capacity: 2,070,000 kW
production: 9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,575 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; livestock; fishing
Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: wool and textile manufactures, beef and other animal
products, leather, rice
partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, China, Italy
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1995 est.)
commodities: machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, minerals,
plastics
partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, Nigeria
External debt: $4.95 billion (1995)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $91 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Uruguayan peso ($Ur) = 100 centesimos
Exchange rates: Uruguayan pesos ($Ur) per US$1 - 7.12 (January
1996), 5.6 (January 1995), 5.0529 (1994), 3.9484 (1993), 3.0270
(1992), 2.0188 (1991)
note: on 1 March 1993 the former new peso (N$Ur) was replaced as
Uruguay's unit of currency by the peso which is equal to 1,000 of
the new pesos
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 2,070 km (461 km closed; additional 460 km only partially
operational)
standard gauge: 2,070 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways:
total: 49,600 km
paved: 6,656 km
unpaved: 42,944 km (1988 est.)
Waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Ports: Fray Bentos, Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Paysandu, Punta del
Este
Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,405 GRT/110,939 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, container 1, oil tanker 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 66
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8
with paved runways under 914 m: 36
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 14 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 451,000 (1991 est.)
Telephone system: some modern facilities
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 99, FM 0, shortwave 9
Radios: 1.89 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 26
Televisions: 725,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard,
Marines), Air Force, Grenadier Guards, Coracero Guard, Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 783,890
males fit for military service: 636,454 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $256 million,
1.5% of GDP (1994)
======================================================================
@Uzbekistan
----------
Map
---
Location: 41 00 N, 64 00 E -- Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white,
and green separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12
stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
Geography
---------
Location: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 64 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total area: 447,400 sq km
land area: 425,400 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan
1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
Coastline: 0 km
note: Uzbekistan borders the Aral Sea (420 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east
Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad,
flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya and
Sirdaryo; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
lowest point: Saryqamish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium,
silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Land use:
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 47%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 42%
Irrigated land: 41,550 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing
concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and
contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial
wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause
of many human health disorders; increasing soil salinization; soil
contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection;
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity
Geographic note: landlocked
People
------
Population: 23,418,381 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (male 4,732,585; female 4,618,503)
15-64 years: 55% (male 6,441,052; female 6,540,479)
65 years and over: 5% (male 416,571; female 669,191) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.87% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 29.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.02 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 79.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.6 years
male: 60.44 years
female: 68.97 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.69 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Uzbek(s)
adjective: Uzbek
Ethnic divisions: Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazak
4.1%, Tatar 2.4%, Karakalpak 2.1%, other 7%
Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other
3%
Languages: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 98%
female: 96%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: UZ
Type of government: republic
Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Administrative divisions: 12 wiloyatlar (singular - wiloyat), 1
autonomous republic* (respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahri); Andijon
Wiloyati, Bukhoro Wiloyati, Jizzakh Wiloyati, Farghona Wiloyati,
Qoraqalpoghiston* (Nukus), Qashqadaryo Wiloyati (Qarshi), Khorazm
Wiloyati (Urganch), Namangan Wiloyati, Nawoiy Wiloyati, Samarqand
Wiloyati, Sirdaryo Wiloyati (Guliston), Surkhondaryo Wiloyati
(Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Wiloyati
note: an administrative division has the same name as its
administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)
Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks
independent judicial system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when
he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet) was elected for
a five-year term by popular vote; election last held 29 December
1991 (next to be held NA 2000); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%,
Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%; note - the 26 March 1995 referendum
extended KARIMOV's term until 2000 (99.6% approval)
head of government: Prime Minister Otkir SULTONOV (since December
1995), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismoil JURABEKOV (since NA),
Deputy Prime Ministers Viktor CHIZHEN (since NA), Bakhtiyor HAMIDOV
(since NA), Kayim HAQQULOV (since NA), Rim GINIYATULLIN (since NA),
Saidmukhtor SAIDQOSIMOV (since NA), Mirabror USMONOV (since NA),
Murat SHARIFKHOJAYEV (since NA), Uktam ISMAILOV (since NA), Rustam
YUNUSOV (since NA) were appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers was appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral
Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis): elections last held 25 December 1994
(next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (250 total) People's Democratic Party 207, Fatherland
Progress Party 12, other 31; note - final runoffs were held 22
January 1995; seating was as follows: People's Democratic Party 69,
Fatherland Progress Party 14, Social Democratic Party 47, local
government 120
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are nominated by the
president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly
Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party (PDP;
formerly Communist Party), Islom A. KARIMOV, chairman; Fatherland
Progress Party (FPP), Anwar YULDASHEV, chairman; Social Democratic
Party, Anvar JORABAYEV, chairman
Other political or pressure groups: Birlik (Unity) People's
Movement (BPM), Ibrahim BURIYEV, chairman; Islamic Rebirth Party
(IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party was
banned 9 December 1992
note: UTAYEV (IRP) is either in prison or in exile
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD,
ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM, OIC (observer), OSCE, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Fatiq TESHABAYEV
chancery: (temporary) Suites 619 and 623, 1511 K Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 638-4266, 4267
FAX: [1] (202) 638-4268
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO
embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3712) 77-14-07, 77-10-81, 77-69-86
FAX: [7] (3712) 89-13-35
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green
separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in
the upper hoist-side quadrant
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of
which 10% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys.
It was one of the poorest republics of the former Soviet Union with
more than 60% of its population living in overpopulated rural
communities. At the same time, Uzbekistan is the world's third
largest cotton exporter, a major producer of gold and natural gas,
and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery.
Following independence, the government sought to prop up its
Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on
production and prices. Faced with high rates of inflation, however,
the government stepped up the pace of reform in mid-1994, by
introducing tighter monetary policies, expanding privatization,
reducing the role of the state in the economy, and improving the
environment for foreign investors. Nevertheless, the state continues
to be a dominating influence in the economy, and reforms have so far
failed to induce far-reaching structural changes.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $54.7 billion (1995 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)
GDP real growth rate: -1% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,370 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.7% monthly average
(January-October 1995 est.)
Labor force: 8.234 million
by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and
construction 22%, other 35% (1992)
Unemployment rate: 0.4% includes only officially registered
unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers (December 1995)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building,
metallurgy, natural gas
Industrial production growth rate: 0% (1995 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 11,690,000 kW
production: 47.5 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,130 kWh (1994)
Agriculture: cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for CIS consumption; government eradication programs; used as
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Exports: $3.1 billion (1995)
commodities: cotton, gold, natural gas, mineral fertilizers, ferrous
metals, textiles, food products
partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe, US
Imports: $2.9 billion (1995)
commodities: grain, machinery and parts, consumer durables, other
foods
partners: principally other FSU countries, Czech Republic
External debt: $1.285 billion (of which $510 million to Russia)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $71 million (1993)
note: commitments, $2,915 million ($135 million in disbursements)
(1992-95)
Currency: introduced provisional som-coupons 10 November 1993
which circulated parallel to the Russian rubles; became the sole
legal currency 31 January 1994; was replaced in July 1994 by the som
currency
Exchange rates: soms per US$1 - 35.8 (end December 1995), 25
(yearend 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 3,460 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 3,460 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:
total: 78,400 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1990 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas
810 km (1992)
Ports: Termiz
Airports:
total: 261
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 6
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 14
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8
with paved runways under 914 m: 5
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 7
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 216 (1994 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 1.458 million (1995 est.)
