272/4 Y.B. 33 Ed. I. 354, 356; 35 Ed. I. 455, top; 41 Ed. III. 7,
pl. 15; 44 Ed. III. 21, pl. 23. Cf. 39 Hen. VI. 34, pl. 46.
272/5 Y.B. 7 Ed. I. 242. Cf. 35 Ed. I. 452.
272/6 Cf. Bract., fol. 100 b, Section 9.
272/7 Cf. Glanv., Lib. X. c. 12; Dugdale, Antiq. Warwic. 673,
cited Ducange, "Sigillum"; Bract., fol. 396 b, Section 3; I Britt.
(Nich.)163, Section 17; Abbrev. Plac. 8 Joh., Berk. rot. 4, pp.
55, 56; ib. 19 Ed. I., Norf. & Surf. rot. 7, p. 284; ib. Index
"Sigillum."
272/8 Y.B. 30 Ed. I. 158; Fleta, II. c. 60, Section 25, p. 130.
273/1 45 Ed. III. 24, pl. 30.
273/2 Bract., fol. 100 b, Section 9.
275/1 Cf. 5 Co. Rep. 13 b, 14 a, with 1 Roll. Rep. 126, 128; Y.B.
43 Ed. III 30, pl. 15.
275/2 Y.B. 46 Ed. III. 19, pl. 19; S.C. Bro. Acc. sur le Case,
pl. 22.
275/3 Y.B. 22 Ass., pl. 4i, fol. 94.
276/1 Y.B. 43 Ed. III. 33, pl. 38.
277/1 Y.B. 11 Hen. IV. 33, pl. 60.
277/2 Y.B. 3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33.
277/3 Y.B. 2 Hen. IV. 3, pl. 9; 11 Hen. IV. 33, pl. 60. Cf. 3
Hen. VI. 36, 83.
279/1 Cf. 19 Hen. VI. 49, pl. 5 ad fin., Newton, C. J.
280/1 Cf. Y.B. 48 Ed. III. 6, pl. 11.
280/2 Cases supra; Y.B. 2 Hen. IV. 3, pl. 9; 11 Hen. IV. 33. Cf.
3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33; 20 Hen. VI. 34, pl. 4; 2 Hen. VII. 11, pl.
9.
281/1 Y.B. 48 Ed. III. 6, pl. 11. Cf. Fitzh. Abr. Acc. sur le
case, pl. 37, 11 R. II; 14 Hen. VI. 18. But cf. 43 Ed. III. 33,
pl. 38.
282/1 Cf. Candish's reasons for allowing wager of law with Y.B.
32 & 33 Ed. I., Preface, p. xxxvi., citing the old rules of
pleading printed at the end of the tract entitled, Modus tenendi
unum Hundredum sire Curiam de Recordo, in Rastell's Law Tracts,
p. 410, E, F, G.
282/2 Y.B. 3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33.
282/3 Y.B. 2 Hen. IV. 3, pl. 9; 11 Hen. IV. 33, pl. 60; 3 Hen.
VI. 36, pl. 33.
282/4 3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33.
283/1 Y.B. 14 Hen. VI. 18, pl. 58.
283/2 Ibid. Cf. 48 Ed. III 6, pl. 11.
283/3 Y.B. 19 Hen. VI. 49, pl. 5. See, further, Y.B. 20 Hen. VI.
25, pl. 11.
284/1 Cf. Y.B. 3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33.
284/2 Y.B. 2 Hen. VII. 11, pl. 9. Cf. 20 Hen. VI. 34, pl. 4.
284/3 Cf. Y.B. 14 Hen. VI. 18, pl. 58; 21 Hen. VII. 41, pl. 66,
Fineux, C. J.
284/4 Keilway, 160, pl. 2 (2 Hen. VIII.); Powtuary v. Walton, 1
Roll. Abr. 10, pl. 5 (39 Eliz.); Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Raym.
909 (2 Anne, A.D. 1703). Supra, p. 195.
285/1 Sands v. Trevilian, Cro. Car. 193, 194 (Mich. 4 Car. I.,
A.D. 1629).
285/2 Bro. Acc. sur le Case, pl. 5; S.C., Y.B. 27 Hen. VIII. 24,
25, pl. 3; Sidenham v. Worlington, 2 Leon. 224, A.D. 1585.
285/3 Y.B. 21 Hen. VII. 30, pl. 5; ib. 41, pl. 66.
