POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS
_1. Making the Examination_
A post-mortem examination should always be undertaken if there is any
doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry rearers who are not already
familiar with the normal appearance of the internal organs of a fowl
should take the first opportunity of studying them.
Post-mortem examinations should be done in a systematic manner; but, if
desired, a very speedy examination may be made by rapidly removing, or
bending back, the breast bone of the unplucked bird.
It will be more generally satisfactory, however, to devote time to the
operation, and it is suggested that the work be carried out on the
following lines:
1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on a board in the position shown
in Fig. 30, having first partly or wholly plucked the bird.
[Illustration: FIG. 30.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1
Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut.]
2. With a sharp knife cut along lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and bend the
breast bone backwards, exposing the internal organs. (Fig. 31.) As
the breast bone is raised it will be necessary to cut through the
mesentery and other connecting tissues. Break it back at D, cutting
through the flesh and the muscle with sharp scissors.
3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder and spleen, making neat
severances and without injury to any of the other organs. If the heart
or large blood vessels be injured in the operation, blood will flow
out and interfere with the work.
[Illustration: FIG. 31.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2
Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ.]
4. Cut through the œsophagus, below or above the crop, as most
convenient, and also cut through the large intestine near the
cloaca. Without disconnecting the parts, lift out the gizzard,
intestines, and other portions of the alimentary canal, carefully
tearing away the membranous tissues of the mesentery.
5. Spread the organs out and examine each one carefully and
critically, making sections if necessary. (Fig. 32.)
6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, and cæca and
examine the contents.
7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a portion and throwing it into
water, when it will float if healthy, but sink if congested.
8. Cut through the skin of the neck. Sever the windpipe near the head,
and also where the bronchi enter the lungs. With scissors cut it open,
and examine for molds or gapes or for exudates indicative of various
forms of cold or lung congestion.
[Illustration: FIG. 32.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3
Internal organs removed for examination.]
9. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for blood clots. Some care will be
necessary in cutting through the skull so as not to injure the brain
tissue, which should be a milky white. A sharp and strong pair of
scissors or a small, fine saw (e. g., tenon saw) will be useful for
older birds. Remove the skin and cut from behind, raising the bones
and exposing the brain.
_2. The Normal Condition of the Internal Organs_
(See Fig. 32.)
The _œsophagus_ carries the food from the mouth and passing down the
neck beside the windpipe opens into—
The _crop_, where the food is macerated. Thence it gradually passes
into—
The _true stomach_ (or proventriculus), which is lined with small
gastric-secreting glands that may be seen with the naked eye. This
organ is hidden by the liver, and opens directly into—
[Illustration: FIG. 33.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4
Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ.]
The _gizzard_, situated on the left side of the abdomen. It rests on
the coiled-up mass of intestines. It is dark red and is partly hidden
by the left lobe of the liver. The walls are strong and muscular. Here
the food is ground against small bits of stone, etc. The partially
digested food passes out through an aperture near the entrance of the
true stomach into—
The _duodenum_ or upper portion of the small intestine. It forms a loop
that incloses—
The _pancreas_, a compact, flattened organ, pinkish in color, that
discharges its secretion by three ducts into the intestines.
The _small intestine_, after forming the loop (duodenum), continues its
course. It first passes toward the left and is disposed in many folds
connected by the mesentery; toward the end it passes up behind the true
stomach. Connected to the intestines are the blind bodies known as—
The _cæca_, connected to the small intestines for several inches and
which, after becoming considerably smaller in diameter, enter the
alimentary tract where—
The _large intestine_ (rectum) starts. This portion of the intestines
is short and enters—
The _cloaca_, into which the urinary and reproductive ducts discharge.
The external opening is known as the _vent_ or _anus_.
The _brain_, situated in the back of the head, is protected by the
cranial bones. It is milky white except where the blood vessels may be
seen.
The _windpipe_ connects the larynx at the throat with the lungs
branching into the two _bronchi_.
The _lungs_, situated in the upper portion of the thoracic abdominal
cavity, are firmly attached to the ribs, in the interspaces between
which they fit. They are flattened and oval in shape, bright red in
color, and loose and spongy in texture.
The _heart_ is cone-shaped. The lower portion rests between the
lobes of the liver. The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac (the
pericardium) that is easily removed.
The _liver_, situated a little lower down than the heart, consists
of two lobes. The right lobe is often larger than the left which may
be cleft at the lower end. The left lobe covers the true stomach and
part of the gizzard. If there is some delay in holding a post-mortem
examination the edges of the lobes of the liver become discolored.
Normally the color is a purplish red.
