The London cholera of 1854, like that of_A History of Epidemics in Britain, Volume 2 (of 2) From the Extinction of Plague to the Present Time

the southern (Southwark etc.), eastern and southeastern parishes (Table,

p. 858). But it fell somewhat unequally upon these; and for Southwark and

Lambeth the water supply was seized upon as the thing that made the

difference. There were two water companies in South London, the Lambeth

company and the Southwark and Vauxhall company. The parish of Christ

Church, Lambeth, chiefly supplied by the Lambeth company, had a death-rate

from cholera in 1854 of only 0·43 per 1000 inhabitants; whereas the parish

of St Saviour, supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall company, had a

death-rate of 2·27 per 1000. In 1849 there had been no such disparity

between them, the death-rate of Christ Church being if anything the higher

of the two. Now it happened that in the interval of the two epidemics of

cholera the Lambeth company had removed their intake works from opposite

Hungerford Market to Thames Ditton, whilst the Southwark and Vauxhall

company still continued to draw their supply from the Thames near

Vauxhall. Here was a fine instance of the logical method of difference.

Farther, within the parish of Christ Church itself, it was sought to show

that the cholera followed the lines of old water supplies, and did not

follow the mains from Thames Ditton. After 1854 the Southwark and Vauxhall

company also made their intake at Thames Ditton. According to the

water-hypothesis of cholera, it is not surprising, as we shall duly find,

that the whole of the South London parishes, which had been the chief

seats of the cholera in 1832, 1849, and 1854, escaped in 1866 with a very

slight visitation. Newcastle was another chosen instance of cholera

distributed by the water mains; but, as we have seen, that was improbable.

Another instance was Exeter: its water supply in 1832, when part of it had

a disastrous epidemic of cholera, was taken from the Exe, and was impure;

in 1849, when it had only a tenth part of its last cholera mortality, its

water supply had been greatly improved; in 1854 it had 10 deaths; but in

1866, Exeter with the registration district of St Thomas had 247 deaths,

and Totnes had 146,--for their size about the most severely visited towns

in England.

In the London cholera of 1854 a very sudden and simultaneous explosion in

the district of Soho attracted much notice[1569]. The district stands

high, which did not save it from being the scene of the first outbreak in

the great plague of 1665. In the subdistricts of St Anne, Golden Square

and Berwick Street, with a population of 42,000, many of them well-to-do

families, there were 537 deaths from cholera, a rate of 12·8 per 1000,

contrasting with the rate of 6 per 1000 for all London. The attacks and

fatalities were remarkably numerous for one or two days, falling at once

thereafter to about a half. There was a pump in Broad Street, in the

centre of this district, which was supposed to have dispersed cholera

broadcast in its contaminated water; a death had occurred in Swain’s Lane,

at the foot of Highgate Hill, of a person who had drank the water of the

Broad Street pump. The whole incident was seized upon and worked up by Dr

Snow, who had written a speculative essay in 1849 upon the probability of

cholera being conveyed by water, according to the similar theory of Parkin

in 1832[1570]. The Board of Health, having very full data before them of

the Soho outbreak in all its aspects (including a whole biological

treatise upon the organisms found in water), did not adopt Snow’s

conclusion, although he had enthusiastic followers at the time, and has

probably more now[1571]:

“In explanation of the remarkable intensity of this outbreak within

very definite limits, it has been suggested by Dr Snow that the real

cause of whatever was peculiar in the case lay in the general use of

one particular well, situate at Broad Street in the middle of the

district, and having (it was imagined) its waters contaminated by the

rice-water evacuations of cholera patients. After careful inquiry we

see no reason to adopt this belief. We do not find it established that

the water was contaminated in the manner alleged; nor is there before

us any sufficient evidence to show whether inhabitants of the

district, drinking from that well, suffered in proportion more than

other inhabitants of the district who drank from other sources.”

The Cholera of 1853-54 in Scotland and Ireland.

The cholera of 1853-54 in Scotland has not been so fully recorded as

either of the two preceding epidemics. It is said to have caused about six

thousand deaths, of which 3892 were in Glasgow alone, and a considerable

part of the remainder in Edinburgh and Dundee. The infection began to

appear in the end of September, having been derived probably from the

dreadful explosion at Newcastle. A few early cases occurred at Dunse, in

Berwickshire. On the 16th September, 1853, the old Cholera Hospital at

Edinburgh, in Surgeons’ Square, was opened, but received only 45 cases

until the beginning of June, 1854, when it was closed. In the autumn of

1854 the real epidemic began, the hospital being re-opened on 24th August,

from which date until the 30th November the admissions were 198. These

hospital figures indicate for Edinburgh a milder epidemic than that of the

winter of 1848, which was itself milder than that of 1832. The cases came

mostly from the very same localities of the old town as in 1848. There

were 145 females to 97 males; the deaths were 117 in 243 cases

admitted[1572].

The epidemic at Dundee was a late autumnal or winter one, in the end of

1853, and of great severity, the mortality having probably exceeded 500.

