To Read Working Drawings.
One of the advantages resulting from a knowledge of practical
draughting is, that it enables a mechanic to _read_ a drawing when
given him as a guide for his work. It is getting every day more
general among draughtsmen to figure exactly and minutely every part of
their drawings which are made to a scale.
Drawings are almost always made “finished size,” that is, the dimensions
are for the work when it is completed. Consequently all the figures
written on the different parts indicate the exact size of the work when
finished, without any regard to the size of the drawing itself, which
may be made to any reduced and convenient scale.
Even in full size drawings this system of figuring is not objectionable.
It is a system which should be followed whenever a drawing is made “to
work to,” for it allows the workman to comprehend at a glance the size
of his work and the pieces he has to get made. Figuring makes a drawing
comprehensible even to those who cannot make drawings.
A working drawing should be made, primarily, as plain as possible by the
draughtsman; second, the workman should patiently and carefully study
it, so that it is thoroughly understood.
In studying a drawing, the object it is intended to represent should be
made as familiar as possible to the mind of the student, so that he may
fill out in imagination the parts designedly left incomplete--as in a
gear wheel where only two or three teeth are drawn in, that he may see,
mentally, the whole.
The following is a description of reading drawings when dimensions are
not figured. Here we have a piece of machinery represented by fig. 290,
and the information we have is that it is to scale, three inches = one
foot. Now, with scale and dividers, we can arrive at its actual
dimensions.
Measurements should be first taken _with the dividers from the drawing_,
and then the dividers applied to the scale to which the drawing is made;
this scale is always marked on the working drawing; if the dividers are
set to the length of the base of the example, fig. 290, they will
measure, on an ordinary two-foot rule, three and three-fourths inches,
_but if applied to the three-inch scale they will read_ one foot three
inches, the actual length of the part; the “reading” is from the scale;
thus, in both figures the drawings are “three-inch scale.”
Now, 3 inches is one-fourth of a foot, hence 3³⁄₄ × 4 = 1 ft. 3 in., the
full size, and so on for all parts of the drawing.
Fig. 291 shows _a side view_ of the “steady rest,” illustrated in front
elevation, fig. 290; from the scale as before we get the sizes; the two
views combined give length, breadth and thickness of the parts.
In some figures it is necessary to show end views, also section views,
to enable all measurements to be read from the drawing.
[Illustration: PATENT OFFICE DRAWINGS]
Patent Office Drawing Rules.