285/4 Y.B. 3 Hen. VI. 36, pl. 33.
286/1 Sharington v. Strotton, Plowden, 298 (Mich. 7 & 8 Eliz.);
ib. 309, note on "the civil law."
286/2 Hunt v. Bate, 3 Dyer, 272 a (10 Eliz., A.D. 1568).
286/3 See Lecture VIII. Mr. Langdell, Contracts, Sections 92, 94,
suggests the ingenious explanation for this doctrine, that it was
then held that no promise could be implied in fact from the
request. There may be evidence which I do not know, but the case
cited (Bosden v. Thinne, Yelv. 40) for this statement was not
decided until A.D. 1603, while the implication of Hunt v. Bate,
supra, which was the authority followed by the cases to be
explained, is all the other way.
286/4 Sidenham v. Worlington, 2 Leon. 224, A.D. 1585.
287/1 Read v. Baxter, 3 Dyer, 272 b, n. (26 & 27 Eliz.). Cf.
Richards and Bartlet's Case, 1 Leon. 19 (26 Eliz.).
287/2 Bro. Acc. sur le Case, pl. 5; S.C., Y.B. 27 Hen. VIII. 24,
25, pl. 3; 3 Dyer, 272, n.
287/3 Marsh v. Rainsford, 3 Dyer, 272 b, n.; S.C., 2 Leon. 111,
and Cro. Eliz. 59, sub. nom. Marsh v. Kavenford.
287/4 Smith and Smith's Case, 3 Leon. 88, A.D. 1583; Riches and
Briggs, Yelv. 4, A.D. 1601; Pickas v. Guile, Yelv. 128, A.D.
1608.
288/1 Supra, p. 195. Lord Coke's caution not to rely on the
abridgments is very necessary to the proper study of the history
of consideration. The abridgments apply the doctrine to cases
which make no mention of it, and which were decided before it was
ever heard of.
290/1 Y.B. 46 Ed. III. 19, pl. 19; 19 Hen. VI. 49, pl. 5;
Keilway, 160, pl. 2; Powtuary v. Walton, 1 Roll. Abr. 10, pl. 5;
Coggs v. Bernaard, 2 Ld. Raym. 909.
290/2 Riches and Briggs, Yelv. 4, A.D. 1601; Pickas v. Guile,
Yelv. 128.
291/1 Bainbridge v. Firmstone, 8 Ad. & El. 743, A.D. 1838.
291/2 Wilkinson v. Oliveira, 1 Bing. N. C. 490, A.D. 1835; Haigh
v. Brooks, 10 Ad. & El. 309; lb. 323; Hart v. Miles, 4 C.B. N.S.
371, A.D. 1858.
291/3 Wheatley v. Low, Cro. Jac. 668, A.D. 1623. Cf. Byne and
Playne's Case, 1 Leon. 220, 221 (32 & 33 Eliz.).
291/4 Wilkinson v. Oliveira, 1 Bing. N. C. 490; Haigh v. Brooks,
10 Ad. & El. 309; Hart v. Miles, 4 C.B. N.S. 371; 6 Am. Law Rev.
47, Oct. 1871.
292/1 Supra, pp. 196, 197. See also Lecture VII.
292/2 Byles, J., in Shadwell v. Shadwell, 30 L. J. C.P. 145, 149.
292/3 Shadwell v. Shadwell, ubi supra; Burr v. Wilcox, 13 Allen,
269, 272, 273.
292/4 Thomas v. Thomas, 2 Q.B.851.
293/1 Price v. Jenkins, 5 Ch. D. 619. Cf. Grabbe v. Moxey, 1 W.
R. 226; Thomas v. Thomas, 2 Q.B.851; Monahan, Method of Law, 141
et seq.
294/1 Ellis v. Clark, 110 Mass. 389.
294/2 Fitch v. Snedaker, 38 N. Y. 248, criticising Williaws v.
Carwardine, 4 Barn. & Ad. 621, where, however, it does not appear
that the plaintiff did not know of the offer of a reward, but
merely that the jury found that she was in fact actuated by other
motives, a finding wholly beside the mark.
296/1 Y.B. 29 Ed. III. 25, 26.
296/2 19 R. II., Fitzh. Abr. Dett, pl. 166.
296/3 Hunt v. Bate, Dyer, 272, A.D. 1568.
