cannot be considered a new or revolutionary step. New York is already far
behind the majority of other states in this respect. At the present time,
twenty-seven states regulate the number of hours that women may work in
restaurants, five having the eight-hour day.[13] Clearly, therefore, the
establishment of a normal working day for this class of workers is not
only reasonable, but, in the opinion of the greater number of states, it
is essential to the best welfare of their people as a whole.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENT.
In view of the evidence brought to bear upon the subject, The Consumers’
League wishes to urge the inclusion of women restaurant workers under the
Mercantile Law, the general provisions of which are:
(1) That the working day shall not exceed nine (9) and the
working week fifty-four (54) hours.
(2) That women shall not be employed between the hours of 10 p.
m. and 7 a. m.
(3) That there shall be one day of rest in seven, and
(4) That there shall be a regular time off each day for meals.
APPENDIX I.
A STATEMENT FROM THE LABOR DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ADVOCATING
THE LIMITATION OF HOURS OF WORK FOR RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES.[14]
At present restaurant employees do not come within the provisions of the
law relative to hours of labor of females, or the day of rest law. To
the casual observer it is very evident that there is no other employment
in which males and females are employed, where the hours of labor are so
long, and where the employees are compelled to be constantly on their
feet. It is admitted that there is no class of work in which so large a
percentage of females is employed. The Legislature has recognized that
the females working in restaurants should be protected to some extent,
by providing in section 17 of the Labor Law that “Every person employing
females—as waitresses in a hotel or restaurant shall provide and maintain
suitable seats” but by the very nature of their work the employees have
no opportunity to use these seats. There seems to be no good reason why
the hours of employment of females in restaurants should not be subject
to law as in mercantile establishments, and that all those employed in
the same should enjoy the benefits of the day of rest law, as they do
in other employments. The evil resulting from restaurants being exempt
from the provisions of the Labor Law relating to hours and day of rest,
is shown in the fact that bakeries and confectionery establishments
have added to their business the serving of sandwiches and lunches, and
endeavor to escape the provisions of the law by claiming that they are
exempt because they are operating a restaurant. This illustrates the
subterfuge to which many employers will resort rather than comply with
the law.
JAMES L. GERNON,
_Chief Mercantile Inspector_.
APPENDIX II.
EXTRACTS FROM A TENTATIVE REPORT ON THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF WOMEN
EMPLOYEES IN RESTAURANTS, BASED ON A STUDY CONDUCTED BY THE OCCUPATIONAL
CLINIC OF THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
From such opportunities for observation as our clinic study afforded us,
it is safe to say that this occupation is one which may affect the health
of women and in connection with long hours and small wages may combine
to cause an increased existence of sickness among them. The effect of
work that requires standing and running about while carrying loads for
many hours during the day will be particularly marked upon the generative
organs of the woman. The influence of the work in this particular, which
we are unfortunately unable to study, because of the opposition it would
inevitably arouse, leads me to believe that from this standpoint alone,
there is a definite hazard to the child-bearing capacity of the woman.
This is of vital consequence to society as a whole, as well as to the
individual workers, and therefore well justifies every effort to correct
the undesirable conditions that attend this occupation.
LOUIS I. HARRIS,
_Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene_.
APPENDIX III.
RESTAURANT WORK FROM A WORKER’S POINT OF VIEW.
“A nine hour law would be a very good thing. I think long hours are very
bad for women in restaurants. Most of them have varicose veins and flat
feet, and a large number suffer from stomach trouble. Look at me, I am
strong and healthy, but when I’m through at night, I am just all in. It’s
a dreadful nervous strain.
“Girls have to live on tips. If you tell the boss you can’t make any,
he says you are no good and discharges you. You have to put up with it
or starve. The majority of girls—the better class of waitresses—if they
could get a good living would be glad to do without tips. Of course it
would be a revolution and would require a lot of agitation.
“Girls in restaurant work have greater temptations than most girls.
Advances are always made, especially in certain districts. A great number
go wrong because of so many advances.
“Nothing has ever been done for restaurant workers. The bosses all seem
to think we are a lot of crooks. Waitresses think the same of them. Girls
don’t change their jobs so often because they like to. They get fired,
mostly because the manager just wants to, or the work is too hard and the
place miserable.
“There should be a nine-hour day, and two meals with half an hour allowed
for each. Hours should be arranged consecutively. The best regulation
would be to have girls work in shifts, going on at eight and coming
off at five, or going on at eleven and working until eight. The same
arrangement could be made for the kitchen help.”