The Glasgow epidemic had a course very nearly parallel to that of 1832,

and quite unlike the extraordinary winter explosion of 1848-9. It began,

indeed, in winter--about the 15th of December, 1853, and had caused 849

deaths to the 27th of February; there was a sharp rise of the mortality

from the 13th to the 24th of March, the total deaths to that date being

1306. As in 1832, the infection appeared to die out in the late spring and

early summer; but in June it revived and increased in virulence until

August, after which it subsided gradually until November, the whole

mortality having been 3892, or ·98 per cent. of the population, nearly the

same ratio as in 1848-9, (1·06) and a lower ratio than in 1832 (1·4). The

first part of the epidemic fell chiefly on the north and east of the city,

the second part, in summer and autumn, was all over the city, as in 1832,

and among all classes, as in the winter of 1848-49, but perhaps less

disastrously in the best quarters of the city than the last had been. The

cholera hospital received a comparatively small part of all the cases--600

of cholera, 253 of diarrhoea, the deaths being 306, or less than a tenth

part of the whole mortality[1573].

It is probable that the mortalities in Scotland on this occasion, besides

those in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, were neither so general nor so

great as in 1832. One remarkable outbreak happened at the village of

Symington, in Ayrshire: in a population of 240 there were 110 attacks and

30 deaths; nearly all the cases were in houses on one side of the village

street, which got their water from a public well; the houses on the other

side, having private wells (and differing, doubtless, in other respects),

were notably free from the infection[1574].

The cholera of 1854 was unimportant in Ireland. Cases appeared among

emigrants on board ships in Belfast Lough and at Queenstown in the end of

1853, but no diffusion took place until 1854, and then only to a moderate

extent. It is supposed that some 1706 persons died of it in Ireland in

that year, according to the retrospective figures of the census of 1861;

but a good many deaths from “cholera” were returned for every year of the

decennium, so that it is improbable that the whole 1706 in 1854 were of

the true Asiatic type. Ulster had 895 of these, Leinster 453, Munster 324,

and the whole of Connaught only 34[1575].

The Cholera of 1865-66.

Asiatic cholera reached Europe by a new route in 1865--by the way of Egypt

with the pilgrims returning from the Hâj at Mecca. In the course of the

autumn it appeared at Southampton and caused 35 deaths from 24 September

to 4 November. A strange extension from Southampton (or from Weymouth)

took place to the village of Theydon Bois in Epping Forest, where nine

deaths were traced to one house from 28 September to 31 October, unhappily

including the death of a most estimable medical gentleman who tasted the

water of a well into which the evacuations of the sick had probably

percolated.

The cholera having become established on the continent of Europe in the

end of 1865, was brought into England by emigrants passing from Hull and

Grimsby to Liverpool on their way to America. On board one of the emigrant

steamships, the ‘England,’ a very severe epidemic arose in mid-Atlantic in

April. Liverpool had once more a severe epidemic (2122 deaths); but the

only other important centres in England, besides London, were Swansea,

Neath, Llanelly and Merthyr Tydvil, Chester and Northwich, a group of

towns on the Exe in Devonshire, and Portsmouth with other places in

Hampshire. Still, the deaths in all England made the large total of

14,378, no county excepting Rutland being absolutely free. That means that

the infection, although widely diffused, now wanted the conditions

favourable to its development and effectiveness; and that, again, seems to

mean that a vast improvement had been made in the sewering of towns, in

scavenging, and in all other matters of municipal police by which the soil

of inhabited spots is preserved from saturation with excremental and other

filth.

The interest of the cholera of 1866 centres in London, and chiefly in the

fact that three-fourths of the deaths, to the number of 3696, took place

in the eastern parishes, Whitechapel, Bethnal Green, Poplar, Stepney, Mile

End, St George’s in the East, and Greenwich. These had in former epidemics

a fair share; but hitherto they had been surpassed by the Southwark

parishes and others on the south of the Thames from Battersea to

Rotherhithe, and nearly equalled by Shoreditch and the Liberties of the

City. The comparative table of the four great choleras of London shows how

remarkably the infection in 1866 had left its old principal seats,

remaining, as if a residue, only in the East End, with death-rates

comparable to those of 1849.

_Comparative view of the Four Epidemics of Cholera in the several parishes

of London_[1576].

1832 1849 1854 1866

(17 wks. end. 4 Nov.)

Rate Rate Rate Rate

per Deaths per Deaths per Deaths per Deaths

10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

Kensington 10 52 24 260 35 490 3·7 85

Chelsea 80 272 46 247 47 300 3·3 22

St George, Hanover Sq. 10 74 18 131 38 295 1·7 18

Westminster 50 450 68 437 60 423 6·2 43

St Martin in the Fields -- -- 37 91 24 58 4·2 10

St James, Westminster -- -- 16 57 152 485 3·5 13

Marylebone 30 355 17 261 16 347 3·0 54

Hampstead -- -- 8 9 11 14 ·8 2

Pancras 20 230 22 360 13 248 6·0 138

Islington 10 39 22 187 8 97 4·3 120

Hackney 2 8 25 139 11 73 10·6 103

St Giles 50 280 53 285 21 115 9·2 49

Strand 1 26 35 156 24 111 6·6 29

Holborn 10 46 35 161 5 25 5·2 22

Clerkenwell 10 65 19 121 9 59 7·0 45

St Luke 30 118 34 183 9 52 8·1 46

East City } 45 182 23 85 15·7 59

West City } 50 605 96 429 10 126 18·8 60

City } 38 207 14 71 5·0 20

Shoreditch 10 57 76 789 20 237 10·7 139

Bethnal Green 50 345 90 789 20 192 60·4 611

Whitechapel 110 736 64 506 40 330 84·2 909

St George in the East 30 123 42 199 30 154 87·9 385

Stepney 50 358 47 501 32 388 107·6 559

Mile End Old Town -- -- -- -- -- -- 67·7 501

Poplar 40 101 71 313 38 208 90·8 837

St Saviour } 120 1128 153 539 134 495 7·4 32

St Olave } 181 349 162 315 8·5 21

Bermondsey 70 210 161 734 158 845 5·3 35

St George, Southwark -- -- 164 836 101 546 6·6 38

Newington 40 200 144 907 101 696 2·8 26

Lambeth 40 337 120 1618 63 941 6·5 114

Wandsworth 10 46 100 484 77 422 4·8 40

Camberwell 30 107 97 504 91 553 5·6 46

Rotherhithe 10 19 205 352 147 285 8·7 25

Greenwich 20 149 75 718 53 576 19·5 284

Lewisham -- -- 30 96 20 81 6·1 56

Stratford -- -- -- -- -- -- 77·6 --

West Ham -- -- -- -- -- -- 49·3 --

Leyton -- -- -- -- -- -- 13·1 --

There was one significant thing associated with the peculiar incidence of

the cholera of 1866 upon the East End. The main drainage of London,

consisting of a high level and a low level sewer on each side of the

Thames, was commenced in 1859, and was formally opened on 4 April, 1865.

The two levels on each side of the river made together a length of

eighty-two miles; the cost, with pumping station, was £4,200,000. When the

cholera of 1866 broke out, only one part of the system was incomplete and

not yet in working, namely, the low level main drainage on the northern

side, which served the whole of the cholera-stricken parishes from Aldgate

to Bow. However, the official mind in this country has somehow become

prejudiced against the well-known and usually accepted generalities of von

Pettenkofer, which make more of a foul soil in the causation of miasmatic

infections, than of contaminated surface water or contaminated water from

reservoirs. Accordingly, the somewhat remarkable fact that the East End of

London alone retained its old proclivity for choleraic infection was not

joined to the fact of its being the only great division of the capital

still unsewered, but to the fact that it was supplied by water taken in

from the river Lea in Hertfordshire and (it was alleged) insufficiently

filtered or otherwise purified at the Old Ford waterworks[1577].

The extension to Scotland in 1866 was late in the season and insignificant

compared with former epidemics. It was heard of about the end of summer in

Fraserburgh and one or two other ports or fishing places on the East

Coast, but it was not until October and November that it attracted notice

in the eight principal towns, the whole mortality from it in Glasgow being

53, in Edinburgh 154, in Dundee 105, in Aberdeen 62, in Paisley 2, in

Greenock 14, in Leith 95, and in Perth 15. Besides these deaths there were

435 more in smaller towns or villages. The year was a very healthy one,

the death-rates of Glasgow, Greenock and Perth having been below the mean

of the previous ten years.

In Ireland the cholera of 1866 was even slighter than in Scotland, the

only considerable epidemic having been at Belfast.

Cholera has never obtained a footing in London since the epidemic of 1866.

In 1873, while the disease was unusually active in some parts of Europe, a

few cases occurred in Wapping among Scandinavian emigrants on their way to

America, who had been landed for a few days. But the infection did not

spread. In 1884, when cholera came from Cochin China to Toulon and

Marseilles, two or three cases occurred on board steamships arriving at

Cardiff and Liverpool. In 1893, when the disease raged in Hamburg, a

number of choleraic cases occurred at Grimsby in August, which were

considered certainly Asiatic owing to their high degree of fatality. In

August-October, the deaths from cholera, whether cholera nostras or the

Asiatic type, or both together, were about thirty in Grimsby, eighteen in

Hull, and about fifty more in various other places, chiefly in the south

of Yorkshire. The autumn of that year was favourable to bowel-complaints

and to enteric fever.

The Antecedents of Epidemic Cholera in India.

