+------------------+--------------------_Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836, Vol. 1 [of 3]

| | | |

| Station. | Dip deduced. | Remarks. |

+------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+

| | deg ' deg ' | |

| Rio de Janeiro {| 14 16,2 } 14 00,1 S.| |

| {| 13 44,1 } | |

| | | |

| {| 22 49,6 } | |

| Sta. Catharina {| 22 03,6 } 22 12,4 S.| |

| {| 21 44,0 } | |

| | | |

| {| 37 00,7 } | |

| Monte Video {| 35 59,3 } 36 28,4 S.| |

| {| 36 25,3 } | |

| | | |

| {| 59 44,9 } | |

| Port Famine {| 60 04,5 } 59 52,6 S.| |

| {| 59 48,5 } | |

| | | |

| {| 35 38,3 } | |

| Gorriti {| 34 43,8 } 35 05,9 S.| |

| {| 34 55,6 } | |

| | | |

| Sea Bear Bay | 53 13,5 53 13,5 S.| |

| | | |

| {| 59 46,4 } | |

| St. Martin Cove {| 59 38,4 } 59 43,8 S.| |

| {| 59 46,6 } | |

| | | |

| {| 49 59,4 } | |

| Chiloe {| 49 38,7 } 49 52,6 S.| |

| {| 49 59,7 } | |

| | | |

| {| 38 40,1 } | |

| Valparaiso {| 40 55,4 } 40 10,7 S.| |

| {| 40 56,7 } | |

| | | |

| {| 44 40,5 } | |

| Juan Fernandez {| 45 04,6 } 53 13,5 S.| |

| {| 44 44,7 } | |

| | | |

| Talcahuano | -- 45 10,0 S.|The particulars of this |

| | |observation are wanting. |

+------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+

{517}

The following TABLE contains Captain KING'S Observations of Intensity, with

the times of vibration corrected for the arc and reduced to a standard

temperature of 60deg.

MAGNETIC INTENSITY, _observed by_ Capt. P. P. King _between 1826 and 1831._

----------------+------------+------+------+-----------+-----------------

----------------+------------+------+------+-----------+-----------------

| | s. | deg | |

Greenwich {|1826 Mar. 22|734,45| 55,0 | 733,97 }|Observatory.

{|1831 Jan. 24|775,80| 41,6 | 776,01 }|

| | | | |

Madeira |1826 May 31|628,68| 66,0 | 627,79 |Consul's Garden.

| | | | |

Teneriffe | -- June 12|607,96| 75,0 | 606,73 |Fort St. Pedro.

| | | | |

Port Praya {| -- -- 22|559,53| 81,5 |} 557,08 {|Landing Place,

{| -- -- 24|557,58| 85,0 |} {|Quail Island.

| | | | |

{| -- Aug. 29|546,36| 77,0 | 545,16 }|

{|1827 Sept.12|552,06| 75,5 | }|

Rio de Janeiro {| -- -- 15|552,95| 80,0 |} }|Rat Island.

{| -- -- 15|553,73| 83,0 |} 551,70 }|

{| -- -- 15|553,48| 85,0 |} }|

{|1828 Dec. 21|562,55| 84,0 | 561,05 }|

| | | | |

Sta Catharina |1827 Nov. 3|554,42| 67,5 | 553,58 |Anhatomirim.

| | | | |

{|1826 Oct. 29|550,68| 63,0 |} 549,44 }|

Gorriti {| -- Nov. 6|549,63| 66,0 |} }|The Well.

{|1829 Jan. 10|564,12| 80,0 | 562,78 }|

| | | | |

{|1827 Dec. 18|555,12| 78,3 | 553,87 }|South point near

Monte Video {|1828 Oct. 8|562,00| 72,5 | 560,95 }|the sea.

{|1830 June 1|565,41| 59,0 | 564,89 }|

| | | | |

Port Sta Elena |1826 Dec. 4|557,26| 68,0 | 556,42 |Landing-place.

| | | | |

Sea Bear Bay |1829 Mar. 20|577,36| 70,0 | 576,37 |Landing-place.

| | | | |

{|1827 Jan. 15|584,88| 56,0 |} |

St. Martin Cove{| -- -- 15|583,48| 58,0 |} 584,29 }|Head of the

{| -- -- 22|585,82| 55,0 |} }|Cove.

{| -- Mar. 27|585,82| 64,0 | 585,08 }|

| | | | |

{|1828 Jan. 28|589,75| 55,0 | 589,36 }|

{| -- May 8|596,49| 43,8 | 596,54 }|

Port Famine {| -- June 18|595,86| 32,7 |} 595,81 }|Observatory.

{| -- July 30|594,85| 36,2 |} }|

{|1830 Apr. 30|598,95| 45,0 | 598,97 }|

| | | | |

Chiloe {|1829 Sept. 1|565,40| 54,0 |} 565,23 |San Carlos.

{| -- Dec. 15|565,69| 53,0 |} |

| | | | |

Juan Fernandez |1830 Feb. 19|552,77| 70,0 | 551,83 |Landing-place.

| | | | |

Talcahuano {|1829 Dec. 18|556,42| 67,0 | 555,59 }|Fort Galvez.

{|1830 May 12|557,18| 60,5 | 557,18 }|

| | | | |

{|1829 Aug. 4|549,10| 59,0 | 548,59 }|

Valparaiso {|1830 Jan. 11|551,77| 77,0 |} 551,60 }|Almendral.

{| -- Feb. 1|553,50| 68,5 |} }|

----------------+------------+------+------+-----------+-----------------

{518}

At Rio de Janeiro, which was the first station observed at in South

America, the cylinder was vibrated in August 1826, September 1827, and

December 1828; in the intervals between these dates are comprised the

greater part of the observations on the east side of South America. There

is no direct observation at Rio subsequently to December 1828; but we are

enabled to supply the time of vibration, which would have been observed had

the cylinder been employed at Rio on June 1, 1830, in the following manner.

We have seen that on the 15th September 1827 the time of vibration was

observed at Rio; on the 18th December following it was observed at Monte

Video. These observations give the intensity at Monte Video relatively to

that at Rio, subject to whatever change of magnetism the cylinder may have

undergone in the interval of three months. This comparison was repeated in

the following year, on Captain King's return from Monte Video to Rio, the

interval being nearly of the same duration, and the order of the experiment

reversed, the passage being in this instance from Monte Video to Rio, it

having been before from Rio to Monte Video. On the supposition of an

uniform, or nearly uniform rate of change in the cylinder, the errors

arising therefrom during the two passages would be of opposite kinds, and

should compensate each other in a mean of the two comparisons. Calling the

force at Rio unity, these comparisons give its value at Monte Video

respectively as follows, namely,

September and December 1827 ... 1.197 }

October and December 1828 ... 1.207 } Mean 1.202.

On the 1st of June 1830, being then on his return from the west coast of

South America, and on the eve of sailing for England, Captain King again

observed the time of vibration of the cylinder at Monte Video; whence,

through the preceding comparison, we obtain the time of vibration at Rio,

which should belong to the same date. We have thus a fourth date at Rio,

which, added to those enumerated above, will include the whole of the South

American stations; and we have only to distribute in each interval the loss

of magnetism which the observations shew to have taken place from one date

to the next, in the manner which may appear most suitable. There is no very

obvious indication that the loss was other than gradual; and by considering

it uniform in each separate {519} interval, the results are found extremely

accordant at several other stations at which observations were repeated at

distant intervals.

In the first of the subjoined tables are given the times of vibration at

Rio at the four periods referred to; and the corresponding times as a

dipping needle. In its three last columns are shewn,--the number of days

comprised in each interval,--the increase in the time of vibration owing to

the loss of magnetism,--and the resulting daily correction, on the

supposition in each case of the loss having been uniform in the interval

during which it occurred.

The second table contains the corrected times of horizontal vibration at

each of the South American stations, at the dates respectively

inserted,--the corresponding times as a dipping needle,--the times of

vibration as a dipping needle at Rio de Janeiro at the same dates, derived

from the observations in the first table,--and the resulting intensity at

each station relatively to unity at Rio. Thus far the results are derived

from Captain King's observations, unmixed with those of any other observer:

but in order to bring Captain King's series into connexion with the general

body of results of other observers, the values of his intensities are

expressed in the final column in terms of the scale in common use, in which

the force at Paris = 1,348, and at Rio de Janeiro 0,884; the latter being

the mean of four independent determinations by the following observers,

namely,

1817 and 1820 Freycinet 0,890 }

1827 Luetke 0,886 } 0,884

1830 Erman 0,879 }

1836 Fitz-Roy 0,878 }

Port St. Elena is not included in this table, as no dip was observed there,

and the total intensity consequently cannot be computed. The three

stations, Madeira, Teneriffe, and Port Praya, at which the cylinder was

vibrated in the outward voyage, are also without dips observed by Captain

King. The deficiency at Port Praya has been supplied from Captain

Fitz-Roy's observations and my own, both having been made at the same place

at which Captain King's intensity was observed,--Captain Fitz-Roy's at a

later, and mine at an earlier date. At Madeira also the dip has been

supplied from my observations, which were made in the British consul's

garden at Funchal, where Captain King's cylinder was vibrated. I have {520}

deducted, from my determination of the dip, 12' for the probable change

between 1822 and 1826. At Teneriffe the dip has been frequently observed;

but the values assigned by different observers vary so much as to indicate

a more than usual frequency of local disturbance, which might also be

expected from the geological character of that island. It would be unsafe

therefore to employ any dip for that station but one which was certainly

obtained at the same spot at which the horizontal intensity was observed.

The dates of the observations at these three stations fall between the

observations at Greenwich in March 1826, and those at Rio de Janeiro in

August of the same year. Having the intensity at Greenwich = 1,372 and at

Rio = 0,884, and the dip at Greenwich 69deg 52', and at Rio 14deg 00, we

have the time of vibration of Captain King's cylinder as a dipping needle

at Rio at the respective dates as follows, namely,

March 1826 536,2.

August 1826 537,0.

It appears therefore that but a very slight change took place in the

magnetism of the cylinder during the outward voyage, and we may take 536,6

as the time of vibration at Rio, corresponding to the dates of the

intermediate observations; and this is done in the table for Madeira and

Port Praya. {521}

TABLE I.

------------------+------------------------+---------+-----+---------

| Time of Vibration. | | |

|-----------+------------+ | |

------------------+-----------+------------+---------+-----+---------

| s. | s. | Days. | s. |

August 29, 1826 | 545,2 | 537,0 |} 382 | 6,5 | .017

September 15, 1827| 551,7 | 543,5 |} | |

December 21, 1828 | 561,1 | 552,7 | 462 | 9,2 | .020

June 1, 1830 | 563,8 | 555,4 | 527 | 2,7 | .005

------------------+-----------+------------+---------+-----+---------

TABLE II.

---------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------

| | Time of Vibration. | Intensity.

| |------------------------+-----------+------

| |--------+-------+-------+ |

| | | As a | As a | |

---------------+-------------+--------+-------+-------+-----------+------

| | s. | s. | s. | |

Madeira |1826 May 31| 627,79 | 430,1 | 536,6 |1,556 |1,377

| | | | | |

Port Praya {|1826 June 22|}557,08 | 465,4 | 536,6 |1,330 |1,177

{| and 24|} | | | |

| | | | | |

Sta Catharina |1827 Nov. 3| 553,58 | 532,7 | 544,5 |1,045 |0,920

| | | | | |

Gorriti {|1826 Oct. 29|}549,44 | 497,0 | 538,1 |1,172} |

-- {| and Nov. 6|} | | | }1,175|1,041

-- |1829 Jan. 10| 562,78 | 509,0 | 552,8 |1,179} |

| | | | | |

Monte Video |1827 Dec. 18| 553,87 | 496,7 | 545,4 |1,206} |

-- |1828 Oct. 8| 560,95 | 503,0 | 551,3 |1,201}1,203|1,065

-- |1830 June 1| 564,89 | 506,6 | 555,4 |1,202} |

| | | | | |

Sea Bear Bay |1829 Mar. 20| 576,37 | 446,0 | 553,1 |1,538 |1,361

| | | | | |

St. Martin {|1827 Jan. 15|}584,29 | 414,9 | 539,4 |1,691} |

Cove {| and 22|} | | | }1,692|1,498

-- | -- Mar. 27| 585,08 | 415,4 | 540,6 |1,694} |

| | | | | |

Port Famine |1828 Jan. 28| 589,36 | 417,5 | 546,2 |1,712 |

-- | -- May 8| 596,54 | 422,6 | 548,2 |1,683} |

-- {| -- June 18|}595,81 | 422,1 | 549,3 |1,694}1,700|1,505

{| and July 30|} | | | } |

-- |1830 April 26| 598,97 | 424,3 | 555,1 |1,712} |

| | | | | |

Chiloe {|1829 Sept. 1|}565,23 | 453,7 | 554,2 |1,402 |1,321

{| and Dec. 15|} | | | |

Juan Fernandez |1830 Feb. 19| 551,83 | 464,7 | 554,8 |1,425 |1,262

| | | | | |

Talcahuano |1829 Dec. 18| 555,59 | 466,5 | 554,6 |1,413}1,412|1,250

-- |1830 May 12| 557,18 | 467,4 | 555,3 |1,412} |

| | | | | |

Valparaiso |1829 Aug. 4| 548,59 | 479,5 | 553,9 |1,334}1,329|1,176

-- {|1830 Jan. 11|}551,60 | 482,1 | 554,6 |1,324} |

{| and Feb. 1|} | | | |

---------------+-------------+--------+-------+-------+-----------+------

{522}

4.--The following Table exhibits the MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS of Captains King

and Fitz-Roy collected in one view.

