beni-Hassan, monuments of, 73.

Benson, Bishop, on drunkenness and crimes in the eighteenth century,

164.

Bhang, or Bang, a narcotic drug of modern India, 44.

Bid-ales, 134, 136.

Bloxam on alcoholic strength of liquors, 159.

Boiler-makers, improved drinking habits of the, 183.

Bolag, the Gothenburg, 198.

Bond, Major, his statistics of intemperance in Birmingham, 179.

on treatment of “quiet drunkards,” 180.

Boston (Massachusetts), drinking in, 210.

establishment of antidotes to intemperance in, 210.

failure of Maine Law in, 220, _note_, and 221.

regulated licensing in, 222.

inebriate asylum in, 227.

Boswell, Sir Alex., on Scotch drinking in the eighteenth century, 166.

Bouza, a Nubian drink, 4.

Brahmans, sacred hymns of, 34.

intemperance of, 35-39.

drinks forbidden to the, 41.

punishments of, for drunkenness, 42.

Brehm, on the drinking propensities of certain apes, 3.

Bride-ales, 134.

Bridgett, Rev. T. E., on penalties for drunkenness amongst mediæval

priests, 114, 120.

apology for drunkenness of Anglo-Saxon Monks, 123.

on an agreement to hold “ales,” 135.

on drinking amongst monks of the Middle Ages, 140.

on canons against drunkenness amongst priests, 148.

an old poem, quoted, on drinks of all nations, 166.

Brooke, on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.

Buckingham, J. S., on former crime and pauperism in the United

States, 206.

on the ill-treatment of Red Indians in the United States, 207.

Buddhism, and total abstinence, 27, 28.

and mendicancy, 28.

Burns, Rev. D., statistics quoted, 160, 182, 183, 197.

on temperance societies, 240, 241.

Cabbage, a supposed antidote to drunkenness, 75.

_Calix_, a Roman drinking-vessel, 91.

Caine, W. S., account of his visit to Portland (Maine), 219.

a temperance meeting in Bangor (Maine), 220.

Boston under “prohibition,” 220, _note_.

his views on American liquor legislation, 219, 220 and _note_.

California, crimes in, 211.

“The Alta” quoted, 211.

Campanius, Antonius, reports the state of drunkenness in mediæval

Germany to the Pope, 112.

_Cannabis sativa_ (the hemp plant), where used, 45, 51.

Canvass of working men concerning restriction of hours of drink in

Liverpool, 187.

Carnegie on former Swedish intemperance, 195, 196.

on Swedish licensing, 198.

Casks, enormous, of Germany, 113.

worth more than the wine (sixteenth century), 113.

Causes of drunkenness considered, 229-239, 257.

_Cella vinaria_, ancient Roman apartments for fermenting wine, 88.

Cellarer, duties of the, 131.

court and prison of, at St. Edmundsbury, 131.

Jocell, the, ordered to drink only water, 131.

Charlemagne, his sobriety, 105.

his temperance legislation, 105.

Chatham (Co. Morris, U.S.A.), effective suppression of taverns in,

217.

China, hard drinking in ancient, 17.

capital punishment for drunkenness in ancient, 21, 22.

deplorable condition of ancient, 22.

intoxicating drinks in modern, 29.

taverns in modern, 30.

dinner parties in modern, 31-32.

opium smoking in modern, 32.

Chinese, sobriety of modern, 32.

Christ, Jesus, his views concerning wine, 66.

the miracle of the conversion of water into wine considered from a

temperance point of view, 67.

Christianity, vineyards introduced into Western Europe along with,

103.

Church-ales, 134, 136.

held in churches, 135.

forbidden in churches, 137.

Church of England temperance societies, 244.

Cider truck, the, 188.

Claret, influence of increased importation on intemperance, 182, 183.

Clerk-ales, 136.

Clarke, J., on improved habits of millers, 185.

Clark, Alexander, on improved habits of operatives, 186.

Clerics, character of the mediæval, 145.

Climate not a permanent cause of drunkenness, 229, 230, 257.

Clubs, the “Mermaid,” the first founded, 155.

eminent men who frequented, 155-157.

Johnson’s passion for, 156.

the “Turk’s Head,” 156.

“Button’s,” 156.

“Crown and Anchor,” 157.

“Bird Fanciers,” 157.

“Thieves,” 157.

“Lying Club,” 157.

“Bold Bucks,” 157.

modern, wine consumed in, 158.

workmen’s social, an antidote to drunkenness, 243.

Cocoa rooms and social clubs, 243.

need of improvement in some, 243.

Coffee-houses, first established in Germany, 115, _note_.

England, 115.

attempt to suppress, by the Puritans, 156.

Royalists under Charles II., 156.

Coldingham, irregularities of nuns of, 124.

Confucius, personal habits of, 17.

on excess in drinking, 18.

Crawford on antiquity of drinking in the human race, 14, _note_.

Crimes caused by drinking amongst savages, 4, 5.

“Sura” in ancient India, 40.

and drunkenness in ancient Rome, 98-100.

Germany, 103-111.

of Anglo-Saxons, 121, 122.

of monastic orders, 124, 144.

in mediæval England, 128.

committed in mediæval taverns, 139.

sanctioned by friars, 145.

and drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 158.

increase of, from introduction of spirits, 160-165.

in the metropolis, eighteenth century, 161-164.

English gin-shops the chief cause of the worst, 191.

in the United States formerly arising from drink, 206.

comparative absence of in connection with drunkenness, 210, 211.

Cyrus intoxicates and defeats an enemy’s army, 52.

Danes, the intemperance of ancient, 125.

Darwin, C., on drinking propensity of certain apes, 2, 3.

_Datura stramonium_, used in India and England, 44.

Davis, Judge, on breaches of the Maine Law, 221.

valuable results of the Maine Law, 222.

Death, punishment of, for drunkenness in ancient China, 21, 22.

“the Court of,” poem by Gay, 167.

