MAGIC MEDICINE
In the previous chapter we were talking about doctors and medicine.
In this chapter we shall hear more about medicine, but of another
kind. Medicine in Africa is of two kinds--one for the lawful purpose
of healing the sick, the other for the unlawful purpose of bewitching
people and doing other dark deeds. It is when we begin to look into all
that surrounds this unlawful medicine that we meet “the heathen in his
darkness.”
The black people firmly believe in the power of medicines to bewitch,
to enable the possessor to steal or to do some other thing equally bad.
Anything that happens for which they cannot account, they ascribe to
witchcraft medicine. The white people are supposed to be the possessors
of great stores of such medicine, and from that to obtain their power.
This belief crops up on all sides in their daily life, for there are
unlawful medicines for almost everything. All one requires to know is
where to find a dealer in such medicine, and he will make it to your
order, no matter what you may want it for. He will give you medicine to
bury against your enemy that he may die, or he will make you medicine
that will enable you to kill game easily. Everything can be done by the
power of medicine.
The darkest part of this belief in medicines is that in which certain
people are supposed to possess power to cause the death of others
that they may feast upon their dead bodies. Such horrible people are
called “Afiti” in this part of Africa. They are supposed through their
medicine to have powers of making themselves invisible at will, of
going great distances in the smallest interval of time, of changing
themselves into beasts, etc. These “Afiti” are supposed to gather
during the night round the grave of any recently buried person to call
the dead man out and to feast upon him. The bark of a fox or the hoot
of an owl at night is said to be the signal call for these wretches to
assemble for their awful meal.
When a mysterious death has happened in a village it is at once blamed
upon one of the “Afiti.” But who he is nobody can tell. It may be one’s
very own father, for the “Afiti” during the day retain their ordinary
form, one never can tell. Great fear hangs over the village for each
suspects his neighbour of being the cause of the death. Then the
witch-finder is sent for. He, or she--for sometimes the witch-finder
is a woman--comes laden with medicines and charms and stays in the
village. No one now will be seen out of doors after dark in case of
being suspected. After learning all the gossip of the village and
finding out who was on bad terms with the dead man, the witch-finder
proceeds to business.
The people are assembled to the sound of a large drum and stand in a
circle in fear and trembling. The witch-finder now begins to dance and
spin round and work himself up to a high pitch of excitement, during
which he rushes here and there among the frightened people, smells
their hands for traces of blood, and finally calls out the name of the
guilty person.
Then the poison ordeal is tried. A poison draught is made up with bark
from a certain tree and the accused is given it to drink. Should he
happen to vomit it up again after having taken it, he is declared to be
innocent, and payment is made to him. But should he happen to die, what
further proof was necessary? The village is now clear of the evil one,
and great rejoicings are made and payment given to the witch-finder. In
this way hundreds and thousands of innocent people have met their end
in Darkest Africa.
This belief in “Afiti” is one of the most difficult to deal with which
the missionary encounters. You try to explain that God never gave
people such power over one another, but although agreeing with you
outwardly, they secretly cling to the old belief and their faith in the
poison cup, for there are among them people foolish enough to imagine
themselves possessed of “Afiti” powers who actually open graves and
steal bits, especially fingers, from the dead. It is the occurrence of
such cases that causes the people to cling to their belief.
Among the negro peoples the makers of medicine are supposed to have
power over the spirits and to “bind” them into what are called
“fetiches.” A fetich may consist of any convenient-sized object. It
may be a small horn or a snail’s shell or a stone. But it has power
only when the witch-doctor has imprisoned a spirit in it. This he does
of course for payment. And fetiches are made to meet every wish of
the human heart. You can obtain them to make you brave, or wise, or
cunning, or to prevail over your enemy, or to prevent theft, or to be
successful in the chase or anything you wish.
In this part of Africa when a lion begins to prey upon human beings, he
is supposed to be one of the “Afiti” who, to satisfy his craving for
human flesh, has transformed himself into a lion for the time being. At
a certain village on the river Shiré several people had been taken by
a large crocodile which was well known because of its boldness. This
animal was believed not to be a real crocodile by the people of the
village, but to be one of the “Afiti” transformed. After the brute had
taken off several people, one of the men of the village determined to
put an end to the tragedies. Seizing a spear he boldly went into the
water to try conclusions with the monster. But he too in spite of his
medicine was taken off and only a reddish tinge on the water marked the
spot where he had been seized and dragged down.
Quite recently I asked a boy to go an errand for me. His destination
was about fifteen miles away and he could not possibly arrive before
dark. But the road was perfectly safe or I would not have asked him to
go. At first he did not want to go, declaring he was sure “Afiti” would
catch him whenever it became dark. If a fire is seen in the distance
where no fire should be, it is at once put down to the presence of the
dreaded corpse eaters. I remember another boy who not long ago insisted
in maintaining that one night an “Mfiti” had come and sat on his chest
for a long time, while he remained in mortal terror lest it should
begin to tear him. Explanations of nightmare were of no avail. The boy
firmly believes to this day that he had a narrow escape from being
devoured.
Some years ago I remember seeing a medicine man surrounded by a crowd
of natives. He was telling them that he had medicine to protect him
from being hit by any stone that might be thrown at him. His word was
just accepted and no native ever thought of lifting a stone to try.
When a white man offered to have a throw at him, he objected, saying
that his medicine had power over black people only. Another man, I
can recall, produced a horn containing a very powerful medicine that
enabled the possessor to enter unseen into any house by simply stepping
through the wall. He was asked to display its powers on the white man’s
house. He also declined saying that his medicine was made against black
men’s houses only, which are made of grass, and not against white
men’s, that are built of brick.
What a magnificent faith these poor black people have in their magic
medicine! If it fails, it fails only because someone is working
against them with more powerful medicine still, and a new supply must
be got. The belief in the medicine remains as strong as ever. If this
unwavering faith could only be transformed in a single day to Him who
is the Light of the World, what a change would come over the Dark
Continent.