---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------------+----------

---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------------+----------

| deg ' | deg ' | deg ' | deg ' |

Madeira | 32 38 N.| 16 56 W. | -- | | K. 1,377

| | | | |

Terceira | 38 39 N.| 27 13 W. | 24 18 W. | F. 68 06 N.| F. 1,457

| | | | |

| | | |{ -- | K. 1,177

Port Praya | 14 54 N.| 23 30 W. | 16 30 W. |{F. 46 20,2 N.| F. 1,154

| | | |{F. 45 46,5 N.| F. 1,157

| | | | |

Ascension | 7 56 S.| 14 24 W. | 13 30 W. | F. 1 39,2 N.| F. 0,873

| | | | |

St. Helena | 15 55 S.| 5 43 W. | 18 00 W. | F. 18 01,2 S.|{F. 0,822

| | | | |{F. 0,850

| | | | |

Falkland | 51 32 S.| 58 07 W. | 19 00 E. |{F. 53 30,4 S.| F. 1,349

Islands | | | |{F. 53 19,6 S.| F. 1,385

| | | | |

Pernambuco | 8 04 S.| 34 51 W. | 5 54 W. | F. 13 12,9 N.| F. 0,914

| | | | |

Bahia | 12 59 S.| 38 30 W. | 4 18 W. |{F. 4 55,8 N.|}F. 0,871

| | | |{F. 5 53,5 N.|}

| | | | |

Rio de Janeiro | 22 55 S.| 43 09 W. | 2 00 E. |{K. 14 00,1 S.|}F. 0,878

| | | |{F. 13 37,4 S.|}

| | | | |

Sta Catharina | 27 26 S.| 48 33 W. | -- | K. 22 12,4 S.| K. 0,920

| | | | |

Gorriti | 34 57 S.| 54 57 W. | -- | K. 35 05,9 S.| K. 1,041

| | | | |

Monte Video | 34 53 S.| 56 13 W. | 12 00 E. |{K. 36 28,4 S.| K. 1,065

| | | |{F. 34 51,2 S.| F. 1,055

| | | | |

Blanco Bay | 38 57 S.| 61 59 W. | 15 00 E. | F. 41 54,0 S.| F. 1,113

| | | | |

Port Desire | 47 45 S.| 65 55 W. | 20 12 E. | F. 52 43,5 S.| F. 1,359

| | | | |

Sea Bear Bay | 47 51 S.| 65 48 W. | -- | K. 53 13,5 S.| K. 1,361

| | | | |

R. Santa Cruz | 50 07 S.| 68 24 W. | 20 54 E. | F. 55 15,7 S.| F. 1,425

| | | | |

St. Martin Cove| 55 51 S.| 67 34 W. | -- | K. 59 43,8 S.| K. 1,498

| | | | |

Port Famine | 53 38 S.| 70 58 W. | 23 00 E. | K. 59 52,6 S.|{K. 1,505

| | | | |{F. 1,560

| | | | |

Port San Andres| 46 35 S.| 75 35 W. | 20 48 E. | F. 54 13,6 S.| --

| | | | |

Port Low | 43 48 S.| 74 02 W. | 19 48 E. | F. 51 20,1 S.| F. 1,326

| | | | |

Chiloe | 41 51 S.| 73 56 W. | 18 00 E. |{K. 49 52,6 S.| K. 1,321

| | | |{F. 48 58,9 S.| F. 1,304

| | | | |

Valdivia | 39 53 S.| 73 29 W. | 17 30 E. | F. 46 46,5 S.| F. 1,238

| | | | |

Concepcion | 36 42 S.| 73 10 W. | 16 48 E. |{K. 45 10,0 S.| K. 1,250

| | | |{F. 43 15,4 S.| F. 1,186

| | | | |

Valparaiso | 33 02 S.| 71 41 W. | 15 18 E. |{K. 40 10,7 S.|}K. 1,176

| | | |{F. 38 03,1 S.|}

| | | | |

Coquimbo | 29 59 S.| 71 26 W. | 14 24 E. | -- | F. 1,111

| | | | |

Callao | 12 04 S.| 74 14 W. | 10 00 E. | F. 7 02,8 S.|

| | | | |

Galapagos | 0 50 S.| 89 37 W. | 9 30 E. | F. 8 41,2 N.|

| | | | |

Ditto | 0 15 S.| 90 31 W. | 9 30 E. | F. 9 28,6 N.| F. 1,069

| | | | |

Juan Fernandez | 33 38 S.| 78 53 W. | | K. 44 49,8 S.| K. 1,262

| | | | |

Otaheite | 17 29 S.|149 30 W. | 7 54 E. | F. 30 13,5 S.| F. 1,017

| | | | |

Cape of Good | 34 11 S.| 18 26 E. | 28 30 W. | F. 52 35,0 S.| F. 1,014

| | | | |

Mauritius | 20 09 S.| 57 31 E. | 11 18 W. | F. 54 00,8 S.| F. 1,192

| | | | |

Keeling Islands| 12 05 S.| 96 55 E. | 1 12 W. | F. 38 33,1 S.|

| | | | |

New Zealand | 35 16 S.|174 00 E. | 14 00 E. | F. 59 32,0 S.| F. 1,591

| | | | |

King George | 35 02 S.|117 56 E. | 5 36 W. | F. 64 41,3 S.| F. 1,709

| | | | |

Hobart Town | 42 53 S.|147 24 E. | 11 06 E. | F. 70 34,9 S.| F. 1,817

| | | | |

Sydney | 33 51 S.|151 17 E. | 10 24 E. | F. 62 49,4 S.| F. 1,685

---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------------+----------

{523}

GENERAL REMARKS.

1. _Variation._

Captain Fitz-Roy's observations are so well distributed over the southern

hemisphere, that a good view of the changes which the variation is

undergoing throughout its meridians may be obtained by comparing his

determinations with those of earlier observers at the same stations. The

following table has been formed for the purpose of exhibiting such a

comparison at all those stations where materials for it exist; and I may

here remark how much such comparisons are facilitated by the valuable

collection of early observations contained in the Appendix to the

Magnetismus der Erde.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. | VALPARAISO.

| | deg ' | | | deg '

Davis | 1605 | 0. 30 E. | Don G. Juan | 1744 | 12. 30 E.

Keeling | 1609 | 0. 12 W. | Vancouver | 1793 | 14. 49 E.

Leydecker | 1675 | 8. 28 W. | Luetke | 1827 | 15. 00 E.

Mathews | 1724 | 16. 22 W. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 15. 18 E.

La Caille | 1752 | 19. 0 W. |

Wales | 1772 | 20. 26 W. | CALLAO.

Wales | 1775 | 21. 14 W. | Ulloa | 1740 | 9. 02 E.

Bligh | 1788 | 23. 16 W. | Duperrey | 1823 | 9. 30 E.

Dentrecasteaux | 1792 | 24. 30 W. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 10. 36 E.

Freycinet | 1818 | 26. 31 W. |

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 28. 30 W. | GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

| Vancouver | 1794 | 8. 00 E.

ST. HELENA | B. Hall | 1821 | 8. 20 E.

Davis | 1610 | 7. 13 E. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 9. 30 E.

Halley | 1677 | 0. 40 E. |

Halley | 1691 | 1. 0 W. | OTAHEITE.

Mathews | 1724 | 7. 30 W. | Cook | 1769 | 4. 45 E.

Wales | 1775 | 12. 18 W. | Wales | 1773 | 5. 40 E.

Hunter | 1789 | 15. 30 W. | Bayley | 1774 | 5. 49 E.

Macdonald | 1796 | 15. 48 W. | Vancouver | 1794 | 6. 12 E.

Krusenstern | 1806 | 17. 18 W. | Duperrey | 1823 | 6. 40 E.

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 18. 00 W. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 7. 34 E.

RIO DE JANEIRO. | BAY OF ISLANDS, N. ZEALAND.

Cook | 1768 | 7. 34 E. | Tasman | 1643 | 8. 40 E.

Hunter | 1787 | 6. 12 E. | Cook | 1769 | 11. 25 E.

Freycinet | 1820 | 2. 54 E. | Duperrey | 1824 | 13. 22 E.

Rumker | 1821 | 3. 21 E. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 14. 00 E.

Erman | 1830 | 2. 10 E. |

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 2. 00 E. | SYDNEY.

| Cook | 1770 | 8. 00 E.

FALKLANDS ISLANDS. | Hunter | 1787 | 8. 30 E.

Freycinet | 1820 | 19. 26 E. | Flinders | 1803 | 8. 51 E.

Duperrey | 1822 | 19. 07 E. | Freycinet | 1819 | 9. 15 E.

Fitz-Roy | 1833 | 19. 00 E. | Duperrey | 1824 | 8. 56 E.

| Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 10. 24 E.

PORT FAMINE |

Wallis | 1766 | 22. 30 E. | VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

Carteret | 1766 | 22. 22 E. | Tasman | 1642 | 3. 00 E.

Fitz-Roy | 1831 | 23. 00 E. | Bayley | 1777 | 7. 29 E.

| Bligh | 1778 | 8. 33 E.

CONCEPCION. | Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 11. 06 E.

La Perouse | 1786 | 15. 15 E. |

B. Hall | 1821 | 15. 30 E. | MAURITIUS.

Duperrey | 1823 | 16. 16 E. | Keeling | 1609 | 21. 0 W.

Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 16. 48 E. | Mathews | 1722 | 19. 4 W.

| Freycinet | 1818 | 12. 46 W.

| Duperrey | 1824 | 13. 46 W.

| Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 11. 18 W.

{524} We may derive from the facts in the above table the following general

and easily remembered conclusion in regard to the changes of the variation

in the southern hemisphere; namely, that taking for our point of departure

the meridian of 65deg west in South America, we find that at all the

stations east of that meridian to the Cape of Good Hope inclusive, the

north pole of the needle has moved towards the west; and that all the

stations west of the same meridian to Mauritius inclusive, the north pole

of the needle has moved towards the east.

An almost equally simple generalization may be drawn in respect to the

changes of situation of the lines of equal variation in the southern

hemisphere: but here it must be supposed either that the reader is

thoroughly familiar with the general arrangement of these lines, or that he

has a map of them before him. He will find such a map of the variation

lines in 1787 in the Fifth Report of the British Association; but any other

map, corresponding to any epoch within the last hundred years, will equally

serve the purpose. Referring to such a map, it will be seen that the lines

of variation in the South Pacific, form a system of nearly concentric

curves, of an oval, or pear-shaped form, the outside curves having a higher

variation, which progressively diminishes to the centre. We may regard this

system as comprehending the whole of the geographical space between the

coast of South America and the meridian of New Zealand. Throughout this

space the variation is easterly, and increases: we may consequently

characterize the change in the situation of the lines of equal variation as

a progressive closing-in {525} of the curves from all sides towards the

centre, by which the areas severally comprehended by them become less; and

the lower variations, as they successively reach the centre, disappear, and

are replaced by the closing-in of those of next higher amount. The changes

which have taken place at all Captain Fitz-Roy's stations comprised within

the space referred to, are accordant with the systematic alteration thus

described.

In all other parts of the hemisphere the lines of variation have a

progressive westerly movement, and to this also Captain Fitz-Roy's

observations correspond.

It follows, from what has been stated, that the lines on the western side

of the concentric system in the South Pacific have an eastward movement,

which presents an apparent anomaly to the general progress of the lines of

variation in the southern hemisphere, which is from east to west.

Otaheite, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand, present examples of

changes in the variation corresponding to this apparent anomaly. The

consistency, however, both of the movement and of the configuration of the

lines of variation in this quarter, with those in other parts of the

southern hemisphere, and with the general system of the magnetic phenomena,

has been shewn by Mr. Hansteen in the Magnetismus der Erde, and in the

Annalen der Physik, vol. xxi.

The annual amount of the change of the variation appears considerably

greater at the Cape of Good Hope and Mauritius than at any other of Captain

Fitz-Roy's stations, amounting to about eight minutes; shewing that the

variation lines in that quarter are changing their position more rapidly

than elsewhere. The north pole of the needle is moving to the west at the

Cape, and to the east at Mauritius; but it will be seen, by a reference to

the map, that these opposite movements are in perfect correspondence with

the uniform westerly progression of the variation lines, and result from

their configuration.

At the stations in the vicinity of the meridian of 65deg west, the change

appears to be very small.

[The variation at Ascension (13deg 30' W.) is correctly inserted in the

tables: it is the only one of Captain Fitz-Roy's stations at which his

observations are not accordant with those of other observers: the

discordance may be occasioned by the great prevalence of local

disturbances at Ascension.]

{526}

II. _Dip._

The following table exhibits the comparison of Captain Fitz-Roy's

observations of the dip in the southern hemisphere, with those of earlier

observers, at stations where the materials for such a comparison exist.

ASCENSION. |

| | deg ' | | | deg '

La Caille | 1754 | 11. 10 N. | Luetke | 1827 | 45. 33 S.

Cook | 1775 | 8. 57 N. | King | 1829 | 45. 10 S.

Sabine | 1822 | 4. 30 N. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 43. 15 S.

Duperrey | 1825 | 1. 58 N. |

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 1. 39 N. | KING GEORGE SOUND.

| Vancouver | 1791 | 64. 54 S.

ST. HELENA. | Flinders | 1801 | 64. 01 S.

La Caille | 1754 | 9. 0 S. | Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 64. 41 S.

Cook | 1775 | 11. 25 S. |

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 18. 01 S. | VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

| Cook | 1777 | 70. 15 S.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. | Bertrand | 1792 | 70. 50 S.

La Caille | 1751 | 43. 0 S. | Dentrecasteaux | 1792 | 70. 30 S.

Bayley | 1772 | 45. 37 S. | De Rossel | 1793 | 70. 10 S.

Bayley | 1775 | 45. 19 S. | Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 70. 35 S.

Abercrombie | 1775 | 46. 26 S. |

Bayley | 1776 | 46. 31 S. | SYDNEY.

Freycinet | 1818 | 50. 47 S | Flinders | 1803 | 62. 52 S.

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 52. 35 S. | Freycinet | 1819 | 62. 47 S.

| Brisbane | 1821 | 62. 36 S.

MAURITIUS (PORT LOUIS) | Duperrey | 1824 | 62. 20 S.

La Caille | 1754 | 52. 17 S. | Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 62. 49 S.

Duperrey | 1824 | 53. 51 S. |

Fitz-Roy | 1836 | 54. 01 S. | N. ZEALAND (BAY OF ISLANDS).

| Duperrey | 1824 | 59. 45 S.

OTAHEITE. | Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 59. 32 S.

Cook | 1773 | 29. 43 S. |

Cook | 1774 | 29. 59 S. | TIERRA DEL FUEGO.

Bayley | 1777 | 29. 47 S. | Bayley } | |

Duperrey | 1823 | 30. 03 S. | Lat. 55deg.22'; } | 1774 | 66. 54 S.

Erman | 1830 | 30. 29.5 S| Long. 70. 03. } | |

Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 30. 13.5 S| King } | |

| Lat. 55deg.51'; } | 1828 | 59. 44 S.

LIMA AND CALLAO. | Long. 67. 34. } | |

Feuillee | 1710 | 10. 30 S. |

Humboldt | 1799 | 9. 59 S. | FALKLAND ISLANDS.

Duperrey | 1823 | 8. 33 S. | Freycinet | 1820 | 55. 20 S.

Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 7. 03 S. | Duperrey | 1822 | 54. 49 S.

| Fitz-Roy |1833-4| 53. 25 S.

VALPARAISO. |

Malaspina | 1793 | 44. 58 S. | STA CATHARINA.

Vancouver | 1795 | 44. 15 S. | Duperrey | 1822 | 22. 54 S.

Luetke | 1827 | 39. 56 S. | King | 1827 | 22. 12 S.

King | 1829 | 40. 11 S. |

Fitz-Roy | 1835 | 38. 03 S. | RIO DE JANEIRO.

| La Caille | 1751 | 20. 0 S.

