capacity: 330,000 kW
production: 440 million kWh
consumption per capita: 143 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: rubber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), palm
oil, sugarcane, bananas; sheep, goats; timber
Illicit drugs: increasingly a transshipment point for heroin and
cocaine
Exports: $530 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee
partners: US, EC, Netherlands, Singapore
Imports: NA (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation
equipment, manufactured goods; rice and other foodstuffs
partners: US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS, South Korea
External debt: $1.9 billion (1993 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.0000
(officially fixed rate since 1940); market exchange rate of US$1 -
L$50 (October 1995), L$7 (January 1992), market rate floats against
the US dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 490 km (single track); note - three rail systems owned and
operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction
with Liberian Government; one of these, the Lamco Railroad, closed
in 1989 after iron ore production ceased; the other two have been
shut down by the civil war
standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge
Highways:
total: 10,029 km
paved: 600 km
unpaved: 9,429 km (1987 est.)
Ports: Buchanan, Greenville, Harper, Monrovia
Merchant marine:
total: 1,601 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,449,296
GRT/98,819,081 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 411, cargo 121, chemical tanker
108, combination bulk 28, combination ore/oil 56, container 143,
liquefied gas tanker 77, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil
tanker 463, passenger 42, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 64,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 23, short-sea passenger 4, specialized tanker
9, vehicle carrier 48
note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships from 59
countries among which are US 253, Japan 172, Norway 165, Germany
149, Greece 137, Hong Kong 114, UK 78, China 49, Monaco 41, and
Cyprus 34 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 39
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 29
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 6 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: less than 25,000 (1991 est.)
Telephone system: telephone and telegraph service via microwave
radio relay network; main center is Monrovia; most
telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency movement
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 622,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 5 (1987 est.)
Televisions: 51,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: NA; the ultimate structure of the Liberian military
force will depend on who is the victor in the ongoing civil war
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 479,274
males fit for military service: 256,200 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 million, 2.9%
of GDP (1993)
======================================================================
@Libya
-----
Map
---
Location: 25 00 N, 17 00 E -- Northern Africa, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia
Flag
----
Description: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam
(the state religion)
Geography
---------
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea,
between Egypt and Tunisia
Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 17 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 1,759,540 sq km
land area: 1,759,540 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total: 4,383 km
border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km,
Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
Coastline: 1,770 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32 degrees 30 minutes north
International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
ruled in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between
Chad and Libya belongs to Chad and that Libya must withdraw from it
by 31 May 1994; Libya has withdrawn some of its forces in response
to the ICJ ruling, but still maintains part of the airfield and a
small military presence at the airfield's water supply located in
Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; claims part of
northern Niger and part of southeastern Algeria
Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus,
depressions
lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 8%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 90%
Irrigated land: 2,420 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: desertification; very limited natural fresh water
resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water
development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from
large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind
lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
international agreements: party to - Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea
People
------
Population: 5,445,436 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 1,319,696; female 1,274,865)
15-64 years: 49% (male 1,375,441; female 1,308,613)
65 years and over: 3% (male 87,434; female 79,387) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.67% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 44.42 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.04 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 59.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.67 years
male: 62.48 years
female: 66.97 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.26 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan
Ethnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians,
Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Religions: Sunni Muslim 97%
Languages: Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in
the major cities
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 76.2%
male: 87.9%
female: 63%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
conventional short form: Libya
local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah
al Ishtirakiyah
local short form: none
Data code: LY
Type of government: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory,
governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military
dictatorship
Capital: Tripoli
Administrative divisions: 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular -
baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al
Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari,
Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq,
Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan
note: the 25 muncipalities may have been replaced by 1,500 communes
in 1992
Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law;
separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969) was elected by the General
People's Congress
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Premier) Abd al Majid al-QA'UD (since 29 January 1994)
cabinet: General People's Committee was established by the General
People's Congress
note: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
peoples' committees
Legislative branch: unicameral
General People's Congress: national elections are indirect through a
hierarchy of peoples' committees
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist
movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning
clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL,
AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO,
ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in US: Libya does not have an embassy in
the US
US diplomatic representation: the US suspended all embassy
activities in Tripoli on 2 May 1980
Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
state religion)
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends
primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contributes
practically all export earnings and about one-third of GDP. In 1990
per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but subsequently
GDP growth has slowed on average and has fluctuated sharply in
response to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and
inefficient resource allocations have led to periodic shortages of
basic goods and foodstuffs. The nonoil manufacturing and
construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have
expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the
production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Although
agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it employs 18% of the labor
force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm
output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food requirements. The UN
sanctions imposed in April 1992 have not yet had a major impact on
the economy because Libya's oil revenues generate sufficient foreign
exchange to sustain imports of food, consumer goods, and equipment
for the oil industry and ongoing development projects.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $32.9 billion (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -0.9% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $6,510 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1993 est.)
Labor force: 1 million (includes about 280,000 resident foreigners)
by occupation: industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%,
agriculture 18%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $8.1 billion
expenditures: $9.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1
billion (1989 est.)
Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts,
cement
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 4,600,000 kW
production: 16.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 3,078 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables,
peanuts; meat, eggs
Exports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas
partners: Italy, Germany, Spain, France, UK, Turkey, Greece, Egypt
Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods
partners: Italy, Germany, UK, France, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia,
Eastern Europe
External debt: $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.3617 (January
1996), 0.3532 (1995), 0.3596 (1994), 0.3250 (1993), 0.3013 (1992),
0.2684 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
note: Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all
previous systems having been dismantled; current plans are to
construct a 1.435-m standard gauge line from the Tunisian frontier
to Tripoli and Misratah, then inland to Sabha, center of a
mineral-rich area, but there has been no progress; other plans made
jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line from As Sallum,
Egypt, to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994; no progress has
been reported
Highways:
total: 19,189 km
paved: 10,738 km
unpaved: 8,451 km (1987 est.)
Waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes
liquefied petroleum gas 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Ports: Al Khums, Banghazi, Darnah, Marsa al Burayqah, Misratah,
Ra's Lanuf, Tobruk, Tripoli, Zuwarah
Merchant marine:
total: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 686,834 GRT/1,209,263
DWT
ships by type: cargo 10, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas tanker 2,
oil tanker 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, short-sea passenger 4
note: Libya owns an additional 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
38,260 DWT operating under the registries of Algeria and Turkey
(1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 130
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 24
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 22
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 6
with paved runways under 914 m: 13
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 4
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 15
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 38 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 370,000
Telephone system: modern telecommunications system
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric
scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); planned Arabsat and Intersputnik
satellite earth stations; submarine cables to France and Italy;
microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to
Greece; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 3, shortwave 0
Radios: 1 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 12 (1987 est.)
Televisions: 500,000 (1993 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (includes
Army, Navy, and Air and Air Defense Command), Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,170,100
males fit for military service: 696,288
males reach military age (17) annually: 56,834 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion,
6.1% of GDP (1994 est.)
======================================================================
@Liechtenstein
-------------
Map
---
Location: 47 10 N, 9 32 E -- Central Europe, between Austria and
Switzerland
Flag
----
Description: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with
a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band
Geography
---------
Location: Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland
Geographic coordinates: 47 10 N, 9 32 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total area: 160 sq km
land area: 160 sq km
comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
total: 78 km
border countries: Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: claims 1,600 square kilometers of Czech
territory confiscated from its royal family in 1918; the Czech
Republic insists that restitution does not go back before February
1948, when the communists seized power
Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or
rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western
third
lowest point: Ruggleller Riet 430 m
highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m
Natural resources: hydroelectric potential
Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 38%
forest and woodland: 19%
other: 18%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed,
but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Law of
the Sea
Geographic note: landlocked; variety of microclimatic variations
based on elevation
People
------
Population: 31,122 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 19% (male 2,961; female 2,871)
15-64 years: 70% (male 10,775; female 11,113)
65 years and over: 11% (male 1,366; female 2,036) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.08% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 11.47 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 6.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.14 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.84 years
male: 75.92 years
female: 82.17 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.37 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Liechtensteiner(s)
adjective: Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
Religions: Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%,
other 2.8% (1988)
Languages: German (official), Alemannic dialect
Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1981 est.)
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein
conventional short form: Liechtenstein
local long form: Furstentum Liechtenstein
local short form: Liechtenstein
Data code: LS
Type of government: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Administrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden, singular -
gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell,
Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
Independence: 23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of
Liechtenstein established)
National holiday: Assumption Day, 15 August
Constitution: 5 October 1921
Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, who is
a hereditary monarch, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir
Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968)
head of government: Mario FRICK (since 15 December 1993) and Deputy
Head of Government Dr. Thomas BUECHEL (since 15 December 1993) were
elected by the Landtag for a four-year term and confirmed by the
prince
cabinet: Cabinet was elected by the Diet; confirmed by the prince
Legislative branch: unicameral
Diet (Landtag): elections last held on 24 October 1993 (next to be
held by March 1997); results - VU 50.1%, FBP 41.3%, FL 8.5%; seats -
(25 total) VU 13, FBP 11, FL 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal
cases; Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Oswald
KRANTZ; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Otmar HASLER; The Free
List (FL)
International organization participation: CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA,
IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: Liechtenstein does not have an
embassy in the US, but is represented by the Swiss embassy in
routine diplomatic matters
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in
Liechtenstein, but the US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has
consular accreditation in Vaduz
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold
crown on the hoist side of the blue band
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Despite its small size and limited natural
resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly
industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital service sector
and living standards on par with the urban areas of its large
European neighbors. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 18%
- and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000 holding or
so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in
Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country
participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss
franc as its national currency. Liechtenstein plans to join the
European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between
EFTA and EU) in 1995.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $630 million (1990 est.)
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $22,300 (1990 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1990)
Labor force: 20,000 of which 12,000 are foreigners; 6,885 commute
from Austria and Switzerland to work each day
by occupation: industry, trade, and building 48.1%, services 50.2%,
agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.7% (1993)
Unemployment rate: 0.9% (1995)
Budget:
revenues: $455 million
expenditures: $442 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics,
pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 23,000 kW
production: 150 million kWh
consumption per capita: 5,230 kWh (1992)
Agriculture: vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes; livestock
Exports: $1.636 billion (1993)
commodities: small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps,
hardware, pottery
partners: EC countries 42.7%, EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland
15.4%), other 36.4% (1990)
Imports: $NA
commodities: machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor
vehicles
partners: NA
External debt: $NA
Economic aid: none
Currency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes,
rappen, or centesimi
Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 -
1.1810 (January 1996), 1.1825 (1995), 1.3677 (1994), 1.4776 (1993),
1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 18.5 km; note - owned, operated, and included in statistics
of Austrian Federal Railways
standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified)
Highways:
total: 238 km
paved: 238 km
unpaved: 0 km (1986 est.)
Ports: none
Airports: none
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 18,916 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: limited, but sufficient automatic telephone
system
domestic: NA
international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio
relay
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: linked to Swiss networks
Radios: 11,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: NA
note: linked to Swiss networks
Televisions: 10,620 (1993 est.)
Defense
-------
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of Switzerland
======================================================================
@Lithuania
---------
Map
---
Location: 56 00 N, 24 00 E -- Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic
Sea, between Latvia and Russia
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green,
and red
Geography
---------
Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia
and Russia