Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar
and Mozambique
Flag
----
Description: the flag of France is used
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about
one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique
Geographic coordinates: 17 03 S, 42 45 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 4.4 sq km
land area: 4.4 sq km
comparative area: about seven times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24.1 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth the of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claimed by Madagascar
Climate: tropical
Terrain: NA
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 10 m
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 90%
other: 10%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: periodic cyclones
international agreements: NA
Geographic note: wildlife sanctuary
People
------
Population: uninhabited
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Juan de Nova
Data code: JU
Type of government: French possession administered by Commissioner
of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion
Independence: none (possession of France)
Flag: the flag of France is used
Economy
-------
Economic overview: no economic activity
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: NA km; short line going to a jetty
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
total: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Defense
-------
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of France
======================================================================
@Kazakstan
---------
Map
---
Location: 48 00 N, 68 00 E -- Central Asia, northwest of China
Flag
----
Description: sky blue background representing the endless sky and
a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the
center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow
Geography
---------
Location: Central Asia, northwest of China
Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total area: 2,717,300 sq km
land area: 2,669,800 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 12,012 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846
km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
note: Kazakstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea
(1,894 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
determined
Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid
Terrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from
the plains in western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Zhengis Shingy 7,439 m
Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore,
manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead,
zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use:
arable land: 15%
permanent crops: NEGL%
meadows and pastures: 57%
forest and woodland: 4%
other: 24%
Irrigated land: 23,080 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with
its former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout
the country and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial
pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers
which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it
is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical
pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by
the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the
Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals
and salinization from faulty irrigation practices
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Geographic note: landlocked
People
------
Population: 16,916,463 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 30% (male 2,576,204; female 2,486,937)
15-64 years: 63% (male 5,203,035; female 5,451,404)
65 years and over: 7% (male 384,341; female 814,542) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.15% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 19.02 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -10.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.93 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 63.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.09 years
male: 58.56 years
female: 69.9 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.36 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Kazakstani(s)
adjective: Kazakstani
Ethnic divisions: Kazak (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian
5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official
data)
Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other
7%
Languages: Kazak (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of
population, Russian (language of interethnic communication) spoken
by two-thirds of population and used in everyday business
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 96%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakstan
conventional short form: Kazakstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: KZ
Type of government: republic
Capital: Almaty
Administrative divisions: 19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1
city (qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty Qalasy*, Almaty Oblysy,
Aqmola Oblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy
(Oral), Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy,
Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Semey Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan
Oblysy (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan
Oblysy (Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy, Zhambyl
Oblysy, Zhezqazghan Oblysy
note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name
differs from oblys name
Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution: adopted 28 January 1993; has been amended in April
1995 and August 1995
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since 22 February
1990) was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet 22 February 1990,
and president by popular election 1 December 1991; was elected for a
five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 1 December
1991 (next to be held NA 2000); results - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV
ran unopposed; note - President NAZARBAYEV's term was extended to
the year 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995
head of government: Prime Minister Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since 12
October 1994) and First Deputy Prime Ministers Nigmatzhan ISINGARIN
(since 12 October 1994) were appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister
note: President NAZARBAYEV has expanded his presidential powers by
decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and
dismiss the government, dissolve parliament, call referenda at his
discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
Senate: elections (indirect) last held 5 December 1995 (next to be
held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47
total) "independent" state officials 25, progovernment parties 11,
other parties 2, vacant 9 (of which 7 are to be nominated by the
president)
Majilis: elections last held 9 December and 23 December 1995 (next
to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total)
seats by party NA; note - 172 candidates were forwarded by parties
and social organizations and 113 candidates were independents
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: ALASH party; People's Unity Party
(PUP; was Union of People's Unity), Akhan BIZHANOV, chairman;
Democratic Party, Tulegen ZHUKEYEV and Altynbek SARSENBAYEV,
cochairmen; People's Congress of Kazakstan (PCK), Olzhas SULEYMENOV,
chairman; Socialist Party of Kazakstan (SPK; former Communist
Party), Petr SVOIK, chairman; Communist Party, Baidabek TULEPBAYEV;
National Democratic Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman; AZAT party,
Khasen KOZH-AKHMET, chairman; Confederation of Trade Unions of the
Republic of Kazakstan; Peasant Union of the Republic Kazakstan
(KPU); Slavic Movement LAD, Aleksandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman; Party
for Social Justice and Economic Revival "Tagibat"; Social Democratic
Party, Dos KUSHIMOV, cochairman; People's Cooperative Party, Umirzak
SARSENOV, chairman; Organization of Veterans; Republican Party
Other political or pressure groups: Independent Trade Union
Center, Leonid SOLOMIN, president; Kazakstani-American Bureau on
Human Rights, Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director; Democratic
Committee on Human Rights; Independent Miners Union
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD,
ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bolat NURGALIYEV
chancery: (temporary) 3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-4504 through 4507
FAX: [1] (202) 333-4509
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador A. Elizabeth JONES
embassy: 99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakstan 480012
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3272) 63-39-05, 63-13-75, 63-24-26
FAX: [7] (3272) 63-29-42
Flag: sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold
sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center;
on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Kazakstan, the second largest of the former
Soviet states in territory, possesses enormous untapped fossil-fuel
reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals.