297/1 See Barker v. Halifax, Cro. Eliz. 741; S.C. 3 Dyer, 272 a,
n. 32.
297/2 Sidenham v. Worlington, 2 Leonard, 224; Bosden v. Thinne,
Yelv. 40; Lampleigh v. Brathwait, Hobart, 105; Langdell, Cas. on
Contr. (2d ed.), ch. 2, Section 11, Summary, Sections 90 et seq.
See above, Lecture VII. p. 286.
297/3 Pollock, Contr. (lst ed.), p. 6.
298/1 Canham v. Barry, 15 C.B. 597, 619; Jones v. How, 9 C.B. 1,
9; Com. Dig. Condition, D. 2; I Roll. Abr. 420 (D), pl. 1; Y.B.
22 Ed. IV. 26, pl. 6.
301/1 Gee v. Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Co., 6 H. & N. 211,
218, Bramwell, B. Cf. Hydraulic Engineering Co. v. McHaffie, 4
Q.B.D. 670, 674, 676.
301/2 British Columbia Saw-Mill Co. v. Nettleship, L.R. 3 C.P.
499, 509, Willes, J.; Horne v. Midland Railway Co., L.R. 7 C.P.
583, 591; S.C., L.R. 8 C.P. 131.
302/1 British Columbia Saw-Mill Co. v. Nettleship, L.R. 3 C.P.
499, 509.
304/1 Cheale v. Kenward, 3 DeG. & J. 27.
304/2 Langdell, Contr., Sections 89, 28.
305/1 Langdell, Contr., Section 57.
305/2 Ibid., Sections 14, 15.
306/1 But see Langdell, Contr., Sections 14, 15.
309/1 Raffles v. Wichelhaus, 2 H. & C. 906. Cf. Kyle v. Kavanagh,
103 Mass. 356, 357.
309/2 Cf. Cocker v. Crompton, 1 B. & C. 489.
310/1 Smith v. Hughes, L.R. 6 Q.B.597.
310/2 See Gardner v. Lane, 12 Allen, 39; S.C. 9 Allen, 492, 98
Mass. 517.
311/1 Goddard v. Monitor Ins. Co., 108 Mass. 56.
313/1 See Cundy v. Lindsay, 3 App. Cas. 459, 469. Cf. Reg. v.
Middleton, L.R. 2 C.C. 38, 55 et seq., 62 et seq.; Reg. v.
Davies, Dearsly, C.C. 640; Rex v. Mucklow, 1 Moody, O.C. 160;
Reg. v. Jacobs, 12 Cox, 151.
313/2 "Praesentia corporis tollit errorem nominis." Cf. Byles,
J., in Way v. Hearne, 32 L. J. N.S.C.P. 34, 40. But cf. the
conflicting opinions in Reg. v. Middleton, L.R. 2 C.C. 38, 45,
57. It would seem that a proper name or other identification of
an object or person as specific may have the same effect as an
actual identification by the senses, because it refers to such an
identification, although in a less direct way.
316/1 Brown v. Foster, 113 Mass. 136.
316/2 Leake, Dig. Contr. 13, 14, 637; Hunt v. Livermore, 5 Pick.
395, 397; Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 36.
316/3 Leake, Dig. Contr. 638; Braunstein v. Accidental Death Ins.
Co., 1 B. & S. 782.
316/4 But cf. Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 29.
318/1 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 29.
318/2 Bullen & Leake, Prec. of Plead. (3d ed.), 147, "Conditions
Precedent."
319/1 Cf. Cort v. Ambergate, Nottingham & Boston & Eastern
Junction Railway Co., 17 Q.B.127.
320/1 Goodman v. Pocock, 15 Q.B.576 (1850).
325/1 Fisher v. Mellen, 103 Mass. 503.
325/2 Supra, p. 136.
327/1 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 33.
328/1 See the explanation of Dimech v. Corlett, 12 Moo. P.C. 199,
in Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751, 760.
329/1 Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751.
329/2 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 28, p. 1000.
329/3 See Lecture VIII.
330/1 Kennedy v. Panama, &c. Mail Co., L.R. 2 Q.B.580, 588; Lyon
v. Bertram, 20 How. 149, 153. Cf. Windscheid, Pand., Section 76,
nn. 6, 9.
330/2 Windscheid, Pand., Section 76(4). See, generally, Ibid.,
nn. 6,
7; Section 78, pp. 206, 207; Section 82, pp. 216 et seq.
