mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication
program; used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe and Latin America
Exports: $77.8 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and
wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
Imports: $57.9 billion (c.i.f., 1995)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines,
meat, grain, sugar, semifinished metal products
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
External debt: $130 billion (yearend 1995)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $2.8 billion (1993)
note: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-95), $14 billion
(1990-95); other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1990-95), $125 billion
Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 4,640 (29 December 1995), 3,550
(29 December 1994), 1,247 (27 December 1993)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service
(38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific industries and are
not available for common carrier use
broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)
Highways:
total: 934,000 km (including 445,000 km which serve specific
industries or farms and are not available for common carrier use)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1994 est.)
Waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km;
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900
km; routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)
Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km;
natural gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993)
Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse,
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg
Merchant marine:
total: 745 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,730,178
GRT/9,385,565 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 25, cargo 406, chemical tanker
6, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 17, container 31,
multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 134, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54,
short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2
note: Russia owns an additional 163 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 2,276,829 DWT operating under the registries of Malta,
Cyprus, Liberia, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduras,
The Bahamas, and Vanuatu (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 2,517
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 54
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 202
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 108
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 115
with paved runways under 914 m: 151
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 25
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 45
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 134
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 291
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,392 (1994 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 25.4 million (1993 est.)
Telephone system: total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100;
enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the
modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only
661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991,
and in 1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones
reached 11,000,000; expanded access to international electronic mail
service available via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian
telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially
with respect to international connections
domestic: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational
and growing in Moscow and St. Petersburg; intercity fiber-optic
cable installation remains limited
international: international traffic is inadequately handled by a
system of satellites, landlines, microwave radio relay, and outdated
submarine cables; much of this traffic passes through the
international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the
international traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States; a new Russian Intersputnik satellite will link
Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be
relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; satellite earth
stations - NA Intelsat, 4 Intersputnik (2 Atlantic Ocean Region and
2 Indian Ocean Region), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean
Region), and NA Orbita
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there
are about 1,050 (including AM, FM, and shortwave) radio broadcast
stations throughout the country
Radios: 50 million (1993 est.)(radio receivers with multiple
speaker systems for program diffusion 74,300,000)
Television broadcast stations: 7,183
Televisions: 54.85 million (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces,
Strategic Rocket Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 38,673,991
males fit for military service: 30,224,738
males reach military age (18) annually: 1,105,004 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
note: the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in
Russia fell by about 20% in real terms in 1995, reducing Russian
defense outlays to about one-fifth of peak Soviet levels in the late
1980s
======================================================================
@Rwanda
------
Map
---
Location: 2 00 S, 30 00 E -- Central Africa, east of Zaire
Flag
----
Description: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side),
yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to
the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
Geography
---------
Location: Central Africa, east of Zaire
Geographic coordinates: 2 00 S, 30 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 26,340 sq km
land area: 24,950 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km,
Zaire 217 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous
with altitude declining from west to east
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite
(tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 29%
permanent crops: 11%
meadows and pastures: 18%
forest and woodland: 10%
other: 32%
Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of
trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion
natural hazards: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains
are in the northwest along the border with Zaire
international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear
Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: landlocked; predominantly rural population
People
------
Population: 6,853,359 (July 1996 est.)
note: genocide and civil war in 1994 killed more than 1 million
Rwandans and forced more than 2 million to flee to neighboring
countries
Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 1,582,928; female 1,573,536)
15-64 years: 51% (male 1,734,716; female 1,772,722)
65 years and over: 3% (male 78,854; female 110,603) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 16.49% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 38.83 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 20.33 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 146.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: since April 1994, more than two million refugees have fled the
civil strife between the Hutu and Tutsi factions in Rwanda and
crossed into Zaire, Burundi, and Tanzania; close to 800,000 Rwandan
Tutsis who fled civil strife in earlier years have returned to
Rwanda, and 90,000 of the Hutu refugees are going home despite the
perceived danger of doing so; the ethnic violence continues and in
1996 could produce further refugee flows as well as discourage
returns
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 118.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.12 years
male: 39.72 years
female: 40.53 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.99 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: Hutu 80%, Tutsi 19%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
indigenous beliefs and other 25%
Languages: Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili
(Swahili) used in commercial centers
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 60.5%
male: 69.8%
female: 51.6%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form: Rwanda
local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form: Rwanda
Data code: RW
Type of government: republic; presidential system
Capital: Kigali
Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular -
prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in
Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi,
Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN
trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution: 18 June 1991
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and
customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Pasteur BIZIMUNGU (since 19 July 1994);
installed by force by the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front; no date set
for elections; president is normally elected for a five-year term by
universal suffrage; Vice President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (since NA)
head of government: Prime Minister Celestin RWIGEMA (since NA
September 1995) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): sworn in on 25 November
1994; seats - (70 total) RPF 19, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, PSR
2, PDI 2, other 2
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, consists of the Court of
Cassation and the Council of State in joint session
Political parties and leaders: significant parties include:
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Alexis KANYARENGWE, chairman;
Democratic Republican Movement (MDR); Liberal Party (PL); Democratic
and Socialist Party (PSD); Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Islamic
Democratic Party (PDI); Rwandan Socialist Party (PSR); National
Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), former ruling party
Other political or pressure groups: Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA),
the RPF military wing, Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander; Rally for
the Democracy and Return (RDR)
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Theogene RUDASINGWA
chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert GRIBBIN III
embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone: [250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47
FAX: [250] 721 28
Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses
the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Rwanda is a poor African nation suffering
bitterly from ethnic-based civil war. The agricultural sector
dominates the economy; coffee and tea normally make up 80%-90% of
total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and
deforestation and soil erosion continue to create problems.
Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural
products. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the
economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural
adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990.
Ethnic-based insurgency since 1990 has devastated wide areas,
especially in the north, and displaced hundreds of thousands of
people. A peace accord in mid-1993 temporarily ended most of the
fighting, but resumption of large-scale civil warfare in April 1994
in the capital city Kigali and elsewhere has been taking thousands
of lives and severely affecting short-term economic prospects. The
economy suffers massively from failure to maintain the
infrastructure, looting, neglect of important cash crops, and lack
of health care facilities. GDP in 1994 may have dropped by as much
as half. The further decline of GDP in 1995 was much smaller and was
more than offset by aid from the outside. Because of the severe
damage to real property and the decline in public discipline,
recovery of domestic production toward previous levels is proceeding
slowly.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $3.8 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -2.7% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $400 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 52%
industry: 13%
services: 35% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 64% (1994 est.)
Labor force: 3.6 million
by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry
and commerce 2%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite
(tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale
beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods,
textiles, cigarettes
Industrial production growth rate: -50% (1994 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 60,000 kW
production: 190 million kWh
consumption per capita: 23 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock
Exports: $52 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: coffee 63%, tea, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
Imports: $37 million (1994 est.)
commodities: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital
goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan
External debt: $873 million (1993 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
note: in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment
Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46
million and the US $25 million in support of this program (1993)
Currency: 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 401.27 (2nd quarter
1994), 168.20 (1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 13,173 km
paved: 1,186 km
unpaved: 11,987 km (1990 est.)
Waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native
craft
Ports: Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye
Airports:
total: 7
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 3
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 6,400 (1983 est.)
Telephone system: telephone system does not provide service to the
general public but is intended for business and government use
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the
prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network
depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
international: international connections employ microwave radio
relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more
distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0
Radios: 630,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,582,656
males fit for military service: 805,722 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $112.5 million,
7% of GDP (1992)
======================================================================
@Saint Helena
------------
(dependent territory of the UK)
Map
---
Location: 15 56 S, 5 42 W -- Southern Africa, island in the South
Atlantic Ocean, west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way from
South America to Africa
Flag
----
Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean,
west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way from South America to
Africa
Geographic coordinates: 15 56 S, 5 42 W
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 410 sq km
land area: 410 sq km
comparative area: nearly two times the size of Washington, DC
note: includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island,
Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 60 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak 2,060 m
Natural resources: fish
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 7%
forest and woodland: 3%
other: 83%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
international agreements: NA
Geographic note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial
(his remains were taken to Paris in 1840); harbors at least 40
species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world; Ascension is a
breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns
People
------
Population: 6,782 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.31% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 9.39 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 35.14 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.34 years
male: 73.28 years
female: 77.16 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.12 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian
Ethnic divisions: NA
Religions: Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
Roman Catholic
Languages: English
Literacy: age 20 and over can read and write (1987 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Helena
Data code: SH
Type of government: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Jamestown
Administrative divisions: 1 administrative area and 2
dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha*
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10
June 1989 (second Saturday in June)
Constitution: 1 January 1989
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: NA years of age
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the UK since 6 February 1952)
is a hereditary monarch
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David Leslie
SMALLMAN (since NA 1995)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, three
ex-officio officers, and five elected members of the Legislative
Council
Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held NA July 1993 (next to be
held NA); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (15 total, 12
elected) independents 15
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: ICFTU
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The economy depends primarily on financial
assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from
fishing, the raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because
there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to
seek employment overseas.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $NA
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 2,416 (1991 est.)
by occupation: professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%,
managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%,
farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process
workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987)
note: a large proportion of the work force has left to seek
employment overseas
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY92/93)
Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 9,800 kW
production: 10 million kWh
consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being
developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
Exports: $27,400 (f.o.b., FY92/93)
commodities: fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
partners: South Africa, UK
Imports: $9.8 million (c.i.f., FY92/93)
commodities: food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,
building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
partners: UK, South Africa
External debt: $NA
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Saint Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence
Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1 - 0.6535
(January 1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664
(1992), 0.5652 (1991); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par
with the British pound
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: NA km (mainland 118 km, Ascension NA km, Tristan da Cunha NA
km)
paved: 180.7 km (mainland 98 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha
2.70 km)
unpaved: NA km (mainland 20 km, Ascension NA km, Tristan da Cunha NA
km)