APPENDIX IV.
[Illustration: SCHEDULE USED.
Form 2
NAME[15]
Katie Penzel
ADDRESS
518 West 3rd St.
OCCUPATION
Waitress
NAME OF RESTAURANT
[15]Watkins
ADDRESS
249 12th Ave.
KIND OF
Counter: Tables
Y’RS AT WORK
this trade 5
present firm 18 mos.
total 6½
AGE
26
CONJ. COND.
_s._ m. w. d.
BIRTHPLACE
Austria
NATIONALITY OF FATHER
Austrian
Y’rs in U. S., in N. Y.
7
LIVING COND.
_with family_, boarding with relatives; friends, furnished room
Distance from work, car, _walk_, time 30 min.
REGULARITY OF WORK
Time idle in last 12 mo. due to slack season
Change of Work
V’ction with pay
without
Ill
Other
Total 0
| FIRST WEEK || SECOND WEEK || OVERTIME WEEK |
+------+----+-----++------+----+-----++------+----+-----+
H’RS |Begin.|End.|Total||Begin.|End.|Total||Begin.|End.|Total|
MON. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
TUES. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
WED. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
THURS.| 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
FRI. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
SAT. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
SUN. | 8 | 8 | 12 || 8 | 8 | 12 || | | |
TOTAL | | | 84 || | | 84 || | | |
NO. MEALS A DAY AT REST.
3
Time off for meals
No
AVERAGE TIME IDLE DURING W’KING H’RS
None
OTHER WORK REQUIRED IF NOT BUSY
ALLOWED TO LEAVE PROMPTLY
WHEN AND HOW OFTEN DOES OVERTIME WORK OCCUR
TOTAL D’LY W’KLY
SUN. W’KED IN PAST Y’R
52
HOLIDAYS OFF IN PAST Y’R
None
WAGES PER W’K
$6.
TIPS A W’K
$2.
OVERTIME PAY
FINES
No
Total w’kly
Hours
Wage per w’k
OTHER POSITION HELD
No
NO. TABLES RESP. FOR
Seat. cap. 14
No. waited on a day 100
Distance from kitchen 70 ft.
No. trips to kitch. a day 200
Est. am’t walked a day 5 miles
KIND OF SHOES WORN
High heeled
KIND OF FLOOR
Wood
W’GHT OF TRAY
Heavy
EFFECT ON HEALTH
“Sore feet and a mean disposition.”
DATE
2/23/’16
CITY
N.Y.C.
INVESTIGATOR
M. E. N.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Restaurant.
APPENDIX V.
TABLE 1.
Age of Women Employed in Restaurants, by Occupation.
=====================+==========+==========+==========+===============
|Waitresses| Cooks | Helpers | Total
| | | | at each age
Age +---+------+---+------+---+------+--------+------
|No.| Per |No.| Per |No.| Per | No. | Per
| | Cent | | Cent | | Cent | | Cent
---------------------+---+------+---+------+---+------+--------+------
14 and under 16 years| 2| .3 |...| ... |...| ... | 2 | .2
16 and under 21 years| 77| 15.0 | 38| 21.0 |130| 48.0 | 245 | 25.0
21 and under 30 years|288| 55.0 | 54| 29.4 | 87| 32.0 | 429 | 44.0
30 and under 40 years|127| 24.0 | 46| 25.1 | 35| 13.0 | 208 | 21.2
40 and under 50 years| 25| 4.7 | 37| 20.2 | 15| 5.3 | 77 | 8.0
50 and under 60 years| 4| 1.0 | 8| 4.3 | 3| 1.0 | 15 | 1.4
60 years and over |...| ... |...| ... | 2| .7 | 2 | .2
---------------------+---+------+---+------+---+------+--------+------
Total |523|100.00|183|100.00|272|100.00| 978[16]|100.00
---------------------+---+------+---+------+---+------+--------+------
TABLE 2.
Age of Women Employed in Restaurants, by Nationality.