The antecedents and circumstances that made the year 1817 so critical for

cholera in India, and for its diffusiveness far beyond India, constitute

one of the greatest problems in epidemiology. A full and minute

examination of them cannot be attempted here; but the chapter would be

incomplete without some statement on the subject, which, if summary, need

not be dogmatic. Cholera with the same symptoms and a similar degree of

fatality was certainly not new to India about the year 1817; it can be

traced from the earliest records of the Portuguese and other Europeans in

India, if not also in other countries in ancient times[1578]. The

mortalities among troops during the military operations in the Northern

Circars in 1781 and 1790, and the deaths of some 20,000 pilgrims in eight

days during the Hurdwar festival of 1783, were undoubtedly from the same

epidemic infective cholera that was seen fifty years after in Europe. But

these were occasional great explosions, which arose suddenly and ceased

abruptly; whereas from about 1817 onwards the infection became, as it

were, a seasonal product of the soil of Lower Bengal year after year, and

at the same time began to range widely beyond its “endemic area” to other

provinces of India, beyond the North-Western frontier to Central Asia and

to Europe, and across the ocean to America. It was not by any sudden

change in the year 1817, we may be sure, that cholera began to be endemic

at various places far apart in the valley of the Ganges. Things must have

been tending towards that manifestation for some time before, and those

things must have been of the same kind that made the great explosion at

Hurdwar in 1783 and have made many other great explosions at the Indian

religious festivals in later times. Briefly the opinion may be hazarded,

that it was the permeation with excremental matters of the soil at large

in and around Bengali villages that gave rise to the endemic miasmatic

infection of cholera. The _odor stercoreus_ of those innumerable village

communities is, or used to be, a familiar fact, just as it is well known

to be the custom there to dispense with latrines or other systematic

provision for the disposal of faecal matters. But it may seem improbable

that personal habits of the peasantry, not unknown in other countries, and

immemorial in Lower Bengal itself, should have led to a definite

disease-effect in a certain year of the 19th century and perennially

thereafter. As to the special risk of engendering such a soil-poison in

the valley of the Ganges, it has to be said that the region is peculiar in

its alternations from extreme saturation to extreme dryness, within a

stratum of alluvial or other porous soil which has a bed of impervious

blue clay beneath it at a depth seldom more than 10 feet. It is just where

such extreme fluctuations of the ground-water within a limited range occur

from season to season, that organic matters in the soil are most apt to

develop a miasmatic infective property. But why should the year 1817 have

been, by the general consent of Anglo-Indian observers, the beginning of a

new era in the history of cholera? The guiding principle in all such cases

is, that things must have been moving that way before, and that in the

particular season there had been reached at length such a degree of

aggravation as to make a specific result manifest or the cumulative causes

effective. Two things may be indicated as relevant to this assumed

aggravation, or integration of accumulating causes. One was a certain

gradual change in the beds of rivers, especially in the province of Behar,

which entirely altered the relative amount of water flowing above ground

and under ground, and must have made a difference in kind and in degree to

the decomposition-processes in the soil. (In Burdwan these changes in the

ground-water have caused much miasmatic fever since about thirty years

ago.) The other thing was the increase of the number of cultivators per

square mile under British rule. The latter cannot be stated with even

approximate exactness for periods before the census of 1872; but there can

be no reasonable doubt that the increase was great and progressive from

the end of last century, owing to the cessation of intertribal wars, and

of famines which were chiefly caused by the overflow of rivers now no

longer subject to floods, and of wilful and barbarous checks to

population. Among the cholera localities of 1817 were some that have now

the greatest pressure of inhabitants on the soil, not in cities, but in

uniformly dispersed rural communities--such as the division of Patna with

637 inhabitants per square mile, the district of Jessore with 693, and of

Dacca with 756. This is of course a very general account of the matter,

which a minute study of localities and seasons might show to be highly

inadequate; but in seeking for some circumstances of aggravation at the

particular juncture, the two things that have been mentioned, both of them

coincident historical matters of fact, will appear to be not irrelevant

according to the received teaching on the favouring conditions of

cholera.

NOTE ON CEREBRO-SPINAL FEVER.

British experience, or the records of it, afford so little material for

the history of epidemic cerebro-spinal fever (very abundant for France,

Germany and the United States of America, see Hirsch, III. 547) that it

has not seemed desirable to interpolate the subject in the chapter on

Typhus and other Continued Fevers. Although our experience of it has

fallen perhaps wholly within the period of exact statistics of the causes

of death (saving some doubtful identifications in the 18th century), yet

the registration tables contain so few deaths from it that it hardly seems

as if a new and remarkable type of fever of the typhus kind had really

been in our midst. There are, however, two periods when a good many papers

were written upon it in Ireland and England, the years 1865-67 and the

year 1876. When the first cases were seen in London in 1865 Murchison

pronounced the new fever to be closely allied to typhus (_Lancet_, 1865,

p. 1417). At the same time in Ireland it was sometimes called “the black

death,” from the dark or livid vibices of the skin, or purpura maligna, or

purpuric fever (J. T. Banks, _Dubl. Quart. Journ. Med. Sc._ XLIII. 98; E.

W. Collins, _ibid._ XLVI. 170; Cogan, _ibid._ XLIV. 172; Gordon, _ibid._

XLIV. 408; H. Wilson, _ibid._ XLIII.; Haverty, _ibid._; T. W. Belcher,

_Med. Press_, N. S. III. 167; J. H. Benson, _ibid._ III. 387; editor,

_ibid._ 506. For England, S. Wilks, _Lancet_, 1865, I. 388, _Brit. Med.

Journ._ 1868, I. 427; F. J. Brown, _Trans. Epid. Soc._ II. (1865), 391; J.