331/1 Cr. Ihering, Geist d. Roem. Rechts, Section 48, III. p. 116
(Fr. transl.).
331/2 See, however, the language of Crompton, J. in S.C., I B. &
S. 877. Cf. Kent, Comm. (12th ed.), 479, n. 1, A (c).
331/3 Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751, 755, 756.
334/1 Cf. Anglo-Egyptian Navigation Co. v. Rennie, L.R. 10 C.P.
271.
334/2 Ellen v. Topp, 6 Exch. 424.
335/1 Contracts (2d Ed.), Section 106, and passim.
336/1 Chanter v. Hopkins, 4 M. & W. 399, 404. Possibly Behn v.
Burness, stated above, might have been dealt with in this way.
The ship tendered was not a ship which had been in the port of
Amsterdam at the date of the contract. It was therefore not such
a ship as the contract called for.
336/2 Heyworth v. Hutchinson, L.R. 2 Q.B.447, criticised in Benj.
Sales (2d ed.), pp. 742 et seq.
336/3 See Thomas v. Cadwallader, Willes, 496; Langd. Contr. (2d
ed.), Sections 116, 140. This is put as a case of equivalence by
Mr. Langdell (Contr., Section 116); but the above explanation is
believed to be the true one. It will be noticed that this is hardly
a true case of condition, but merely a limitation of the scope of
the tenant's promise. So a covenant to serve as apprentice in a
trade, which the other party covenants to teach, can only be
performed if the other will teach, and must therefore be limited
to that event. Cf. Ellen v. Topp, 6 Exch. 424.
337/1 Langdell, Contracts (2d ed.), Section 127. Cf. Roberts v.
Brett, 11 H. L. C. 337.
339/1 Graves v. Legg, 9 Exch. 709. Cf. Lang. Contr. (2d ed.), Section
33, p. 1004. Mr. Langdell says that a bought note, though part of
a bilateral contract, is to be treated as unilateral, and that it
may be presumed that the language of the contract relied on was
that of a bought note, and thus a condition in favor of the
defendant, who made it. I do not quite understand how this can be
assumed when the declaration states a bilateral contract, and the
question arose on demurrer to a plea, which also states that the
plaintiff "was by the agreement bound to declare" the names. How
remote the explanation is from the actual ground of decision will
be seen.
341/1 Recht des Besitzes, Section 11, p. 184, n. 1 (7th ed.),
Eng. tr. 124, n. t.
342/1 Inst. II. Section 157.
342/2 "In suis heredibus evidentius apparet continuationem
dominii eo rem perdueere, ut nulla videatur hereditas fuisse,
quasi olim hi domini essent, qui etiam vivo patre quodammodo
domini existimantur, unde etiam filius familias appellatur sicut
pater familias, sola nota hae adiecta, per quam distinguitur
genitor ab eo qui genitus sit. itaque post mortem patris non
hereditatem percipere videntur, sed magis liberam bonorum
administrationem consequuntur hac ex causa licet non sint heredes
instituti, domini sunt: nec obstat, quod licet eos exheredare,
quod et occidere licebat." D. 28.2. 11. Cf. Plato, Laws, [Greek
characters]
343/1 Laveleye, Propriety, 24, 202, 205, 211, n. 1, 232; Norton,
L.C. Hindu Law of Inheritance, p. 193.
343/2 D. 50. 16. 208.
343/3 D. 41. 1. 34. Cf. D. 41. 3. 40; Bract., fol. 8 a, 44 a.
343/4 D. 43. 24. 13, Section 5.
344/1 Germania, c. 20.
345/1 Littleton, Section 337; Co. Lit. 209, a, b; Y.B. 8 Ed. IV.
5, 6,
pl. 1; Keilway, 44 a (17 Hen. VII.); Lord North v. Butts, Dyer,
139 b, 140 a, top; Overton v. Sydall, Popham, 120, 121; Boyer v.
Rivet, 3 Bulstr. 317, 321; Bain v. Cooper, 1 Dowl. Pr. Cas. N. s.
11, 14.
345/2 Y.B. 48 Ed. III. 2, pl. 4.
346/1 Vermoegensrechtlichen Klagen, 88, 89.
346/2 Proc. de la Lex Salica, tr. Thevenin, p. 72 and n. 1.