Delirium tremens amongst modern Mohammedans in Persia, &c., 55.

in ancient Rome, 99.

Dilke, Sir C. W., on drunkenness in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.

Dinners in modern China, 31, 32.

carrying men home drunk from, in ancient Egypt, 73.

in ancient Rome, 93.

Anglo-Saxon, 121.

at St. Edmundsbury, 127.

Anglo-Norman, 128.

Dinner, a prior’s, 130.

Lord Mayor’s in 1663, 153.

wine drunk at, in 1782, 153.

wine drunk in the present day, 154.

little drinking after, in England, 172.

no drinking at, in the United States, 212.

Dionysius of Sinope, his catalogue of drinking vessels, 92.

Dionysius (Bacchus), the supposed inventor of wine, 78.

Saturnalia of, 79.

Doctrinal des filles, the, a book of etiquette for mediæval English

ladies, 138.

_Dolia_, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.

Doolittle, Rev. J., on Chinese drinking customs, 31.

Doran, Dr., on drinking in the Indian Army (verses), 48.

account of early English clubs, 156, 157.

Dram-drinking in Sweden, 196-200.

Drinking “_ad unguem_,” 109.

Drinking habits (see “Drunkenness”).

of ancient Chinese, 16, 17, 23-26.

moderate, of Confucius, 16.

of modern Chinese, 29, 30.

supposed, of Aryan divinities, 35.

of Aryan laity, 40.

of ancient Persians, 50-52.

Hebrews, 61.

Greeks, 81.

Romans, 83 _et seq._

Germans, 103.

of mediæval Germany, 105 _et seq._

of modern Germany, 117.

of Anglo-Saxons, 121 _et seq._

of Anglo-Normans, 128 _et seq._

of mediæval England, 134 _et seq._

of monastic orders, 140 _et seq._

after the Reformation, 147.

of the English aristocracy to-day, 171, 172.

of the English middle classes to-day, 173.

English ladies, 173.

the lowest classes, 177 _et seq._

English working classes, 177 _et seq._

Swedes, 194 _et seq._

races on the River Plate, 201 _et seq._

United States, 204 _et seq._

Drinking vessels, horns and gourds the first, 24.

of ancient Greece and Rome, 91, 92.

of ancient Germany, 113.

presented to brides in Germany, 113.

Anglo-Saxon, 119, 121.

given to monasteries, 119.

in monasteries, 142.

Drunkards, various modes of treating, 178-181.

Bond on quiet, 180.

seldom seen in the streets in America, 215, 216.

relatives of, have right of action against liquor sellers in

America, 216, 217.

damage caused by, in America, recoverable from liquor sellers, 217.

reformed, paraded at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220.

Drunkenness, inheritability of, 2.

in certain apes, 3.

amongst savages in Africa, 4, 5.

Malay Archipelago, 5.

Alison, on savage and civilised, 10.

of Lapps at Tromsoe, 10.

“The Announcement about,” an ancient Chinese edict, 19-22.

of Brahmans, how punished, 42.

at modern Indian festivals, 45, 46.

suppression of, by Mahomet, 53.

the supposed work of Agromanyus, 50.

of ancient Persians, 51.

partial, of modern Persians, 55.

of wandering tribes in Persia, 55.

early mention of, in Scripture, 64.

amongst the ancient Hebrews, 65, 66.

St. Paul’s denunciation of, 68.

of ancient Egyptians, 73.

cabbage believed to be an antidote to, 75.

in the heroic age, 80.

of the Lacedæmonians, 81.

Eubulus on, 82.

Epicharmus on, 83.

in ancient Rome, 86, 87.

at Roman feasts, 96-98.

crimes resulting from, in imperial Rome, 98, 99.

of eminent Romans, 99.

of the plebeians in imperial Rome, 100.

and the fall of the Roman empire, 101.

ancient German, 102, 103.

edicts against, by Charlemagne and Frederick III., 105.

Karl IV., 105.

German, in the Middle Ages, 107-112.

amongst women, 109, 111.

of monastic orders in mediæval Germany, 113, 114.

punishment of, in mediæval Germany, 114.

decline of, in Germany, 115 _et seq._

amongst the Anglo-Saxons, 119-121, 128.

clergy, 124.

of the Danes, 125.

of Norman knights, 126, 127.

Anglo-Normans, 129, 130.

in monasteries, 131, 141-144.

in mediæval England, 138, 139.

amongst nuns, 144.

of friars and clerics, 145.

of the cavaliers, 151.

in the eighteenth century in England, 158, 160 _et seq._

increase of, in the eighteenth century in England from the

introduction of spirits, 160.

frightful, in the early part of the eighteenth century, 161.

Bishop Benson on the, of the eighteenth century, 164.

Scotch and Irish, of the eighteenth century, 166, 167.

in England at the present time, 169 _et seq._

origin of English, 169.

in English seaports, 170.

in the lowest classes in England, 170, 174-5.

lower middle-classes, 173.

in Liverpool, 170, 175.

controversy concerning increase of, 175 _et seq._

arrests for, in London, 177, 247.

in Liverpool, 178, 247.

in Birmingham, 179.

apparent increase of, in large towns, from figures, 177-179.

probable decrease of, 177-181.

decrease of, from Mr. Gladstone’s fiscal measures, 182, 183.

fostered by old trade customs, 183.

diminished by reformed trade customs, 183-186.

improved feeling of working classes concerning, 186, 187.

probable increase of, in prosperous times, 189.

multiplication of gin-palaces, the chief cause of, 190.

in Liverpool, graphically described, 191.

and insanity, 191.

probable general decrease of, 192.

excessive, in Sweden this century, 195.

diminution of, through the licensing system, 199.

amongst the half castes and Indians of the States of the Plate,

202, 203.

in the remote States of North America, 209.

in New York, 210.

in Nevada, 218.

in Bangor (Maine), 220.

canons of, propounded by superintendent of inebriate asylum, 228.

causes of, 229-239.

not attributable to climate, 229, 257.

fostered by medicinal use of alcohol, 231.

arises chiefly from passion for drink, 234.

effects of, attractive to many, 235-237.

various antidotes to, 239-256, 262.

fostered by the policy of the Tory party in England, 245, 249.

discountenanced by the Liberal party, 251.

probable effect of permissive legislation upon, 255, 256.

not the concomitant of high civilisation, 257, 260.

diminished by civilisation, 260.

Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, his monastic regulations, 125.

Edinburgh, the High Street of, in the eighteenth century, described,

166.

Education, cure for drunkenness in Germany, 116.

effects of in Scotland, 182.

in England, 193.

in the United States, 206.

of the young, cure for drunkenness in England, 245.

its influence on repressive legislation, 263.

Egyptians, early notices of wine amongst the, 72, 73.

drinking habits of the ancient, 73-76.

Elephant, the, an enormous Roman drinking vessel (verses), 92.

Elizabeth, Queen, helps to suppress “ales,” 136.

Eminent men of imperial Rome who were drunkards, 99.

who frequented clubs in the seventeenth and eighteenth century,

155-157.

England in Anglo-Saxon times, 118-125.

in Danish times, 125.

in Anglo-Norman, 125-130.

mediæval, drinking in monasteries of, 131, 132.

drinks of, 132, 133.

“ales” and merry makings of, 134-136.

suppression of ales in, 137.

clergy of, their intemperance, 137, 139, 140.

etiquette for ladies of, 138.

taverns of, 139.

tapsters and alewives of, 139.

inns of, 122, 141.

monasteries of, 141.

inquiry into monasteries of, 143, 144.

inquiry into nunneries of, 144.

court of, under the Stuarts, 149, 150.

under the Commonwealth, 151.

under Charles II., 151.

in the eighteenth century, 154 _et seq._

coffee-houses opened in, 155.

improvement in upper and middle classes of, this century, 168.

drinking habits of, in the present day, 169 _et seq._

probable decrease of intemperance in, 192.

temperance societies in, 241-244.

indirect aids to temperance in, 243-245.

liquor legislation in, 245-256.

the publicans and their relations with political parties in,

247-251.

Epicharmus, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.

Epitaph, a publican’s, 214.

Esquiros, Alphonse, on wine consumed in English clubs, 158.

on English gin-palaces, 190.

Eubulus, a comedy writer, on cabbage an antidote to drunkenness

(verses), 75.

on hard drinking, 82.

Eucharist, the, probable origin of, in the Vedic age, 36.

Evelyn, John, his anecdote of William of Orange, 152.

Farm Labourers, improved habits of, 187, 188 and _note_.

probable effect of enfranchisement on, 188.

“Footings” formerly spent in drink, 183.

Fosbrooke, on irregularities of nunneries, 124.

on eating and drinking customs of monks, 130-132.

satires on monastic drunkenness (verses) 143, (verses) 145.

on friars and clerics, 145.

Framjee, Dosabhoy, on the modern Parsees, 57.

Fraser on the saturnalia of modern India, 45.

Persian drinking customs, 54.

Friars, character of, 145.

Gay’s “Court of Death,” 168.

Germany, ancient, drinks of, 102, 104.

ancient, intemperance in, 102, 103.

effects of drinking, 104.

mediæval, laws against drunkenness in, 105.

temperance societies of, 106.

students’ drinking songs, 107.

drinking code of, 107, 110.

universality of drunkenness in, 112.

introduction of tea, coffee, and chocolate into, 115.

modern, sobriety in, 117.

Gibbon on drunkenness in imperial Rome, 100.

Giles on modern Chinese drinking customs, 31, 32.

Gin Act, the, 161, 162.

failure and results of, 163.

repealed, 162, 163.

Giraldus Cambrensis, his account of a prior’s dinner, 130.

the Irish clergy, 130.

Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E., effects of his fiscal legislation on

intemperance, 182.

on heroic remedies for drunkenness, 244.

Glasgow, causes of drunkenness in, 170.

reputed to be the most drunken town in Britain, 174.

Gloucester (Massachusetts), bitters said to be advertised in cemetery

in, 214.

Gothenburg, licensing system in, 199.

causes of intemperance in, 199.

taverns in, 199.

Greece, supposed origin of wine in, 78.

wines of, 89.

Greig, Major, Liverpool statistics of intemperance by, 178.

Gull, Sir W., on drinking habits of upper classes, 171.

Hallam on the immoralities of mediæval monasteries, 144.

Hardy on Buddhist total abstinence, 28.

Hashish, various names of, 51.

Haug on the Vedic Soma sacrifice, 36.

on the sacrifices of the modern Parsees, 50.

Healths, French views concerning the drinking of, in the seventeenth

century, 154.

Hebrews, various intoxicating drinks of, 59, 64.

drunkenness amongst the, 65.

sobriety of modern, 70, 71.

Help-ales, 134.

Henderson, Colonel, statistics of Metropolitan Police, 178.

Henry VIII., dissoluteness of his court, 149.

makes a German envoy drunk, 149.

Herodotus on palm wine, 11.

on drinking habits of ancient Persians, 51, 52.

Herodotus denies existence of grapes in ancient Egypt, 73.

Hogarth, his pictures of debauchery, 167.

_Homa_, drink of ancient Persians, 50.

Home Office, reception of publicans and ministers of religion

compared, 250.

Homer, mention of wine by, 79, 80.

Honey, fermented drink from (mead), made by the Romans, 90.

ancient Germans, 104, and _note_ 3.

English in Middle Ages, 132, 133.

Horns and gourds, the first drinking vessels, 24.

Hospital, temperance, 233.

Hospitaller (guest-master), duties of, 141.

Hospitality of mediæval Germany, 104.

Anglo-Saxons, 122.

mediæval monasteries, 140.

mistaken, in Ireland last century, 167.

_Hura_, an ancient Persian drink, 50.

Hydromeli, Roman, 90.