CONCEPCION. | Freycinet | 1817 | 14. 42 S.

Feuillee | 1710 | 55. 30 S. | King | 1826 | 14. 00 S.

Perouse | 1786 | 50. 00 S. | Luetke | 1827 | 14. 35 S.

Duperrey | 1823 | 44. 55 S. | Erman | 1830 | 13. 31 S.

| Fitz-Roy | 1832 | 13. 37 S.

We may classify the changes which are taking place in the dip in the

southern hemisphere in four divisions, characterised by an {527} alternate

increase and decrease of dip. Commencing with the meridian of Greenwich,

and proceeding eastwardly round the hemisphere, we may distinguish the

divisions as follows, in the order of their geographical succession.

_1st. South dip increasing._

annually.

St. Helena 1754 to 1775 6,9'

Do. 1775 to 1836 6,5

Cape of Good Hope 1751 to 1775 7,2

Do. 1775 to 1836 6,6

Mauritius 1754 to 1824 1,3

Do. 1824 to 1836 0,8

To this division also belongs Ascension; but as the north end of the needle

dips at that island, the change is _north dip diminishing,_ instead of

_south dip increasing._

Ascension 1754 to 1775 6,3 annually.

Do. 1775 to 1836 7,2 --

_2d. South dip decreasing._

New Zealand 1824 to 1835 1,2 annually.[211]

_3d. South dip increasing._

Otaheite 1775 to 1836 0,5 annually.

_4th. South dip decreasing._

annually.

Lima and Callao 1710 to 1799 0,4'

Do 1799 to 1835 4,9

Valparaiso 1794 to 1835 10,0

Concepcion 1710 to 1786 3,7

Do. 1786 to 1835 8,3

Tierra del Fuego 1774 to 1828 8,0

Falkland Islands 1820 to 1834 8,2

St^a Catharina 1822 to 1827 8,4

Rio de Janeiro 1751 to 1817 4,8

Do. 1817 to 1832 4,3

In the 2d and 3d divisions the annual change is small; in the 1st and 4th

considerably greater. It is greatest at the southern station in South

America; the observations at Valparaiso, Concepcion, Tierra del Fuego, and

the Falkland Islands, concur in shewing it to exceed 8'. The observations

at Ascension, St. Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope, concur in shewing an

annual change in that quarter of the 1st division exceeding 6'.

As the south dip decreases in South America, and increases in Africa, it is

obvious that somewhere intermediately the dip must be stationary. Between

Africa and New Zealand, for the same reason, there must be a second

locality so characterised. Between New Zealand and Otaheite, a third; and

between Otaheite and the west coast of South America, a fourth. Captain

Fitz-Roy has {528} stations in the second of these localities only, between

Africa and New Zealand. At Hobart Town, Sydney, and King George Sound,

there appears to have been little or no change in the dip since the

commencement of the present century.

The arrangement of the changes of dip in the southern hemisphere in four

divisions, characterised by an alternate increase and decrease of dip, is

in correspondence with the _double flexure_ of the lines of dip; and is a

consequence of the western motion of the two southern magnetic poles.

Careful observations made at St. Petersburgh, have shewn that the annual

change of the dip in the northern hemisphere takes place altogether between

the months of May and December; there being in fact a small movement in an

opposite direction between December and May. This fact is of great interest

in its bearing on the study of the causes of the magnetic phenomena. We

have as yet no corresponding knowledge in regard to the southern

hemisphere. The magnitude of the annual change which Captain Fitz-Roy's

observations show is now taking place at the Cape of Good Hope, is

deserving of attention in this respect. A large amount of annual change is

obviously highly favourable for a determination of all the circumstances

belonging to it; and its existence at the Cape, where there is already a

fixed observatory, points to that station as most eligible for this

investigation.

The observations at Ascension shew that the epoch is fast approaching when

the needle will pass from north to south dip at that island: it is

extremely desirable that the period at which this change takes place should

be determined with as much precision as possible.

III. _Intensity._

I have discussed in the Seventh Report of the British Association, the very

important inferences in regard to the general distribution of magnetism in

the southern hemisphere, afforded by Captains King and Fitz-Roy's most

valuable series of intensity observations; but no inferences in regard to

the _changes_ which this phenomenon may be supposed to undergo can be

drawn, as has been done in the cases of the variation and dip, because we

possess no observations of the intensity made at a sufficiently early

period to afford good materials for such a comparison.

EDWARD SABINE.

* * * * *

{529}

CATALOGUE OF THE MORE INTERESTING SPECIMENS OF NATURAL HISTORY THAT WERE

COLLECTED DURING THE VOYAGE.

------

MAMMALIA.

1. MUSTELA ZORILLA. Desm:[212]

The skunk. This animal was found abundantly on the coast of Patagonia,

between Monte Video and Cape Gregory, at the eastern entrance of the Strait

of Magalhaens. It appeared to be the same species throughout the whole

extent of the coast.--Mus. Zool. Soc.

2. MUSTELA LUTRIS.--Lin.

_Lutra marina_, Steller. Erxleb. Harlan; _Enhydra marina_, Fleming.

The sea otter exists, but not very plentifully, on the coast of Tierra del

Fuego; we saw very few. The Fuegian Indians hunt them with dogs which are

trained for the purpose.--Museum Zool. Soc.

3. CANIS.

The dogs belonging to the Fuegian Indians are certainly of the domesticated

kind, originally obtained, probably, from the Spanish settlements at Buenos

Ayres; generally they resemble the Esquimaux breed, but are much more

diminutive in size.

4. CANIS VULPES.

Two if not three distinct species of the fox were brought home; one, of a

small size, was thought to be a novelty; the other, perhaps, was only

remarkable for its large size. Mr. Vigors thought the small one was quite

new; the last is perhaps _C. cinereo argenteus_.--Museum of Zool. Soc.

5. FELIS PUMA.

Several were seen: a skeleton was found on the shores of the Strait,

supposed to be one of the above species.

{530}

6. FELIS PAJEROS.--Desm. E. M. p. 231.

Chat pampa, D'Azara, 1. 179.

A variety of this species was given to me, by the Patagonian Indians, that

had been recently killed; the skin was preserved, and is now in the museum

of the Zoological Society. The following is the description of my

specimen:--

The prevailing colour is a yellowish grey, deeper above, and gradually

blending into the colour of the belly, chin, neck, inner part of the legs,

the region of the anus, and below the root of the tail, which are white;

the under part of the neck and belly also are spotted with black, disposed

in transverse bands; the fore arms have three similar transverse bands, and

the thighs four encircling the legs; ears white inside and tipped black;

eyes dark blue, eyelids whitish, corner of the eyes black, particularly at

the anterior or inner angle; claws whitish, and paws black; whiskers white,

and some long white hairs over the eyes; the canine teeth are very acute,

and have the longitudinal grooves or angles deeply marked.

Inches.

Length of the body from the extremity of the nose

to the root of the tail 29

Length of tail 11-3/4

Ditto head 6

Breadth of head between the ears 2-7/8

Height at the shoulder 12

7. OTARIA JUBATA.--Desm. E. M. No. 380.

The sea lion of Anson and other voyagers; numerous in the eastern entrance

of the Strait, and particularly at Port San Julian and the neighbourhood of

Port Desire.

8. OTARIA FLAVESCENS.--Desm: E. M. 250.

A young male was found on the beach, near Port Famine, that had been

recently wounded by the Indians, and had crawled on shore to die.

9. CTENOMYS MAGELLANICUS. n. s.--Bennet.

This little animal possesses fur as soft as the chinchilla. It abounds in

the neighbourhood of Cape Gregory, at the eastern entrance of the Strait of

Magalhaens, and burrows under the {531} ground, which is so much undermined

by them that it gives way at almost every step. It is a timid little

fellow, feeds upon grass, and is eaten by the Patagonian Indians.--See

Bennet in the Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. Dec. 22, 1835. A specimen is

preserved in the Museum.

10. KERODON KINGII. n. s.

See Bennet ut supra, in Museum of Zool. Soc.

11. CAVIA CUTLERI, n. s. nob.--See Bennet ut supra.

This specimen is in the collection of the Society. It was known in the

voyage by the name of the Peruvian cavy: it was presented to one of the

officers of the Beagle by an American sailing master, Mr. Cutler, of

Stonington, U.S., a very intelligent person, to whom we are much indebted

for information. The name which I have proposed for it is in recollection

of the benefit we derived from his experience and knowledge of the

intricate navigation of the south-western coast of Patagonia, which was

freely imparted to us on several occasions.--See Bennet in Proceedings of

Zool. Soc. ut supra.

12. DASYPROCTA PATACHONICA.--Desm. E. M. 358.

I regret very much that the only specimen obtained was not preserved.

Desmaret seems to suspect that it differs sufficiently in its dentition

from the agouti to constitute a new genus, for which he has proposed the

name _Dolichotis_.--See E. M. 359.

13. DASYPUS MINUTUS.--Desm.

Procured at Port Sta Elena, and corresponds exactly with the description of

the above species. It is the Tatou pichiy, or Tatou septieme of D'Azara.

14. AUCHENIA GLAMA.--Desm. E. M. 655.

A living female guanaco was brought home in the Adventure, and placed in

the garden of the Zoological Society. The guanaco inhabits Patagonia from

Buenos Ayres to the Strait of Magalhaens: we also found it on King Charles

Foreland, the eastern island of Tierra del Fuego, and on Navarin Island, at

the north side of Nassau Bay, in the vicinity of Cape Horn.

* * * * *

{532}

BIRDS.

1. SARCORAMPHUS GRYPHUS.--Dumeril. The Condor. _Vultur Gryphus._--Lin.

2. CATHARTES IOTA.--Chilian Eagle.

3. POLYBORUS VULGARIS.--_Falco Brasiliensis._ Latham. Caracara Eagle.

Strait of Magalhaens.

4. MILVAGO OCHROCEPHALA.--Spix. Young birds.

Strait of Magalhaens.

5. HALIAETUS ERYTHRONOTUS.--Nob. in Zool. Journal, iii. 424.

_Hal. capite alisque fusco-griseis; dorso scapularibusque rufis,

corpore caudaque subtus albis, fasciis fuscis gracilibus leviter

notatis, hac fascia lata prope apicem nigra._

The total length of the bird from the _apex_ of the bill to the extremity

of the tail is 2 feet; of the bill from the _rictus_ to the _apex_ 2

inches; from the cere 1 inch; of the wing, from the end of the carpal joint

to the end of the third quill feather, 18 inches; of the tail 10-1/2

inches; of the _tarsus_ three inches.

Strait of Magalhaens.

6. FALCO SPARVERIUS.--Latham.

Strait of Magalhaens.

7. FALCO PEREGRINUS?

Strait of Magalhaens.

8. POLYBORUS BRASILIENSIS.

Polyborus Novae Zealandiae.

Falco Novae Zealandiae of Latham.

9. CIRCUS HISTRIONICUS.--Nob. in Zool. Journal, iii. 425.

_Falco histrionicus_, Quoy and Gaimard.

_Circo cineraceus uropygio corporeque subtus albis: hoc fasciis

frequentibus rufis notato._

The length from the _apex_ of the bill to that of the tail is 18 {533}

inches; bill 1 inch; wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the third

quill feather, 13-1/2 inches; tail 9 inches; _tarsus_ 2-1/2 inches.

Strait of Magalhaens.

10. STRIX RUFIPES.--Nob. in Zool. Journ., iii. 426.

_Str. saturate brunnea, albido fulvoque maculata fasciataque femorum

tarsorumque plumis rufis._

The total length is 15-1/2 inches; that of the bill 1 inch; of the wing,

from the _carpus_ to the end of the fourth quill feather, 11 inches; of the

tail 7-1/2 inches; of the _tarsi_ 2-3/8.

11. STRIX NANA.--Nob. in Zoological Journal iii. 427.

_Str. fusco brunnea, fronte nucha alisque albo-notatis, gula alba,

cauda fasciis frequentibus rufis notata._

The total length is 5-4/5 inches; of the bill 1/2 inch; of the wing, from

the _carpal_ joint to the extremity of the fourth quill feather, 3-3/4

inches; of the tail 2-3/4 inches; of the _tarsi_ 7/8.

_N.B._--Three other species of this genus are in the collection which

appear to be new.

12. HIRUNDO.--Sp.*

13. HIRUNDO.--Sp.*

14. HIRUNDO.--Sp.*

* Three distinct species of swallow, very much resembling the British

species,--_Hir. rustica_, _urbica_, and _riparia_.

Strait of Magalhaens.

15. TURDUS MAGELLANICUS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Turd. corpore supra grisescenti olivaceo, subtus pallide rufescenti,

capite supra, remigibus, caudaque fusco-atris gula-alba, fusco-atro

lineata._

Strait of Magalhaens.

16. SYNALLAXIS ANTHOIDES.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Syn. supra brunnea plumis in medio fusco late striatis, tectricibus

alarum superioribus rufo tinctis subtus pallide cinerea; rectricibus

lateralibus ad marginem externum, fasciaque alarum, rufis. Statura.

Syn. Spinicaudae._

Strait of Magalhaens.

17. SYLVIA SPINICAUDAE.--Latham.

{534}

18. SYLVIA DORSALIS.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 428.

_Syl. nigra, dorso scapularibusque rufis, remigibus rectricibusque

fuscis._

The length from the end of the bill to that of the tail is 4-1/2 inches.

19. SYLVIA OBSCURA.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 429.

_Syl. corpore unicolore fusco-nigro, alis brevibus rotundatis cauda

brevi, pedibus elongatis, fortibus pallidis._

The length from the apex of the bill to that of the tail is 4-1/4 inches;

of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of the fourth quill feather,

1-7/8; of the tail 1-1/4; of the _tarsi_ 3/4.

20. TROGLODYTES.

21. FRINGILLA.--(Several species, probably new.)

22. STURNUS MILITARIS.--Lin.

MOTACILLA PATACHONICA.---Lin.

Patagonian warbler of Dixon's voyage.

23. STURNUS.--Sp. (black)? Leistes sp. Vigors.

24. DENDROCOLAPTES ALBO-GULARIS.

Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Dend. corpore supra, abdominisque lateribus, rufo brunneis; remigibus

secundariis, dorso imo, caudaque rufis; mandibula inferiori ad basim,

gula, jugulo, pectore, abdomineque medio, albis, hujus plumis brunneo

ad apicem marginatis; rostro sursum recurvo._

Length 6-4/10 inches.--Strait of Magalhaens.

25. PSITTACUS SMARAGDINUS.--Gmel.

26. PSITTACARA LEPTORHYNCA.

Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Psitt. viridis: fronte, striga per oculos, caudaque rufis: capite

nigro, abdomine imo rufo, variegatis; mandibula superiori elongata,

gracillima._

Statura.--_Psitt. Lichtensteinii aequalis.