=================+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|14 and |16 and |21 and |30 and |
Nationality | under | under | under | under |
|16 y’rs|21 y’rs|30 y’rs|40 y’rs|
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
American | ... | 48 | 156 | 81 |
Austro-Hungarian | 1 | 155 | 137 | 55 |
Danish | ... | ... | 4 | ... |
Dutch | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Eng. and Canadian| ... | ... | 16 | 12 |
French | ... | ... | 1 | 1 |
German | 1 | 6 | 36 | 20 |
Greek | ... | 1 | ... | ... |
Irish | ... | 3 | 27 | 22 |
Italian | ... | ... | 2 | 3 |
Polish | ... | 8 | 9 | 3 |
Russian | ... | 19 | 14 | 1 |
Scandinavian | ... | 1 | 5 | 4 |
Scotch | ... | ... | 1 | 1 |
Swiss | ... | 1 | 1 | ... |
West Indian | ... | ... | 2 | 3 |
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Total | 2 | 242 | 411 | 206 |
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
=================+=======+=======+=======+===========
|40 and |50 and |60 y’rs| Total
Nationality | under | under | and | in each
|50 y’rs|60 y’rs| over |Nationality
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
American | 26 | 3 | ... | 314
Austro-Hungarian | 18 | 4 | ... | 370
Danish | 1 | ... | ... | 5
Dutch | 2 | ... | ... | 2
Eng. and Canadian| 1 | 2 | ... | 31
French | 2 | 1 | ... | 5
German | 12 | 1 | ... | 76
Greek | ... | ... | ... | 1
Irish | 11 | 3 | 2 | 68
Italian | ... | ... | ... | 5
Polish | ... | ... | ... | 20
Russian | 2 | 1 | ... | 37
Scandinavian | 1 | ... | ... | 11
Scotch | ... | ... | ... | 2
Swiss | ... | ... | ... | 2
West Indian | ... | ... | ... | 5
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
Total | 76 | 15 | 2 | 954[17]
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
TABLE 3.
Age of Women Employed in Restaurants, by Conjugal Condition.
=====================+======+=======+=======+=========+===========
| | | |Separated| Total
Age |Single|Married|Widowed| or |at each age
| | | |Divorced |
---------------------+------+-------+-------+---------+-----------
14 and under 16 years| 2 | ... | ... | ... | 2
16 and under 21 years| 226 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 241
21 and under 30 years| 235 | 153 | 19 | 12 | 419
30 and under 40 years| 42 | 97 | 53 | 14 | 206
40 and under 50 years| 8 | 40 | 26 | 3 | 77
50 and under 60 years| ... | 4 | 9 | 2 | 15
60 years and over | 1 | ... | 1 | ... | 2
---------------------+------+-------+-------+---------+-----------
Total | 514 | 306 | 110 | 32 | 962[18]
---------------------+------+-------+-------+---------+-----------
TABLE 4.
Age of Women Employed in Restaurants, by Living Condition.
=====================+============================================+=====
| Living with |Total
+------+---------+-------+--------+----------+ at
Age |Family|Relatives|Friends|Furnis’d|Proprietor|each
| | | | Room | |age
---------------------+------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-----
14 and under 16 years| 1 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | 2
16 and under 21 years| 82 | 78 | 59 | 18 | 6 | 243
21 and under 30 years| 198 | 74 | 62 | 64 | 16 | 414
30 and under 40 years| 92 | 37 | 24 | 36 | 10 | 199
40 and under 50 years| 45 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 4 | 75
50 and under 60 years| 11 | 2 | ... | 1 | ... | 14
60 years and over | ... | ... | ... | 2 | ... | 2
---------------------+------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-----
Total | 429 | 196 | 149 | 139 | 36 | 949
| | | | | | [19]
---------------------+------+---------+-------+--------+----------+-----
TABLE 5.
Age of Women Employed in Restaurants, by Weekly Hours of Labor.
======================+=======+=======+=======+=======+
Weekly Hours of Labor |14 and |16 and |21 and |30 and |
| under | under | under | under |
|16 y’rs|21 y’rs|30 y’rs|40 y’rs|
| | | | |
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
54 hours and under | 2 | 77 | 193 | 109 |
55 and under 65 hours | ... | 67 | 85 | 22 |
65 and under 75 hours | ... | 47 | 76 | 32 |
75 and under 85 hours | ... | 41 | 58 | 34 |
85 and under 95 hours | ... | 5 | 14 | 10 |
95 and under 105 hours| ... | 5 | 3 | ... |
105 hours and over | ... | 3 | ... | 1 |
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Total | 2 | 245 | 429 | 208 |
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
======================+=======+=======+=======+========
Weekly Hours of Labor |40 and |50 and |60 y’rs| Total
| under | under | and |in each
|50 y’rs|60 y’rs| over | hour
| | | | group
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------
54 hours and under | 27 | 6 | 1 | 415
55 and under 65 hours | 12 | 3 | ... | 189
65 and under 75 hours | 15 | 1 | ... | 171
75 and under 85 hours | 14 | 4 | 1 | 152
85 and under 95 hours | 5 | ... | ... | 34
95 and under 105 hours| 2 | 1 | ... | 11
105 hours and over | 2 | ... | ... | 6
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------
Total | 77 | 15 | 2 | 978[20]
----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------
TABLE 6.
