domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay,
and tropospheric scatter links
international: submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations
- 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean
Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 3, shortwave 0
Radios: 2.565 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 36)
Televisions: 260,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Popular Armed Forces (includes Intervention Forces,
Development Forces, Aeronaval Forces - includes Navy and Air Force),
Gendarmerie, Presidential Security Regiment
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 3,103,022
males fit for military service: 1,843,732
males reach military age (20) annually: 132,146 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.0%
of GDP (1994)
======================================================================
@Malawi
------
Map
---
Location: 13 30 S, 34 00 E -- Southern Africa, east of Zambia
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and
green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, east of Zambia
Geographic coordinates: 13 30 S, 34 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 118,480 sq km
land area: 94,080 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries:
total: 2,881 km
border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in
Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
Climate: tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)
Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded
hills, some mountains
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international boundary
with Mozambique 37 m
highest point: Mount Mlanje Sapitwa 3,002 m
Natural resources: limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium,
coal, and bauxite
Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 20%
forest and woodland: 50%
other: 5%
Irrigated land: 200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: deforestation; land degradation; water pollution
from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of
spawning grounds endangers fish populations
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: landlocked
People
------
Population: 9,452,844 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 2,189,223; female 2,168,317)
15-64 years: 51% (male 2,371,518; female 2,472,245)
65 years and over: 3% (male 107,701; female 143,840) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.71% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 41.56 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 24.48 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: the return of refugees to Mozambique is apparently complete
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 139.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 36.16 years
male: 35.87 years
female: 36.46 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.91 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Malawian(s)
adjective: Malawian
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga,
Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European
Religions: Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%,
traditional indigenous beliefs
Languages: English (official), Chichewa (official), other
languages important regionally
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 56.4%
male: 71.9%
female: 41.8%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
conventional short form: Malawi
former: Nyasaland
Data code: MI
Type of government: multiparty democracy
Capital: Lilongwe
Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa,
Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe,
Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba,
Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima,
Thyolo, Zomba
Independence: 6 July 1964 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day 6 July (1964); Republic Day 6
July (1966)
Constitution: 18 May 1995; most recent revision
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Bakili MULUZI
(since 21 May 1994), leader of the UDF, was elected for a five-year
term by universal suffrage
cabinet: Cabinet was named by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly: elections last held 17 May 1994 (next to be held
NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total)
UDF 84, AFORD 33, MCP 55, others 5; note - because of defections and
a bi-election of 18 December 1995, the seats in the National
Assembly were held at the end of the year as follows: UDF 87, MCP
55, AFORD 35
note: the constitution of 18 May 1995, in addition to reducing the
age at which universal suffrage is conferred from 21 to 18 years,
provided for a bicameral legislature; by 1999, in addition to the
existing National Assembly, a Senate of 80 seats is to be elected
Judicial branch: High Court; Supreme Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party: United Democratic Front (UDF), Bakili MULUZI
opposition groups: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Green MUNLO,
secretary general (top party position); Alliance for Democracy
(AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; Christian Democratic Party (CDP), Eston
KAKHOME, president; Malawi Democratic Party (MDP), Kampelo KALUA,
president
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADC, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Willie CHOKANI
chancery: 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 797-1007
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Peter R. CHAVEAS
embassy: address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe
mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
telephone: [265] 783 166
FAX: [265] 780 471
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green
with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least
developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with
about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture
accounts for 31% of GDP and 90% of export revenues. The economy
depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF,
the World Bank, and individual donor nations. The new government
faces strong challenges, e.g., to spur exports, to improve
educational and health facilities, and to deal with environmental
problems of deforestation and erosion. Drought hurt the 1994
economy, with GDP down by 12.4%. Good weather and a strong tobacco
crop resulted in an upturn in 1995. In December 1995, donors pledged
$332 million in aid for 1996.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $6.9 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 9.9% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $700 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 31%
industry: 14%
services: 55% (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 83.3% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 428,000 wage earners
by occupation: agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services
15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other
permanently employed 6% (1986)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $530 million
expenditures: $674 million, including capital expenditures of $129
million (1993)
Industries: tea, tobacco, sugar, sawmill products, cement,
consumer goods
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (1992 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 190,000 kW
production: 905 million kWh (1993)
consumption per capita: 92 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes,
cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats
Exports: $365 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products
partners: US, South Africa, Germany, Japan (1994)
Imports: $240 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer
goods, transportation equipment
partners: South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe
External debt: $1.95 billion (December 1994 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: in December 1995, donors pledged for 1996, $332 million
Currency: 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala
Exchange rates: Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 16.3516 (November
1995), 8.7364 (1994), 4.4028 (1993), 3.6033 (1992), 2.8033 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 789 km
narrow gauge: 789 km 1.067-m gauge
Highways:
total: 27,294 km (1990 est.)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km
Ports: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota
Airports:
total: 41
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4
with paved runways under 914 m: 20
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 14 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 43,000 (1985 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and radiotelephone communications stations
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 0
Radios: 1.011 million (1995)
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1987 est.)
