total: 145,000 km
paved: 290 km
unpaved: 144,710 km (1991 est.)
Waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and
unconnected lakes
Pipelines: petroleum products 390 km
Ports: Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma, Kalemie, Kindu,
Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka
Merchant marine: none
Airports:
total: 217
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 15
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 82
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 17
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 94 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 34,000 (1991 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in
and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 3.87 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 18
Televisions: 55,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,
paramilitary Civil Guard, Special Presidential Division
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 10,025,536
males fit for military service: 5,108,385 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $46 million, 1.5%
of GDP (1990)
======================================================================
@Zambia
------
Map
---
Location: 15 00 S, 30 00 E -- Southern Africa, east of Angola
Flag
----
Description: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red
(hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the
outer edge of the flag
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 752,610 sq km
land area: 740,720 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km,
Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and
Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake
Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it has been informally
reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary
has been settled
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds,
gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 47%
forest and woodland: 27%
other: 19%
Irrigated land: 320 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral
extraction and refining region; poaching seriously threatens
rhinoceros and elephant populations; deforestation; soil erosion;
desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human
health risks
natural hazards: tropical storms (November to April)
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Desertification
Geographic note: landlocked
People
------
Population: 9,159,072 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 49% (male 2,272,981; female 2,244,403)
15-64 years: 48% (male 2,157,106; female 2,256,935)
65 years and over: 3% (male 110,433; female 117,214) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.11% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 44.73 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 23.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 96.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 36.31 years
male: 36.15 years
female: 36.46 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.55 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian
Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Religions: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous
beliefs 1%
Languages: English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda,
Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous
languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write in English (1995 est.)
total population: 78.2%
male: 85.6%
female: 71.3%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia
Data code: ZA
Type of government: republic
Capital: Lusaka
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt,
Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
Constitution: 2 August 1991
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA
(since 31 October 1991) elected for a five-year term by popular
vote; Vice President General Godfrey MIYANDA (since NA August 1994)
appointed by the president; election last held 31 October 1991 (next
to be held October 1996); results - Frederick CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth
KAUNDA 16%
cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly: elections last held 31 October 1991 (next to be
held October 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
(150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25; note - the MMD's majority was weakened
by the defection of 13 of its parliamentary members during 1993 and
the defeat of its candidates in four of the resulting byelections
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, justices are appointed by the
president
Political parties and leaders: Movement for Multiparty Democracy
(MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP),
Kenneth KAUNDA; National Party (NP), Humphrey MULEMBIA; Labor Party
(LP), Chibiza MFUNI; Zambia Democratic Congress (ZDC), Dean
MUNG'OMBA; Liberal Progressive Front (LPF), Roger CHONGWE, president
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC,
UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA
chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Roland K. KUCHEL
embassy: corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue,
Lusaka
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone: [260] (1) 250-955, 252-230
FAX: [260] (1) 252-225
Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist
side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer
edge of the flag
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Despite continuing progress in privatization
and budgetary reform, Zambia's economy is showing little
improvement. Inflation, while slowing somewhat, continues to be a
major concern to the CHILUBA government. Four of Zambia's 20 banks
collapsed in 1995, and the nation's debt stood at about $7 billion.
Zambia's copper mining sector, which accounts for over 80% of the
nation's foreign currency intake, is struggling. Production rates
are down as are world copper prices. Food production is insufficient
to meet the country's needs due to previous droughts and an end to
government subsidization of agriculture. While the government's
economic program aims for 6% growth in each of the next three years,
a growth rate of 3-5% is more likely.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.9 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $900 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 32%
industry: 22%
services: 46% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55% (1994 est.)
Labor force: 3.4 million
by occupation: agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and
construction 6%, transport and services 9%
Unemployment rate: 22% (1991)
Budget:
revenues: $665 million
expenditures: $767 million, including capital expenditures of $300
million (1991 est.)
Industries: copper mining and processing, construction,
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer
Industrial production growth rate: -1% (1992)
Electricity:
capacity: 2,440,000 kW
production: 7.8 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 650 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed,
tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, beef,
eggs
Illicit drugs: increasingly a regional transshipment center for
methaqualone and heroin
Exports: $1.075 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
partners: EU countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India, Thailand,
Malaysia
Imports: $845 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels,
manufactures
partners: EU countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US
External debt: $7 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $734 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 909.09 (December
1995), 833.33 (1995), 769.23 (1994), 434.78 (1993), 156.25 (1992),
61.7284 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 2,164 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,164 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track)
note: the total includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway
Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge
track between Dar es Salaam and New Kapiri M'poshi where it connects
to the Zambia Railways system; TAZARA is not a part of Zambia
Railways
Highways:
total: 37,359 km
paved: 6,575 km (including 56 km of expressways)
unpaved: 30,784 km (1992 est.)
Waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula rivers, Lake
Tanganyika
Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km
Ports: Mpulungu
Airports:
total: 104
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 4
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 35
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 4
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 54 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 80,900 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan
Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 5, shortwave 0
Radios: 1,889,140
Television broadcast stations: 9
Televisions: 215,000 (1995 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary forces, Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,934,845
males fit for military service: 1,020,851 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $96 million, 2.7%
of GDP (1995)
======================================================================
@Zimbabwe
--------
Map
---
Location: 20 00 S, 30 00 E -- Southern Africa, northeast of
Botswana
Flag
----
Description: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red,
black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle
edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is
superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, northeast of Botswana
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 390,580 sq km
land area: 386,670 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Montana
Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and
Zambia is in disagreement
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November
to March)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high
veld); mountains in east
lowest point: junction of the Lundi and Savi rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m
Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel,
copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: NEGL (coffee)
meadows and pastures: 13%
forest and woodland: 49%
other: 31%
Irrigated land: 2,250 sq km (1993 est.)
Environment:
current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air
and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest
concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly
reduced by poaching
natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are
rare
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed,
but not ratified - Desertification
Geographic note: landlocked
People
------
Population: 11,271,314 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 44% (male 2,513,606; female 2,481,478)
15-64 years: 53% (male 2,935,188; female 3,030,270)
65 years and over: 3% (male 152,244; female 158,528) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.41% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 32.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 18.2 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South
Africa in search of better paid employment
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.99 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 72.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 41.85 years
male: 41.91 years
female: 41.78 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.09 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%),
white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%
Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs)
50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%
Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of
the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal
dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write in English (1995 est.)
total population: 85%
male: 90%
female: 80%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia
Data code: ZI
Type of government: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces and 2 cities* with
provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland
Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria),
Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
Constitution: 21 December 1979
Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: Executive President Robert
Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987) was nominated by the House
of Assembly (if more than one nomination, electoral college of
members of the House of Assembly elect the president); election last
held 26-27 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); results -
Robert MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%;
Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987);
Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) was
appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president; responsible to
Parliament
Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament: elections last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held NA
March 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150
total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 118, ZANU-Ndonga 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African
National Union-NDONGA (ZANU-NDONGA), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe
Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel
MAGOCHE; Forum Party of Zimbabwe, Enock DUMBUTSHENA; United Parties,
Abel MUZOREWA
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100
FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone: [263] (4) 794521
FAX: [263] (4) 796488
Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in
black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is
superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Agriculture employs 70% of the labor force of
this landlocked nation and supplies almost 40% of exports. Mining
accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but minerals and
metals account for about 40% of exports. Severe drought caused GDP
to drop 8% in 1992, with growth rebounding to 2% in 1993 and 4.5% in
1994, only to drop by 2.4% in 1995. The government is continuing to
push its IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program aimed at
encouraging exports and foreign investment. Officials face the
difficult task of restraining expenditures in their effort to keep
inflation within bounds.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $18.1 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -2.4% (1995)
GDP per capita: $1,620 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 18.3%
industry: 35.3%
services: 46.4% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25.8% (1995)
Labor force: 4.228 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 70%, transport and services 22%, industry
8%
Unemployment rate: at least 45% (1994 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $1.7 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $253
million (FY92/93)
Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals,
foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood
products
Industrial production growth rate: 10% (1994)
Electricity:
capacity: 2,040,000 kW
production: 9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 913 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane,
peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 30%, other 5%), manufactures
25%, gold 12%, ferrochrome 10%, textiles 8% (1992)
partners: UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5%
(1991)
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1995 est.)
commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other
manufactures 23%, chemicals 16%, fuels 12% (1991)
partners: South Africa 25%, UK 15%, Germany 9%, US 6%, Japan 5%
(1991)
External debt: $4.4 billion (1994)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $362 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 -9.3633 (January
1996), 8.6580 (1995), 8.1500 (1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.0942 (1992),
3.4282 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 2,759 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km
double track) (1995 est.)
Highways:
total: 91,078 km
paved: 14,572 km
unpaved: 76,506 km (1992 est.)
Waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
Pipelines: petroleum products 212 km
Ports: Binga, Kariba
Airports:
total: 403
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 6
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8
with paved runways under 914 m: 185
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 198 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 301,000 (1990 est.)
Telephone system: system was once one of the best in Africa, but
now suffers from poor maintenance
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
and radiotelephone communication stations
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 18, shortwave 0
Radios: 890,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 8 (1986 est.)
Televisions: 280,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 2,629,880
males fit for military service: 1,632,391 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $236 million,
3.4% of GDP (FY95/96)
======================================================================