The _gall bladder_ fits into a shallow depression on the underside of
the right lobe of the liver and appears green in color. A duct conveys
the bile from the liver into the gall bladder, whence it passes by
another duct into the intestine.
The _spleen_, a nearly round, reddish body, with a purplish tinge, is
attached by a ligament to the right side of the true stomach and is
hidden by the liver.
The _kidneys_ extend along the sides of the spine from immediately
below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity. The
general color is a chocolate red, but a small portion at the upper end
(known as the adrenal), is yellow. There is no urinary bladder. The
urates are carried direct through the _ureters_ to the cloaca.
The _testes_ (of the male bird) are attached to the upper portion
of the kidneys. They are white or very light-colored, and may be of
different sizes.
The _ovary_ (of the female bird), situated on the left side, covers the
kidney on that side. It consists of numerous ova of various sizes
each of which may develop into an egg. As an ovum passes through the
oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering (the white of
egg); lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the
shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.)
[Illustration: FIG. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5
Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.]
_3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem Symptoms_
For purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined. Note in each
case if it is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or engorged with
blood. Observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other
symptom of an abnormal character.
A single symptom in a single organ, unless very pronounced and
characteristic, will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate
opinion as to the cause of death. But if the condition of the other
organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into
consideration, there will seldom be any difficulty, from a practical
standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of the disease. Many points
can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope,
such, for example, as the difference between coccidial and bacterial
diarrhea, but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one
of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and
that the rest of his birds may become infected.
The following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms
observable on post-mortem examination, arranged under the heading of
the organs affected. Other symptoms are put in parentheses.
POST-MORTEM SYMPTOMS
BRAIN
_Apoplexy._—Shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain. (Staggering
gait and sudden death.)
HEART
_Cholera._—Punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in
cases of cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden death of several or
many fowls; inflammation of upper portion of intestines.)
LIVER
_Tuberculosis._—Yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size,
somewhat _raised_ and convex; the spots or nodules may be readily
separated from the rest of the liver. The liver itself is often very
much enlarged. (Fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame; mesentery
and spleen affected with nodules.)
_Cholera._—Liver enlarged, dark green and softened, sometimes showing
whitish spots.
_Coccidial diarrhea._—More or less circular patches, depressed in the
centre, associated with plugged cæca, the linings of which have sores.
_Congested liver._—Much enlarged and engorged with blood, may be
readily torn.
_Fatty degeneration or fatty liver._—In the first case the liver is
rather shrunken and hardened, and in the latter excessive deposits of
fat may be noticed.
_Liver trouble._—(Indigestion.) An enlarged liver without any of the
special symptoms noted among the other diseases of the liver.
_Gout._—Needle-like crystals (urate of soda) give the liver the
appearance of having been covered with chalk. (Other organs in
abdominal cavity covered with same powder-like crystals.)
_Aspergillosis._—Necrotic areas with mold. (Fowls go light and move
about in a depressed manner, resting on their breast bones.)
STOMACH
_Gastritis._—The mucous membrane lining of the stomach is reddened and
inflamed.
INTESTINES
_Diarrhea._—Acute forms of intestinal troubles give rise to
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the walls of the intestines.
_Cholera._—The upper portion of the intestines may be reddened and the
contents show streaks or clots of blood.
_Worms._—Round or tape worms present in intestines.
CÆCA
These blind ducts are of importance in showing the presence of
coccidiosis in fowls or blackhead in turkeys.
_Coccidial diarrhea._—The cæca are enlarged and show ulcers developing
from the inside.
WINDPIPE
The linings of this organ should be clean and free of obstruction or
mucous exudations.
_Gapes._—Small worms about three-quarters of an inch long are found
attached to the trachea.
_Aspergillosis._—A whitish mold will be seen along the inside of the
windpipe.
_Pneumonia._—The bronchial tubes contain a thick mucous exudate.
_Congestion of lungs._—Blood escaped from congested lungs is found in
the bronchi.
LUNGS
These should be a bright red and spongy in texture.
_Congestion._—One or both lungs are distended with blood and dark in
color.
_Pneumonia._—A condition that follows on congestion, the whole lung
affected losing its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled with a
semi-solid substance.
_Brooder pneumonia._—Spots due to an Aspergillus fungus on lungs.
(Chickens attacked.)
MESENTERY
_Cholera._—Congestion of blood vessels of mesentery often seen.
_Tuberculosis._—The mesentery may be studded with nodules.
SPLEEN
_Tuberculosis._—A greatly enlarged spleen.
_Enteritis._—(Bacterial.) Spleen enlarged but paler in color.
URETERS
_Cholera._—Ureters distended with yellow urates.