India, drinking in, in the Middle Ages, 43.

native arrack of, 43.

sobriety of natives of, 43, 44, 46.

saturnalia of modern, 44, 45.

indifference of Englishmen to welfare of, 47.

former drunkenness in the English army of, 47, 48.

Indians, drinking amongst North American, 8, 207.

of the River Plate, drunkenness of, 202.

corruption of North American, by whites, 207.

present condition of American, 208.

Indra, supposed drinking habits of the god, 35, 37, 38, 39.

Insanity and drunkenness, 191.

Installations of bishops, drinking at, 137.

Instinct for drink, Richardson on, 2.

in children, 2, 3.

in domesticated and feral animals, 2.

Darwin on, 2.

conclusions concerning, 11, 234, 257.

Intoxicating drinks of Africa, 4-7.

of Tartary, 15.

of ancient China, 19, 23, 25.

of modern China, 29-31.

of the Aryans (Soma), 36.

(Sura), 39.

(other drinks), 41, 42.

of modern India, 43, 44.

forbidden by Mahomet, 53.

of the ancient Persians (Homa and Hura), 50, 51.

of the Koran, 53.

of mediæval Persia, 54.

of the ancient Hebrews, 61.

and religion, 69.

of the ancient Egyptians, 72, 73.

of ancient Rome and Greece, 78, 86, 87, 89, 90.

of ancient Germany, 103.

of mediæval Germany, 108.

of mediæval England, 132, 133.

European, alcoholic table of, 160.

of various nations (verses on), 166.

of the Argentine Republic, Caña, one of the, 202.

native, of the Indians of the River Plate, and South Sea Islands,

203.

preparation of Cava, an, 203.

of the United States, 205, 213.

in the United States, not to be obtained in certain places, 209.

not often seen on dinner tables, 212.

not often used in families, 214.

restrictions on sale of, in Maine, 216.

New Hampshire, 217.

Massachusetts, 217.

New Jersey, 217.

other States, 217, 218.

no restrictions on sale of, in Nevada, 218.

secretly sold at Portland, Maine, 219.

used as a medicine in ancient Rome, 84, 86.

opinions concerning their use as a medicine in modern times, 231,

232.

in surgery, 233.

enjoyable nature of some, 234.

nauseating character of other, 235.

love of, in all ages, 234-237.

Iron-moulders, changed habits of, 185.

James I., licentiousness of the court of, 149, 150.

Jeaffreson, J. C., on holding “ales” in churches, 135.

on the attitude of the church towards drinking, 148.

on drinking amongst the Irish clergy last century, 167.

Jehovah, sacrifices of wine to, 62.

Jesus Christ not a total abstainer, 66.

sanctions the use of wine, 67.

conversion of water into wine, 67.

John the Baptist, a total abstainer, 66.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his love of clubs, 156.

Jongleurs, Anglo-Norman, 128, 129.

_Jus Potandi_, a professed drinking code of mediæval Germany,

106-110.

Beers, named in, 108.

Kerr, on sobriety of Hindoos, 44.

Kiss, the Anglo-Saxon mode of pledging, 120.

Klemm on Persian drinking habits, 54.

on the introduction of the vine into Germany, 103, 104.

on the edicts of Charlemagne and others, 105, and _notes_.

Knight, R., on improved habits of boiler-makers, 184.

_Kokemaar_, a mediæval Persian drink, 54.

Koom, a temperance city in Persia, 55.

_Koomiss_, a Tartar drink made from mare’s milk, 5.

Koran, interdiction of wine in the, 53.

apparent sanction of wine in the, 53.

Lacedæmonians, total abstinence of early, 81.

subsequent intemperance of, 81.

Lake, dwellings, account of the, 12, 14.

grapes and other fruits traced in the, 14.

Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, his Permissive Bill, 252.

his Permissive Bill commended, 256.

Lecky, on eminent drunkards in the eighteenth century, 158, _note_.

on English drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161.

on Irish drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 167.

on the origin of English drunkenness, 169.

Legge, Rev. J., his “Chinese Classics,” quoted, 19-22.

his _She-King_, quoted, 19, 23, 26.

Legislation, liquor, in Sweden, 198, 199.

the United States, 215-227.

England, 246-249.

Liberal Party, leaders of the, support temperance reform, 251.

the drink policy of, 251, 252.

_Liberalia_, ancient feasts of Bacchus, 79.

Liberals, the mistaken policy of certain, in regard to unrestricted

licensing, 251, 252.

Licensing Act of 1872, 246, 248.

tampered with, by Tories, 246, 247.

Lindley, on the “cava” plant, and its effects, 203.

Lingard, quoted concerning licentiousness of court of James I., 149,

150.

Liverpool, causes of drunkenness in, 170.

tables of arrests for drunkenness, 174, 247.

opinion of Chief Constable and of Rev. J. Nugent on drunkenness,

175.

temperance work of Rev. J. Nugent in, 242.

canvass of working men in, 187.

_Daily Post’s_ graphic account of drunken scene in, 191.

operation of the Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.

Livingstone, Dr., on drunkenness in Africa, 4.

London, lawless state of streets in, in eighteenth century, 157.

frightful debauchery in, in 1736, 161.

dangerous state of suburbs from drunkenness, 161-164.

police statistics of drunkenness in, 177.

operations of Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.

Lord’s Committee on intemperance, quoted, 172, 173, _note_, 175, 176,

177, 178, 179, 188, 195, 196, 198, 199, 219, 223, 227, 242, 248.

Lord Mayor, Charles II. and the intoxicated, 152.

banquet of, described by Pepys, 153.

1782, wines consumed at, 153.

Lot, intoxication of, 64.

Louisville, Kentucky, drunkards not seen in streets of, 215.

Lowest classes in modern India, drunkenness of, 44.

in imperial Rome, drunkenness of, 100.

in England, drunkenness of, 173 _et seq._

_Lütertrank_, a mediæval German drink, 113.