N. Radcliffe in Reynolds’ _System of Medicine_, 1st ed. II. 676; H. Day,

_Lancet_, 1867, I. 731). In the second period, 1876, there were many cases

in England, especially in the Midlands, but it is said that they were

usually diagnosed as typhoid fever (Sir Walter Foster, _Brit. Med. Journ._

1892, II. 278, and _Lancet_, 1876, I. 849; Neville Hart (for Birmingham),

_St Barth. Hosp. Rep._ XII. (1876), 105; H. Thompson, _Lancet_, 1876, I.

849. The Irish papers in the second period are by T. W. Grimshaw, _Dub.

Journ. Med. Sc._ LXI. 520, and LVII. 375; E. H. Bennett, _ibid._ LIX.;

Brabazon, _Brit. Med. Journ._ 1876, I. 509). An epidemic of cerebro-spinal

fever, resembling typhoid, was described for a Shropshire village in May,

1891 (Monk, _Brit. Med. Journ._ 1892, II. 278). A case which came under my

notice on 19 March, 1894, in an eastern parish of London, has led me to

doubt whether the half-dozen or so of deaths annually certified in London

as from cerebro-spinal fever (contrasting with as many hundreds in New

York), are of the slightest statistical value.

A young woman, aged 16, an artificial flower maker, became ill with pains

in the limbs and was taken as an out-patient to a hospital. Thereafter she

became light-headed. A private practitioner (M.R.C.S.) was called in, who

found her with a temperature of 103°, excited, and inclined to clutch

spasmodically at his arms; her coarse black hair was full of pediculi and

nits. She died next day, having had sent her by the practitioner a draught

of chlorodyne on account of her extreme restlessness. An inquest was

appointed, and the practitioner ordered to make a post-mortem examination.

He attended the inquest and gave evidence that death was due to

“congestion of the brain.” The jury were dissatisfied, and the coroner

adjourned the inquest for a second examination by a skilled pathologist.

After spending two hours looking for the cause of death (there was no

congestion of the brain), I discovered that the base of the brain had been

left in the skull intact, the hemispheres having been sliced off by a

horizontal section in the plane of the saw-draught round the cranium. On

raising the frontal lobes I saw green flaky lymph lying on the orbital

plates and on the corresponding surfaces of the arachnoid; the same was

found on the optic commissure, the surface of the pons, the medulla and

over a small area of the under convexities of the lateral lobes of the

cerebellum, where it amounted to little more than whitish opacity. The

lymph was purely basal, solely on the arachnoid, not in the fissures or

sulci. The examination having already lasted over two hours, it was found

impracticable to expose the spinal cord. The facts previously found were:

an extensive blood-shot state of the left conjunctiva with oedema of the

upper lid (there was no obvious intra-orbital disease); round dusky-red

spots on the outer sides of the thighs and on the shoulders; both lungs in

a state of solid purple congestion at the bases, crepitant at the apices,

the costal pleura dark red or livid; the tongue large and flabby,

congested around the broad papillae; the stomach at the cardiac end,

exactly corresponding to the pressure of a mass of hard undigested food,

dotted with numerous small round ecchymoses under the serosa; six inches

of the lower end of the jejunum, corresponding to a mass of hard impacted

faeces, dotted with the same subserous ecchymoses; a narrow belt of deep

congestion round the broad ends of the kidney pyramids; the mucosa of the

fundus uteri haemorrhagic. There was no herpetic eruption. At the

adjourned inquest the cause of death was found to be cerebro-spinal fever,

and was so certified by the coroner to the Registrar-General. The

practitioner who attended the deceased was unable to say whether the most

distinctive of all the symptoms, the violent retraction of the occiput

upon the shoulders, was present or absent. It is improbable that this was

a solitary case of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis in the East End of

London in the spring of 1894, (the early spring being the distinctive

season of the infection). Even if it were the only case, it narrowly

missed being returned as a death from “congestion of the brain,” and that,

too, after post-mortem inquisition. The practitioner’s statutory fees were

three guineas. There has lately been collected much evidence upon

certificates of death, and upon diagnosis under the Notification Act,

which makes it doubtful whether our mortality statistics are as correct in

substance as they are methodical and exhaustive in form.

INDEX.