Habitat in insula_ Chiloe.

27. PICUS MAGELLANICUS.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iii. 430.

_Pic. niger, capite cristato colloque coccineis, remigibus albo

notatis._

Foem. _Capite cristato nigro, fronte mentoque coccineis._

{535}

The length of the bird from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the

tail is 17 inches; of the bill 2-1/2; of the wing, from the carpal joint to

the fourth quill feather, 8-3/4; of the tail 7-1/2; of the _tarsi_ 1-1/8;

of the external hind toe, the nail included, 2.

Strait of Magalhaens.

28. PICUS MELANOCEPHALUS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Pic. capite corporeque supra nigris, hoc albo maculato; pectore

abdomineque albis, illo albo lineato, hoc albo fasciato._

Length 6 or 7 inches.--Strait of Magalhaens and Chiloe.

29. MELLISUGA KINGII--Vigors in Zool. Journal, iii. 432.

_Ornismya sephanoides._--Lesson et Garn.

_Mell. supra metallice viridis, infra alba viridi variegata, vertice

splendide rubeo, rectricibus acuminatis._

This bird was found in the Strait of Magalhaens, so late in the year as the

month of May, when it was seen flying in a snow-squall. It seemed

regardless of the cold, and so long as the _fuchsia_ and _veronica_ were in

blossom, so long did this hitherto supposed to be delicate little bird,

remain to cull their sweets, or rather to prey upon the insects which

buried themselves in the flowers; for, innocent as it seems, it is

insectivorous. The bird was long known to naturalists, but was not

described until November 1827, when Mr. Vigors described it, from a

specimen transmitted by me to the Museum of the Zoological Society. It was

found by MM. Lesson and Garnot, on the coast of Chile, where we also

subsequently found it. M. Lesson described it in his useful little Manuel

d'Ornithologie, ii. p. 80, as above, and has given a detailed account. Had

not Mr. Vigors previously described it, I should have had pleasure in

referring it to their description, and their excellent plate, in Lesson's

Monograph upon the Trochilidae.

30. TROCHILUS FERNANDENSIS.--Nob. in Proceedings Zool. Soc.

_Troch. ferrugineo-rufus; capitis vertice splendenti-coccineo;

remigibus fuscis._

Length, 5 inches.

Island of Juan Fernandez, South Pacific.

31. TROCHILUS STOKESII.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Troch. corpore supra viridi-splendente, subtus albo viridi-guttato;

capite supra, guttisque confertis gulae lazulino-splendentibus; {536}

remigibus fusco-atris; remigum omnium, mediis exceptis, pogoniis

internis albis._

Length 5 inches.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

HYLACTES.--_Novum genus. Megapodio affine._

_Characteres Generici._

_Rostrum subelongatum, subtenue, apice subemarginato; naribus basalibus,

longitudinalibus, membrana subtumescenti pilisque per mediam longitudinem

tecta._

_Alae, brevissimae, rotundatae; remige 5ta longissima._

_Cauda, subelongata, gradata._

_Pedes, fortes: tarsis subelongatis, in fronte scutellatis; digitis

unguibusque elongatis, hic fortioribus subcompressis; halluce fortissimo,

incumbente._

This genus appears to have some resemblance to MM. Quoy and Gaimard's genus

_Megapodius_: but no specimen of it being in this country, and my bird

differing in essential points from its generic characters, particularly in

the length and form of the wings, which in my bird are rounded, and so

short as not to reach beyond the base of the tail, I have formed it into a

new genus, for which the term Hylactes (from its note, which very much

resembles the sharp bark of a dog) has been selected.

32. HYLACTES TARNII.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Hyl. saturate fusco-brunneus; fronte, dorso, abdomineque rufis, hoc

fusco fasciato._

At Chiloe and Port Otway, in the Gulf of Penas.

The specific name I have selected is in compliment to Mr. John Tarn,

surgeon of the Adventure, to whose attention, in procuring and preserving

numerous specimens in ornithology, I am greatly indebted.

33. STRUTHIO RHEA.--Lin. (223.)

The American ostrich. Maldonado.

34. COLUMBA FITZ ROYII.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Col. binacea; alis, dorso imo, caudaque plumbeis, hujus fascia

remigibusque atris: nuchae plumis viridi-splendentibus; fascia

occipitali alba._

In the woods of Chiloe.

Dedicated to Captain Robert Fitz Roy, who succeeded to the command of

H.M.S. Beagle upon the death of Captain Stokes. {537}

35. COLUMBA MERIDIONALIS.--Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 92.

_Col. brunnescenti-plumbea, subtus rufescens; colli lateribus purpureo

nitore splendentibus, genis pennisque secundariis nigro maculatis,

rectricibus apice griseo fasciaque sub-apicali nigra._

Length, 9-1/2 inches.

36. ARDEA.--Sp. One of the night bitterns.

37. ARDEA MAJOR.--Bonat., E. M. 1148.

Port Otway, Gulf of Penas.

38. IBIS MELANOPIS.--Bonat., E. M. 1148.

Port San Julian.

In the Ency. Meth. the length of the bird is stated to be 21 inches, but in

the Dict. d'Histoire Naturelle 27 inches is given, which is correct.

39. TOTANUS FUSCUS?

40. SCOLOPAX MAGELLANICUS.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 93.

_Scol. supra brunneus, rufo fulvo nigroque maculatus undulatusque;

abdomine medio albo; pectore brunneo rufoque sparso; tarsis brevibus._

The length of the bird from the front to the end of the tail is 8-1/2

inches; of the beak 2-1/2; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end of

the quill feather, 5; of the tail 2-1/2; and of the _tarsi_ 1-1/16.

Strait of Magalhaens.

41. RHYNCHAEA OCCIDENTALIS.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 94.

_Rhync. supra brunnea, capite summo pectore alisque saturatioribus,

fulvo undulata strigataque; abdomine, macula utrinque pectorali,

maculisque alarum, albis, stringa frontali brunnea._

The length of the bird from the forehead to the end of the tail is seven

inches; of the bill 1-3/8; of the wing from the carpal joint to the

extremity of the first quill feather, 4-1/4; of the _tarsus_ 1-5/16; of the

tail 1-3/4.

Strait of Magalhaens.

This bird may be considered as one of the most interesting acquisitions

made in our voyage. The singular and strongly marked genus has been

hitherto considered peculiar to the Old World; and two species only having

been discovered, an additional species from the New World is an important

accession to science. The form of our Magellanic bird accords accurately

with that of the Old World species, the bill being distinguished chiefly by

its {538} inferior length. The general appearance of the plumage also is

similar, although it possesses sufficiently distinctive characters to

authorize this species being separated from the other.

42. RALLUS SETOSUS.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 94.

_Rall. supra brunneus, dorso alisque nigro notatis, subtus plumbeus;

remigibus primariis rectricibusque fuscis, his saturatioribus; fronte

setoso._

The length of the bird from the forehead to the extremity of the tail is 10

inches; of the bill 1-15/16; of the wing, from the carpal joint to the end

of the second quill feather, 4-7/8; of the tail 3; of the _tarsus_ 1-5/8.

43. RALLUS ANTARCTICUS. Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 95.

_Rall. supra brunneus, nigro strigatus; subtus plumbeus, femorum

tectricibus crissoque atris, albo-fasciatis._

The length of the body is 7-1/2 inches; of the bill 1-1/4; of the wing,

from the carpal joint to the end of the second quill feather, 3-3/4; of the

tail, 1-3/4; of the _tarsus_ 15/16.

44. FULICA CHLOROPOIDES.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 95.

_Ful. capite, coll. superiore, caudaque atris; corpore reliquo

atro-fusco, crisso albo._

The length of the body is 15 inches; of the bill 1-1/4; of the wing, from

the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 6-1/2; of

the tail 3; of the _tarsi_ 2.

45. FULICA GALLINULOIDES.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 96.

_Ful. atro-fusca; dorso saturatiore, capite atro, gula albo-notata

crisso albo, rostro angusto, in frontem parum extendente._

46. CHIONIS ALBA.--Forster.

Seen at Cape Horn, and at sea, four hundred miles from the nearest land.

Captain Foster, of H.M.S. Chanticleer, saw some at South Shetland.

47. HAEMATOPUS PALLIATUS.--Temminck.

Strait of Magalhaens.

48. HAEMATOPUS LEUCOPUS.--Gam.

Strait of Magalhaens.

The above two species of Haematopus were frequently seen on {539} the

shores of the Strait; the latter appears to answer the description of M.

Bougainville. See Lesson, Manuel d'Ornithologie, ii. 30.

49. CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS.--Var.

Not to be distinguished from the golden plover.

50. CHARADRIUS RUBECOLA.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 96.

_Char. capite summo, dorso, alis, caudaque supra grisescenti-fuscis,

thorace nuchaque pallide griseis; pectore rufo, collari subpectorali

nigro; fronte, striga superciliari, abdomine, crisso, rectricibusque

lateralibus albis._

The length of the body is 8-2/3 inches; of the bill 3/4; of the wing, from

the carpal joint to the end of the first quill feather, 5-5/8; of the tail

3; of the _tarsi_ 1-1/4.

Mountains of the Strait of Magalhaens 2,000 feet above the level of the

sea.

51. VANELLUS CAYANENSIS.--Ency. Meth. 1073. pl. 57, fig. 2.

Maldonado, River Plate.

52. PODICEPS.--Sp.

Very much resembling P. minor.

53. PODICEPS.--Sp.

54. PODICEPS LEUCOPTERUS.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 101.

_Pod. capite colloque superioribus nigris, gula griseo-albida, collo

inferiore rufo; dorso fusco-atro; abdomine strigaque lata alarum

albis._

The length of the body is 20 inches; of the bill 3; of the wing, from the

carpal joint to the apex of the second quill feather, 7-1/4; of the _tarsi_

55. APTENODYTES MAGELLANICA.--E. Meth.

56. APTENODYTES CHRYSOCOME.?--A young bird.

57. PHALACROCORAX NIGER.--Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 101.

_Phal. intense niger, circulo angusto ab oculis descendente,

mandibulasque circumcingente, paucisque genarum capitisque plumis

albis._

The length of the bird is 31 inches; of the bill 3-3/8; of the wing, from

the carpal joint to the extremity of the third quill {540} feather, 11; of

the tail 7-1/2; of the _tarsi_ 2. The irides a bright blue green; the

pupils black.

This bird is probably D'Azara's black Zaramagullon (No. 432 of his Birds of

Paraguay), but it has not hitherto been described.

58. PHALACROCORAX ATRICEPS.--Nob. in Zool. Journal, iv. 102.

_Phal. capite supra corporeque superiore atris, inferiore albo; rostro

pedibusque flavescentibus, rectricibus duodecim._

The dimensions are nearly the same as those of the last bird, except those

of the bill, which is a quarter of an inch longer.

59. PHALACROCORAX CIRRIGER.

_Phal. supra fusco-griseus, subtus albidus; gula, cirroque

longitudinali per collum utrinque descendente, albis; rostro pedibusque

rubris; rectricibus quatuordecim._

The length of the body is 26 inches; of the bill 3-3/16; of the wing, from

the carpal joint to the extremity of third quill feather, 10; of the tail

6; of the _tarsi_ 1-3/4.

60. PHALACROCORAX IMPERIALIS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zoological Society.

_Phal. capite cristato, collo posteriori, corporeque supra intense

purpureis; alis scapularibusque viridi atris; remigibus rectricibusque

duodecim fusco-atris; corpore subtus, fascia alarum, maculaque dorsi

medii sericeo-albis; rostro nigro; pedibus flavescentibus._

_Statura._--_Phal. carbonis._

_Hab._--Interior Sounds of Western Patagonia.

61. PHALACROCORAX SARMIENTONUS.

_Phal. capite, collo, dorsoque imo atro-purpureis; pectore abdomineque

albis; dorso superiori, scapularibus, alisque viridi-atris; remigibus

rectricibusque duodecim atris; gula, genis, femorumque tectricibus

superioribus albo-notatis; rostro nigro; pedibus flavescentibus._

_Statura praecedentis._

Strait of Magalhaens.

62. PHALACROCORAX ERYTHROPS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zoological Society.

_Phal. capite, collo, corporeque supra purpureo-atris; pectore

abdomineque albis; genis parce albo-notatis; facie nuda rubra; {541}

remigibus, rectricibus duodecim, rostroque sub-brevi atris: pedibus

flavescentibus._

_Statura paulo minor praecedentibus duobus._

63. LARUS HAEMATORHYNCHUS.--Nob. in Zool. Journ. iv. 103.

_Lar. corpore plumbeo-griseo, dorso medio alisque nigris, his albo

notatis; rostro pedibusque sanguineis._

The length of the bird is 18 inches; of the bill 2; of the wing, from the

carpal joint to the end of the first quill feather, 13; of the tail 6; of

the _tarsi_ 2. Irides green silvery colour, pupil dark.

64. LARUS FUSCUS?

65. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS?

66. LESTRIS CATARRHACTES?

67. PROCELLARIA GIGANTEA. A young bird.

68. PROCELLARIA CAPENSIS.

This beautiful, but well-known petrel, was, of course, our constant

companion on all occasions of our being at sea, and was particularly

numerous off the entrance to the river Plata, feeding probably upon the

exuviae that drift out with the current. One being taken with the hook, was

killed, and in its entrails several small fragments of granite were found

mixed with the half-digested food. A remarkable instance of the natural

habits of this bird has lately come to my knowledge, which deserves to be

recorded. The late Mr. George Fairfowl, surgeon R.N., on his return from

New South Wales, in the year 1831, caught one of these birds, and let it

go, with a ribbon tied round the body, by which it was easily

distinguished; the bird was thereby observed to follow the ship, from day

to day, for the space of 5,000 miles.

69. PROCELLARIA BERARDI.

70. PROCELLARIA WILSONII.--Prince of Musignano.

_Thalassidroma Wilsonnii_--Vigors.

71. DIOMEDEA EXULANS.

72. CYGNUS ANATOIDES.

_Cygn. albus, remigibus primariis ad apicem nigris; rostro pedibusque

rubris, illo lato, subdepresso, tuberculo nullo._

{542}

Interior Sounds on the west coast of Patagonia.

Molina describes a Chilian duck, _anas coscoroba_, thus: _A. rostro extremo

dilatato rotundato_; _corpore albo_; but I do not think it can be the same

as mine, or he would have noticed its red feet and bill. It certainly is

not _A. candidus_, of Viellot; the _ganso blanco_ of D'Azara, which the

author of the article in the Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. supposes to be the

one and the same with _A. coscoroba_. Molina gives but a short description

of that bird.

