Australia
Geographic coordinates: 30 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references: World
Area:
total area: 73.6 million sq km
comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the US;
third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but
larger than the Arctic Ocean)
note: includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Great
Australian Bight, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of
Malacca, and other tributary water bodies
Coastline: 66,526 km
International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral
states)
Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon
(June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and
October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February
in the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad,
circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique
reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low
atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer
air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast
winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from
cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and
northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated
by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian
Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge
lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m
highest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and
gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Environment:
current issues: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Red Sea
natural hazards: ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme
south near Antarctica from May to October
international agreements: NA
Geographic note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait
of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and
the Lombok Strait
Government
----------
Data code: none; the US Government has not approved a standard for
hydrographic codes - see the Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic
Codes appendix
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes
connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and
the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum
and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and
Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the
bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing
fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian
Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons
are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India,
and western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil
production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy
minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by
bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia,
Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Transportation
--------------
Ports: Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South
Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Madras (India), Melbourne (Australia),
Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richard's Bay (South Africa)
Communications
--------------
Telephone system:
international: submarine cables from India to UAE and Malaysia and
from Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia
======================================================================
@Indonesia
---------
Map
---
Location: 5 00 S, 120 00 E -- Southeastern Asia, archipelago
between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Flag
----
Description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the
flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Geography
---------
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean
and the Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total area: 1,919,440 sq km
land area: 1,826,440 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 2,602 km
border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor
Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two
islands in dispute with Malaysia
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
mountains
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber,
bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use:
arable land: 8%
permanent crops: 3%
meadows and pastures: 7%
forest and woodland: 67%
other: 15%
Irrigated land: 75,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial
wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas
natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Desertification, Marine Life Conservation
Geographic note: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea
lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
People
------
Population: 206,611,600 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 32% (male 33,354,840; female 32,414,363)
15-64 years: 64% (male 66,385,852; female 66,827,085)
65 years and over: 4% (male 3,380,567; female 4,248,893) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 1.53% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 23.67 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 63.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.64 years
male: 59.51 years
female: 63.88 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%,
coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is
Javanese
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Data code: ID
Type of government: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa,
singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district**
(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta
Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan
Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur,
Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau,
Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi
Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor
Timur, Yogyakarta*
Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27
December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the
Netherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of
1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons
regardless of age
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Gen. (Ret.)
SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try
SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) were elected for five-year terms by
the People's Consultative Assembly
cabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral
House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR): elections
last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR
68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military
representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56
note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members
who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president
and, theoretically, to determine national policy
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are
appointed by the president
Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based
on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia
Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and
Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman; Development
Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail
Hasan METAREUM, chairman
International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC,
CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, OIC,
OPEC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY
embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address: Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 360360
FAX: [62] (21) 3862259
consulate(s) general: Medan, Surabaya
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar
to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white (top) and red
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with some central
planning but with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and private
enterprise. Real GDP growth in 1985-95 averaged about 7%, quite
impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and
absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.
Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood
are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial
output is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including
crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment
has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years.
Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing
expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most
important customer and supplier of aid. Like some other rapidly
developing countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is struggling to
keep the economy from overheating.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $710.9 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 7.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $3,500 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 17%
industry: 32.6%
services: 50.4%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.6% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 67 million
by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%,
transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994
est.)
Budget:
revenues: $38.1 billion
expenditures: $38.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.5
billion (FY96/97 est.)
Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement,
chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber
Industrial production growth rate: 13.9% (1995 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 12,100,000 kW
production: 44 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 207 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa,
coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef,
pork, eggs
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic
use; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting
traffickers; minor role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle
heroin
Exports: $39.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: manufactures 51.9%, fuels 26.4%, foodstuffs 12.7%, raw
materials 9.0%
partners: Japan 27.4%, US 14.6%, Singapore 10.1%, South Korea 6.5%,
Taiwan 4.1%, Netherlands 3.3%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, Germany
3.2%
Imports: $32 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs
7.8%, fuels 7.7%
partners: Japan 24.2%, US 11.2%, Germany 7.7%, South Korea 6.8%,
Singapore 5.9%, Australia 4.8%, Taiwan 4.5%, China 4.3%
External debt: $97.6 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $1.542 billion (1993)
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (Rp)
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,306.3
(January 1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993),
2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km
double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)
Highways:
total: 283,516 km
paved: 125,051 km
unpaved: 158,465 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820
km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural
gas 1,703 km (1989)
Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang,
Surabaya, Ujungpandang
Merchant marine:
total: 457 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,098,958
GRT/3,056,040 DWT
ships by type: bulk 30, cargo 265, chemical tanker 6, container 11,
liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 98,
passenger 5, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea
passenger 6, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 414
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 9
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 35
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 41
with paved runways under 914 m: 299
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 23 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 1,276,600 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: domestic service fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;
domestic satellite communications system
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0
Radios: 28.1 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 9
Televisions: 11.5 million (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 57,222,025
males fit for military service: 33,702,395
males reach military age (18) annually: 2,280,360 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion,
1.4% of GNP (FY95/96)
======================================================================
@Iran
----
Map
---
Location: 32 00 N, 53 00 E -- Middle East, bordering the Gulf of
Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and
Pakistan
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white,
and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word
Allah) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is
Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom
edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red
band
Geography
---------
Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian
Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates: 32 00 N, 53 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:
total area: 1.648 million sq km
land area: 1.636 million sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total: 5,440 km
border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,
Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq
1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km
Coastline: 2,440 km
note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: natural prolongation
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements, or median lines in
the Persian Gulf
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic
relations in 1990 but are still trying to work out written
agreements settling outstanding disputes from their eight-year war
concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of
navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab waterway; Iran
occupies two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Lesser
Tunb (called Tunb as Sughra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e
Kuchek in Persian by Iran) and Greater Tunb (called Tunb al Kubra in
Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg in Persian by Iran); it
jointly administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf
claimed by the UAE (called Abu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye
Abu Musa in Persian by Iran); in 1992 the dispute over Abu Musa and
the Tunb islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to
control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of
Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of
significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the region, but in
1994 it increased its military presence on the disputed islands;
periodic disputes with Afghanistan over Helmand water rights;
Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined; support to clients in
Afghanistan
Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with
deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Qolleh-ye Damavand 5,671 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper,
iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Land use:
arable land: 8%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 27%
forest and woodland: 11%
other: 54%
Irrigated land: 57,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from
vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the
Persian Gulf; inadequate supplies of potable water
natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms;
earthquakes along the Western border
international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed,
but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
People
------
Population: 66,094,264 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 45% (male 15,166,131; female 14,289,283)
15-64 years: 52% (male 17,326,388; female 16,731,470)
65 years and over: 3% (male 1,327,718; female 1,253,274) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 2.21% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 33.67 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.05 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 52.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.39 years
male: 66.12 years
female: 68.72 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.72 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian
Ethnic divisions: Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and
Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%,
other 1%
Religions: Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 10%, Zoroastrian,
Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1%
Languages: Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic
dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%,
other 2%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1994 est.)
total population: 72.1%
male: 78.4%
female: 65.8%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
Data code: IR
Type of government: theocratic republic
Capital: Tehran
Administrative divisions: 25 provinces (ostanha, singular -
ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr,
Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan,
Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshahan, Khorasan, Khuzestan,
Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi,
Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
Independence: 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)
National holiday: Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
Constitution: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of
the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Legal system: the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of
government
Suffrage: 15 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
supreme leader (rahbar-e moazam) and functional chief of sta: Leader
of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4
June 1989) was appointed for life by Council of Experts
head of government: President Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI (since 3
August 1989) was elected for a four-year term by universal suffrage;
First Vice President Hasan Ebrahim HABIBI (since NA August 1989);
election last held 11 June 1993 (next to be held NA May 1997);
results - Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI was elected with 63% of the
vote
cabinet: Council of Ministers was selected by the president with
legislative approval
Legislative branch: unicameral
Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami): elections
last held 8 March and 19 April 1996 (next to be held NA March 2000);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total)
number of seats by party NA
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: there are at least 76 licensed
parties, none are, as yet, openly active; the most important
groupings are - Tehran Militant Clergy Association, leader NA;
Militant Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad
Asqar MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Servants of Reconstruction (G-6), leader NA