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Branches: Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police
(includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 2,106,905
males fit for military service: 1,076,788 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $10.4 million,
NA% of GDP (FY94/95)
======================================================================
@Malaysia
--------
Map
---
Location: 2 30 N, 112 30 E -- Southeastern Asia, peninsula and
northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia and
the South China Sea, south of Vietnam
Flag
----
Description: 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating
with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow
fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional
symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US
Geography
---------
Location: Southeastern Asia, peninsula and northern one-third of
the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia and the South China Sea,
south of Vietnam
Geographic coordinates: 2 30 N, 112 30 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total area: 329,750 sq km
land area: 328,550 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
Land boundaries:
total: 2,669 km
border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km
Coastline: 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia
2,607 km)
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;
specified boundary in the South China Sea
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the
Spratly Islands with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and
possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by the Philippines; Brunei
may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides Brunei into
two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two islands in
dispute with Indonesia
Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and
northeast (October to February) monsoons
Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kinabalu 4,100 m
Natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore,
natural gas, bauxite
Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 10%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 63%
other: 24%
Irrigated land: 3,420 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: air pollution from industrial and vehicular
emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation
natural hazards: flooding
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Whaling; signed, but not ratified -
Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic location along Strait of Malacca and
southern South China Sea
People
------
Population: 19,962,893 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 36% (male 3,684,510; female 3,483,893)
15-64 years: 60% (male 5,996,369; female 6,017,327)
65 years and over: 4% (male 342,742; female 438,052) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.07% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 26.2 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.49 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.75 years
male: 66.82 years
female: 72.89 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.27 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Malaysian(s)
adjective: Malaysian
Ethnic divisions: Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%,
Indian 9%
Religions:
Peninsular Malaysia: Muslim (Malays), Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu
(Indians)
Sabah: Muslim 38%, Christian 17%, other 45%
Sarawak: tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim
20%, Christian 16%, other 5%
Languages:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official), English, Chinese dialects,
Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin
and Hakka dialects predominate)
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 83.5%
male: 89.1%
female: 78.1%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Malaysia
former: Malayan Union
Data code: MY
Type of government: constitutional monarchy
note: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by
the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular
Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where
governors are appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers
of state governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah -
self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives,
with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers
delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing state,
holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs,
defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal
government
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
Administrative divisions: 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular -
negeri) and 2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan,
singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*,
Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah,
Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*
Independence: 31 August 1957 (from UK)
National holiday: National Day, 31 August (1957)
Constitution: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of
the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Paramount Ruler TUANKU JA'AFAR ibni Al-Marhum Tuanku
Abdul Rahman (since 26 April 1994) and Deputy Paramount Ruler Sultan
TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin
Alam Shah (since 26 April 1994) were elected for five-year terms by
and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since
16 July 1981) was appointed by the paramount ruler; Deputy Prime
Minister ANWAR bin Ibrahim (since 1 December 1993)
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the paramount ruler from among the
members of Parliament
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlimen)
Senate (Dewan Negara): elected members serve six-year terms;