73. ANSER INORNATUS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Society.

_Mas. Ans. albus: dorso inferiori, cauda, fasciis nuchae dorsique

superioris femorumque tectricum, pteromatibus, remigibusque atris:

rostro nigro, pedibus flavescentibus._ Foem. _Capite colloque canis;

dorso superiori corporeque inferiori albis, nigro confertim fasciatis;

dorso imo remigibus, rectricibusque nigris; ptilis speculoque albis;

tarsis subelongatis._

Strait of Magalhaens.

74. MICROPTERUS BRACHYPTERUS.--Quoy and Gaimard. Zool. de l'Uranie, pl. 39.

_Oidemia patachonica._--Nob. Zool. Journal, iv. 100.

_Anas brachyptera._--Latham.

Racehorse.--Cook.--Byron.

_Micropt. supra plumbeo-grisescens, abdomine albescente speculo alarum

albo; rostro luteo; ungue nigro._

75. MICROPTERUS PATACHONICUS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_Micropt. supra plumbeo grisescens; gula scapularibusque rufescentibus;

abdomine speculoque alarum albis; rostro virescenti-nigro, ungue

nigro._

Smaller than _M. brachypterus_.

This bird having a smaller body than the first, is enabled to fly; which

with the scapulars and the feathers of the throat being of a redder hue

than those of _M. Brachypterus_, authorizes its being considered as

specifically new.

76. ANAS NIGRICOLLIS.--Ind. Orn. ii. 834.

This bird has a wide range on the South American continent. It frequents

the River Plata, Strait of Magalhaens, and several parts of the Western

Coast, as far up as Chiloe. {543}

77. ANAS CHILOENSIS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Society.

_An. fronte, genis, abdomine, uropygio, pteromatibusque albis; capite

posteriori, collo, dorso inferiori, ptilis, remigibusque primariis,

caudaque fuscis; dorso superiori, pectoreque fusco et albo fasciatis;

remigibus secundariis et tertiis scapularibusque nitide atris, his albo

lineatis; abdominis lateribus crissoque rufescentibus; striga post

oculos, lata splendide purpurascenti-viride._

Length about 16 inches. Island of Chiloe.

78. ANAS FRETENSIS.--Nob. in Proceedings of Zool. Soc.

_An. gula, genis, collo, pectore, dorsoque anteriori pallide badiis;

collo graciliter undulato; pectore dorsoque anteriori atro maculato;

dorso abdomineque imis, crisso, caudaque albis nigro fasciatis; dorsi

fasciis latis, abdominis gracillimis, caudae sublatioribus, crissi

sparsim undulatis; capite supra, remigibus, scapularibusque

virescenti-atris; his albo in medio lineatis; tectricibus

plumbeo-canis, fascia apicali alba; speculo supra viridi, deinde

purpureo, fascia atra apice albo terminata._

_Statura Anatis creccoidis_, Nob.

Strait of Magalhaens.

79. ANAS RAFFLESII.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 97.

_An. castaneo-rufa, capite abdomineque medio saturatiorbus; notis

dorsi, remigibus, cauda supra, crissoque nigris; ptilis caeruleis,

pteromatibus albis, speculo alarum viridi._

A figure of the bird is given in the supplementary plates of the Zool.

Jour. Supp. XXIX.

Length, 20 inches.

Strait of Magalhaens, and Western coast to Chiloe.

This beautiful bird bears the name of the late Sir J. Stamford Raffles, to

whose exertions the science of Zoology is under no trifling obligation.

80. ANAS SPECULARIS.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 98.

_An. capite summo, dorso, alis, caudaque nigris: subtus pallide

griseus, pectore brunneo undulato: speculo lato purpurascenti-aureo

splendente, fascia atra alteraque alba marginato: macula utrinque

suboculari, mento, thoraceque albis._

The length of the bird is 26 inches; of the bill 2-3/8; of the wing, {544}

from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 11; of

the tail 6; of the _tarsi_ 2-1/4.

81. ANAS SPECULARIOIDES.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 98.

_An. capite summo corporeque supra fuscis: subtus pallide griseus,

pectore rufo-brunneo fasciato: remigibus, crisso, rectricibusque atris:

speculo subangusto purpurascenti-aureo splendente, fascia atra,

alteraque apicali alba._

The length of the bird is 24 inches; of the bill 2-1/8; of the wing, from

the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 10-1/2; of

the tail 6; of the _tarsus_ 1-1/2.

Strait of Magalhaens.

This is the common duck in the vicinity of Port Famine, and in the winter

months is excellent eating.

82. ANAS CRECCOIDES.--Nob. in Zool. Jour. iv. 99.

_An. pallide brunneo-griseus, fusco sparsus notatusque; dorso imo,

ptilisque fuscis, his apice rufo; speculo nigro, fulvo marginato._

The length of the bird is 16-1/2 inches; of the bill 1-3/4; of the wing,

from the carpal joint to the extremity of the second quill feather, 8-3/16;

of the tail 4-3/8; of the _tarsus_ 1-1/4.

* * * * *

{545}

SHELLS.

Description of the CIRRHIPEDA, CONCHIFERA, and MOLLUSCA, in a Collection

formed by the Officers of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, employed between the

years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the Southern Coasts of South America,

including the Strait of Magalhaens and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. By

Captain Phillip P. King, R.N., F.R.S., &c., assisted by W. J. Broderip,

Esq., F.R.S., &c. (From the Zoological Journal.)

The testacea, of which the following paper is a descriptive list, were

principally collected upon the coast of South America; and, upon my arrival

in England, were submitted to the examination of Mr. George Sowerby; who

very obligingly selected the undescribed species from the collection which

had been formed under my superintendence by the Officers of H.M.S.

Adventure and Beagle, employed under my command in surveying the southern

coast of South America.

To these gentlemen I am greatly indebted for the unwearied assiduity which

they at all times displayed, and for the extent of the collection in this,

as well as in other departments of Natural History.

In the description of the species I have had the benefit of the advice and

assistance of my friend Mr. Broderip; and to his knowledge of the subject,

and the attention which he has devoted to my collection, I owe in a great

measure the paper which I have now the satisfaction of presenting to the

public through the medium of the Zoological Journal.

Upon examining my specimens, Mr. George Sowerby found that he possessed

several species not in my collection. These had been obtained during the

voyage, and had been purchased from some of the crew by Mr. Sowerby, who

handsomely put his acquisitions into my hands for description.

------

1. BALANUS PSITTACUS.

Syn. Lepas Psittacus. Molina, 1., 223.

_B. testa albido-rosacea, subconica, elongata, rudi, longitudinaliter

creberrime striata; radiis transversim striatis; operculo transversim

{546} profunde sulcato, lineis elevatis creberrime plicatis; valvis

posticis valde productis, acuminatis._

_Habitat ad oras Concepcionis et insulam Chiloe. Mus. Brit., nost.,

Broderip, &c._

This cirrhiped which, at Concepcion de Chile, is frequently found of a

larger size than 5-1/2 inches long and 3-1/2 in diameter, forms a very

common and highly esteemed food of the natives, by whom it is called

_Pico_, from the acuminated processes of the two posterior opercular

valves. The anterior and posterior opercular valves, when in contact,

present some resemblance to a parrot's beak, whence Molina's name. It is

also found very abundantly at Valdivia and at Calbuco, near the north end

of the island of Chiloe. It occurs in large bunches, and presents somewhat

of a cactus-like appearance. The parent is covered by its progeny, so that

large branches are found composed of from fifty to one hundred distinct

individuals, each of which becomes in its turn the foundation of another

colony. One specimen in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq.,

consists of a numerous group based on two large individuals. They are

collected by being chopped off with a hatchet. At Concepcion, where they

are found of larger size than to the southward, they are principally

procured at the Island of Quiriquina, which lies across the entrance of the

bay; whence they are exported in large quantities to Valparaiso and

Santiago de Chile, where they are considered as a great delicacy, and

indeed with some justice, for the flesh equals in richness and delicacy

that of the crab, which, when boiled and eaten cold, it very much

resembles.

2. ELMINIUS LEACHII.[213]

_E. testa albida, truncata, longitudinaliter striata, radiis creberrime

longitudinaliter substriatis; operculo ad basin transversim striato,

quadripartito; long. 5/8; lat. 3/8; poll._

_Habitat._ _In Museo Geo. Sowerby et nost._

3. SCALPELLUM PAPILLOSUM.

_S. pedunculo creberrime papilloso; testa laevi valde compressa; long.

omnino 11/16; 4/16 pedunculi; lat. 5/16, poll._

{547}

_Habitat in mare alto circa oras Patagonicas. Mus. nost., G. Sowerby._

Taken by a dredge in 40 fathom water, off the coast of South America, in

latitude 44-1/2deg south, and found adhering to a Terebella.

4. PHOLAS CHILOENSIS. MOLINA.

_P. testa elongata postice ovato-rotundata, costis posticis

dentato-muricatis; antice attenuata striis transversis postice

undato-muricatis, antice muticis; lat. 5: long. 2; poll._

_Habitat ad insulam Chiloei. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod., Stokes._

Some doubt has been thrown upon the existence of this shell,

notwithstanding the description of Molina. A species very nearly

approaching it, if not identical, was found at Rio de Janeiro; but as only

single valves were obtained, and these were in a very imperfect state, I

have not ventured to characterise it.

The soft parts of _Pholas Chiloensis_ are considered very delicate by the

inhabitants of the Island of Chiloe, by whom the animal is called

"_Co-mes_." They are found in great abundance at low water imbedded in the

rocks near Sandy Point, at San Carlos de Chiloe.

5. SOLEN SCALPRUM.

_S. testa lineari subrecta extremitatibus subrotundatis; cardine

bidentato; long. 13/16; lat. 3-11/16; poll._

_Habitat ad Patagoniae oras Orientates_ (Sea Bear Bay). _Mus. nost._

6. ANATINA ELLIPTICA.

_A. testa elliptica, subtenui, transversim striato, antice

sub-truncata, epidermide fusca, tenui; long. 1-3/8; lat. 2-3/8; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Antarcticas_ (New South Shetland). _Mus. Brit., nost._

This shell was found at New South Shetland, by Lieutenant Kendall, of his

Majesty's sloop, Chanticleer, by whom it was presented to me.

7. MACTRA EDULIS.

_M. testa subtrigona, tumida, sublaevi, fulvo-squalida, intus alba,

dentibus lateralibus prominentibus; long. 2; lat. 2-4/8; poll._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico_ (Port Famine). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

This shell was found in great abundance on the flat of sandy mud, which

fronts the west shore of Port Famine, and proved a {548} valuable article

of food to the ship's company, particularly during the winter months, when

sea-birds and game were not to be procured, and the fish had deserted us. I

have named it, in allusion to its affording us a grateful, as well as

seasonable, supply of fresh food.

8. ERYCINA SOLENOIDES.

_E. testa subelliptica, transversim creberrime substriata, albida,

epidermide fusco-grisea; long. 1 paulo minus; lat. 2; poll._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico_ (sandy mud flats of Port Famine). _Mus.

Brit., nost., Brod._

9. TELLINIDES ROSACEA.

_T. testa subtrigona, planulata, striis concentricis creberrimis; long.

6/8; lat. 1-5/16; poll._

_Habitat ad littora Brasiliae_ (Santos). _Mus. nost._

10. VENUS INFLATA.

_V. testarotundata, concentrice substriata, albente, intus alba, lunula

obsoleta; long. 1-9/16; lat. 1-5/8; poll._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico_ (Port Famine). _Mus. nost._

11. VENUS ANTIQUA.

_V. testa sub-ovali, convexiuscula, creberrime cancellata, sub-fusca,

intus albida; lunula cordata; long. 2-5/8; lat. 3; poll._

_Obs. in junioribus, striis transversis concentricis elevatis, acutis._

_Habitat ad littora occidentalia Patagoniae_ (Gulf of Penas and its

vicinity). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

12. ARCA ANGULATA.

_A. testa transversa, subcordato-quadrata, intus fusco-violascente;

latere antico producto, elevato, undulatim lamellato, postico

rotundato; umbonibus valde remotis, area cardinali maxima, striata;

margine hiante; long. 1-1/8; lat. 1-7/8; poll._

_Habitat ad_ Juan Fernandez. _Mus. nost._

This shell was dredged up from 80 fathoms water in the offing of Cumberland

Bay, at Juan Fernandez; it was attached to a branch of coral.

The hinge is broad and smooth, with distinct markings; the gape is rather

wide, and the anterior part of the shell rises rather elegantly, like the

stern of some Indian canoes, and in all the specimens but one, terminates

in a point. The one above {549} described has a rounded form; the bows or

front being rather elegantly and finely lamellated in a wavy form; the

colour of the hinge is red, and the inside is generally of a brownish

purple; in some it has a more yellow tinge.

13. ARCA PECTINOIDES.

_A. testa auriculata, cordata, ventricosa, multi-costata, transversim

striata, alba, epidermide rufo nigricante, pilosa; umbonibus

sub-approximatis, incurvatis, margine crenulato; long. 1; lat. 1-2/8;

poll._

_Habitat ad_ Rio de Janeiro. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

14. NUCULA STRIATA.

_N. testa striata, subtumida, crassa, sub-trigona, alba; latere antico

productiori, sub-rostrato; long. 9/32; lat. 3/8; poll._

_Habitat in mari alto circa oras Patagonicas. Mus. nost._

Taken by a dredge in 40 fathoms water, 20 miles from the coast of South

America, in the neighbourhood of Port Sta Elena.

15. MODIOLA SINUOSA.

_M. testa ventricosa, subovata, longitudinaliter striata; intus

iridescente, margine sinuoso, epidermide fusca; long. 7/16; lat. 14/16

fere; poll._

_Habitat ad littora Brasiliae_ (Santos). _Mus. nost._

16. PECTEN PATACHONICUS.

_P. testa sub-aequivalvi, brunnea, longitudinaliter creberrime

elevato-radiata; intus albida, longitudinaliter sub-radiata; long.

2-4/8; lat. 2-4/8; poll._

_Obs. auribus inaequalibus._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico passim. Mus. nost._

17. PECTEN VITREUS.

_P. testa subaequivalvi, translucente, longitudinaliter multi-sulcata;

sulcis convexis flavidulis, valva inferiore pallidiori; long. 1-9/16;

lat. 1-4/8; poll._

_Obs. Auribus inaequalibus._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico passim. Mus. nost._

This shell is found attached to the leaves of the _Fucus giganteus_, and,

with other _Mollusca_, is the food of the Steamer or Race-horse Duck

(_Micropterus brachypterus and M. Patachonicus_). {550}

18. TEREBRATULA FLEXUOSA.

_T. testa rotundato-cordata, gibba, sub-fusca, longitudinaliter

creberrime sulcata; margine valde flexuoso; long. 1-3/8; lat. 1-4/8

paulo minus; poll._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico_ (Port Famine). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

This shell, which was dredged up from deep water in the bay of Port Famine,

attached to stones, is not a common shell in the Strait.