Aberdeen, famine of 1622, 30,

relapsing fever of 1818, 175,

typhus of 1838-40, 189, 192,

relapsing of 1843, 204,

ratio of enteric in 1864, 210,

influenza of 1831, 379 _note_,

smallpox in 1610, 434,

measles of 1808, 651-2,

putrid sore-throat in 1790, 718,

dysentery near, 784,

cholera in 1832, 815

Aberystruth, cholera in 1849, 845

Ackworth bill of mortality, 528 _note_

Acland, Sir H. W., cholera at Oxford in 1854, 851 _note_

Adams, Joseph, cowpox, 559,

liberty for inoculators, 609

=Adynamic= fever, 182

=Ague=, etymology of, 225, 301,

name of typhus in Ireland, 301

=Agues=, epidemic, joined with influenzas, 300,

summary of in 16th and 17th cent., 306-14,

of 1678-80, 329,

in Scotland after the union, 341,

of 1727-29, 341,

of 1780-85, 366,

table of, at Kelso Dispensary, 370,

of 1826-28, 378,

of 1827 in Ireland, 273,

in 1846-47, 391,

in a Somerset village, 393,

no record of, during the influenzas of 1890-94, 397

Aikin, John, Warrington smallpox, 553

Akenside, Mark, dysentery in London 1762, 778,

theory of dysentery and rheumatic fever, 782

Alderson, John, contagion of typhus, 153

Alison, William P., no enteric cases in 1827, 187

Althaus, Julius, nervous sequelae of influenza, 397 _note_

Amyand, sergeant-surgeon, inoculations by, 469-70

Andrew, John, formal inoculation, 497

Anstruther, enteric fever 1835-39, 199

Arbuthnot, John, malignant fever in London, 67,

pestilent air of cities, 84,

influenza of 1733, 347,

theory of influenza, 402-5

Armagh, smallpox burials at in 1818, 572,

cholera in a hamlet near, 818

Arnot, Hugh, inoculation a complete remedy, 516

Arrott, James, fever at Dundee, 192-3

Astruc, Jean, history of whooping-cough, 666

=Asylums=, cholera in, 809, 831,

dysentery in, 787, 791

Aubrey, T., miasmata of Guinea Coast the cause of dengue, 424

Aylesbury, gaol typhus, 153

Aynho, statistics of smallpox in 1723, 520

Ayr, dysentery, 787,

cholera of 1832, 814

Ayrshire, cholera at iron-works, 837

Baillou, G. de, first to mention whooping-cough, 666

Baker, Sir George, history of cinchona bark, 320 _note_,

merits of Talbor, 322,

epidemic agues of 1780-85, 366-7,

failure of bark in ditto, 368,

merits of Jurin, 479,

Sutton’s inoculation, 498,

cowpox, 558,

dysentery of 1762, 778

Ballard, Edward, occupation of mothers as a cause of infantile

diarrhoea, 766 _note_,

“healthy” infants have due share of same, 768,

slight fatality of diarrhoea in adults, 769

Banff, inoculation not general, 510

Bangor, enteric fever in 1882, 220

Barbone, Nicholas, builder in London after the Fire, 86

Barcelona, sickness at among the troops in 1705, 106

Bard, Samuel, throat-disease in New York, 690

=Bark, cinchona=, use and abuse of in fevers, 318-25,

failure of in epidemic agues, 368

Barker, John, of Sarum, epidemic typhus of 1741, 79, 80, 83;