Macaulay, on Cavaliers and Roundheads, 150.

M’Carthy, Justin, on absence of drink at table in U.S.A., 212.

his account of failure of Maine Law in Portland, 219.

his belief that the Maine Law checks drunkenness, 225.

his account of hotel-keeper’s strike at Rutland (Maine), 225.

Macfarlane and Thomson on drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161.

Macrae, H., on the classes who drink at bars in the United States of

America, 212, 213.

advertising bitters in U.S.A., 214.

amusing account of devices of drink-sellers to evade Maine Law, 226.

Maine Liquor Law, the, 216.

failure of, according to M’Carthy, 219.

failure of, according to Caine, 219.

failure of, according to British Consul at Portland, 219.

partial failure of, according to Judge Davis, 221.

opposition to, in Massachusetts, 221.

report against, in Massachusetts, 221.

failure and repeal of, in Massachusetts, 222.

beneficial results of, in Maine, 224, 225.

ludicrous evasions of, 226.

Mahomet, his laws concerning drink, 53.

Malmesbury, William of, compares Anglo-Saxons and Normans, 128.

Manu, institutes of, on drunkenness, 39-41.

Markham, Captain, on present condition of Red Indians, 208.

Massachusetts, regulated licensing in, 217.

opposition to, failure and repeal of Maine Law in, 221, 222.

address of Governor Rice on liquor legislation in, 223, 224.

Medicine, alcohol as a, in ancient Rome, 86, 91.

modern views concerning, 230, 232 and _note_.

Mencius, on drinking and gambling in ancient China, 18.

Middle classes, drinking habits of English, 172, 173.

of Swedish, early this century, 195.

of Swedish, in the present day, 200.

of the United States frequent drinking saloons, 212.

spirit drinkers, 213.

Miller, on the medicinal use of alcohol, 232.

effects of alcohol, 234.

Millers, improvement in the habits of, 185.

Mnesitheus, a Roman physician, recommended occasional hard drinking,

91.

Moderate drinking in Germany, 117.

considered, 237.

Anstie on, 238.

the _Lancet_ on, 238.

Mohammedan, reform of drunkenness, 53.

intemperance, partial, 53-56.

sobriety, 56.

Monasteries, (see also, “Priests,” “Abbots,” &c.)

drinking in, 131-133.

hospitality of, 140.

enquiry into the state of, 143, 144.

Morewood, his book, preface vii. viii.

drinking amongst Red Indians, 8.

Chinese liquor traffic, 30.

Indian liquor traffic, 43.

Turkish liquor traffic, 53.

on Persian mode of distilling brandy, 54.

origin of distillation, 159.

first importation of arrack into England, 159.

Swedish intemperance in his day, 195-197.

intemperance in his day in the United States, 204.

temperance societies in the United States, 240.

Mulder, quoted, on first preparation of alcohol, 159.

chemistry of intoxicating drinks, 159, _note_.

Müller, Max, on Aryan drinking habits, 37, _note_.

Museums, and art galleries, Sunday opening of, an antidote to

drunkenness, 245.

_Mustum lixivium_, an ancient Roman wine, 87.

_tortivum_, an ancient Roman wine, 88.

Nazarites, the, total abstainers during noviciate, 63.

New Hampshire, liquor laws of, 217.

drinking saloons of, declared to be common nuisances, 217.

New Jersey, liquor laws of, 217.

New York, contest in, between authorities and liquor sellers, 209.

_Herald_, account of attempt to break into liquor saloon, 210.

drunkenness and crime in, 212.

inebriate asylum of, 227.

Newspapers, of United States, estimate of drinking from, 210, 211.

license in United States, 211.

Noah, intoxication of, 64.

Nugent, Rev. James, his opinion concerning decrease of drunkenness in

Liverpool, 175.

on American temperance societies, 242.

his temperance work in Liverpool, 242.

Nunneries, mediæval, drunkenness in, and inquiries into condition of,

144.

Nuns of Appleton, injunctions to, 144.

Odyssey, mention of wine in, 79, 80.

Opium smoking in China, 32.

traffic in India and China, 47.

Orange, William of, anecdote of, 152.

Owen, on changed habits of iron-moulders, 185.

Palm Toddy, an Indian spirit, 44.

Palm wine, in Africa, 3, 4, 6.

in the Malay Archipelago, 5.

Herodotus mentions, 11.

of the Aryans, 42.

of ancient Persians, 52.

of Mohammedans, 53.

_Panicum_, a grass used for making “sura” drink, 39.

Panyasis, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.

Parliament, the “grog,” 246.

Act of, 1872 in England, 246.

and the Permissive Bill, 252-256.

Parsees, their temperance, 57.

in Bombay, large number of liquor sellers amongst, 58.

Patterson, John, on Liverpool publicans, 223, _note_.

Permissive Bill in Sweden, 199.

in New Jersey and other States, 217.

Sir W. Lawson’s, considered, 252.

probable modifications of, 255.

commended, 256.

legislation, Governor Price (Massachusetts), on, 223.

successful in the United States, 224.

probable future of, in England, 252.

Persia, drinks and drinking customs of ancient, 50-52.

of modern, 54-56.

Petersen, J. W., on ancient German drinking habits, 103.

on the introduction of non-alcoholic drinks into Germany, 116.

his story of Henry VIII. making an envoy drunk, 149.

Petronius quoted in account of Roman feast (verses), 93, 94.

Philadelphia, proposal to allow drawback on spirits exported from,

210, 211.

inebriate asylum at, 227.

Picnic, origin of, 138, 139.

Plate, States of the, drinking habits of civilised people of, 202.

of half-castes of, 202.

of Indians of, 203.

Pliny the elder on Egyptian drinking habits, 73.

on Roman drinking habits, 83.

anecdotes of drinking in ancient Rome, 84.

on scarcity of wine in ancient Rome, 85.

on vine-culture in ancient Rome, 85.

on wine manufacture in ancient Rome, 87.

on varieties of wine in ancient Rome, 89.

on effects of wine, 90, 98, 99.

on medicinal use of wine, 91.

on drunkenness in ancient Rome, 99.

on delirium tremens in ancient Rome, 99.

on ancient German drinking habits, 102.

