After lunch a visit was made to the offices of the "Daily American,"
the great newspaper of the country. The establishment was situated at
the southeastern corner of the city, just outside of section "South
America."
The making of the form and printing of this great paper was explained
by Mr. McGregor, the manager.
The items of news and interest from all parts of the world were
received at the "World" building by the sympathetic telegraph, and then
transmitted by tube to the chief of copy at the office of the paper.
Here it was assorted and given to the type-writers. Type, as used in
the nineteenth century, had no place in the form of this paper.
Each compositor sat before a machine which appeared to Cobb very like a
Yost type-writer, and printed his copy on slips about as long and twice
as wide as the columns of an ordinary newspaper.
The paper was prepared, by immersion in certain chemicals, to undergo
a change of texture and composition upon the passage of an electric
current of 400 volts. The letter arms of the type-writers were
connected with the batteries, and whenever, in printing, a letter was
struck upon the paper, the current passed through to the metallic bed,
leaving a silver-gray print of the character on the paper.
These strips, or columns of the paper, as they proved to be, were set
together to form sheets or pages of the "Daily American."
A little instrument, having a pointer with 100 metallic hairs, each
about an inch in length, and each connected by an insulated wire to
a sympathetic instrument, was placed on the outer edge of the sheet
of paper, which lay flat and smooth upon a copper bed. The 100 little
points were so set that they just touched the paper, but not each
other; and their arrangement was such that, as the machine traveled
over the sheet from bottom to top, every part of the paper for a width
of two inches was touched by some one of these points.
Now, the current of electricity which passed through the slips of paper
when printed, had not left the letters in clear color, but had changed
the metallic composition in the paper into metallic letters.
Another, and one of the most important factors in this new process, was
that the letter was metallic clear through the paper, the reverse side
of the sheet showing a perfect type-form.
The "Daily American" was printed simultaneously in one hundred cities
of the country, and from these cities delivered by train as in former
days. Of course it was necessary that each city should have its own
type-form, but the size of the paper precluded the possibility of
sending such a vast amount of matter to each place and there putting it
in type-form.
The difficulty was overcome by each city having a little 100-pointed
instrument, similar to the one at the main office of the paper,
the wires of which were connected to mates to the 100 sympathetic
instruments in the home office; for the special work the needles had
been sympathized in 100 sets of 100 needles each.
At 2:45 dial by the time at America, each sub-office had great sheets
of paper saturated with the metallic chemicals used to prepare the
home-form, spread perfectly flat upon copper beds, and the little
traveler in position at the lower left-hand corner of the sheet.
At precisely 3 dial the operator at America touched the key of a
sympathetic instrument, and the traveler on his sheet of paper passed
rapidly down the entire page. At every sub-office the traveler
performed a similar journey, being regulated by a main sympathetic
instrument. When the travelers reached the end of the page, they
automatically returned to the point of starting, excepting that they
moved the width of the 100 points, or two inches, to the right. This
was repeated until every particle of the paper necessary for a whole
edition had been completely passed over.
The principle, as Cobb learned, was this: The home sheet having
metallic letters, and the copper bed being connected with a battery,
whenever a point of the traveler touched a letter a current passed to
the point, thence to the relay, which caused the sympathetic needle
to move to the right. At the sub-office, the mate of this needle also
moved to the right and closed the circuit of the local battery; a
current then passed down to a point of the traveler--which point was a
mate to one of the points in the home traveler--and thence through the
prepared paper, changing the composition into a fine metallic line.
Whenever the points of the home traveler passed off of a metallic
letter the current for that particular point or points was broken, as
the paper had been rendered non-conductive after its receipt from the
type-writers.
The result was that each sub-office had an exact copy of the original
form, made up of thousands of little, fine lines, but so close
together as to form perfect letters. These forms were quickly placed
in rapid-acting plating baths, and the top surface, or that side over
which the traveler passed, plated with aluminum. In thirty minutes the
forms were covered by a sheet of metal which held every letter that
had been made in the paper by the electrical change of the chemical,
rigidly in position; the letters being formed clear through the paper.
The forms were now flattened, and then bent over rollers for the great
rotary presses. The last act in the manipulation of these forms was
then accomplished by decomposing and removing all the paper which had
not been transformed into metal. The result of all these operations was
that a printing cylinder was obtained exactly similar to the one at the
home office. The paper was then printed and distributed as in former
times.
Cobb studied all these details very carefully, and left the
establishment with feelings of astonishment at the progress made in a
hundred years.
"We must have an early breakfast, Junius," said Hugh, that evening,
"for we are to take the Tracer across the sea and visit the metropolis."
"The metropolis?" echoed Cobb, with a look of surprise.
"Yes."
"I do not think that I care about going to New York again; not for the
present, anyway," said the other.
"Well, did I say anything about going to New York?" returned Hugh,
carelessly.
"But you spoke of visiting the metropolis."
"So I did."
"There can be but one metropolis in a country."
"True," smiling.
"And that must be New York for this country."
"And that is not New York for this country." This with a decided
emphasis. "I am going to take you to Chicago; to the metropolis of the
United States; to the greatest city on earth."
He noted the expression of wonder which came over the other's face.
