The most momentous hour in the history of this country was when three
small ships "fell down the Thames from London," freighted with one hundred
and five Englishmen on their way to plant England's first colony.
"This was the event," said a great American, "which decided our own fate;
which guided our destiny before we were born, and settled the conditions
in which we should pass that portion of our existence which God allows to
men on earth."
The story of the company which was organized in London for this
expedition, of the charter granted by James the First, of the means
adopted to insure its success, and the mistakes we can now so easily
perceive--all this has been told in many histories. It is a long story;
also one involving side issues not within the scope of this writing.
It is sufficient to say that the emigrants were subjected[10] to the
ordinances of a commercial corporation of which they could not be members;
to the dominion of a domestic council in the appointing of which they had
no voice; to the control of a superior council in England which had no
sympathy with their rights; and finally to the arbitrary legislation of
the sovereign.
Of the names of the three little ships which fell down the Thames,
we can be quite sure of two, the _Discovery_ and the _Goodspeed_. The
other--the flagship--is quoted sometimes as _Sarah Constant_, again as
_Susan Constant_. They were small ships, one only a "pinnasse"; and were
under the command of another Christopher--Christopher Newport. Christopher
Columbus discovered us, Christopher Newport colonized us. He was an
"experienced navigator"; but his career in Virginia abundantly illustrated
the fact that England's great hero was not the only admiral who could do
some very foolish things on land. However, he brought our colony safely,
and through many sea perils, to Virginia.
We happen to know something of his men, and everything of his cargo. Of
the latter, we have a careful list. Each man had one suit of "apparrell,
three paire of Irish stockings, four paire of shooes," and canvas to make
a bed. Of arms and tools he had no stint, also iron utensils for cooking
and wooden spoons and platters. The ration for each man was twelve bushels
of cereal (oatmeal or peas), one gallon of aqua vitæ, two gallons of
vinegar, one of oil. This for a whole year! Some of the grain was to be
carefully "kept for sowing." For meat the immigrant must rely on his gun,
and the rivers would yield him food.
The admiral was provided with a goodly cargo of small mirrors, bells, and
glass beads with which to purchase the friendship of "the naturells," and
also substantial articles of food. The Virginia real estate was not to be
purchased. King James had a simpler method of acquiring it. The tiny ships
afforded small space for furniture, bedding, or other household articles.
The officers of the colony, Governor, Council, etc., were not yet known,
and could therefore claim no privileges. The eccentric King had ordered
their names to be placed in a sealed box, to be opened when they landed.
Some private packages were, however, allowed. The clergyman, Master Robert
Hunt, carried "a goodly number of books." Master Wingfield had also, as he
tells us, "sorted many books in my house to be sent up to mee in a truncke
at my goeing to Virginia with divers fruits, conserves and preserves,
which I did sett at Master Croft's house at Ratcliff. I understand that
my truncke was thear broken up, much lost, my sweetmeates eaten at his
table, some of my bookes seene in his hands, and whether amongst them my
Bible was there ymbeasiled I knowe not." That his divers conserves and
preserves should have been given precedence over his Bible and books was
not without reason. Books and Bibles could be bought or borrowed, but very
little sugar was imported into England at that time, and sweetmeats were a
rare and costly luxury. The Englishman had no marmalade for his breakfast
until the Queen of Scots introduced it.
There were, as we have said, one hundred and five men who went forth
to subdue the wilderness. These men were to make the reign of James
the First memorable as the commencement of the English colonies in
America--"colonies," says Hume, "established on the noblest footing that
has been known in any age or nation." They were destined for more than
this--more than the historian's fancy could have foreseen in its wildest
flight into the regions of romance.
Most of the company were "gentlemen," unused to labour, who probably
had never handled an axe or suffered a physical privation. There were
forty-eight "Gentlemen" and twelve "labourers,"--"a halfpenny-worth of
bread to an intolerable deal of sack,"--one surgeon, one blacksmith,
two bricklayers (for a country where there were no bricks), a drummer,
and some boys. They were going to a wilderness in which not a house was
standing and there were only four carpenters! In the next supply jewellers
and perfumers were sent out to help subdue the American wilderness.