It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe
lands accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kazakstan's
industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these
natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building
sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors,
agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the
USSR and the collapse of demand for Kazakstan's traditional heavy
industry products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the
economy since 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in
1994. The government has pursued a moderate program of economic
reform and privatization, resulting in a gradual lifting of state
controls over economic activity and a shifting of assets into the
private sector. Nevertheless, government control over key sectors of
the economy remains strong. Moreover, continued lack of pipeline
transportation for expanded oil exports has closed off a likely
source of economic recovery.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $46.9 billion (1995 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)
GDP real growth rate: -8.9% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,700 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 28.5%
industry: 41.5%
services: 30% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60.3% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 7.356 million
by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and
forestry 26%, other 43% (1992)
Unemployment rate: 1.4% includes only officially registered
unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers (September
1995 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron
and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural
machinery, electric motors, construction materials; much of
industrial capacity is shut down and/or is in need of repair
Industrial production growth rate: -8% (1995)
Electricity:
capacity: 17,380,000 kW
production: 65.7 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 3,700 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture: grain, mostly spring wheat, cotton; wool, meat
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for CIS consumption; government eradication program; used as
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and North
America from Southwest Asia
Exports: $5.1 billion (1995)
commodities: oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain,
wool, meat, coal
partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports: $3.9 billion (1995)
commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas
partners: Russia and other former Soviet republics, China
External debt: $2.5 billion (of which $1.3 billion to Russia)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
note: commitments, 1992-95, $4,780 million ($1,795 million
disbursements)
Currency: national currency, the tenge, introduced on 15 November
1993
Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 64 (yearend 1995), 54 (yearend
1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 13,841 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 13,841 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1992)
Highways:
total: 87,873 km public roads
paved: 82,568 km
unpaved: 5,305 km (1994)
Waterways: 4,002 km on the Syrdariya River and Ertis River
Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural
gas 3,480 km (1992)
Ports: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Airports:
total: 352
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 7
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 23
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 11
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5
with paved runways under 914 m: 9
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 9
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 8
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 25
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 65
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 190 (1994 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 2.2 million
Telephone system: service is poor
domestic: landline and microwave radio relay
international: international traffic with other former Soviet
republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay
and with other countries by satellite and through 8 international
telecommunications circuits at the Moscow international gateway
switch; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and a new satellite
earth station established at Almaty of unknown type
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios: 4.088 million (with multiple speakers for program
diffusion 6.082 million)
Television broadcast stations: NA; Orbita (TV receive only) earth
station
Televisions: 4.75 million
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard,
Security Forces (internal and border troops); Kazakstan may also be
establishing a maritime force - navy or coast guard - on the Caspian
Sea
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 4,399,356
males fit for military service: 3,516,583
males reach military age (18) annually: 154,750 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: 18.9 billion tenges, NA% of GDP (1995); note
- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
current exchange rate could produce misleading results
======================================================================
@Kenya
-----
Map
---
Location: 1 00 N, 38 00 E -- Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian
Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and
green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield
covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
Geography
---------
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between
Somalia and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 582,650 sq km
land area: 569,250 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries:
total: 3,446 km
border countries: Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km,
Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does
not coincide with international boundary; possible claim by Somalia
based on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great
Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes,
rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife
Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 7%
forest and woodland: 4%
other: 85%
Irrigated land: 520 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes;
degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and
fertilizers; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Geographic note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most
successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers on
Mt. Kenya; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife
of scientific and economic value
People
------
Population: 28,176,686 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 45% (male 6,362,160; female 6,226,333)
15-64 years: 53% (male 7,413,876; female 7,448,733)
65 years and over: 2% (male 328,649; female 396,935) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.27% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 33.38 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 55.61 years
male: 55.53 years
female: 55.69 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.45 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Kenyan(s)
adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%,
Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, Asian, European, and Arab 1%, other 15%
Religions: Protestant (including Anglican) 38%, Roman Catholic
28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, other 8%
Languages: English (official), Swahili (official), numerous
indigenous languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 78.1%
male: 86.3%
female: 70%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
conventional short form: Kenya
former: British East Africa
Data code: KE
Type of government: republic
Capital: Nairobi
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast,
Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964;
reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic
law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982
making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Daniel Toroitich
arap MOI (since 14 October 1978) elected for a five-year term from
the National Assembly by direct popular vote; election last held 29
December 1992 (next to be held by early 1998); results - President
Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth
MATIBA (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai KIBAKI (DP) 19%, Oginga ODINGA
(FORD-Kenya) 17%; Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)
was appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Bunge): election last held 29 December 1992 (next
to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (188
total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller
parties 3; president nominates 12 additional members; note - as of 9
April 1996 seat distribution was: KANU 106, FORD-Kenya 32,
FORD-Asili 22, DP 22, smaller parties and vacancies 6
note: first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law
in 1991
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal; High Court
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is Kenya African
National Union (KANU), President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI;
opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy
(FORD-Kenya), Michael WAMALWA; Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy (FORD-Asili), Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of Kenya
(DP), Mwai KIBAKI
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions; Roman Catholic
Church; unregistered SAFINA party with which prominent naturalist
Richard Leakey is associated
International organization participation: ACP, C, CCC, EADB, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Benjamin Edgar KIPKORIR
chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia E. BRAZEAL
embassy: corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi
mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831
telephone: [254] (2) 334141
FAX: [254] (2) 340838
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green;
the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering
crossed spears is superimposed at the center
Economy
-------