Plunkett, Archbishop, on intemperance of Irish priests last century,

166-167.

Police, increased activity of, in large towns, 177, 179.

arrests not uniform, 180.

Police statistics, misleading character of, 177.

of drunkenness in London, 177, 247.

in Liverpool, 178, 247.

in Birmingham, 179.

Politics and drink, 173.

Politics and publicans, 192.

Polyphemus made drunk by Ulysses, 80.

Pomegranates used for making an ancient Hebrew drink, 64.

Portland (Maine), ease with which liquor can be procured in, 219.

Priests, abstinence of Buddhist, 27, 28.

sanction of drinking by Brahmin, 37.

drinking by Brahmin, 39, 40.

punishment (later) of Brahmin, for intoxication, 41, 42.

Hebrew, forbidden to drink during sacrifice, 62.

tithes paid to, in wine, 63.

sayings of, concerning wine, 64.

Roman, used wine in the sacrifices, 85.

German, forbidden to offer wine to penitents, 105.

intemperance of, 113, 114.

punishment of, for intemperance, 114.

mediæval English, said to have been the corrupters of domestic

virtue, 119.

mediæval English, intemperance of, 120, 123, 124, 141, 142, 143.

Irish, intemperance of, 130.

mediæval, irregularities of, 131, 144.

modern Catholic, exertions of, in favour of temperance, 242.

Prioress of Rumsey, a notorious drunkard, 145.

Pritchard, on changed habits of ropemakers, 185.

Prohibitory liquor laws of the United States, pamphlet quoted, 208,

209, 211, 216, 217, 218.

failure of, to suppress the sale, 218-221.

good, which has resulted from, 221-225.

Prosperity, and increased intemperance, 189.

_Protrupum_, an ancient Roman wine, 87.

Public opinion, support of, to prohibition, in America, 225.

influenced, for corruption and intemperance by leaders, 260, 261.

enlisted in all ages by drinking reformers, 260-263.

the greatest reforming agency, 263.

duty of Englishmen, in regard to, 263.

Publicans, false position of, in England, 191, 192, 215.

alliance of, with Tory party, 192.

political influence, of, 192.

beaten in New York, 209.

in the United States, status of, 215.

regarded as the chief law-breakers, 216.

right of action against, by relatives of drunkards, 216.

liability for damage done by drunkards, 217.

action of, under prohibition, 219, 221, 225.

denounced at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220.

reception of deputation at Home Office, compared with that of

clergy, 249, 250.

Puritans, their sober demeanour and conduct, 151.

their reforms, 151.

suppress Christmas festivities, 151.

reaction against extreme measures of, 151.

attempt to suppress coffee-houses, 156.

the modern Nonconformists carrying out their drinking reforms, 243.

Rabbins, their rules concerning wine, 62, 63.

sayings of, concerning wine, 64.

Rechabites, the, total abstainers, 63.

Reformation, its influence upon intemperance, 118, 136.

state of the English court before, 149.

Restoration of Charles II., favoured by Puritan repressive measures,

151.

dissolute state of court, after, 151.

_Rhyton_, an ancient Roman drinking vessel, 91.

Rice, spirit distilled from, in China, 29.

India, 44.

Governor, on the liquor legislation of Massachusetts, 223, 224.

Richardson, Pelham, on temperance of Hindoos, 44.

W. B., (Dr.) denies existence of instinct for drink, 1.

on inheritability of desire for drink, 2.

_Rig-Veda_, sacred book of the Brahmans, 34.

accounts of Soma drinking on, 37-40.

Ritchie, on improved habits of bakers, 184.

Rev. W., on Scripture controversy concerning wine, 60, 61.

Robinson, W. B., (chief constructor), on morning drinking among

workmen, 248, _note_.

Rome, early mention of wine, in ancient, 83.

anecdotes of drinking amongst women in, 84.

the Posthumian law of, 84.

scarcity of wine in early, 85.

wine offered to the gods in, 85.

various wines drunk in, 86.

luxury of later, 86, 87.

manufacture of wine in, 87.

drinking vessels of ancient, 91.

symposia of ancient, 93.

account of a feast in ancient, 93-97.

surprises at feasts in ancient, 96.

fearful drunkenness in imperial, 99.

debauchery of lower classes in imperial, 100.

connection between drunkenness and fall of, 100, 101.

Ropemakers, improved habits of, 185.

Rose, George (Arthur Sketchley), “The Great Country,” quoted, 227,

228.

Rousselet on saturnalia in modern India, 45.

Royalists, dissolute character of (Charles I. and II.), 150.

Rudolph of Hapsburg, anecdote of, 111.

Rumsey, the Prioress of, a notorious drunkard, 145.

Rutland (Vermont), strike of hotel-keepers in, 225.

Sachs, Hans, on German drinking tournaments, 108.

Sampson, Abbot of Glastonbury, account of, 127, 128, 131, 141.

Saturnalia, of modern India, 45.

ancient Rome, 78.

modern England, 191.

Savages, drink and drunkenness amongst, 4.

of Africa, Livingstone on, 4.

Schweinfurth on, 6.

of Malay Archipelago, Wallace on, 5.

improvidence of, 7.

of Africa, orgies amongst, 7.

of North America, 8, 207.

Crawford on the discovery of intoxicating drinks by, 14, _note_.

of Persia, drunkenness of wandering, 55.

of the States of the Plate, drink and habits of, 202.

of the South Sea Islands, drink and habits of, 203.

Savory, W. S., on the use of alcohol in surgery, 232.

Schliemann, Dr., drinking vessels discovered by, 81.