Weekly Hours of Labor of Women Employed in Restaurants by Occupation.
=====================+===========+===========+===========+=============
|Waitresses | Cooks | Helpers |Total in each
| | | | hour group
Weekly Hours of Labor+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
| No. |Per | No. |Per | No. |Per | No. | Per
| |Cent | |Cent | |Cent | | Cent
---------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
Under 15 hours | 6 | 1.0 | ... | ... | 1 | .3| 7 | .7
15 and under 25 h’rs | 75 | 14.0| 1 | .5| 7 | 2.4| 83 | 8.1
25 and under 35 h’rs | 89 | 16.2| 1 | .5| 22 | 7.5| 112 | 11.0
35 and under 45 h’rs | 45 | 8.2| 7 | 4.0| 13 | 4.5| 65 | 6.3
45 and under 55 h’rs | 100 | 18.2| 17 | 9.0| 42 | 15.0| 159 | 16.0
55 and under 65 h’rs | 78 | 14.2| 34 | 18.0| 85 | 30.1| 197 | 19.3
65 and under 75 h’rs | 68 | 12.4| 51 | 27.0| 64 | 23.0| 183 | 18.0
75 and under 85 h’rs | 73 | 13.3| 49 | 26.0| 36 | 13.0| 158 | 15.5
85 and under 95 h’rs | 11 | 2.0| 15 | 8.0| 9 | 3.1| 35 | 3.4
95 and under 105 h’rs| 2 | .3| 7 | 4.0| 3 | 1.1| 12 | 1.1
105 hours and over | 1 | .2| 5 | 3.0| ... | ... | 6 | .6
---------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
Total | 548 |100.0| 187 |100.0| 282 |100.0|1017 | 100.0
---------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
TABLE 7.
Weekly Hours of Labor of Women Employed in Restaurants by Nationality.
=================+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|54 h’rs|55 and |65 and |75 and |
Nationality | and | under | under | under |
| under |65 h’rs|75 h’rs|85 h’rs|
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
American | 190 | 45 | 38 | 41 |
Austro-Hungarian | 83 | 88 | 97 | 81 |
Danish | 5 | ... | ... | ... |
Dutch | 1 | ... | 1 | ... |
Eng. and Canadian| 19 | 7 | 1 | 3 |
French | 2 | 3 | ... | ... |
German | 36 | 14 | 15 | 9 |
Greek | 1 | ... | ... | ... |
Irish | 44 | 5 | 7 | 12 |
Italian | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Polish | 5 | 8 | 2 | 2 |
Russian | 15 | 10 | 7 | 2 |
Scandinavian | 6 | 2 | ... | 1 |
Scotch | 1 | ... | 1 | ... |
Swiss | 1 | ... | ... | 1 |
West Indian | 2 | 1 | 1 | ... |
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Total | 414 | 184 | 171 | 153 |
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
=================+=======+=======+=======+===========
|85 and |95 and |105 h’s| Total in
Nationality | under | under | and | each
|95 h’rs|105 h’s| over |nationality
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
American | 4 | 2 | ... | 320
Austro-Hungarian | 18 | 6 | 6 | 379
Danish | ... | ... | ... | 5
Dutch | ... | ... | ... | 2
Eng. and Canadian| 2 | 1 | ... | 33
French | ... | ... | ... | 5
German | 2 | ... | ... | 76
Greek | ... | ... | ... | 1
Irish | 1 | 1 | ... | 70
Italian | ... | ... | ... | 6
Polish | 3 | ... | ... | 20
Russian | 3 | ... | ... | 37
Scandinavian | ... | 2 | ... | 11
Scotch | ... | ... | ... | 2
Swiss | ... | ... | ... | 2
West Indian | 1 | ... | ... | 5
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
Total | 34 | 12 | 6 | 974[21]
-----------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
TABLE 8.
Weekly Wages of Women Employed in Restaurants by Occupation.
