_by Colonel Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret)_
Sunday, 4 March 1945, marked the end of the second week of the U.S.
invasion of Iwo Jima. By this point the assault elements of the 3d,
4th, and 5th Marine Divisions were exhausted, their combat efficiency
reduced to dangerously low levels. The thrilling sight of the American
flag being raised by the 28th Marines on Mount Suribachi had occurred
10 days earlier, a lifetime on “Sulphur Island.” The landing forces of
the V Amphibious Corps (VAC) had already sustained 13,000 casualties,
including 3,000 dead. The “front lines” were a jagged serration across
Iwo’s fat northern half, still in the middle of the main Japanese
defenses. Ahead the going seemed all uphill against a well-disciplined,
rarely visible enemy.
In the center of the island, the 3d Marine Division units had been
up most of the night repelling a small but determined Japanese
counterattack which had found the seam between the 21st and 9th
Marines. Vicious close combat had cost both sides heavy casualties.
The counterattack spoiled the division’s preparations for a morning
advance. Both regiments made marginal gains against very stiff
opposition.
To the east the 4th Marine Division had finally captured Hill 382,
ending its long exposure in “The Amphitheater,” but combat efficiency
had fallen to 50 percent. It would drop another five points by
nightfall. On this day the 24th Marines, supported by flame tanks,
advanced a total of 100 yards, pausing to detonate more than a ton of
explosives against enemy cave positions in that sector. The 23d and
25th Marines entered the most difficult terrain yet encountered, broken
ground that limited visibility to only a few feet.
Along the western flank, the 5th Marine Division had just seized
Nishi Ridge and Hill 362-B the previous day, suffering more than 500
casualties. It too had been up most of the night engaging a sizeable
force of infiltrators. The Sunday morning attacks lacked coordination,
reflecting the division’s collective exhaustion. Most rifle companies
were at half-strength. The net gain for the day, the division reported,
was “practically nil.”
[Illustration: THE PACIFIC OFFENSIVE]
But the battle was beginning to take its toll on the Japanese garrison
as well. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi knew his _109th Division_ had
inflicted heavy casualties on the attacking Marines, yet his own losses
had been comparable. The American capture of the key hills in the main
defense sector the day before deprived him of his invaluable artillery
observation sites. His brilliant chief of artillery, Colonel Chosaku
Kaido, lay dying. On this date Kuribayashi moved his own command post
from the central highlands to a large cave on the northwest coast. The
usual blandishments from Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo reached
him by radio that afternoon, but Kuribayashi was in no mood for heroic
rhetoric. “Send me air and naval support and I will hold the island,”
he signalled. “Without them I cannot hold.”
[Illustration: