current issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage
and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; air
pollution; deforestation; desertification
natural hazards: periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of
Gibraltar
People
------
Population: 39,181,114 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 16% (male 3,237,942; female 3,055,881)
15-64 years: 68% (male 13,380,956; female 13,352,582)
65 years and over: 16% (male 2,566,728; female 3,587,025) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 0.16% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 10.04 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.86 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.26 years
male: 74.95 years
female: 81.81 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.26 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religions: Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%
Languages: Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986 est.)
total population: 96%
male: 98%
female: 94%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local short form: Espana
Data code: SP
Type of government: parliamentary monarchy
Capital: Madrid
Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades
autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon,
Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon,
Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares,
La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco
note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of
Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and
Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown
Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)
National holiday: National Day, 12 October
Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does
not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) is a
hereditary monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria AZNAR (since 5 May
1996) was proposed by the king and voted into office by the National
Assembly on 4 May 1996; AZNAR's Popular Party defeated Felipe
GONZALEZ Marques's Socialist Workers Party in the 3 March 1996
legislative election; Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)
cabinet: Council of Ministers was designated by the prime minister
Council of State: is the supreme consultative organ of the government
Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National
Assembly (Las Cortes Generales)
Senate (Senado): elections last held 3 March 1996 (next to be held
by March 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (256
total) PP 132, PSOE 96, CiU 11, PNV 6, IU 2, others 9
Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados): elections last
held 3 March 1996 (next to be held by March 2000); results - PP
38.9%, PSOE 37.5%, IU 10.7%, CiU 4.6%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 141,
PP 156, IU 21, CiU 16, other 16
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)
Political parties and leaders:
principal national parties from right to left: Popular Party (PP),
Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE),
Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, secretary general; Spanish Communist Party
(PCE), Julio ANGUITA Gonzalez; United Left (IU - a coalition of
parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other small
parties), Julio ANGUITA Gonzalez
chief regional parties: Convergence and Union (CiU), Jordi PUJOL,
secretary general (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of
Catalonia (CDC), Pere ESTEVE, and the Democratic Union of Catalonia
(UDC), Josep Antoni DURAN LLEIDA); Basque Nationalist Party (PNV),
Xabier ARZALLUS Antia and Jose Antonio ARDANZA; Basque United People
(HB or Herri Batasuna, ETA's political wing), Juan Cruz IDIGORAS;
Canarian Coalition (CC), a coalition of five parties
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the
Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October
Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the
government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); Workers
Confederation (CC.OO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT),
and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); business
and landowning interests; the Catholic Church; Opus Dei; university
students
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer),
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB,
ESA, EU, FAO, G- 8, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MTCR, NACC, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCRO,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL,
WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA Eiseley
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard N. GARDNER
embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (1) 577-4000, 577-2301
FAX: [34] (1) 577-5735
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the
yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the
Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and
Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Spain, with a mixed capitalist economy and a
per capita GDP two-thirds that of the four leading economies of
Western Europe, has shared with these countries the recession of the
early 1990s, the gradual upturn of 1994-95, and the ongoing
controversies over the timing and terms of European economic union.
Reduction of the budget deficit - at 5.9% of GDP in 1995 - to meet
the Maastricht monetary convergence criterion of 3% by 1997 remains
the primary goal of Spanish economic policy, but political pressures
had kept the Socialist government from implementing the full range
of reforms necessary to meet this goal. Spain's official
unemployment rate of 23% is the highest in the EU, and the troubled
Socialists had been reluctant to cut social spending. Parliament
rejected the administration's proposed 1996 budget because of
political wrangling - not because of great differences with the
substance of the spending plan - forcing the government to continue
spending at 1995 levels and use piecemeal decrees to raise
consumption taxes to a level consistent with inflation. The
conservative opposition Popular Party, now in power after ending 13
years of Socialist rule in the spring of 1996, has promised to cut
government spending, loosen regulations on financial markets, and
lower taxes to spur job creation. The conservatives have stated
support for Spain's role in the EU but also have cautioned against
harming Spain's economy by moving too quickly to meet the criteria
for monetary union.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $565 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 3% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $14,300 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 33.6%
services: 62.8% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1995)
Labor force: 11.837 million
by occupation: services 59%, industry 21%, agriculture 11%,
construction 9% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: 22.8% (yearend 1995)
Budget:
revenues: $96.8 billion
expenditures: $122.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7
billion (1994 est.)
Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and
beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding,
automobiles, machine tools, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (1995 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 43,800,000 kW
production: 148 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 3,545 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets,
citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish catch of 1.4
million metric tons is among top 20 nations
Illicit drugs: key European gateway country for Latin American
cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market;
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
Exports: $85 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods,
foodstuffs, machinery
partners: EU 68.7%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1994)
Imports: $110 billion (c.i.f., 1995)
commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
partners: EU 60.9%, US 7.3%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle
East 6.2% (1994)
External debt: $90 billion (1993 est.)
Economic aid:
donor: ODA, $1.213 billion (1993)
Currency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 123.19 (January 1996),
124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91
(1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 14,343 km
broad gauge: 12,139 km 1.668-m gauge (6,510 km electrified; 2,295 km
double track)
standard gauge: 488 km 1.435-m gauge (488 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,716 km (privately owned: 1,669 km 1.000-m gauge, 489
km electrified; 28 km 0.914-m gauge, 28 km electrified; government
owned: 19 km 1.000-m gauge, all electrified)
Highways:
total: 331,961 km
paved: 328,641 km (including 2,700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,320 km (1991 est.)
Waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance
Pipelines: crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural
gas 1,666 km
Ports: Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de
la Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands),
Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Puerto de Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
(Canary Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo
Merchant marine:
total: 147 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 874,688 GRT/1,391,421
DWT
ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 36, chemical tanker 11, combination
ore/oil 1, container 8, liquefied gas tanker 4, oil tanker 25,
passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32,
short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 96
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 15
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 11
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 15
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 13
with paved runways under 914 m: 28
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 12 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 12.6 million (1990 est.)
Telephone system: generally adequate, modern facilities
domestic: NA
international: 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations
- 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat, NA
Inmarsat, and NA Marecs; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries
Radio broadcast stations: AM 190, FM 406 (repeaters 134),
shortwave 0
Radios: 12 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 100 (repeaters 1,297)
Televisions: 15.7 million (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National
Police, Coastal Civil Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 10,360,209
males fit for military service: 8,370,197
males reach military age (20) annually: 341,670 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.3 billion,
1.4% of GDP (1995)
======================================================================
@Spratly Islands
---------------
Map
---
Location: 8 38 N, 111 55 E -- Southeastern Asia, group of reefs in
the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern
Vietnam to the southern Philippines
Geography
---------
Location: Southeastern Asia, group of reefs in the South China
Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the
southern Philippines
Geographic coordinates: 8 38 N, 111 55 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total area: NA sq km but less than 5 sq km
land area: less than 5 sq km
comparative area: NA
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts
scattered over the South China Sea
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 926 km
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia
and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive
economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly
claimed the island
Climate: tropical
Terrain: flat
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m
Natural resources: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas
potential
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of
numerous reefs and shoals
international agreements: NA
Geographic note: strategically located near several primary
shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous
small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
People
------
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered
garrisons
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Spratly Islands
Data code: PG
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial
fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary
basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the
region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of
potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
Industries: none
Transportation
--------------
Ports: none
Airports:
total: 4
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: NA
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Defense note: about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by
China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
======================================================================
@Sri Lanka
---------
Map
---
Location: 7 00 N, 81 00 E -- Southern Asia, island in the Indian
Ocean, south of India
Flag
----
Description: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel
has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the
other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding
a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow
field appears as a border that goes around the entire flag and
extends between the two panels
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India
Geographic coordinates: 7 00 N, 81 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area:
total area: 65,610 sq km
land area: 64,740 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 1,340 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in
south-central interior
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems,
phosphates, clay
Land use:
arable land: 16%
permanent crops: 17%
meadows and pastures: 7%
forest and woodland: 37%
other: 23%
Irrigated land: 5,600 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by poaching; coastal degradation from mining activities
and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by
industrial wastes and sewage runoff
natural hazards: occasional cyclones and tornadoes
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands,
Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Marine Life Conservation
Geographic note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea
lanes
People
------
Population: 18,553,074 (July 1996 est.)
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and
armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand
Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly
115,000 were housed in refugee camps in south India, another 95,000
lived outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have
sought political asylum in the West
Age structure:
0-14 years: 28% (male 2,673,943; female 2,559,569)
15-64 years: 66% (male 6,023,759; female 6,171,964)
65 years and over: 6% (male 553,940; female 569,899) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.13% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 17.89 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 20.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.35 years
male: 69.77 years
female: 75.06 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.05 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher,
Malay, and Vedda 1%
Religions: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8%
Languages: Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil
(national language) 18%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about
10% of the population
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 90.2%
male: 93.4%
female: 87.2%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
former: Ceylon
Data code: CE
Type of government: republic
Capital: Colombo
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Central, North Central,
North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western
Independence: 4 February 1948 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)
Constitution: adopted 16 August 1978
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law,
Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Chandrika
Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994) was elected for a
six-year term by popular vote; note - Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE is the
prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both
the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in
contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between
the president and the prime minister when both offices exist;
election last held 9 November 1994 (next to be held NA November
2000); results - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (People's
Alliance) 62%, Srima DISSANAYAKE (United National Party) 37%, other
1%
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president in consultation with
the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament: elections last held 16 August 1994 (next to be held by
August 2000); results - PA 49.0%, UNP 44.0%, SLMC 1.8%, TULF 1.7%,
SLPF 1.1%, EPDP 0.3%, UPF 0.3%, PLOTE 0.1%, other 1.7%; seats - (225
total) PA 105, UNP 94, EPDP 9, SLMC 7, TULF 5, PLOTE 3, SLPF 1, UPF 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the
Judicial Service Commission
Political parties and leaders: All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC),
C. G. Kumar PONNAMBALAM; Ceylon Workers Congress (CLDC), S.
THONDAMAN; Communist Party, K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing
(CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic People's Liberation Front
(DPLF), leader NA; Democratic United National Front (DUNF), G. M.
PREMACHANDRA; Eelam People's Democratic Party (EPDP), Douglas
DEVANANDA; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRL),
Suresh PREMACHANDRAN; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students
(EROS), Shankar RAJI; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or
Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Liberal Party (LP),
Chanaka AMARATUNGA; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja
Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; People's Alliance (PA), Chandrika
Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA; People's Liberation Organization of Tamil
Eelam (PLOTE), Dharmalingam SIDARTHAN; People's United Front (MEP,
or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Sri Lanka Freedom
Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress
(SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF; Sri Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri
Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Sri Lanka Progressive
Front (SLPF), leader NA; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO),
leader NA; Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), M. SIVASITHAMBARAM;
United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Upcountry
People's Front (UPF), leader NA; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim
parties, represented in either parliament or provincial councils
note: the United Socialist Alliance (USA), which was formed in 1987
and included the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/B, was defunct as of
1993, following the formation of the People's Alliance Party (PA)
Other political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; other
radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups; Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese
Buddhist lay groups; labor unions
International organization participation: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP,
FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO