at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 145.82 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 47.01 years
male: 46 years
female: 48.34 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.85 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)
adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian
Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber
Religions: Muslim
Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Literacy: NA
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Western Sahara
Data code: WI
Type of government: legal status of territory and question of
sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario
Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and
Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a
government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR);
territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976,
with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under
pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its
portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly
thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the
Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984;
guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored
cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991
Capital: none
Administrative divisions: none (under defacto control of Morocco)
Executive branch: none
International organization participation: none
Diplomatic representation in US: none
US diplomatic representation: none
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural
resources and having little rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism,
fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for
the population. Most of the food for the urban population must be
imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by
the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of living are
substantially below the Moroccan level.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $NA
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 12,000
by occupation: animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: phosphate mining, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 60,000 kW
production: 79 million kWh
consumption per capita: 339 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases);
camels, sheep, goats (kept by the nomads)
Exports: $NA
commodities: phosphates 62%
partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade
partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
Imports: $NA
commodities: fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade
partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
External debt: $NA
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.607 (January
1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707
(1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 6,200 km
paved: 0 km
unpaved: 6,200 km
Ports: Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, El Aaiun
Airports:
total: 12
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 3
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 2,000
Telephone system: sparse and limited system
domestic: NA
international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay,
tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 2
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Branches: NA
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: NA
males fit for military service: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
======================================================================
@Western Samoa
-------------
Map
---
Location: 13 35 S, 172 20 W -- Oceania, group of islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New
Zealand
Flag
----
Description: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the
Southern Cross constellation
Geography
---------
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 13 35 S, 172 20 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total area: 2,860 sq km
land area: 2,850 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 403 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season
(May to October)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged
mountains in interior
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mauga Silisili 1,857 m
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
Land use:
arable land: 19%
permanent crops: 24%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 47%
other: 10%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: soil erosion
natural hazards: occasional typhoons; active volcanism
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
People
------
Population: 214,384 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (male 43,540; female 42,185)
15-64 years: 56% (male 62,742; female 57,323)
65 years and over: 4% (male 4,089; female 4,505) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.37% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 31.12 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.75 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.06 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 34.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.73 years
male: 66.35 years
female: 71.24 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.93 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Western Samoan(s)
adjective: Western Samoan
Ethnic divisions: Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of
European and Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
Religions: Christian 99.7% (about one-half of population
associated with the London Missionary Society; includes
Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter-Day Saints,
Seventh-Day Adventist)
Languages: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Independent State of Western Samoa
conventional short form: Western Samoa
Data code: WS
Type of government: constitutional monarchy under native chief
Capital: Apia
Administrative divisions: 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai,
Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli,
Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
Independence: 1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN
trusteeship)
National holiday: National Day, 1 June (1962)
Constitution: 1 January 1962
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs;
judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental
rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II (co-chief of
state from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5 April
1963); upon his death, a new chief of state will be elected by the
Legislative Assembly to serve a five-year term
head of government: Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7
April 1988) was appointed by the chief of state with approval of the
Legislative Assembly
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the chief of state with the prime
minister's advice
Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Fono): elections last held 5 April 1991 (next
to be held 26 April 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1
note: only matai (head of family) are able to run for the
Legislative Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party
(HRPP), TOFILAU Eti Alesana, chairman; Samoan National Development
Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman; Samoan Progressive
Conservative Party, LEOTA Ituau Ale; Samoa All People's Party
(SAPP), Matatumua MAIMOAGA
International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, Intelsat
(nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni SLADE
chancery: 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196, 6197
FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Josiah Horton BEEMAN (Ambassador to New
Zealand and Western Samoa, resides in Wellington, New Zealand)
embassy: 5th floor, Beach Road, Apia
mailing address: P.O. Box 3430, Apia
telephone: [685] 21631
FAX: [685] 22030
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant
bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern
Cross constellation
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Agriculture employs more than one-half of the
labor force, contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports.
The bulk of export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and
copra. The economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid
to supplement GDP and to support a level of imports much greater
than export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth
industry. The economy continued to falter in 1994, as remittances
and tourist earnings remained low. Production of taro, the primary
food export crop, dropped 97% in 1993/94 when a fungal disease
threatened the country's basic food crops. Nevertheless, the
government is relying on recovery and further expansion in
agricultural production to sustain economic growth of around 5% over
the next several years.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $415 million (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,900 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 50%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1994)
Labor force: 45,635 (1986 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 65%, services 30%, industry 5% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $78.6 million
expenditures: $81.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 29,000 kW
production: 50 million kWh
consumption per capita: 200 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coconuts, bananas, taro, yams
Exports: $6.4 million (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities: coconut oil and cream, taro, copra, cocoa
partners: New Zealand 34%, American Samoa 21%, Germany 18%,
Australia 11%
Imports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities: intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%
partners: New Zealand 37%, Australia 25%, Japan 11%, Fiji 9%
External debt: $141 million (June 1993)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene
Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.5195 (January 1996),
2.4722 (1995), 2.5349 (1994), 2.5681 (1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975
(1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 2,030 km
paved: 373 km
unpaved: 1,657 km (1988 est.)
Ports: Apia, Asau, Mulifanua, Salelologa
Merchant marine:
total: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 7,500 (1988 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 76,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1987 est.)