Sydenham as phlebotomist, 450

Barker, John, of Coleshill, type of fever in 1794, 157,

agues in 1781, 367,

influenzas of 1788 and fol. years, 370,

smallpox a bugbear, 517

Bartholin, Thomas, transplantation of disease, 474

Bateman, Thomas, decline of fever 1804-16, 163,

epidemic fever of 1816-19, 168,

cause of differences of type, 169,

ratio of relapsing cases, 172,

fatal smallpox in Shoe Lane, 547, 568,

measles of 1807, 650,

dysentery rare, 785

Bath, rumour of plague &c. in 1675, 34, 458,

influenza of 1782, 364 _note_,

of 1788, 372,

of 1803, 375,

smallpox of 1837, 604,

age-incidence of same, 624

Beddoes, Thomas, influenza of 1803, 375

Belfast, mortality in military hospital 1689-90, 234,

fatality of fever and dysentery 1846, 294,

recent enteric fever, 299,

cholera in 1832, 818,

in 1849, 839,

in 1853-4, 856

Bent, Thomas, crystalline smallpox at Derby in 1818, 577

Berkeley, Bishop, queries on Irish economics, 239,

dysentery and fever at Cloyne, &c. 1740-41, 241-2,

tar water in smallpox, 546

Berkeley, relapsing fever in 1794-5, 156

Berkhamstead, general inoculation at, 509

Bernoulli, saving of life by inoculation, 629

=Bilge-water= a cause of ship-fever, 105, 106 _note_

Bideford, incidence of influenza in 1803, 376,

cholera in 1854, 851 _note_

Bilston, cholera in 1832, 824,

in 1849, 845

Birmingham, scarlatina in 1778, 710

Black, William, safety of inoculation, 608

=Black Assizes= at Taunton in 1730, 92,

alleged at Launceston in 1742, 93,

at the Old Bailey in 1750, 93,

at Dublin in 1776, 98

“=Black Death=,” Irish name of cerebro-spinal fever, 863

=Black Fever=, Irish name of relapsing fever, 289

Blackmore, Sir Richard, hysteric or little fever, 68,

against inoculation, 479

Blagden, Charles, materies of influenza, 406

Blakiston, Peyton, influenza of 1837, 387

Blandford, effects of inoculation on smallpox at, 513

=Bloodletting= in fevers, Sydenham’s practice in, 3,

attack on in 1741, 83,

in ship-fevers, 104,

from the jugular by Freind, 107,

of doubtful use in low fever, 122,

revival of in 1817, 170, 172,

in relapsing fever, 174, 175 _note_, 176,

unsuitable in the fevers of 1830-40, 189,

unsuitable in the relapsing fever of 1842, 203,

in case of Charles II., 325,

in influenza of 1743, 350,

failure of in influenza of 1833, 381,

Whitmore opposed to in influenza of 1658, 381 _note_,

history of in smallpox, 445-50,

in whooping-cough, 667, 668,

injurious in epidemic angina, 701,

in the cholera of 1832, 833

Boate, Gerard, fluxes and fevers of Ireland, 226

Boerhaave, Hermann, antidotes to smallpox, 494

Bolton, dysentery in 1832, 789

Boringdon, Lord, Vaccination Bills in 1813 and 1814, 609

Borlase, Edmund, dysentery of Ireland, 228

Boston, U. S., inoculation, 483, 485,

smallpox epidemic of 1721, 485,

tar-water in smallpox, 546,

adult cases in the smallpox of 1721 and 1752, 626,

throat-distemper of 1735-6, 688

Boston, Eng., agues in 1780, 367, 368,

statistics of smallpox 18th cent., 525, 540, 557

Boufflers, Madame de, smallpox after inoculation, 495, 500

=Bowel-hive=, meaning of, 758 _note_

Boyle, Robert, influenza not due to the weather, 399,

hypothesis of subterraneous miasmata, 400-2, 408,

agues rare in Scotland, 341

Boylston, Zabdiel, inoculations at Boston, 483, 485

Brest, malignant typhus in 1757, 113

Bridgenorth, epidemic agues in 1784, 368

Bright, Richard, enteric fever in London in 1825-6, 186

Bristol, fever in 1696 46,

types of the fever of 1817-19, 173,

fever-cases in general wards, 179,

type of fever in 1834, 201,

cholera of 1832, 828,

of 1849, 846 _note_

Bromfeild, William, against Sutton’s inoculations, 499,

abandons inoculation, 515

Bromley, malignant sore-throat in 1746, 696

Brown, Andrew, fevers of the seven ill years in Scotland, 48

Browne, Sir Thomas, urn-burial and Norwich churchyards, 38

Brownrigg, William, nature of Leyden fever of 1669, 19 _note_,

contagion of fever in ships of war, 114

Buchanan, Andrew, state of the poor in Glasgow 1830, 598,

Edinburgh New Town epidemic of 1828, 788 _note_

Buchanan, Sir G., desires definition of “influenza proper,” 397 _note_

Buckie, cholera of 1832, 815

Budd, William, epidemic fever of 1839 at North Tawton, 196

=Burial= in relation to plague, 36-39

Burke, Edmund, dearth of 1795, 158 _note_

Burns, Robert, distress and fever of 1783, 154 _note_

Bury St Edmunds, smallpox in 1824, 593

Butter, William, infantile remittent fever, 7

=Buying the smallpox=, in Wales, 471,

in Africa, 473,

in Poland, 473

Caithness, inoculation in, 510, 542

Calabria, earthquakes and disease, 413, 419

Cambridge, plague of 1666, 34 _note_,

gaol fever, 96,

false rumour of smallpox, 458,

inoculations near, 592

Cameron, James, scarlatina from milk, 734 _note_

Campbell, David, typhus in cotton-mills, 151,

few children die of typhus, 152

Canterbury, smallpox in 1824, 581,

inoculations, 584

Cardiff, diphtheria, 742,

cholera of 1849, 845, 847

Carleton, William, tales of Irish famines, 254 _note_

Carlisle, typhus in 1781, 147,

smallpox of infants, 538,

rate of fatality, 555,

measles, 646,

scarlatina, 712, 723,

cholera of 1832, 829

Carnbroe, winter cholera in a mining township, 837

Carrick, Dr, fevers of Bristol, 201

Carter, H. W., smallpox and inoculation at Canterbury 1824, 581, 584

Castlebar, gaol-fever in 1847, 292

=Cats=, throat-distemper of in 1798, 719

Ceely, Robert, cowpox near Aylesbury, 561 and _note_