Telephone system: poorly developed
domestic: NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent
international: linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS
member states and to other countries by leased connection via the
Moscow international gateway switch; new Intelsat links to Tokyo and
Ankara give Uzbekistan international access independent of Russian
facilities; satellite earth stations - NA Orbita and NA Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there
is at least one state-owned broadcast station of NA type
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 2
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Security Forces (internal and
border troops), National Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 5,672,621
males fit for military service: 4,623,960
males reach military age (18) annually: 231,293 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: 164 million soms, 3.7% of GDP (1993); note -
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
======================================================================
@Vanuatu
-------
Map
---
Location: 16 00 S, 167 00 E -- Oceania, group of islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to
Australia
Flag
----
Description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green
with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all
separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a
horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and
enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk
encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow
Geography
---------
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia
Geographic coordinates: 16 00 S, 167 00 E
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total area: 14,760 sq km
land area: 14,760 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut
note: includes more than 80 islands
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 2,528 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims Matthew and Hunter Islands east of
New Caledonia
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Tabwemasana 1,877 m
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 5%
meadows and pastures: 2%
forest and woodland: 1%
other: 91%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: a majority of the population does not have access to
a potable and reliable supply of water
natural hazards: tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April);
volcanism causes minor earthquakes
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
People
------
Population: 177,504 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (male 36,409; female 35,105)
15-64 years: 57% (male 51,969; female 48,901)
65 years and over: 3% (male 2,802; female 2,318) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.17% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 30.57 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.84 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.21 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.06 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 64.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 60.13 years
male: 58.27 years
female: 62.09 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.01 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)
adjective: Ni-Vanuatu
Ethnic divisions: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%,
Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders
Religions: Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%,
indigenous beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of
Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%
Languages: English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as
Bislama or Bichelama)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.)
total population: 53%
male: 57%
female: 48%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu
conventional short form: Vanuatu
former: New Hebrides
Data code: NH
Type of government: republic
Capital: Port-Vila
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma,
Shefa, Tafea, Torba
Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
Constitution: 30 July 1980
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French
and British systems
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jean Marie LEYE (since 2 March 1994) was
elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of
Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils
head of government: Prime Minister Maxime Carlot KORMAN (since 23
February 1996) was elected by Parliament from among its members;
Deputy Prime Minister Donald KALPOKAS (since 23 February 1996) was
appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament;
note - Prime Minister VOHOR resigned 7 February 1996 when faced with
a no-confidence vote in Parliament; Parliament then convened an
extraordinary session and voted 30 to 20 to elect Maxime Carlot
KORMAN as the new prime minister
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to Parliament
Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament: elections last held 30 November 1995 (next to be held NA
November 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50
total) UMP 17, VP 14, NUP 9, MPP 5, TU 2, Na-Griamel Movement 1,
Friend Melanesian Party 1, independent 1; note - after the election,
a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the
National United Party to form a new government on 14 December 1995,
but political party associations are fluid
note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom
and land
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, chief justice is appointed by the
president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader
of the opposition, three other justices are appointed by the
president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission
Political parties and leaders: Union of Moderate Parties (UMP),
Serge VOHOR; National United Party (NUP), Walter LINI; Unity Front
(UF) includes the Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS, Melanesian
Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE, Tan Union (TU), Vincent
BOULEKONE, and the Na-Griamel Movement, Frankie STEVENS; Friend
Melanesian Party, leader NA; People's Democratic Party (PDP), Sethy
REGENVANU; Independence Front (IF), Patrick CROWBY
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NAM, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: Vanuatu does not have an embassy
in the US
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in
Vanuatu; the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence
farming which provides a living for the bulk of the population.
Fishing and tourism are the other mainstays of the economy, with
43,000 visitors in 1992. Mineral deposits are negligible; the
country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry
sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from
import duties.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $210 million (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,220 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 66,597 (1989 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 65%, services 32%, industry 3% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $74.8 million
expenditures: $76.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994 est.)
Industries: food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning
Industrial production growth rate: 3.4% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 17,000 kW
production: 30 million kWh
consumption per capita: 181 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coconuts, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, coconuts,
fruits, vegetables; fish
Exports: $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: copra, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee
partners: EU 32%, Japan 29%, Australia 11%, New Caledonia 7% (1993)
Imports: $78.6 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: machines and vehicles, food and beverages, basic
manufactures, raw materials and fuels, chemicals
partners: Australia 41%, France 15%, NZ 11%, Japan 9%, Fiji 6% (1992)
External debt: $38.2 million (yearend 1993)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1 - 114.40 (January 1996), 112.11
(1995), 116.41 (1994), 121.58 (1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991)