Schlossar, Dr., on planting of vineyards by monks in Germany, 104.

on various kinds of beer in mediæval Germany, 108, _note_.

on drinking amongst women in mediæval Germany, 109, _note_ 3, and

112.

on excessive drinking in mediæval Germany, 111, _note_.

Schweinfurth on drunkenness in Africa, 6, 7.

Scott, Sir W., on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.

Scripture (see also Hebrews, Rabbins, Talmud, Schechar, Yayin,

Tirosh, &c.) controversy concerning wine, 59-62.

lessons concerning drunkenness, 65, 66.

commendation of total abstinence, 62, 63, 66, 68.

Seaports, English, chief causes of drunkenness in, 170.

Sheba, Queen of, represented by an intoxicated court lady (James I.),

149, 150.

_Schechar_, strong drink of ancient Hebrews, 59.

_She-King_, the book of ancient Chinese poetry, 19.

pastorals and drinking songs in, 23-26.

_Shiraz_, a Persian wine, 54.

_Shoo-King_, the, or ancient Chinese history, 19.

extracts from, 19-22.

Smith, Dr. Wm. (author of “Dictionary of the Bible”), on Scripture

testimony concerning wine, 59, 60.

_Soma_ sacrifice, the, 35.

drink, so-called, 36.

drinking by Indra, 37, 38.

Spirits (see also Gin Act, intoxicating drinks, &c.), an ancient

Chinese drink, so-called, 19-22.

of modern China, 29.

of modern India, 43, 44.

drunk by Mussulmans in Persia, 55.

distillation of, discovery doubtful, 159.

first known in England, 159.

extraction of pure, 159.

first importation of, 159.

table of alcoholic strength of, 160.

increase of drunkenness from, in England, 160.

decrease of drunkenness from, in consequence of raised duty in

eighteenth century, 163.

annual consumption of, considered, 181.

fluctuations of drunkenness, how affected by duty, 181.

early Swedish legislation concerning, 195.

early use of, in the United States, 204.

former price of, in the United States, 204.

effect of, on Red Indians, 207, 208.

drinking of, in the United States, 213.

American legislation concerning, 217, 222.

drunkenness, as compared with lighter drinks, 222.

freely sold under the Maine Law, 224-226.

adulteration of, with water, in England, 250.

St. David, his canons against monastic intemperance, 123.

St. Edmundsbury, anecdotes from the chronicles of, 127, 131.

St. Gildas the Wise, canons against monastic intemperance, 123.

St. Paul commends total abstinence, 68.

deprecated forced total abstinence, 68.

denies salvation to drunkards, 69.

Statistics often misleading, 177.

of police arrests for drunkenness, 177, 179, 247.

of fluctuations in duty on spirits, 181.

of French and Spanish wines imported, 182, 183.

of working men’s votes in favour of restricted hours of sale, 187.

erroneous, concerning Swedish intemperance, 197.

of police prosecutions of publicans, 247.

Statue formed of trunk of vine, 89.

Stockholm, drinking in, 200.

Stuarts, drunken revels of the court of the, 149.

Students, drinking songs of German (mediæval), 107.

habits at German universities, 115.

_Sura_, intoxicating drink of Aryans, 39.

Sunday closing of public-houses, 187, 245.

in Ireland, 249.

in England, refusal of Home Secretary to introduce measure for,

250.

Surgery, Savory on use of alcohol in, 232, 233.

Sweden, drunkenness in, early this century, 195-197.

multiplication of distilleries in, early this century, 196.

erroneous statistics concerning drunkenness in, 197.

first temperance society started in, 198.

licensing system of, 198-200.

success of licensing system of, 199.

Permissive Bill in, 199.

_Symposia_, ancient Roman drinking parties, 93.

Table of alcoholic strength of various drinks, 160.

Tacitus on ancient German drinking habits, 103.

Talmud, the, on drinking and drunkenness, 62-64.

Taverns in modern China, 30.

Anglo-Saxon, 122.

Anglo-Norman, 130.

mediæval English, 138, 139, 147.

priests warned not to frequent, 139, 148.

kept by priests of Middle Ages, 139.

English clergymen since the Reformation, 140, _note_.

the “Boar’s Head,” 140.

monks frequented, 144.

plea in favour of mediæval, 147, 148.

mediæval, haunted by certain friars, 145.

countenanced by the Roman Catholic Church, 147, 148.

of the eighteenth century in England, 158, 165.

Scotland, 166.

Ireland, priests drinking in, 166.

construction of modern, encourages drunkenness, 184, 190.

kept at the present time by warehousemen and foremen, 185.

attractions of, one of the chief causes of English drunkenness, 190.

Esquiros on English, 190.

needless multiplication of, 191.

the cause of the worst crimes, 191.

no appearance of, in Portland (Maine), 219.

Tavernier, on mediæval Persian drinking, 54.

Tea, introduction of, into England, 155.

_Temetum_, a Roman name for wine, 84.

Temperance of Mussulmans, 56.

of Parsees, 57.

of modern Jews, 70, 71.

of Puritans, 150.

enforced, of Puritans, 151.

reaction against, under Charles II., 151.

hospital, 233.

action of, by Father Mathew, 241.

in the United States, 242.

in Liverpool by Father Nugent, 242.

Roman Catholics generally, 242, 243.

Nonconformists and Society of Friends, 243.

Church of England, 244.

Liberal leaders, 251.

Temperance societies of mediæval Germany, 106, 239.

punishments inflicted by, 106.

in Sweden, 198.

in the United States, 205.

of ladies in Bangor (Maine), 220.

when first formed in U.S.A., 240.

effects of, in U.S.A., 240.

first formed in Great Britain, 241.

changes in policy of, 241.

Father Nugent on American, 242.

Church of England, Duke of Westminster on, 244.

Temple, supported by trunks of vine, 89.

Thebes, monuments of, 73.

Tiberius, the emperor, a great toper, 99.

_Tirosh_, the must of the ancient Hebrews, 59.