===============+===========+===========+===========+===============
|Waitresses | Cooks | Helpers |Total in each
| | | | wage group
Weekly Wage +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------
| No. |Per | No. |Per | No. |Per | No. | Per
| |Cent | |Cent | |Cent | | Cent
---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------
Under $1 | 1 | .1| ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | .1
$1 and under $2| 1 | .1| ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | .1
2 and under 3| 10 | 1.8| ... | ... | ... | ... | 10 | 1.0
3 and under 4| 74 | 14.0| 1 | .5| 21 | 7.6| 96 | 10.0
4 and under 5| 107 | 20.2| 4 | 2.1| 19 | 7.0| 130 | 13.2
5 and under 6| 119 | 23.0| 11 | 6.0| 51 | 18.5| 181 | 18.3
6 and under 7| 107 | 20.2| 15 | 8.1| 119 | 43.4| 241 | 25.0
7 and under 8| 65 | 12.2| 35 | 19.0| 52 | 19.0| 152 | 15.3
8 and under 9| 26 | 5.0| 36 | 20.0| 7 | 2.5| 69 | 6.0
9 and under 10| 8 | 1.5| 22 | 12.0| ... | ... | 30 | 3.0
10 and over | 10 | 1.9| 60 | 32.3| 5 | 2.0| 75 | 8.0
---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------
Total | 528 |100.0| 184 |100.0| 274 |100.0|986[22]| 100.0
---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------
TABLE 9.
Weekly Income of Women Employed in Restaurants by Occupation.
===============+==========+=====+=======+========
Weekly Income |Waitresses|Cooks|Helpers| Total
---------------+----------+-----+-------+--------
Under $1 | 2 | ... | ... | 2
$1 and under $2| 2 | ... | ... | 2
2 and under 3| 2 | ... | ... | 2
3 and under 4| 16 | 1 | 21 | 38
4 and under 5| 24 | 4 | 19 | 47
5 and under 6| 47 | 11 | 51 | 109
6 and under 7| 51 | 15 | 119 | 185
7 and under 8| 61 | 35 | 52 | 148
8 and under 9| 59 | 36 | 7 | 102
9 and under 10| 60 | 22 | ... | 82
10 and under 15| 129 | 51 | 5 | 185
15 and under 25| 73 | 9 | ... | 82
25 and over | 7 | ... | ... | 7
---------------+----------+-----+-------+--------
Total | 533 | 184 | 274 | 991[23]
---------------+----------+-----+-------+--------
TABLE 10.
Wages of Women employed in Restaurants Showing Length of Time Idle during
Preceding Year by Reason of Slack Season, Change of Work, Vacation with
or Without Pay, Illness or Other Causes.
================+=========+=======+=========+=========+=========+
| No time | Under | 2 weeks | 1 month |2 months |
Weekly Wage | idle |2 weeks|and under|and under|and under|
| | |1 month |2 months |3 months |
----------------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
Under $2 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
$2 and under $3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
3 and under 4 | 25 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 4 |
4 and under 5 | 34 | 10 | 15 | 4 | 7 |
5 and under 6 | 45 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 7 |
6 and under 7 | 76 | 25 | 29 | 11 | 13 |
7 and under 8 | 52 | 19 | 13 | 8 | 10 |
8 and under 9 | 26 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
9 and under 10 | 14 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
10 and over | 36 | 6 | 8 | 5 | ... |
----------------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
Total | 310 | 96 | 97 | 57 | 47 |
----------------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
================+=========+=========+=========+========+=========
|3 months |4 months |5 months |6 months|Total in
Weekly Wage |and under|and under|and under|and over|each wage
|4 months |5 months |6 months | | group
----------------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------
Under $2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1
$2 and under $3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 7
3 and under 4 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 75
4 and under 5 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 84
5 and under 6 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 106
6 and under 7 | 9 | ... | 6 | 5 | 174
7 and under 8 | 4 | 1 | ... | 7 | 114
8 and under 9 | 1 | ... | 1 | 1 | 49
9 and under 10 | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | 24
10 and over | 3 | 1 | ... | 6 | 65
----------------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------
Total | 35 | 7 | 12 | 38 | 699[24]
----------------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------
TABLE 11.
Weekly Wage of Women Employed in Restaurants by Nationality.