"And do you mean to tell me that Chicago is a greater city than New
York? Chicago, an inland town, to compete with and excel New York,
a sea-port city?" and Cobb shook his head as if he doubted the
possibility of the truth of such an assertion. "Why, you have told me
that New York has over four million inhabitants; has Chicago more than
that number?"
"Yes," returned Hugh; "nearly double that number. By the census
finished last June, Chicago had, at that date, 7,345,906 souls living
within its corporate limits."
"Come, Hugh," pettishly exclaimed Cobb, "that's a little too strong.
I remember that it was estimated, in 1887, that Chicago would have
about 1,500,000 in 1890, and if that estimate was correct, this vast
population given by you could never have been obtained through ordinary
growth."
"Nor was it, Junius. The growth was extraordinary," lightly returned
the other.
"Humph! So I should say. Why, it is equivalent to a gain of 53,000
persons every year since 1890. Such a rapid growth for so many years is
an absurdity."
"As you please; have it so. But let me enlighten you a little. In
1910 the population of Chicago was 1,800,000--a rapid but fair growth
for a city possessing the surrounding country, energy, resources, and
natural attractions of Chicago. But it was after the year 1916, and
for the next ten years that Chicago, as well as many other towns and
cities in the West, received the greatest addition to its population.
After the great cataclysm of 1916 the vast numbers of people who were
driven from their homes by the rising of the waters over the doomed
area of the Ohio basin, sought temporary shelter in all the towns and
cities surrounding the Central Sea. As time progressed and showed the
future destruction that would be wrought as the waters rose, the people
emigrated in great numbers. The movement was westward, only a small
portion going East or to the South. The great cities of Chicago, St.
Louis, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Kansas City received vast additions;
but of them all, Chicago, being the nearest and largest, gained the
most. From a million and three-quarters, in 1910, that city had over
four million in 1930. The rest of her immense population has been
gained through natural increase and immigration, being at the rate of
about 50,000 per year, or less than one and-a-half per cent. increase."
"And Chicago is now the metropolis of the United States," mused Cobb.
Then aloud: "Yes, it was to be. The condition and extent of this great
republic were factors to cause a westward movement, not only of the
center of population, but of the location, even, of the metropolis of
the nation."
"Now, Junius, go to bed and get a good sleep; we will rise early in the
morning," said Hugh, rising from his chair.
"All right; anything to keep me interested," returned Cobb. "I must
have excitement. I feel blue and down in the mouth the instant my
interest flags."
"O, pshaw, man! you ought not to feel that way. You'll come around all
right in time; you mark my words," and Hugh sauntered off to his room.
It was 17:25 dial the next day, when Cobb and Hugh arrived in Chicago,
on the Southern Pneumatic. Taking a drag at the Central Station, they
soon reached and were comfortably domiciled in "The World," the great
and magnificent hotel of the metropolis.
"The World" was but one of the many grand and luxuriously appointed
hostelries of that great city, but it was nevertheless the leading
one. The building was situated upon Michigan avenue, facing the Lake
Front. Built entirely of metal and glass, it was absolutely fire-proof;
its frontage was one mass of ornamentation in all the colors of the
spectrum, yet harmoniously blended. There were 3,000 rooms for guests,
each provided with bath, telephone, electric light, dumb-waiters, etc.
The parlors were upon the eighth floor; while above them, and covering
the entire block, were magnificent gardens, covered by a glass canopy
thirty-five feet above the floor.
Here rare flowers bloomed every day in the year, the temperature being
uniform; the immense and lofty roof being made to slide in panels, by
electricity, thus allowing the natural temperature of the outside air
to prevail, when sufficiently high not to be detrimental to the plants.
At night the grandeur of the scene was superb when lighted by the
electric lamps.
After an hour for their toilet and lunch, Cobb and Hugh passed out and
around the eastern part of the city bordering the lake, and here Cobb
observed the wonderful growth and curious innovations over his time.
Like New York, the city was a double one, over its central portion,
appropriate descents being situated at short intervals for passing
from the upper to the lower streets. The great avenues, such as
Michigan, Wabash, State, First, Fifth, and Seventh, were provided with
rapid-transit trains, in tunnels crossing the river below its surface,
and running south to Five Hundred and Tenth street. Electric surface
roads were used for cross-transportation, and were similar to those
which he had already seen.
The city was divided into four great divisions; or, as they were
styled, zenods. Each zenod had its own post-office, court house,
police, city prison, and all the machinery necessary in the operation
of a complete city. The zenods were governed by a lieutenant-mayor and
a council of fifteen members; the city, as a whole, was governed by a
mayor and a supreme council of thirty-nine members.
Cobb ascertained from Hugh that it had been found utterly impossible
to properly provide for the welfare and advancement of such a great
population unless the work was divided, and to that end the four
zenods, with their respective municipal corporations, with a supreme
head and upper house, had been created.
For three days Cobb and Hugh passed about the great city, the one
observing and the other explaining the many wonderful things to be seen.
Chicago was indeed a remarkable city, not only in its vast population,
quadruple government, extent of territory and unprecedented increase,
but in the application of every known adjunct to man's welfare,
comfort, and benefit.
Leaving "The Wonderful City" and its vast progress for a future and
thorough investigation, the two friends took the 23 dial pneumatic for
Niagara.