19. TEREBRATULA SOWERBII.

_T. testa subrotunda, planiuscula, subfusca, longitudinaliter radiatim

transversim substriata, medio superne depressa, infra convexa,

subglabra; margine utrinque crenulato, medio glabro; long. 1-7/16; lat.

7/16 paulo plus; alt. 11/16 poll._

_Habitat in freto Magellanico. Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby._

20. CHITON SETIGER.

_C. testa ovali, antice subattenuata; valvis subdentatis, tenuiter

concentrice striatis, antica 10-radiata, postica laevi, parvula; areis

lateralibus striis duabus elevatis marginalibus; ligamento marginali

laevigato, setigero; long. 2-3/8; lat. 1-3/8; poll._

_Habitat ad oras insulae_ Tierra del Fuego _et in freto Magellanico. Mus.

Brit., nost., Brod._

Shell ovate, rather attenuated towards the anterior end, generally of a

light blue-green colour, variegated with markings of dark slate. Valves

slightly beaked with minute concentric striae, the lateral compartments

with two marginal ridges, which in some specimens are granulose, in others

smooth. The anterior valve has eight, besides two marginal, ridges of the

same character; the posterior valve is very small and smooth. Border

coriaceous, and set with bristles produced from three rows of tufts or

pores. In some of the specimens in my possession the bristles are rubbed

off.

The shell is found in all parts of the shores of Tierra del Fuego,

particularly on its seaward coast, and the western parts of the Strait of

Magalhaens.

21. CHITON BOWENII.

_C. testa oblongo-ovata, castaneo-rufa; dorso elevato; valvis

subdentatis, sublaevibus concentrice tenuiter striatis; areis

lateralibus radiatim sulcatis; ligamento marginali granuloso, nigro;

long. 3-2/8; lat. 1-1/2; poll._

{551}

_Habitat ad oras insulae_ Tierra del Fuego _et in freto Magellanico. Mus.

Brit., nost., Brod._

Shell oblong-ovate, and generally of a chestnut red, and the granulose

ligament black; the colour of the younger specimens is more brilliant, and

sometimes interspersed with yellow. Middle valves slightly toothed, and

very delicately lineated, the lines forming an obtuse angle in the

direction of the axis of the shell; the lateral compartments are marked

with deeper striaea or grooves, radiating from the upper angle to the base,

which, crossing the transverse markings of the valve, have a reticulated

appearance: the anterior and posterior valves are radiated with fine lines.

This Chiton was discovered by Mr. Bowen, surgeon of the Beagle, by whom it

was presented to me. The specimen was sent home among a collection of

Natural History, transmitted in the year 1827.

22. FISSURELLA COARCTATA.

_F. testa ovata, antice attenuata, elevata; radiis frequentibus

elevatis; interne virescenti; foraminis margine externo juxta medium

coarctato, subdentato; long 2-5/16; lat. 1-13/16; alt. 14/16; poll._

_Habitat ad Portum_ Praya. _Mus. Brit., nost._

23. HELIX TRANSLUCENS.

_H. testa subglobosa, translucente, levissime transversim striata;

anfractu basali linea longitudinali castanea sub-media ornato; long.

17/32; lat. 9/16; poll._

_Habitat ad_ Rio de Janeiro. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

24. HELIX PUSIO.

_H. testa rotundo-complanata, creberrime striata, translucente, maculis

castaneo-rufis ornata; long. 1/16; lat. 3/16; poll._

_Habitat ad_ Juan Fernandez. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

25. HELICINA SORDIDA.

_H. testa globoso-conoidea; anfractibus rotundatis longitudinaliter

striatis; operculo castaneo; long. 2/8 paulo plus; lat 5/16 paulo plus;

poll._

_Habitat ad_ Rio de Janeiro. _Mus. Brit., nost._

The colour of this shell is of a dirty yellowish white, with a slight tinge

of diaphanous violet within the margin of the lip.

26. PUPA SUBDIAPHANA.--No. 194. MSS.

_P. testa cylindracea, alba, subdiaphana, transversim creberrime

substriata; long. 4/8 paulo minus; lat. 3/16 paulo minus; poll._

{552}

_Habitat ad Portum_ Praya. (Cape Verd Islands.) _Mus. Brit., nost._

27. BULINUS GRAVESII.

_B. testa subventricosa, longitudinaliter subrugosa, sub-albida,

fusco-maculata, spira longitudinaliter striata; long. 1-4/8; lat. 13/16

paulo minus; poll._

_Habitat ad_ Valparaiso. _Mus. nost._

I have named the shell after my shipmate and friend, Lieutenant Thomas

Graves, whose zeal and assiduity in assisting and increasing my collections

of Natural History was as unwearied as the alacrity and ability which he

displayed in the primary and more important objects of the voyage, of

which, in his Majesty's ship Adventure, he filled the appointment of

assistant surveyor. To Lieutenant Graves I am principally indebted for my

land-shells, and I therefore take the opportunity of recording the valuable

assistance he rendered me during the whole period of his serving under my

command.

28. BULINUS GRAVESII, var.

_B. testa subpyramidali, scabra, albida, aliquando lineolis raris;

epidermide lutescente; long. 1-9/16; lat. 11/16 paulo plus. poll._

_Habitat ad_ Valparaiso. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

This is certainly a variety of No. 27, Bulinus Gravesii.

29. BULINUS DENTATUS.

_B. testa cylindracea, punctata, sub-diaphana, fusco maculata; apertura

dentata, clausiliam mentiente; long. 15/16; lat. 5/16; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Brasiliae_ (St. Catherine). _Mus. Brit., nost._

30. BULINUS LUTESCENS.--No. 140. MSS.

_B. testa obovata, ventricosa, subscabra, lutescente; long. 1-1/8; lat.

11/16; poll._

_Habitat ad Maldonado_ (Gorriti). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

31. BULINUS CORRUGATUS.--No. 941 MSS.

_B. testa subalbida, transversim et longitudinaliter rugoso-striata,

maculis fuscis, obsoletis; apertura purpurascente; columella nigricante

purpurea; long. 1-6/8 paulo plus; lat. 13/16; poll._

_Habitat ad_ Concepcion. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

The body-whorl of the older specimens of this shell is rather roughly

striated or wrinkled, the last but one slightly so, and the remaining

whorls are quite smooth. The colour is whitish, with {553} purple spots

more or less obsolete: the old specimens are sometimes of a dull yellowish

white. A specimen is deposited in the British Museum.

The young shells of this species are of a whitish brown, with darker

coloured striae. They are very fragile and semi-transparent.

32. BULINUS SORDIDUS.--No. 803 MSS.

_B. testa pyramidali, transversim striata, fusca; anfractu basali ad

suturam subalbido, linea subcentrica pallida; labii vix reflexi margine

albo; long. 1-15/16; lat. 7/8 poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam_ (Rio de Janeiro). _Mus. nost._

33. BULINUS MULTICOLOR.[214]--No. 791 MSS.

_B. testa ovato-pyramidali, longitudinaliter et transversim creberrime

substriata, luteo-fusca maculis albis et purpureo-atris fucata; labio

roseo subreflexo; columella subalbida, apertura intus subatropurpurea;

long. 1-5/16; lat. 9/16; poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam. Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby._

33.* BULINUS ROSACEUS.

_B. testa ovato-oblonga, scabriuscula; apice et anfractibus primis,

rosaceis, caeteris viridi-fuscis; labro albo; suturis crenulatis seu

plicatis; long. 2-1/8; lat. 1; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Americae meridionalis_ (Chile). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod.,

Geo. Sowerby, &c._

Soon after the return of the expedition, my friend Mr. Broderip, to whose

inspection Lieutenant Graves had submitted his collection, observing

symptoms of life in some of the shells of this species, took means for

reviving the inhabitants from their dormant state, and succeeded. After

they had protruded their bodies, they were placed upon some green leaves,

which they fastened upon and ate greedily. These animals had been in this

state for seventeen or eighteen months, and five months subsequently

another was found alive in my collection, so that this last had been nearly

two years {554} dormant. The shells were all sent to Mr. Loddige's nursery,

where they lived for eight months, when they unfortunately all died within

a few days of each other. Soon after the shells were first deposited at Mr.

Loddige's, one got away, and escaped detection for several months, until it

was at last discovered in a state of hybernation; it was removed to the

place where the others were kept, when it died also. The upper surface of

the animal when in health is variegated with ruddy spots and streaks on an

ash-coloured ground.

34. PARTULA FLAVESCENS.

_P. testa subfusiformi, pallide flava, interdum castanea vel flavo et

castaneo varia; long. 11/16; lat. 5/16 paulo plus; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Americae meridionalis_ (Valparaiso). _Mus. Brit., nost.,

Brod._

This shell varies in its colour almost as much as _Bulinus citrinus_.

35. ACHATINA DONELLII.--No. 413 MSS.

_A. testa subalbida, transversim substriata, anfractu basali

ventricosa; long. 7/16 paulo plus; lat. 2/8; poll._

_Habitat ad Lima._ _Mus. nost._

36. ACHATINA DIAPHANA.

_A. testa subcylindracea, diaphana, transversim striata; long. 5/16;

lat. 5/32; poll._

_Habitat ad insulam_ Juan Fernandez, _in montibus._ _Mus. Brit., nost.,

Brod._

37. ACHATINA STRIGATA.--No. 462 MSS.

_A. testa diaphana, subalbida, creberrime transversim substriata,

strigis longitudinalibus castaneis raris; anfractu basali subangulato;

long. 11/16 paulo plus; lat. 6/16 paulo minus; poll._

_Habitat in paludibus Brasiliae_ (Santo Paulo). _Mus. nost._

38. ACHATINA SORDIDA.--No. 798 MSS.

_A. testa subdiaphana, subconica, anfractu basali ventricoso; long. 6/8

paulo plus; lat. 3/8 paulo plus; poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam_ (Rio de Janeiro). _Mus. nost._

39. ACHATINA SELLOVII.

_A. testa cylindracea transversim striata subdiaphana; long. 5/16; lat.

2/16; poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam_ (St. Catherine). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

This shell, which I found at the city of Nossa Sen^a. de Estero, {555} I

have dedicated to my friend, Dr. Sellow, whose researches in Natural

History for several years past in the interior of Brazil, are well known to

the scientific world.

40. SUCCINEA FRAGILIS.

_S. testa ovato-acuta, diaphana, ventricosa, transversim striata,

oblique subrugosa; spira brevi; long. 9/16 paulo minus; lat. 6/16;

poll._

_Habitat ad insulam_ Juan Fernandez. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

41. SUCCINEA PATULA.

_S. testa diaphana, ovato-rotundata, ventricosissima, transversim

creberrime striata; spira brevissima; apertura patula; long. 4/8 paulo

plus; lat. 3/8 paulo plus; poll._

_Habitat ad insulam_ Juan Fernandez.

MARINULA. _Nov. Genus._

_Character Genericus._

_Testa ovato-producta, sub-solida; apertura ovata, integra; columella

bidentata, et basin versus uniplicata; dentibus magnis sub-remotis

conniventibus, superiore maximo; operculum nullum._

42. MARINULA PEPITA.

_M. testa ovato-producta, viridi-fusca; anfractibus sub-tumidis; spira

brevi; apertura nigricante; dentibus plicaque albidis; long. 7/16; lat.

4/16; poll._

_Habitat ad insulam_ Chiloe. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod., G. Sowerby_.

This animal, which I have thought it necessary to assign to a new genus,

appears to have for its nearest neighbours the genera Auricula and Pedipes.

It was found on the wooden piles which support the mole in the Bay of San

Carlos, in Chiloe, below the wash of the high water. The mole stands out

into the sea, and there is no fresh water near it, save a very little rill,

which discharges its tiny stream more than fifty yards off.

43. LYMNAEA DIAPHANA.--No. 349 MSS.

_L. testa turrita, transversim substriata, anfractibus ventricosis;

long. 11/16; paulo plus; lat. 5/16; poll._

_Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum_ (Cape Gregory). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

This shell was found in the fresh-water ponds in the neighbourhood of Cape

Gregory, which is on the continental side of the eastern end of the Strait

of Magalhaens. {556}

44. AMPULLARIA CUMINGII.

_A. testa globosa, transversim striata, subalbida, longitudinaliter

castaneo-lineata et fasciata, epidermide virescente; umbilico parvo;

lat. 1-7/16; long. 1-6/16; poll._

_Habitat in Sinu Panamae_; (island of Saboga, in a small hill-stream).

_Mus. Brit, nost., Brod._

From Mr. Cuming's collection. I have named this shell after Mr. Cuming,

from whom I received it.

45. NATICA GLOBOSA.

_N. testa globosa, tenui, ventricosissima, cornea, vel subalbida,

subtilissime striata; spira brevi; umbilico parvo; operculo valde

tenui; long. 15/16 paulo plus; lat. 7/8; poll._

_Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum_ (Cape Gregory). _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

46. NATICA CASTANEA.

_N. testa ovato-acuta castanea, albo-lineata; apertura mediocri;

columella valde callosa; umbilico mediocri; long. 13/16; lat. 21/32;

poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliae; oras, circa_ Santos. _Mus. nost._

47. TURBO LUGUBRIS.

_T. testa nigricante, striata; apertura argentea; labri margine nigra,

subcrenulata; operculo valde lapidoso, albo; long. 2-1/8; lat. 2-2/8

fere; poll._

_Habitat ad Sinum_ Penas. _Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

48. ODONTIS SUBPLICATA.

_O. testa granuloso-striata, viridi-fusca, nigro maculata; umbilico

mediocri; labri margine sub-plicato; long. 10/16; lat. 13/16 paulo

plus; poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam_ (Rio de Janeiro). _Mus. Brit., nost._

49. LITTORINA FLAVA.

_L. testa longitudinaliter striata, sub-flava; spira brevi; anfractu

basali ventricoso; columellae purpurascentis margine et apertura

sub-flava; operculo nigricante; long. 5/8 paulo plus; lat. 7/16 poll._

_Habitat ad Brasiliam_ (Rio de Janeiro). _Mus. Brit., nost._

In young shells there are a few obscure reddish brown streaks crossing the

striae.

50. LITTORINA PERDIX.

_L. testa striis elevatis balteata, albida, fusco-maculata, striis

interstitialibus minus elevatis, ambabus sub-cancellatis; apertura

alba, {557} labri margine tenui, castaneo-maculata; long. 13/16; lat.

