Bothnia, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway
Geographic coordinates: 62 00 N, 15 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total area: 449,964 sq km
land area: 410,928 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than California
Land boundaries:
total: 2,205 km
border countries: Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
Coastline: 3,218 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool,
partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m
Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber,
uranium, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 2%
forest and woodland: 64%
other: 27%
Irrigated land: 1,120 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the
North Sea and the Baltic Sea
natural hazards: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in
the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking
Baltic and North Seas
People
------
Population: 8,900,954 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 19% (male 860,940; female 815,967)
15-64 years: 64% (male 2,884,687; female 2,794,593)
65 years and over: 17% (male 654,439; female 890,328) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 0.56% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 11.55 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 11.43 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.06 years
male: 75.62 years
female: 80.63 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.72 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Swede(s)
adjective: Swedish
Ethnic divisions: white, Lapp (Sami), foreign-born or
first-generation immigrants 12% (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes,
Norwegians, Greeks, Turks)
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%,
Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% (1987)
Languages: Swedish
note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.)
total population: 99%
male: NA%
female: NA%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden
conventional short form: Sweden
local long form: Konungariket Sverige
local short form: Sverige
Data code: SW
Type of government: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural);
Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus
Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan,
Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan, Kronobergs Lan,
Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, Ostergotlands Lan,
Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan,
Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands
Lan
Independence: 6 June 1523, Gustav VASA was elected king; 6 June
1809, a constitutional monarchy was established
National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June
Constitution: 1 January 1975
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973) is a
constitutional monarch; Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice
Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March
1996) was elected by the Riksdag
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament (Riksdag): elections last held 18 September 1994 (next to
be held NA September 1998); results - Social Democrats 45.4%,
Moderate Party (Conservatives) 22.3%, Center Party 7.7%, Liberals
7.2%, Left Party 6.2%, Greens 5.8%, Christian Democrats 4.1%, New
Democracy Party 1.2%; seats - (349 total) Social Democrats 162,
Moderate Party (Conservatives) 80, Center Party 27, Liberals 26,
Left Party 22, Greens 18, Christian Democrats 14; note - the New
Democracy Party did not receive a seat because parties require a
minimum of 4.0% of votes for a seat in parliament
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen), judges are
appointed by the government (prime minister and cabinet)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Goran
PERSSON; Moderate Party (conservative), Carl BILDT; Liberal People's
Party, Maria LEISSNER; Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON; Christian
Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; New Democracy Party, Vivianne
FRANZEN; Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist
Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader but party
spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer),
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EIB,
ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 8, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NC,
NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCRO, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP,
UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Henrik Sihver LILJEGREN
chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600
FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas L. SIEBERT
embassy: Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [46] (8) 783 53 00
FAX: [46] (8) 661 19 64
Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Aided by peace and neutrality during World War
I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of
living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive
welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent
internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force.
Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an
economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately-owned firms
account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering
sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. In 1993, agriculture
accounted for only 2% of GDP and 2% of the jobs. In recent years,
however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by
budgetary difficulties, inflation, growing unemployment, and a
gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. In
November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU (European
Currency Unit), and depreciation of the krona has boosted export
competitiveness and helped lift Sweden out of its 1991-93 recession.
To curb the budget deficit and bolster confidence in the economy,
the government adopted an adjustment program in November 1994 that
aims to eliminate the government budget deficit and to stabilize the
debt to GDP ratio. Sweden has harmonized its economic policies with
those of the EU, which it joined at the start of 1995.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $177.3 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $20,100 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 2%
industry: 27%
services: 71% (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1995)
Labor force: 4.552 million (84% unionized, 1992)
by occupation: community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining
and manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%,
banking, insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%,
agriculture, fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991)
Unemployment rate: 7.8% (December 1995) plus about 6% in training
programs
Budget:
revenues: $109.4 billion
expenditures: $146.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY95/96)
Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio
and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products,
processed foods, motor vehicles
Industrial production growth rate: 11.7% (1994)
Electricity:
capacity: 34,560,000 kW
production: 141 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 14,891 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: grains, sugar beets, potatoes; meat, milk
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics shipped via the
former Soviet Republics and Baltic states for the European market
Exports: $61.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and
wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum
products
partners: EU 59.1% (Germany 13.2%, UK 10.2%, Denmark 6.9%, France
5.1%), Norway 8.1%, Finland 4.8%, US 8.0% (1994)
Imports: $51.8 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing
partners: EU 62.6% (Germany 18.4%, UK 9.5%, Denmark 6.6%, France
5.5%), Finland 6.3%, Norway 6.1%, US 8.5% (1994)
External debt: $66.5 billion (1994)
Economic aid:
donor: ODA, $1.769 billion (1993)
Currency: 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere
Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.7240 (January
1996), 7.1333 (1995), 7.7160 (1994), 7.7834 (1993), 5.8238 (1992),
6.0475 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December (Sweden changed its fiscal
year from 1 July - 30 June in 1995)
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 12,624 km (includes 953 km of privately-owned railways)
standard gauge: 11,767 km 1.435-m gauge (7,320 km electrified and
1,152 km double track)
other: 857 km NA-m gauge (1995)
Highways:
total: 135,859 km
paved: 97,818 km (including 936 km of expressways)
unpaved: 38,041 km (1991 est.)
Waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
Pipelines: natural gas 84 km
Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar,
Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall
Merchant marine:
total: 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,993,422
GRT/2,183,215 DWT
ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 35, chemical tanker 24, combination
ore/oil 1, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 32, railcar carrier 2,
refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 38, short-sea passenger
7, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 14 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 251
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 85
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 26
with paved runways under 914 m: 127
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 7.41 million (1986 est.)