elections last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (58 total, 32 appointed by the paramount
ruler and 26 elected by the state legislatures) seats by party NA
House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat): members elected for
five-year terms; elections last held NA April 1995 (next to be held
NA 2000); results - National Front 63%, other 37%; seats - (192
total) National Front 162, DAP 9, PBS 8, PAS 7, Semangat'46 6
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges appointed by the paramount
ruler
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 13 political
parties dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO
Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA),
LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian
Indian Congress (MIC), S. Samy VELLU; Spirit of '46 (Semangat '46),
Tengku Tan Sri RAZALEIGH, president
Sabah: National Front, SALLEH Said Keruak, Sabah Chief Minister,
Sakaran DANDAI, head of Sabah State; United Sabah National
Organizaton (USNO), leader NA; Sabah United Party (Parti Bersatu
Sabah, PBS), Datuk Seri Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party
Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB
Mahmud; Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG
Soon Kai; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG;
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo MOGGIE; major opposition
parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM Kit Siang and
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR
International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C,
CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM III,
UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador DALI Mahmud Hashim
chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 483-7661
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador John R. MALOTT
embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur
mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur, APO AP
96535-8152
telephone: [60] (3) 2489011
FAX: [60] (3) 2422207
Flag: 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star;
the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the
design was based on the flag of the US
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private
enterprise and public management, has posted a remarkable record of
9% average annual growth in 1988-95. The official growth target for
1996 is 8.3%. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in
poverty and a marked rise in real wages. Manufactured goods exports
expanded rapidly, and foreign investors continued to commit large
sums in the economy. The government is aware of the inflationary
potential of this rapid development and is closely monitoring fiscal
and monetary policies.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $193.6 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 9.5% (1995)
GDP per capita: $9,800 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 8%
industry: 25%
services: 67%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (1995)
Labor force: 7.627 million (1993)
Unemployment rate: 2.8% (1995 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $20.2 billion
expenditures: $19.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.8
billion (1995 est.)
Industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining,
logging
Industrial production growth rate: 12% (1994)
Electricity:
capacity: 6,700,000 kW
production: 31 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,528 kWh (1993)
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, palm oil, rice
Sabah: subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconut, rice
Sarawak: rubber, pepper; timber
Illicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to
the US, Western Europe, and the Third World despite severe penalties
for drug trafficking
Exports: $72 billion (1995)
commodities: electronic equipment, petroleum and petroleum products,
palm oil, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles
partners: Singapore 21%, US 20%, Japan 12%, UK 4%, Thailand 4%,
Germany 3% (1994)
Imports: $72.2 billion (1995)
commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, food, petroleum
products
partners: Japan 26%, US 17%, Singapore 14%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4%,
UK 3%, South Korea 3% (1993)
External debt: $27.4 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $45 million (1993)
Currency: 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen
Exchange rates: ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.5567 (January 1996),
2.5044 (1995), 2.6243 (1994), 2.5741 (1993), 2.5474 (1992), 2.7501
(1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 1,806 km (Peninsular Malaysia 1,672 km; Sabah 134 km; Sarawak
0 km)
narrow gauge: 1,806 km 1.000-m gauge (Peninsular Malaysia 1,672 km;
Sabah 134 km)
Highways:
total: 92,545 km
paved: 69,409 km (including 574 km of expressways)
unpaved: 23,136 km (1992 est.)
Waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km
Sabah: 1,569 km
Sarawak: 2,518 km
Pipelines: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Ports: Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Labuan,
Lumut, Miri, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Dickson, Port Kelang,
Sandakan, Sibu, Tanjong Berhala, Tanjong Kidurong, Tawau
Merchant marine:
total: 248 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,035,684
GRT/4,494,476 DWT
ships by type: bulk 43, cargo 83, chemical tanker 13, container 31,
liquefied gas tanker 12, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 55,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 4
(1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 105
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 11
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 6
with paved runways under 914 m: 74
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)