17/32 poll._

_Habitat? Mus. nost._

51. LITTORINA STRIATA.

_L. testa ovato-conica, fusca, striis elevatis scabra; spira brevi;

anfractu basali tumido; apertura nigricante, basin versus striga

luteoalba ornata; labri margine crenulato albo-fulvido; operculo nigro;

long. 4/8 paulo plus; lat. 7/16 fere; poll._

_Habitat in Mari Atlantico boreali_ (Port Praya). _Mus. Brit., nost._

52. MARGARITA FASCIATA, n. s.

_M. testa albida, creberrime striata, purpureo fasciata, apertura

argentea; long. 4/16; lat. 5/16 fere; poll._

_Habitat in Mari Pacifico. Mus. nost._

Portions of the striated surface are elevated into belts, which are of a

purple colour.

53. MARGARITA VIOLACEA.

_M. testa sub-ovata, violacea, spira brevi; anfractibus tumidis;

apertura iridescente; long. 7/16; lat. 8/16 fere; poll._

_Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

Of this shell the Indians make their necklaces; it is found adhering to the

leaves of the Fucus giganteus, and is the principal food of the Steamer or

Racehorse Duck (_Micropterus Patachonicus_, nob. in Proceedings of the

Zoological Society, December 14, 1830, page 15).

54. MARGARITA COERULESCENS.

_M. testa sub-complanata, coerulea, striata, albido-lineata, apertura

iridescente; lat. 13/16 fere; long. 15/16; poll._

_Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum (Cape Gregory). Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

55. TURRITELLA TRICARINATA.

_T. testa turrita, anfractibus tricarinatis; carinis nodulosis; long.

1-5/8; lat. 9/16 paulo minus; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Americae meridionalis_ (Valparaiso). _Mus. Brit., nost.,

Brod._

The _Carinae_ are nodulous, or twisted like the strands of a rope; the

twists of the upper _carina_ are in the direction of a water-laid, {558} or

right-handed rope, and those of the two lower _carinae_ are in the opposite

direction, or like what is termed a hawser-laid rope. Between these

nodulous _carinae_ are elevated lines, and the base is very strongly

striated. Found in deep water in the Bay of Valparaiso. Dead shells of this

species are occasionally found thrown upon the beach, near the Almendral.

56. TURRITELLA NODULOSA.

_T. testa elongato-turrita; anfractibus striatis; striis duabus maximis

subnodulosis; long. 1-11/16; lat. 7/16 fere; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost._

The two large _striae_, which are remarkable for the nodules, are not far

from the middle of each whorl, and generally are nearer the upper suture:

of these the lowest is the largest.

57. MUREX SALEBROSUS.

_M. testa elongato-ovata, subalbida, fasciis fuscis, epidermide

cinerea; spira brevi; anfractibus angulatis, nodulosis; apertura

oblonga ad basin angusta, castanea, intus alba; labro interne

denticulato, dentibus obtusis albis; columella recta, laevi; canali

brevi; long. 3-7/16; lat. 2; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. nost., Geo. Sowerby._

This species approaches _Murex vitulinus_ very nearly; the body-whorl is

very much elongated, and the nodules which mark the angles of the whorl are

formed of the more elevated parts of what may be termed coarse longitudinal

plaits.

58. MUREX RHODOCHEILUS.

_M. testa ventricosa, alba, fasciis elevatis striatis; septemfariam

varicosa, varicibus roseis denticulatis; apertura rotundata, rosea,

intus albida; labri margine asperrime denticulato; cauda mediocri,

sub-recurva; long. 3-13/16; lat. 2-7/16; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. nost._

59. TRITON RANELLIFORMIS.

_T. testa ovato-fusiformi, subdepressa, albida fusco fasciata, costata;

costis granulosis, interstitiis striatis; apertura subrotunda, albida;

columella subrugosa; labro interne obtuse denticulato; margine

undulato; epidermide viridi-fusca, scabra; long. 3-3/16; lat. 1-6/8;

poll._

_Habitat ad Sinum Penas et oram occidentalem Americae meridionalis. Mus.

Brit., nost., Brod._

{559}

The denticules of the outer lip are ranged in pairs, at regular and

somewhat distant intervals.

60. TRITON SCABER.

_T. testa ovato-acuta, cancellata; spira elongata; epidermide fusca,

setosa; apertura alba granulosa; labro interne obtuse denticulato;

long.; lat.; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Americae meridionalis_ (Valparaiso). _Mus. nost._

The denticules of the inner lip are more elevated than those of the last

(T. ranelliformis), and are equidistant. It was fished up with the anchor

in Valparaiso Bay.

61. MONOCEROS FUSOIDES.

_M. testa ventricosa, spira mediocri, anfractibus bicarinatis; anfractu

basali lineis elevatis admodum distantibus cincto; apertura patula;

dente labiali brevi, lato, obtuso; canali producto, recto, integro;

operculo corneo; long. 2-3/4; lat. 1-5/8; poll._

_Habitat ad oras Americae meridionalis_ (Concepcion). _Mus. Brit., nost.,

Brod._

Approaching Fusus in its elongated and entire canal, while its exterior lip

has the labial tooth which distinguishes _Monoceros_. The columella is not

straight, as in all the other species, but curved, so as to make an angle

in some specimens at the commencement of the canal, and in all it becomes

very broad at the point where it is opposite to the tooth. The shell is of

a reddish colour, ventricose, and girt with elevated lines, about a quarter

of an inch apart. The spire has only two of these lines on each whorl, and

has a bicarinated appearance. The aperture is wide, the outer lip sinuous,

its tooth short, broad, and obtuse, and the operculum horny. The shell is

seldom found in a perfect state, the beak being generally broken off, and

the surface is, in all the specimens that I have seen, covered with a

calcareous encrustation, entirely concealing the colours.

62. BUCCINUM MURICIFORME.

_B. testa ovato-fusiformi, cinerea; anfractibus tumidis, costellatis,

costellis cancellatis; apertura castaneo-nigricante; labri margine

crenulato. Muricem mentiens; long. 1; lat. 9/16; poll._

_Habitat ad fretum Magellanicum. Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

The eggs of this species were found, and are preserved in spirits.

{560}

63. BUCCINUM SQUALIDUM.

_B. testa conico-fusiformi, fusca; anfractu basali ventricoso; spira

mediocri; apertura fusca, lutescenti, patula; long. 1-15/16; lat.

1-1/8; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

64. BUCCINUM DEFORME.

_B. testa ovata, subponderosa, subalbida, fasciis duabus fuscis

obscuris; spira brevi; anfractu basali subdepresso, suturam versus

crasso; columella valde callosa; long. 1-9/16; lat. 1 paulo plus;

poll._

_Habitat ad flumen Plata_ (Gorriti). _Mus. Brit., nost._

The eggs of this shell, contained in a transparent orbicular nidus, the

size of a turtle's egg, were found thrown up on the sea-beach of the

island. In the month of January they were observed in all stages of growth.

A series was preserved in spirits, and presented to the College of

Surgeons.

65. COLUMBELLA MITRIFORMIS.

_C. testa fusiformi, luteo-rufescente, fasciis nigro-castaneis, maculis

albis tessellata; long. 7/16; lat. 3/16; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. Brit., nost., Brod._

66. MITRA PUSILLA.

_M. testa ovato-acuta, ventricosa, fulva, creberrime costata; costis

interstitiisque striatis, basi granulosa; spira brevi, anfractibus

suturam supereminentibus; columella quinque-plicata; long. 5/8; lat.

5/16 paulo plus; poll._

_Habitat? Mus. nost._

The denticules of the outer lip are arranged in pairs, at regular, and

somewhat distant, intervals.

67. VOLUTA.

A fragment of a turbinated shell, bearing marks more assignable to Voluta

than to any other genus, was found on the sea-beach in the neighbourhood of

Cape Fairweather, on the east coast of Patagonia, in latitude 51-1/2deg

south. The remains appear to differ from _Voluta Ancilla_ and _V.

Brasiliana_.

* * * * *

{561}

COPIES OF ORDERS.

------

His Majesty's surveying vessel Adventure, Sea Bear Bay.

SIR; 27th March 1829.

It is my direction, that when finally parting company from me, you proceed

to the execution of the following orders, in company with the Adelaide

schooner, the commander of which, upon our meeting him, will receive

instructions to put himself under your command.

You will, as soon as possible, make the best of your way to Port Famine,

stopping at Pecket Harbour to communicate with the Indians, should they be

there, for the purpose of securing a supply of guanaco meat for the ship's

company.

At Port Famine you will immediately detach Lieutenant Skyring, with a boat

and boat's crew, in the Adelaide, to co-operate with Lieutenant Graves in

surveying the Magdalen Channel and its communication with the sea; after

which you will direct him to rejoin you, by the Barbara Channel, at Port

Gallant, whither you will proceed, after completing your water at Port

Famine; on your way to which, if you should have an opportunity, the

following bays, on the south side of the Strait, might be planned, viz.

Lyell Bay, Cascade Bay, San Pedro Bay, and Freshwater Bay (or Cove). The

coast also to the west of the Barbara Channel, behind the islands of

Charles and Ulloa, should be examined; and of the northern arm of the

Jerome Channel, called in the chart, Indian Sound, we know nothing.

If, after the return of the Adelaide, you should find the weather so

favourable as to permit your extending your exploration of those parts of

the Strait which are yet unknown to us, you will remain for that purpose;

but, at all events, you are to leave the Strait by the middle of June, or

the first of July at latest, and repair with the Adelaide to San Carlos, at

the north end of Chiloe, where you will find or hear of me, by the 10th of

August. {562}

In performing the above orders you will act as you may consider best for

their most effectual execution, keeping in mind that the most desirable

part is the survey of the Magdalen Channel.

From our experience, last year, of the weather during the months of April

and May, I am in hopes of your being able to work during those months, with

success; but should you meet with bad weather, you will be most careful in

not exposing your people unnecessarily to the severity of the climate.

Upon detaching the Adelaide you will appoint Lieutenant Skyring to the

superintendence of the service upon which she is sent, giving Lieutenant

Graves instructions to that effect accordingly.

I have, &c.

(Signed) PHILLIP PARKER KING,

Commander and Senior Officer.

* * * * *

His Majesty's surveying sloop Beagle, Port Famine.

SIR; April 19, 1829.

In obedience to the orders I have received from Commander Phillip Parker

King, senior officer of the Expedition for the survey of a part of South

America, it is my direction that you proceed immediately, in the Adelaide

schooner, to survey as much of the Magdalen Channel and the Strait or

Channel of Santa Barbara as you find practicable at this season of the

year.

If, in the execution of this service, you should find the season too much

advanced to proceed without much risk to the vessel, or exposing yourself

and the men to much bad weather, you will give up the design, and hasten to

Port Gallant.

Should the Beagle not be in Port Gallant at your return, and no letter left

for you in a bottle, you will wait there one week, and then return to Port

Famine. At all events, you will endeavour to rejoin the Beagle before the

first week in June has ended.

I have, &c.

(Signed) ROBERT FITZ-ROY,

Commander.

To Lieut. Wm. Geo. Skyring,

His Majesty's sloop Beagle.

* * * * *

{563}

SIR; Beagle, Port Famine, 19th April 1829.

In obedience to the orders I have received from Captain King, it is my

direction that you put yourself under the orders of Lieut. Skyring, and

proceed with him as he may think best for the execution of the service upon

which he is ordered, and in which you will give him every assistance that

you can afford.

Mr. Kirke, with a boat and boat's crew, will be sent to assist you.

I have, &c.

(Signed) ROBERT FITZ-ROY,

Commander.

To Lieut. Thos. Graves,

Commanding His Majesty's schooner Adelaide.

* * * * *

SIR; Beagle, Port Gallant, 19th June 1829.

It is my direction that you put yourself under the orders of Lieutenant

Skyring, and co-operate with him in the execution of the service on which

he is about to be employed.

Mr. Kirke, with a boat and five men, will be sent to assist.

I have, &c.

(Signed) ROBERT FITZ-ROY.

To Lieut. Thos. Graves, Commander.

His Majesty's schooner Adelaide.

* * * * *

SIR; Beagle, Port Gallant, June 19th 1829.

It is my direction that as soon as you consider the rates of the

chronometer on board the Adelaide sufficiently settled, you proceed in her

to search for, and, if practicable at this season of the year, survey such

part of the passage which is supposed to lead from the vicinity of Cape

Tamar to Concepcion Strait and the Gulf of Trinidad, as your time and

provisions will allow.

Your chief object will be to open a passage from Cape Three Points to Cape

Tamar, between the mass of islands which lie between those capes. {564}

When to the northward of Cape Tamar, and before reaching as far north as

Oracion Bay, or the latitude of 52deg 6', should you notice an opening to

the eastward, with a current or stream of tide setting through it, and an

appearance of its joining another body of water, of considerable extent,

you will endeavour to ascertain whether it communicates with the Skyring

Water, provided that, in so doing you do not turn from your chief object

more than a few days.

In the execution of the above orders you will act as you may consider best

for the service of his Majesty; and if, at any time before its completion,

you find your provisions getting short, the climate too severe, or

yourself, or those under your orders, in bad health, you will immediately

make the best of your way to Chiloe.

You will endeavour to be at San Carlos, in the island of Chiloe, before the

20th of September, and will let nothing that can be avoided detain you

beyond that time.

I have, &c.

(Signed) ROBERT FITZ-ROY,

Commander.

To Lieutenant Wm. Geo. Skyring,

His Majesty's sloop Beagle.

* * * * *

By Phillip Parker King, Esq., Commander of His Majesty's surveying

vessel Adventure, and Senior Officer of an Expedition for the survey of

a part of South America.

As soon as you shall have completed the rates of your chronometers and be

otherwise ready, it is my direction that you proceed to sea in His

Majesty's sloop under your command, to survey the sea-coast of Tierra del

Fuego, from Cape Pillar to the east entrance of the Strait of Magellan, in

the progressive examination of which you will be guided by the state of the

weather, and other circumstances, keeping in view that the most interesting

part of the coast is that portion between Christmas Sound and the Strait Le

Maire, particularly the openings of New Year Sound and Nassau Bay, and the

openings to the eastward of the latter as far as New Island; as there is

reason to believe that there is a considerable body of water to the

eastward of the termination of Admiralty {565} Sound, communicating with

the sea by some one if not many openings in the neighbourhood of Nassau

Bay, and with an outlet on the N.E. coast (St. Sebastian Channel); and as

the existence of such a strait would be of the greatest importance to small

vessels bound to the westward round Cape Horn, you will see it fitting not

to spend so much time to the westward of Cape Noir as may in the least

impede the determination of the question, or prevent it being completely

explored. It is my intention to be at Port Famine by the 1st of April, and

at Rio de Janeiro by the 1st June, calling in my way at Monte Video, or

Gorriti, for chronometrical observations; and if can, conveniently, I shall

also go to Port Desire for the same purpose. But as it is at present

uncertain what orders I may find for me at Valparaiso, you are to act

according to your own discretion, so that you arrive at Rio by the 20th of

June to rejoin me.