Televisions: 6,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: no regular armed services; Western Samoa Police Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: NA
males fit for military service: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
======================================================================
@World
-----
Map
---
Geography
---------
Map references: World, Time Zones
Area:
total area: 510.072 million sq km
land area: 148.94 million sq km
water area: 361.132 million sq km
comparative area: land area about 15 times the size of the US
note: 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land
Land boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64
km (not counting shared boundaries twice)
Coastline: 356,000 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm claimed by most but can vary
continental shelf: 200-m depth claimed by most or to depth of
exploitation, others claim 200 nm or to the edge of the continental
margin
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary
territorial sea: 12 nm claimed by most but can vary
note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many
countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full
200 nm; 43 nations and other areas that are landlocked include
Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic,
Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary,
Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San
Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan,
West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather
narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to
subtropical climates
Terrain: the greatest ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924
m in the Pacific Ocean
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,848 m
Natural resources: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral
resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the
extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air
and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and the former USSR)
pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are
only beginning to address
Land use:
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 24%
forest and woodland: 31%
other: 34%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial
disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss
of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
natural hazards: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical
cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis,
volcanic eruptions)
international agreements: selected international environmental
agreements are included under the Environment entry for each country
and in the Selected International Environmental Agreements appendix
People
------
Population: 5,771,939,007 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 31% (male 919,402,570; female 874,330,478)
15-64 years: 62% (male 1,824,524,365; female 1,776,639,084)
65 years and over: 7% (male 162,216,128; female 213,712,993)
Population growth rate: 1.4% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 23 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62 years
male: 61 years
female: 64 years
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Government
----------
Data code: none; there is no FIPS 10-4 country code for the World,
so the Factbook uses the "W" data code from DIAM 65-18 "Geopolitical
Data Elements and Related Features," Data Standard No. 3, March
1984, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency; see the
Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes appendix
Administrative divisions: 266 nations, dependent areas, other, and
miscellaneous entries
Legal system: varies by individual country; 186 (not including
Yugoslavia) are parties to the UN International Court of Justice
(ICJ or World Court)
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Real global output - gross world product (GWP)
- again rose 3% in 1995, with the newly industrializing Third World
countries setting the pace. And once more, results varied widely
among regions and countries. Average growth of 2.5% in the GDP of
industrialized countries (56% of GWP in 1995) and average growth of
5% in the GDP of less developed countries (38% of GWP) were partly
offset by a small 1.5% drop in the GDP of the former USSR/Eastern
Europe area (only 6% of GWP). With the notable exception of Japan at
3.1%, unemployment was typically 6%-12% in the industrial world. The
US accounted for 22% of GWP in 1995; Western Europe accounted for
21%; and Japan accounted for 8%. These are the three "economic
superpowers" presumably destined to compete for mastery in
international markets on into the 21st century. As for the less
developed countries: China, India, and the Four Dragons - South
Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - once again posted records
of 5% growth or better; however, many other countries, especially in
Africa, continued to suffer from drought, rapid population growth,
inflation, and civil strife. Central Europe continued its progress
in moving toward "market-friendly" economies. The 15 ex-Soviet
countries typically experienced further declines in output, although
considerably less than in 1992-94. Externally, the nation-state, as
a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control
over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology.
Internally, the central government in a number of cases is losing
control over resources as separatist regional movements - typically
based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in the successor states of
the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, and in
Canada. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political
problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order
to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment.
The addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already
overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution,
desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of
their own internal problems, the industrialized countries have
inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of
the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are
becoming further marginalized. (For specific economic developments
in each country, see the individual country entries in this volume.)
GDP: GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $33.7
trillion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 3% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $5,900 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
all countries: 25%
developed countries: 2% to 6% typically
developing countries: 10% to 60% typically (1995 est.)
note: national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from
stable prices in Japan to hyperinflation in a number of Third World
countries
Labor force: 2.24 billion (1992)
by occupation: NA
Unemployment rate: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment
in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically
6%-12% unemployment (1995 est.)
Industries: dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in
computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical
equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a
small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly
adjusting to these technological forces; the rapid development of
new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already
grim environmental problems
Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1995 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 2,773,000,000 kW
production: 11.601 trillion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,937 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: the whole gamut of crops, livestock, forest products,
and fish
Exports: $4.3 trillion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods
and services
partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries
Imports: $4.4 trillion (c.i.f., 1995 est.)
commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods
and services
partners: in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries
External debt: $2 trillion for less developed countries (1995 est.)
Economic aid: worldwide traditional foreign aid $50 billion (1995
est.)
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of
electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in
the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and
4,160 km in North America; note - fastest speed in daily service is
300 km/hr attained by France's Societe Nationale des Chemins-de-Fer
Francais (SNCF) Le Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) - Atlantique line
broad gauge: 251,153 km
standard gauge: 710,754 km
narrow gauge: 239,430 km
Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Ports: Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, Mina' al Ahmadi
(Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
Merchant marine:
total: 25,521 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 442,276,527
GRT/701,647,274 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 22, bulk 5,308, cargo 8,089, chemical
tanker 920, combination bulk 307, combination ore/oil 279, container
1,938, liquefied gas tanker 709, livestock carrier 52, multifunction
large-load carrier 62, oil tanker 4,320, passenger 298,
passenger-cargo 117, railcar carrier 21, refrigerated cargo 1,022,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 1,034, short-sea passenger 484, specialized
tanker 81, vehicle carrier 458 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: NA
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: NA
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of
technology