Their recognized guide and leader, during the voyage, was their captain,
Christopher Newport. To his care was committed the sealed box of
instructions which was to remain unopened until the adventurers reached
Virginia. The box, they knew, contained the names of their future rulers,
and they felt great solicitude on this subject. Every prominent man
was scanned and measured, and strong party feeling grew up immediately
among them. It was not possible, they well knew, that any choice of
their own would decide the matter. Of the two "experienced navigators"
whose services had already been acknowledged by the King--Gosnold and
Newport--one only would be eligible. Captain Newport was to take the
ships back to England, but Gosnold might be their Governor. One who was
preëminently conspicuous was Captain John Smith, who had commenced life
as a poor orphan, and was already famous at twenty-seven. It was possible
he might be their ruler despite his years. He was old in experience, in
suffering, and in those elements which lie at the foundation of greatness.
Then there was the son of the great Earl of Northumberland, George
Percy, of the same age as John Smith, but in striking contrast to him in
every respect,--fresh from the cloisters of the Middle Temple; quiet,
thoughtful; of the ancient powerful family of Percy and yet taking his
place modestly with the rest. Wingfield was on board, also Master Crofts,
and Gabriel Archer, Thomas Studley, John Martin, and Anas Todkill, all
to be heard from again in the colony of which they were to become the
historians. These and others were "gentlemen" and possible rulers. A
certain John Laydon appears among the "labourers," destined to win the
first English maiden who set foot on the soil of Jamestown, and to become
the father of the first child born in the established colony of Virginia.
Without doubt, Smith, Gosnold, Newton, and some others were possessed with
the prevailing spirit of adventure, the incentive of rivalry, and a high
ambition for the glory and honour of England. Not so, alas, George Percy,
to whom England had been a stern mother indeed; not so Robert Hunt, whose
heart burned with the spirit of the Christian missionary, and (if need be)
of the Christian martyr as well; not so the spendthrift "gentlemen" who
sought the "pearle and gold" promised by the poet; nor the boy who frankly
confessed that he had run away "being in displeasure of my friends." The
company seems to have been gathered at haphazard--not at all with regard
to its fitness, but simply by accepting the few who were willing to brave
the dangers of life among the savages.
Of the Indian they had learned enough to fear him. He had early dropped
his "gentle and loving" mask, and revealed himself in his true colours.
"An Englishman was his natural enemy to be slain wherever seen,"--shot to
death with arrows if distant, and clubbed by wooden swords if nearer at
hand; ambushed and trapped, deceived and betrayed, whenever circumstances
forbade open warfare. And yet there was no military preparation for this
expedition. Its authors affected to be inspired solely by zeal for the
conversion of the Indian to Christianity, and their messengers were men of
peace. Whatever their station, whatever their motives, these were the men
ever to be held by us in grateful remembrance. They made many mistakes,
of which we learn from their own confessions and criticisms of each other;
but the sacrifices and sufferings awaiting them were beyond all precedent.
They "broke the way with tears which many followed with a song."
The sailing of the ships awakened so little interest in England that
the event is hardly noticed in history. All England was shaken to its
foundations by the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, and punishment of
the conspirators. That three little vessels were to depart, as many had
departed before, to seek a footing in America, was, by comparison with
the troubles at home, of small consequence. The poet Drayton, however,
composed a lyric in honour of the occasion, which I commend to the
indulgence of my reader. It is not for me to criticise an Elizabethan poet
or deny him space on my pages!
"You brave heroique minds
Worthie your Countries' name
That honour still pursue,
Go and subdue;
Whilst Loyt'ring hinds
Lurke here at home with shame.
"Britons, you stay too long!
Quickly aboard bestow you,
And with a merry gale
Swell your stretch'd sail
With vows as strong
As the winds that blow you.
"And cheerfully at sea
Success you will intice,
To get the pearle and gold,
And ours to hold
Virginia,
Earth's only paradise.
"And in regions far
Such heroes bring yee forth
As those from whom we came;
And plant our name
Under that starre
Not knowne unto our North."
And so with prayer and psalm and song--and doubtless tears--our pilgrims
were sped on their way. New Year's day, 1607, found them on the great
ocean in tiny vessels which were to be their homes for five wintry months.
[Illustration: Old London--1607.]