Tomlins and Rokewode, Chronicles of St. Edmundsbury, 127, 131.

on habits of mediæval monks, 131, 132.

Torquatus, “tricongius,” his drinking feat, 99.

Tory party, their alliance with the drink interest, 192, 245.

tamper with the Licensing Act of 1872, 247, 248.

their advocacy of the liquor trade, 248, 249.

their opposition to Irish Sunday closing, 249.

English Sunday closing, 250.

their drink policy generally, 249, 250.

Trade customs, effects of, upon intemperance, 183.

Trades’ Hall in Liverpool maintained by unionists, 186.

Trades’ unions, and public-houses, 183-186.

changed drinking habits of, 184-186.

agricultural, and public-houses, 187.

Truck, the cider, 188.

Tully, Raymond, first prepares alcohol, 159.

Ulysses and Polyphemus, 80.

United States, former intemperance in, 204, 206.

intoxicating drinks of, 205.

slang-mixtures of, 205, 213.

drinking at bars in, 205, 212, 213.

early temperance societies of, 205.

property of habitual drunkards in, how formerly dealt with, 205,

206.

effects of former drunkenness in, 206.

corruption by drink of Red Indians in, 207.

energy of the, in suppressing intemperance, 208.

first prohibitory law in, 208.

drunkenness in remote States of, 209, 218.

sobriety in New England States of, 209.

comparative sobriety in large towns of, 209, 214.

evidences of drunkenness in large towns of, 209.

temperance unions in the, 220.

evidences of intemperance in, 219.

drunkenness in, not coupled with crime to the same extent as in

England, 210-211.

proposal to grant drawbacks on spirits exported from, 210-211.

absence of alcoholic liquors from dinner tables in hotels of, 212.

chief drinking, by foreigners in, 212.

spirit drinking in, 213.

passion for advertising in, 213.

character and estimate of drinkers in, 215.

drink sellers in, 215, 222, 223.

absence of drunkards in the streets in, 215.

liquor laws of, 216-218.

partial failure of prohibitory laws and repeal in certain places

in, 219-223.

advantageous results of liquor legislation in, 224-226.

inebriate asylums in, 227.

Upas tree, the, of Marylebone Lane, by James Smith, 165.

_Varuna_, the god, appealed to, to forgive drunkenness, 40.

Vermont, failure or prohibitory law in, 217.

Vines, supposed discovery of, by Bacchus, 12.

in Egypt, 12.

planting of, by Noah, 12.

traces of, in Swiss lake dwellings of Stone Period, 14.

of ancient Egypt, 73.

absence of, in Egypt, alleged by Herodotus, 73.

culture of, described by Pliny, 89.

statue formed of trunk of, 89.

temple supported by columns, consisting of trunks of, 89.

various kinds of, in Greece and Rome, 89.

first planted in Western Europe, 104.

first introduced into the United States, 205.

Virginia City (Nevada), Artemus Ward’s account of, 218.

Sir C. Dilke’s account of, 218.

Wallace, Alfred R., on drunkenness in the Malay Archipelago, 5.

Wages, high, influence intemperance, 189.

Ward, Artemus, on “treating” in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.

Waves of intemperance, 258-260.

Westminster, the Duke of, on temperance, 244.

Wilding, S. P., on drinking habits in the States of the Plate, 202,

203.

Wilkinson on ancient Egyptian monuments, 73.

Wine, palm, in Africa, 3, 4, 6.

the Malay Archipelago, 5.

Herodotus, 11.

clubs in modern China, 30.

of the Eucharist believed to originate with the _Soma_ sacrifice,

36.

imported into ancient India, 42.

of the ancient Hebrews, 59.

controversy concerning, 59-61.

offered to Jehovah, 62.

Rabbinical regulations concerning, 62.

compared to God’s word, 63.

early mention of, in Egypt, 72, 73.

names and description of ancient Egyptian, 74, 75.

scarcity of, in early Roman times, 85.

offered to the gods in Rome, 85.

used as a medicine in Rome, 85.

manufacture of, in Rome, 87, 88.

names and descriptions of Roman and Greek, 86, 89, 90.

adulteration of, in Rome, 89.

made from honey, in Rome, 90.

of Pucinum, supposed to favour longevity, 90.

price of, in Rome, 91.

parties in Rome, 93.

cheap, in mediæval Germany, 113.

drunk by monks, 130, 142, 143.

names and descriptions of mediæval English, 133, 137.

great quantities drunk at religious feasts, 137.

at Lord Mayor banquets, 153, 154.

alcoholic strength of various descriptions of, 160.

in Irish taverns in the eighteenth century, 167.

change from strong to light, in England, 182, 183.

light, drunk in Buenos Ayres, 202.

license for light, lower in Massachusetts than for strong, or

spirits, 222.

allowance of, recommended by Anstie, 238.

the _Lancet_, 238.

Women, drinking amongst, in ancient Egypt, 73.

ancient Rome, 84.

mediæval Germany, 109, 111.

mediæval England, 138.

drunkenness amongst, in the Court of the Stuarts, 149, 150.

drinking habits of, in England, 173.

drunkenness amongst the lowest class of English, to-day, 174-175.

Wood carvings, Anglo-Norman, 126.

mediæval English, 139.

Working classes (see also Trades’ Unions), Lord Aberdare on drinking

habits of, 176.

improvement in drinking habits of, 176, 189.

in favour of early closing of public-houses, 187.

Wright, Thomas, on Anglo-Saxon drinking vessels, 119.

habits, 120, 122.

feasts and amusements, 121,

Norman intemperance, 127.

drinking amongst Anglo-Norman ladies, 129.

low morals of mediæval English, 138.

intemperance of mediæval monks, 142.

Yayin, wine of ancient Hebrews, 59.

_Zaŏtar_, the high priest of the ancient Persians, 50.

_Zend-Avesta_, drinks mentioned in, 50.

drinking habits of ancient Persians recorded in, 50, 51.

Zoroaster and his writings, 50.

THE END.

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON.

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