Given under my hand, on board the Adventure, at St. Carlos de Chiloe,

November 18th, 1829.

PHILLIP P. KING, Commander.

To Robert Fitz-Roy, Esq.,

Commander of H.M.S. Beagle.

* * * * *

By Phillip Parker King, Esq., Commander of His Majesty's surveying

vessel Adventure, and Senior Officer of an Expedition for the survey of

a part of South America.

As soon as the Adelaide Tender is ready, you will proceed to sea, in the

execution of the following orders:--

As your principal object will be to trace the main-land from the peninsula

of Tres Montes to the southward, by penetrating into all the openings that

lead easterly, you will commence at the Channel Mouths, and explore them to

their termination.

In the event of their affording a communication with the Gulf of Trinidad,

and your having time, you will examine the channels that you have reported

to exist in the neighbourhood of Neesham Bay, so as to complete the Fallos

Channel, which separates Campana from the land within it.

Should the Channel Mouths not afford the expected termination, you will

proceed through the Mesier or Fallos Channels, in {566} which, and in the

channels more to the southward, you will explore all openings leading into

the interior, and, if possible, not lose sight of the main-land until you

reach the Strait of Magellan; by doing which it is expected, from the

results of your last survey, that you will pass through the Skyring and

Otway Waters, and enter the Strait by the Jerome Channel. The above being

the principal object of your operations, you will take every opportunity of

examining all other interesting parts of the coast, in the vicinity of your

anchorages, among which the following seem to be of most interest:--

The Guaianeco Islands, and the probable place of the Wager's wreck, which

would seem to be to the southward of, and not far from the Dundee Rock of

your former survey.

If time afforded, it would be interesting to lay down the shores of

Concepcion Strait; also to examine the deep opening on the west side of St.

Estevan Channel, in the latitude of 51deg 8'.

Lord Nelson Strait is also of much interest, and any extension of our

knowledge of the land that bounds the western side of Smyth Channel.

But in these you will be guided by your own discretion, keeping in mind the

principal object of the present survey, that of tracing the shores of the

main-land.

The Adventure will be at Port Famine by the 1st of April, if nothing occurs

to prevent it; and at Rio de Janeiro by the 1st of June, where you will

rejoin me; but you are at liberty to call at Monte Video, on your way, for

any supplies which you may require.

(Signed) PHILLIP P. KING.

7th Dec. 1829. San Carlos de Chiloe.

To Lieutenant W. G. Skyring,

commanding H.M. schooner Adelaide,

Tender to H.M.S. Adventure.

* * * * *

{567}

Some Observations relating to the Southern Extremity of South America,

Tierra del Fuego, and the Strait of Magalhaens; made during the Survey

of those Coasts in his Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between

the years 1826 and 1830. By Captain Phillip Parker King, F.R.S.,

Commander of the Expedition.

------

[The original paper, from which the following observations have been

extracted, was read before the Geographical Society of London on the

25th of April and 9th of May 1831; and was printed in the Journal of

that Society for the same year.

It is here reprinted, with a few omissions and very slight alterations,

in order that this volume may contain all that the Author has yet

published respecting South America; excepting particular Sailing

Directions.]

------

Considering the vast extent of the sea-coast of the southern extremity of

America, it is not a little surprising that it should have been so

frequently passed by, during the last century, without having been more

explored. Within the last twenty years, however, it has been very much

resorted to by English and American vessels in the seal trade, and to the

observing portion of their enterprising crews many of its intricacies are

well known; but as the knowledge they have derived from their experience

has only in one instance, that of Mr. Weddell's voyage, been published to

the world, our charts cannot be said to have been much improved for the

last fifty years.

The eastern coast of Patagonia, by which name the country between the River

Plata and the Strait of Magalhaens[215] is known, {568} was coasted, as

well as the north-eastern side of Tierra del Fuego, by Malaspina; and the

charts of his voyage not only vie with any contemporaneous production for

accuracy and detail, but are even now quite sufficient for the general

purposes of navigation.

The Strait of Magalhaens has been explored by several navigators; but,

among the numerous plans of it extant, those of Sir John Narborough and

Cordova are the most correct. The first is particularly noticed in the late

Admiral Burney's very useful work, and the result of the last has been

published in the Spanish language, and is entitled "Ultimo Viage al

Estrecho de Magallanes." A second voyage was also made by Cordova to the

Strait, the proceedings of which form an appendix to the above work. It is

furnished with a good general chart of the coast, another of the Strait,

and many plans of the anchorages within it. Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and

Bougainville, had already made considerable additions to Narborough's plan,

from which a chart had been compiled that answered all the purposes of

general geographical information, and might even have been sufficient for

navigation: for the latter purpose, however, Cordova's chart was much

superior; but, being published in Spain only, and its existence little

known in England, I found great difficulty in procuring a copy before I

sailed, for my own use.

The southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, between Cape Good Success, the

southern limit of Strait le Maire, and Cape Pillar at the western end of

the Strait of Magalhaens, was very little known. Cook's voyage affords

several useful notices of the coast between Cape Deseado and Christmas

Sound, and the Dutch fleet under Hermite partially explored the

neighbourhood of Cape Horn: a confused chart of this coast, however, was

the best that could be put together; and although Mr. Weddell has more

recently published an account of the harbours and anchorages near Cape Horn

and New Year Sound, yet little available benefit was derived from it,

because these different navigators having confined their examinations to

small portions of the coast, it was difficult to connect their respective

plans, even on so small a scale as that of the general chart.

The western coast of South America, which is very intricate, extending from

Cape Victory (the north-west entrance of the {569} Strait of Magalhaens) to

the island of Chiloe, may be said to have been wholly unknown; for since

the time of Sarmiento de Gamboa nothing in the least descriptive of it had

been published, with the exception of the brief notices of two missionary

voyages in piraguas, from Chiloe to the Guiateca and Guaianeco islands.

Every person conversant with South American geography, must be acquainted

with the voyage of Sarmiento. From the determined perseverance shown by

that excellent and skilful navigator, through difficulties of no ordinary

nature, we are possessed of the details of a voyage down the western coast,

and through the Strait of Magalhaens, that has never been surpassed. His

journal has furnished us with the description of a coast more difficult and

dangerous to explore than any which could readily be selected--for it was

at that time perfectly unknown, and is exposed to a climate of perpetual

storms and rain: yet the account is written with such minute care and

correctness, that we have been enabled to detect upon our charts almost

every place described in the Gulf of Trinidad, and the channels to the

south of it, particularly their termination at his Ancon sin Salida.

It would be irrelevant to enter here into the history of Sarmiento's

voyage, or indeed of any other connected with these coasts. Modern surveys

are made so much more in detail than those of former years, that little use

can be made of the charts and plans that have been hitherto formed; but the

accounts of the voyages connected with them are replete with interesting

and useful matter, and much amusement as well as information may be derived

from their perusal, particularly Sir John Narborough's journal, and Byron's

romantic and pathetic narrative of the loss of the Wager.

The Cordillera of the Andes, which is known to extend from the northern

part of the continent almost to its southern extremity, decreases in

elevation near the higher southern latitudes. In the neighbourhood of

Quito, Chimborazo and Pinchincha rear their summits to the height of nearly

twenty-two thousand feet above the level of the sea; near Santiago de Chile

the highest land is supposed to be fourteen thousand feet; farther south,

near Concepcion, it is lower; and near Chiloe there are few parts of the

range exceeding seven thousand feet. Between Chiloe and the {570} Strait of

Magalhaens the average height may be taken at three thousand feet; though

there are some mountains which may be between six and seven thousand feet

high.

By a reference to the chart it will be seen that about the parallel of

40deg the coast begins to assume, and retains to its furthest extremity, a

very different appearance from that which it exhibits to the northward,

where the sea, which is kept at a distance from the Cordillera by a belt of

comparatively low land for continuous intervals of some hundred miles,

washes a long unbroken shore, affording neither shelter for vessels nor

landing for boats; but, to the southward of that parallel, its waters reach

to the very base of the great chain of the Andes, and, flowing as it were

into the deep ravines that wind through its ramifications, form numerous

channels, sounds, and gulfs, and, in many instances, insulate large

portions of land. In fact, the whole of this space is fronted by large

islands and extensive archipelagoes, of which the most conspicuous are the

great island of Chiloe, Wellington Island, the Archipelago of Madre de

Dios, Hanover Island, and Queen Adelaide Archipelago. The last forms the

western entrance of the Strait on its north side. The land of Tres Montes,

however, is an exception: it is a peninsula, and is the only part of the

continent within the above limits that is exposed to the ocean's swell. It

forms the northern part of the Gulf of Penas, and is joined to the main by

the narrow isthmus of Ofqui, over which the Indians, in travelling along

the coast, carry their canoes, to avoid the extreme danger of passing round

the peninsula. It was here that Byron and his shipwrecked companions

crossed over with their Indian guides: but it is a route that is not much

frequented; for this part of the coast is very thinly inhabited, and the

trouble of pulling to pieces and reconstructing the canoes,[216] an

operation absolutely necessary to be performed, is so great, that I imagine

it is only done on occasions of importance. In this way the piraguas which

conveyed the missionary voyagers to the Guaianeco Islands were transported

{571} over the isthmus; the particulars of which are fully detailed in

their journals.[217]

The river San Tadeo, although of small size, being navigable only for

eleven miles, is the largest river of the coast south of the archipelago of

Chiloe, and therefore merits a particular description. At seven miles from

the mouth it is fed by two streams or torrents, the currents of which are

so strong that a fast-pulling boat can hardly make way against it. One of

these streams takes its rise in a mountainous range, over which perhaps the

communicating road passes; and the other is the drain of an extensive

glacier or plain of ice of fifteen miles in extent. The river falls into

the Gulf of St. Estevan over a shallow bar, upon which there is scarcely

two feet water, and at low tide is probably dry.

At the head of St. Estevan Gulf is St. Quintin Sound; both were examined

and found to afford excellent anchorage, and they are both of easy access

should a ship, passing up the coast, find herself upon a lee shore and not

able to weather the land, as was the case with the ill-fated Wager.[218]

The Guaianeco islands form the southern head of the Gulf of Penas; then

follows Wellington Island, separated from the main by the Mesier Channel,

which had not been previously explored, its mouth only being laid down in

the charts, compiled from the information of Machado, a pilot who was sent

in 1769 by the Viceroy of Peru to examine the coast from Chiloe to the

Strait {572} of Magalhaens.[219] This channel is also noticed in one of the

two missionary voyages above mentioned; but the object of these expeditions

being for the purpose of converting the Indians to Christianity,[220] and

not for the extension of geographical knowledge, little information of that

nature could be obtained from their journal: the entrance of the Mesier,

however, is described by them; and on one occasion they were obliged to

take refuge in it for fifteen days.[221] With this exception I cannot find

that it had ever been entered before our visit.

The length of the channel is one hundred and sixty miles, and it joins the

Concepcion Strait behind the Madre de Dios archipelago, at the Brazo Ancho

of Sarmiento. Lieutenant Skyring, who superintended this particular part of

the survey, called the land which it insulates, Wellington Island; the

seaward coast of which is fronted by several islands. Fallos Channel, which

separates the Campana and Wellington Islands, was examined, from its

northern entrance, for thirty-three miles, and was conjectured, after

communicating with the sea at Dynely Sound, to extend to the southward, and

fall into the Gulf of Trinidad by one of the deep sounds which were noticed

on the north shore.

About thirty miles within the Mesier Channel, from the northern extremity,

the west side appears to be formed by a succession of large islands, many

of which are separated by wide channels leading to the south-west, and

probably communicating with the Fallos Channel. On the eastern shore the

openings were found to be either narrow inlets or abruptly terminating

sounds.

On both sides of the channel the coast is hilly, but not very high, and in

many places there is much low and generally thickly wooded land. This

character distinguishes the Mesier from other channels in these regions.

The trees here are nearly of the same description as those which are found

in all parts between Cape Tres Montes and the Strait of Magalhaens. Of

these the most common are an evergreen beech (_Fagus betuloides_), a

birch-like beech (_Fagus antarctica_), the Winter's bark (_Winterana

aromatica_[222]), and a tree with all the appearance and habit of a

cypress, of which the Indians make their {573} spears. Among others there

is one, the wood of which being extremely hard and weighty, answers better

than the rest for fuel: the sealers call it 'the red wood,' from its

colour. From the great quantity of timber which grows here it would be

naturally supposed probably that spars for masts could be easily obtained,

or at least wood useful for less important purposes; but although many

trees were found that were sufficiently large at the base, they grew to no

great height; and, in consequence of the moisture of the climate, and the

crowded state of the forests preventing the admission of the sun's rays,

the wood generally proved to be decayed in the heart; besides being very

apt, even after a long seasoning, to warp and split when exposed to a dry

air.

Ten miles beyond White-kelp Cove, which is fifty miles within the entrance,

the character of the Mesier Channel changes entirely; the shore on either

side being formed of mountainous and precipitous ridges rising abruptly

from the water. After this, at Halt Bay, twenty-three miles beyond

White-kelp Cove, the channel narrows for a considerable distance, and in

three particular places is not more than four hundred yards wide. This part

of the channel is called in the chart the English Narrow. It is long and

intricate, with many islands strewed throughout; and preserves its tortuous

and frequently narrow course to its junction with the Wide Channel, in

which the breadth increases to two miles and a half; and then, running

thirty-four miles with a direct and unimpeded course, falls into the

Concepcion Strait as above stated.

At the point where the Mesier and the Wide Channels unite, a deep sound

extends to the N. N. E. for forty-six miles. It was named Sir George Eyre

Sound. An extensive glacier sloping into the sea from the summit of a range

of high snowy mountains, that are visible from many parts of the Mesier

Channel, terminates this sound; and near the head of it several large

icebergs, containing no inconsiderable blocks of granite, were found

aground.[223]

{574}

Of the archipelago of Madre de Dios we know very little. It has probably

many deep openings on its seaward face, and is fronted by islands and

rocks. Its character is rocky and mountainous, and by no means agreeable.

The wide and safe channel of Concepcion Strait separates it from the main

land, which in this part is much intersected by deep sounds, the principal

of which, the Canal of San Andres, extends to the base of the snowy range

of the Cordillera, and there Lieutenant Skyring describes it to be suddenly

closed by immense glaciers.

Behind Hanover Island, which is separated from Madre de Dios by the

Concepcion Strait, the main-land is very much intersected by sounds like

the San Andres Channel, extending to the base of the Andes.

South of Hanover Island is Queen Adelaide Archipelago, through which are

several channels that communicate with the Strait of Magalhaens; of which

the principal, Smyth Channel, falls into the Strait at Cape Tamar.

Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836, Vol. 1 [of 3] · 第 25 / 26 章