347/1 Ethelred, II. 9; Cnut, II. 73; Essays in Ang. Sax. Law, pp.
221 et seq.
347/2 1 Spence, Eq. 189, note, citing Hickes, Dissert. Epist., p.
57.
347/3 Glanv., Lib. VII. c. 2 (Beames, p. 150).
347/4 Ibid., c. 8 (Beames, p. 168).
347/5 Reg. Maj., Lib. II. c. 39.
348/1 Fol. 61 a.
348/2 Sachsensp., II. 60, Section 2, cited in Essays in Ang. Sax.
Law, p. 221; Grand Cust. de Norm., c. 88.
348/3 Britt., fol. 64 b (Nich. ed. 163); Fleta, Lib. II. c. 62,
Section 10. Cf. Bract., fol. 37 b, Section 10.
348/4 Bracton, fol. 61 a, b. "Item quaero an testator legare
possit actiones suas? Et verum est quod non, de debitis quae in
vita testatoris convicta non fuerunt nec recognita, sed hujusmodi
actiones competunt haeredibus. Cum antera convicta sint et
recognita, tune sunt quasi in bonis testatoris, et competunt
executoribus in foro ecclesiastico. Si autem competant
haeredibus, ut praedictum est, in foro seculari debent terminari,
quia antequam communicantur et in foro debito, non pertinet ad
executores, ut in foro ecclesiastico convincantur."
349/1 Bracton, fol. 62a.
349/2 Y.B. 20 & 21 Ed. I. 232; cf. ib. 312.
349/3 Oates v. Frith, Hob. 130. Cf. Y.B. 5 Hen. VII. 18, pl. 12;
Popham, J., in Overton v. Sydall, Poph. 120, 121 (E. 39 El.);
Boyer v. Rivet, 3 Bulstr. 317, 319-322; Brooker's Case, Godb.
376, 380 (P. 3 Car. I.).
349/4 Bain v. Cooper, 1 Dowl. Pract. Cas. N. s. 11, 14. Cf. Y.B.
14 Hen. VIII. pl. 5, at fol. 10.
350/1 Bract., fol. 66 b, 76 b, and passim; Y.B. 20 Ed. I. 226,
200; Littleton, Section 241. The same thing was said where there
were several executors: "They are only in the place of one person."
Y.B. 8 Ed. IV. 5,pl. 1.
350/2 Comm. 385.
350/3 Cf. Glanv., Lib. VII. c. 3; F. N. B. 21 L; Dyer, 4 b, 5 a.
351/1 Cf. Bract., fol. 80 b.
351/2 Charta Divis. Reg. Franc., Art. IX. & VIII. Cf. 3
Laferriere, Hist. du Droit Francais, 408, 409.
351/3 Glanv., Lib. IX. c. 1 (Beames, pp. 218, 220); Bract., fol.
79 b.
352/1 Brooker's Case, Godbolt, 376, 377, pl. 465.
352/2 Dyer, 1 b. Cf. Bain v. Cooper, 1 Dowl. Pr. C. N. s. 11, 12.
354/1 In the American Law Review for October, 1872, VII. 49, 50,
I mentioned one or two indications of this fact. But I have since
had the satisfaction of finding it worked out with such detail
and learning in Ihering's Geist des Roemischen Rechts, Sections 10, 48,
that I cannot do better than refer to that work, only adding that
for my purposes it is not necessary to go so far as Ihering, and
that he does not seem to have been led to the conclusions which
it is my object to establish. See, further, Clark, Early Roman
Law, 109, 110; Laferriere, Hist. du Droit Frang., I. 114 et seq.;
D. 1.5. 4, Section 3; Gaii Inst. IV. Section 16; ib. II. Section
69.
356/1 Erbvertraege, I. 15 et seq.
356/2 Hist. du Droit Franc., IV. 500.
357/3 "Quantum dare voluerit aut totam furtunam eui voluerit dare
. . . nec minus nec majus nisi quantum ei creditum est." Lex Sal.
(Merkel), XLVI.
357/4 Lex Sal. (Merkel), Cap. XLVI., De adfathamire; Sohm, Frank.
Reichs- u. Gerichtsverfassung, 69.
357/6 Beseler, Erbvertraege, I. 101, 102, 105.
358/1 "Omnem facultatem suam. . . seu cuicunque libet de proximis
vel extraneis, adoptare in hereditatem vel in adfatimi vel per
scripturarum seriem seu per traditionem." L. Rib. Cap. L. (al.