Telephone system: excellent domestic and international facilities;
automatic system
domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cable carry most voice traffic;
parallel microwave radio relay network carries some additional
telephone channels
international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations
- 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic
and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth
station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
and Norway)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 360 (mostly repeaters),
shortwave 0
Radios: 7.272 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 880 (mostly repeaters)
Televisions: 3.5 million
Defense
-------
Branches: Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 2,133,816
males fit for military service: 1,867,031
males reach military age (19) annually: 51,357 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion,
2.5% of GDP (FY94/95)
======================================================================
@Switzerland
-----------
Map
---
Location: 47 00 N, 8 00 E -- Central Europe, east of France
Flag
----
Description: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in
the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag
Geography
---------
Location: Central Europe, east of France
Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 8 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total area: 41,290 sq km
land area: 39,770 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey
Land boundaries:
total: 1,852 km
border countries: Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km,
Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers
Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with
a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes
lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m
highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m
Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt
Land use:
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 40%
forest and woodland: 26%
other: 23%
Irrigated land: 250 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air
burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of
agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity
natural hazards: avalanches, landslides, flash floods
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not
ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Tropical Timber 94
Geographic note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern
Europe; along with southeastern France and northern Italy, contains
the highest elevations in Europe
People
------
Population: 7,207,060 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 638,728; female 610,546)
15-64 years: 68% (male 2,495,325; female 2,405,226)
65 years and over: 15% (male 424,394; female 632,841) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 0.59% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 11.35 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9.64 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.62 years
male: 74.58 years
female: 80.82 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Swiss (singular and plural)
adjective: Swiss
Ethnic divisions:
total population: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%,
other 6%
Swiss nationals: German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%,
other 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1%
(1980)
Languages: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other
4%
note: figures for Swiss nationals only: German 74%, French 20%,
Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
total population: 99%
male: NA%
female: NA%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Swiss Confederation
conventional short form: Switzerland
local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German),
Confederation Suisse (French), Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
local short form: Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera
(Italian)
Data code: SZ
Type of government: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton
in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular
- kanton in German); Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft,
Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubunden,
Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt
Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri,
Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich
Independence: 1 August 1291
National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss
Confederation, 1 August (1291)
Constitution: 29 May 1874
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal
decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Jean-Pascal
DELAMURAZ (1996 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice
President Arnold KOLLER (term runs concurrently with that of
president); the president is appointed each year from the Federal
Council by the Federal Assembly
cabinet: Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - Censeil
Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) was elected for a four-year
term by the Federal Assembly from among its own members
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German -
Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee Federale, Italian - Assemblea
Federale)
Council of States: (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats,
Italian - Consiglio degli Stati); elections last held throughout
1995 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party
NA; seats - (46 total) PRD 17, PDC 17, UDC 4, PSS 3, LPS 3, LdU 1,
Ticino League 1
National Council: (German - Nationalrat, French - Conseil National,
Italian - Consiglio Nazionale); elections last held 20 October 1995
(next to be held NA October 1999); results - percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (200 total) PRD 45, PSS 54, PDC 34, UDC 30, GPS 8,
LPS 7, FPS 6, LdU 6, SD 3, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2
Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court, judges elected for
six-year terms by the Federal Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Radical Free Democratic Party
(PRD), Franz STEINEGGER, president; Social Democratic Party (PSS),
Peter BODENMANN, president; Christian Democratic People's Party
(PDC), Anton COTTIER, president; Swiss People's Party (UDC), Hans
UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Verena DIENER, president;
Freedom Party (FPS), Roland BORER; Liberal Party (LPS), Christoph
EYMANN, president; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Monica
WEBER, president; Ticino League, Giuliano BIGNASCA, president; and
other minor parties including Swiss Democratic Party (SD), Workers'
Party (PdA), and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP); note - see
elections
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer),
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA,
FAO, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
OSCE, PCA, UN (observer), UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNITAR, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Carlo JAGMETTI
chancery: 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 745-7900
FAX: [1] (202) 387-2564
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [41] (31) 357 70 11
FAX: [41] (31) 357 73 44
consulate(s) general: Zurich
Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the
center that does not extend to the edges of the flag
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Switzerland, a fundamentally prosperous and
stable modern economy with a per capita GDP roughly 10% above that
of the big West European economies, is experiencing short-term
difficulties. After recovering slowly in 1994-95 from recession, the
Swiss economy remains weak, mainly because of the strong Swiss franc
and weak growth in Swiss export market, especially in other European
countries. Over the near term, growth may average barely 1%, with
more than one-half of this increase resulting from growth in
inventories. Weak domestic consumer demand is the principal culprit;
stagnation in real disposable income is combining with a reluctance
to reduce saving rates in the face of an uncertain employment
outlook. Switzerland's leading sectors, including financial
services, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and special-purpose
machines, will therefore be more reliant on export markets at the
same time they are being squeezed by the strong franc. Consequently,
growth in machinery and equipment investment, for example, is
expected to taper off. On the other side, import growth has been
fueled by the strong franc; there are growing indications that Swiss
manufacturers are substituting imported inputs for domestic ones.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $158.5 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 1.2% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $22,400 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 3%
industry: 33.5%
services: 63.5% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 3.48 million (900,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian)
by occupation: services 50%, industry and crafts 34%, government
10%, agriculture and forestry 6% (1992)
Unemployment rate: 3.3% (1995)
Budget:
revenues: $31 billion
expenditures: $36.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995)
Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision
instruments
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 15,430,000 kW
production: 58 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 6,699 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: grains, fruits, vegetables; meat, eggs
Illicit drugs: money-laundering center; transit country for South
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
Exports: $69.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal
products, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing
partners: Western Europe 63.1% (EU countries 56%, other 7.1%), US
8.8%, Japan 3.4%