INDEX
PAGE
Abscesses 26
Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases) 77
Aconite 9
Air under skin (see Emphysema) 54
Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac) 73
Anæmia 27
Apoplexy 28
Aspergillosis 29
Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases) 70
Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea) 48
Baldness (see Favus) 56
Biliary repletion (see Jaundice) 65
Blackhead of turkeys 30
Brandy 9
Breakdown 33
Broken limbs (see Fractures) 58
Bronchitis 34
Brooder pneumonia 35
Bumblefoot 36
Calomel 9
Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases) 72, 76
Canker (see Diphtheria) 49
Carbolic acid 9
Castor oil 9
Catarrh (see Cold) 43
Catarrh, contagious (see Roup) 83
Catarrh of crop 37
Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis) 62
Chicken pox 38
Chlorodyne 9
Cholera 39
Cloacitis 41
Coccidiosis of adult fowls 42
Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia) 35
Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead) 30
Cold 43
Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70
Congestion of the Lungs (see Pneumonia) 79
Conjunctivitis (see Roup) 83
Constipation 44
Cramp 45
Creolin 9
Crop-bound 46
Crop, soft 89
Crop, catarrh of 37
Depluming mite 74
Diarrhea, bacterial 48
Diarrhea, mycotic 48
Diarrhea, protozoan 48
Diarrhea, mild 47
Diarrhea, severe 48
Diarrhea, white 47
Diphtheria 49
Diphtheritic roup 49
Disinfection 10
Dislocations (see Fractures) 58
Doses 9
Dropsy 52
Drugs 9
Ducks 20
Dysentery 52
Egg-bound 53
Egg-eating 54
Emphysema 54
Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of) 64
Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) 70
Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases) 66
Enteritis (see Diarrhea) 46
Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead) 30
Epilepsy 55
Epsom salts 9
Fatty degeneration 56
Favus 56
Feather-eating 57
Fits (see Epilepsy) 55
Fleas 58
Fowl typhoid 41
Fractures 58
Frost bite 59
Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases) 76
Gapes 60
Gastritis 62
Geese 21
Going light (see Anæmia) 27
Gout 63
Grippe (see Cold) 43
Guinea fowls 21
Heart, diseases of 63
Heart, dropsy of 64
Heart, enlargement of 64
Heart, rupture 64
Hydrogen peroxide 9
Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70
Impaction of crop (see Crop-bound) 46
Indigestion 64
Influenza (see Cold) 43
Iodine 9
Jaundice 65
Kidney diseases 65
Leg weakness 66
Leukemia (see Cholera) 39
Lice 66
Limber-neck 69
Liver diseases 70
Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia) 79
Maggots 72
Medicines 9
Mites, air sac 73
Mites, depluming 74
Mites, red 75
Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg) 88
Molting 75
Nodular tæniasis (see Worms) 97
Nursing fowls 5
Ointment 9
Ovary diseases 76
Oviduct diseases 77
Peritonitis 77
Permanganate of potash 9
Pigeons 21
Pip 79
Pneumonia 79
Poisoning 80
Post-mortem examination 99
Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases) 77
Puffed skin (see Emphysema) 54
Pyæmia 82
Quinine 9
Rheumatism 83
Roup 83
Scabies (see Mites, depluming) 74
Scaly leg 88
Soft crop 89
Sore head (see Chicken pox) 38
Sulphur ointment 9
Ticks 90
Tuberculosis 90
Turkeys 20
Turpentine 9
Vertigo (see Apoplexy) 28
Water 11
White comb (see Favus) 56
White diarrhea of chickens 92
Worms 94
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Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing and Market Value
By MAURICE G. KAINS, with a short account of its history and botany. It
discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seeds or roots,
soil, climate and location, preparation, planting and maintenance of
the beds, artificial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for
market and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the profits that
may be expected. This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely
illustrated, and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow
this drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable
industry to their farms and gardens, without interfering with the
regular work. New edition. Revised and enlarged. Illustrated. 5 × 7
inches. Cloth. $0.50
Landscape Gardening
By F. A. WAUGH, professor of horticulture, university of Vermont.
A treatise on the general principles governing outdoor art; with
sundry suggestions for their application in the commoner problems of
gardening. Every paragraph is short, terse and to the point, giving
perfect clearness to the discussions at all points. In spite of the
natural difficulty of presenting abstract principles the whole matter
is made entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader. Illustrated.
152 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth $0.50
Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences
By E. P. POWELL. A treatise on the planting, growth and management
of hedge plants for country and suburban homes. It gives accurate
directions concerning hedges; how to plant and how to treat them; and
especially concerning windbreaks and shelters. It includes the whole
art of making a delightful home, giving directions for nooks and
balconies, for bird culture and for human comfort. Illustrated. 140
pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50