XLVIII.); cf. L. Thuring. XIII. So Capp. Rib. Section 7: "Qui
filios non habuerit et aliurn quemlibet heredem facere sibi
voluerit coram rege . . . traditionem faclat."
357/2 Ed. Roth., cap. 174, 157; cf. lb. 369, 388; Liutpr. III. 16
(al. 2), VI. 155 (al. 102). Cf. Beseler, Erbvertraege, I. 108 et
seq., esp. 116-118. Compare the charter of A.D. 713, "Offero . . .
S. P. ecclesia quam mihi heredem constitui." (Mem. di Lucca V.
b. No. 4.) Troya III. No. 394, cited Heusler, Gewere, 45, 46. Cf.
ib. 484. This, no doubt, was due to Roman influence, but it
recalls what Sir Henry Maine quotes from Elphinstone's History of
India (I. 126), as to sale by a member of one of the village
communities: "The purchaser steps exactly into his place, and
takes up all his obligations." Ancient Law, ch. 8, pp. 263, 264.
357/3 (Merkel) Cap. LVIII., De chrenecruda. Sohm, Frank. R. u. G.
Verf., 117.
358/1 A.D. 679: "Sicuti tibi donata est ira tene et posteri tui."
Kemble, Cod. Dip., I. 21, No. xvi. Uhtred, A.D. 767: "Quam is
semper possideat et post se cui voluerit heredum relinquat." Ib.
I. 144, cxvxi. ("Cuilibet heredi voluerit relinquat" is very
common in the later charters; ib. V. 155, MLXXXIL; lb. VI. 1,
MCCXVIIL; it). 31, MCCXXX.; lb. 38, MCCXXXIV.; and passim. This
may be broader than cui voluerit herealum.) Offa, A.D. 779: "Ut
se viverite habe . . . deat. et post se suoe propinquitatis
homini cui ipse vo . . . possidendum libera utens potestate
relinquat." Ib. I. 164, 165, CXXXVII. Aethilbald, A.D. 736: "Ita
ut quamdiu vixerit potestatem habeat tenendi ac possidendi
cuicumque voluerit vel eo vivo vel certe post obitum suum
relinquendi." Ib. I. 96, LXXX.; cf. ib. V. 53, MXIV. Cuthred of
Kent, A.D. 805: "Cuicumque hominum voluerit in aeternam
libertatem derelinquat." Ib. I. 232, CXC. "Ut habeat libertatem
commutandi vel donandi in vita sua et post ejus obiturn teneat
facultatem relinquendi cuicumque volueris." Ib. I. 233, 234,
CXCI.; cf. ib. V. 70, MXXXI. Wiglaf of Mercia, Aug. 28, A.D. 831:
"Seu vendendum ant commutandum i cuicumque ei herede placuerit
dereliaquendum." Ib. I. 294, CCXXVII.
359/1 "W. et heredibus suis, videlicet quos heredes
constituerit." Memorials of Hexham, Surtees Soc. Pub., 1864, II.
88.
359/2 Cf. Y.B. 27 Ass., fol. 135, pl. 25. Under the Welsh laws
the champion in a cause decided by combat acquired the rights of
the next of kin, the next of kin being the proper champion. Lea,
Superstition and Force (3d Ed.), 165. Cf. ib. 161, n. 1; ib. 17.
361/1 D. 38. 8. 1, pr.
361/2 "Cum is, qui ex edicto bonorum possessionem petiit, ficto
se herede agit." Gaii Inst. IV. Section 34. Cf. Ulp. Fragm.
XXVIII. Section
12; D. 37. 1. 2. So the fidei commissarius, who was a praetorian
successor (D. 41. 4. 2, Section 19; 10. 2. 24), "in similitudinem
heredis consistit." Nov. 1. 1, Section 1. Cf. Just. Inst. 2. 24,
pr., and then Gaius, II. Sections 251, 252.
361/3 Gaii Inst. II. Sections 102 et seq. Cf. ib. Sections 252,
35.
361/4 Gaii Inst. IV Section 35: "Similiter et bonorum emptor
ficto se herede agit." Cf. ib. Sections 144, 145. Keller, Roemische
Civilprocess, Section 85, III. But cf. Scheurl, Lehrb. der Inst.,