====================+=====+======+======+======+======+======+======+
|Under|$1 and|$2 and|$3 and|$4 and|$5 and|$6 and|
Nationality | $1 |under |under |under |under |under |under |
| | $2 | $3 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 |
--------------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+
American | 1 | 1 | 6 | 45 | 49 | 78 | 54 |
Austro-Hungarian | ... | ... | ... | 22 | 24 | 40 | 115 |
Danish | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 1 | 1 | ... |
Dutch | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... |
English and Canadian| ... | ... | ... | 4 | 10 | 7 | 6 |
French | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 |
German | ... | ... | ... | 11 | 14 | 10 | 13 |
Greek | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Irish | ... | ... | 2 | 6 | 19 | 13 | 18 |
Italian | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Polish | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | 3 | 6 |
Russian | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 9 | 15 |
Scandinavian | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Scotch | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... |
Swiss | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... |
West Indian | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 2 |
--------------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+
Total | 1 | 1 | 8 | 93 | 124 | 169 | 234 |
--------------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+
====================+======+======+======+=======+===========
|$7 and|$8 and|$9 and|$10 and| Total
Nationality |under |under |under | over | in each
| $8 | $9 | $10 | |Nationality
--------------------+------+------+------+-------+-----------
American | 35 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 307
Austro-Hungarian | 70 | 34 | 20 | 47 | 372
Danish | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 5
Dutch | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 2
English and Canadian| 1 | 3 | ... | 1 | 32
French | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 5
German | 15 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 74
Greek | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 1
Irish | 8 | 3 | ... | ... | 69
Italian | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 6
Polish | 9 | ... | 1 | ... | 20
Russian | 2 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 37
Scandinavian | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | 11
Scotch | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 2
Swiss | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 2
West Indian | ... | ... | ... | ... | 4
--------------------+------+------+------+-------+-----------
Total | 150 | 65 | 30 | 74 | 949[25]
--------------------+------+------+------+-------+-----------
APPENDIX VI.
STATES HAVING LAWS REGULATING WORK OF WOMEN EMPLOYED IN RESTAURANTS.
Verified by U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
HOURS
----------------------------------------
Hours in Hours in
one day one week State
----------------------------------------
8 48 California
8 48 District of Columbia
8 56 Arizona
8 Colorado
8 Washington
54 Maine
9 54 Missouri
9 54 Nebraska
9 54 Texas
9 54 Utah
9 Idaho
9 Montana
9 Oklahoma[26]
10 54 Michigan
10 54 Ohio
10 54 Pennsylvania
10 55 Wisconsin[27]
10 56 Wyoming
10 58 Minnesota
10 60 Kentucky
10 60 Louisiana
10 60 Mississippi
10 60 New Jersey
10 60 Oregon
10 Illinois
10¼ 55 New Hampshire[27]
10½ 57 Tennessee
----------------------------------------
To be determined by Industrial
Welfare Commission.
----------------------------------------
Arkansas
Kansas
----------------------------------------
ONE DAY OF REST IN SEVEN REQUIRED.
California[28]
District of Columbia
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
NIGHT WORK FORBIDDEN.
For all females
Nebraska
For females under 18
Arizona
California[29]
District of Columbia
Louisiana
New Hampshire
California
Colorado
For females under 21
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Not more than 48 hours in one week
For all females
New Hampshire
Wisconsin
MINIMUM WAGE REQUIRED
Utah
To be determined by Industrial Welfare Commission
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Kansas
Massachusetts
Minnesota[30]
Nebraska
Oregon
Washington
Wisconsin
MEAL TIME REQUIRED
Arizona
Louisiana
Maine
Minnesota
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Wyoming
SEATS REQUIRED
Arizona
Arkansas
California
District of Columbia
Idaho
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Washington
TIPS FORBIDDEN
Arkansas
Iowa
Mississippi
South Carolina
FOOTNOTES
[1] See Appendix I.
[2] Women and Child Wage-earners in the United States, Vol. V., Chap. X.
[3] Dishwashers, silver cleaners, tray girls, cashiers, laundry workers
and pantry hands are included in this term.
[4] 13th U. S. Census, 1910. Vol. VIII, Manufactures, p. 314.
[5] Women and Child Wage-earners in the United States, Vol. V, p. 199.
[6] The Girl Employed in Hotels and Restaurants. Juvenile Protective
Association of Chicago, 1912.
[7] Report of the State Factory Investigating Commission for 1915, Vol.
IV, p. 1593.
[8] _Ibid._, p. 1609.
[9] Women and Child Wage-earners, Vol. V, p. 362.
[10] Women and Child Wage-earners in the United States, Vol. V, p. 199.
[11] The Girl Employed in Hotels and Restaurants. Juvenile Protective
Association of Chicago, 1912.
[12] 30% of the workers interviewed had just begun work or did not report
on this point, so they have not been included in these figures.
[13] See Appendix VI.
[14] Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1914.
[15] Fictitious names used.