=Cellar dwellings= make typhus in Liverpool, 141,

in Manchester, 149,

in Whitehaven, 151

=Cerebro-spinal fever=, question of diagnosis of in Irish epidemic of

1771, 247,

at Cork and Dublin in 1864, 297,

two recent periods of, 863,

statistics of valueless, 863,

instance of its being overlooked after autopsy and inquest, 863

Chalmers, Thomas, state of Glasgow in 1819, 599

Chambers, W. F., enteric fever in London 1826, 185

Chandler, John, throat-distemper of 1739, 692

Charles II., patronizes Talbor, 319, 322,

his ague treated by bark, 323,

his fatal illness, 324,

visits his mistress after smallpox, 454

Charleston, inoculation at in 1738, 486, 490,

fatal measles, 645

Chelmsford, Sutton’s trial at, 499, 608

Cheshire, epidemic agues, 313, 368

Chester, public health in plague-times and after, 40-42,

typhus among military prisoners in 1716, 60, 96,

typhus endemic in suburbs, 143,

smallpox in 1634, 436,

inoculation, 508, 511, 516,

smallpox in 1774, 537, 544 _note_,

compared with Warrington, 551-555,

cholera in 1866, 857

Cheyne, George, on fevers in 1701, 52

Chichester, mild smallpox in 17th cent., 455,

smallpox in 1821, 581,

inoculation and vaccination in 1821-22, 591

=Children=, nervous fever of in 1661, 5-8,

epidemics among after the Great Plague, 18,

typhus in, 152, 276, 571-2,

smallpox of in 17th century, 434, 436,

alleged mildness of same, 441-2

=Cholera, Asiatic=, Anglo-Indian writings on before 1831, 793,

preparations for, 794,

diagnosis of from cholera nostras in 1831, 795-6,

first case of in England, 797,

the Sunderland epidemic, 797-802,

extension to the Tyne, 802-5,

to Scotland, 805,

the Glasgow epidemic in 1832, 808,

the Edinburgh epidemic, 812,

table of the epidemic in Scotland, 813,

among the fishing population, 814,

the 1832 epidemic in Ireland, 816,

table of same, 819,

the outbreak in London, 820,

table of 1832 epidemic in England, 821,

exempted towns, 823,

Bilston, 824,

in Liverpool shipping, 826,

at Manchester, 826,

exemption of cotton mills, 827,

microbic hypothesis in 1832, 827 _note_,

chief season of, 830,

season of in Paris, 831 _note_,

localities of, 830,

susceptible persons, 831,

question of contagion, 831,

means of transmission, 832,

sanitary lessons, 833,

revivals of in 1833-34 and 1837, 834

Second epidemic 1848-9: Outbreak at Edinburgh, 835,

at Springburn, Glasgow, 836,

great mortality at Glasgow in mid winter, 837,

in mining townships, 837,

summer epidemic in Dundee, 838,

in Ireland, 839,

great outbreak delayed in London till July 1849, 841,

chief London localities of, 841,

many deaths from collapse at outset, 842,

mixed with much cholera nostras, 842,

prevalence in institutions, 841, 843,

table for England, 843,

in Merthyr Tydvil, 845,

in Hull, 845,

in Airedale, 846,

exempted places, 846,

influence of locality, 847,

law of altitude, 847,

carried in surface water, 848

Third epidemic 1853-4: Outbreak at Newcastle and Gateshead, 849,

Commissioners’ report on, 849,

suspected water-supply, 850,

the epidemic partial in England in 1854, 851,

table of same and of 1866 epidemic, 852,

supposed connexion with water in South London, 853,

and in Soho, 854,

the epidemic in Scotland, 855,

in Ireland, 856

Fourth epidemic: Outbreak at Southampton in 1865, 856,

Liverpool &c. in 1866, 857,

chiefly in the East End of London, 857,

table of four epidemics in the parishes of London, 858,

main drainage incomplete at East End in 1866, 859,

slight Scotch epidemic in 1866, 859,

no subsequent epidemic, 859

In India before 1817, 860,

causes of endemicity since 1817, 861

=Cholera infantum=, _see_ Diarrhoea.

=Cholera nostras=, fatal to adults chiefly in old age, 769,

historical references to, 770,

distinction of from bilious colic, 771 _note_,

Willis’s symptoms of, 772,

in and near Leeds in 1825, 773,

diagnosis from Asiatic in 1831, 795-6

Christison, Sir Robert, relapsing fever of 1819, 174, 177,

fever cases in general wards, 179,

relapsing fever of 1827-29, 182,

heat of 1826, 185,

rarity of enteric fever in Edinburgh, 187,

relapsing fever of 1842, 203,

agues at Kelso dispensary 18th cent., 370,

ague in 1827, 378,

dysentery in and near Edinburgh, 787, 791

Christleton, village smallpox, 556

Churchill, Fleetwood, influenza in Dublin 1847, 389

Circassia, procuring of smallpox in, 472,

Voltaire’s legend of, 473 _note_

Clanny, W. R., Sunderland cholera, 798, 801 _note_

Clark, John, ship fever, 117,

Newcastle typhus, 142,

influenza of 1782, 364,

agues, 369,

inoculation of infants, 507,

scarlet fever of 1778, 713,

dysentery, 784

Clarke, James, typhus at Nottingham in 1807, 165,

ague in 1808, 378 _note_,

gangrene in measles, 706

Clayton, Mr, describes cowpox in the cow, 560

Cleghorn, George, influenza in Minorca, 352,

mild and severe smallpox, 547

Clemow, F., origin of influenza in 1889, 393 _note_

Cleveland, miliary fever or scarlatina in 1760, 127, 703

Clifton, _see_ Bristol

Clouston, T. S., dysentery in asylum, 791

Clowes, William, calls _variola_ measles, 633

Cloyne, dysentery in 1741, 241

Clutterbuck, Henry, excremental effluvia in houses, 87 _note_, 170

Cobbett, William, the potato in Ireland, 285

Cockburn, William, on “little fever,” 68,

sickness in navy, 103

Cockermouth, typhus, 114,

cholera, 846

=Coffins=, at Tewkesbury to prevent plague, 36,

supersede cerecloths, 37,

advantages of, 38,

burials without in a Scots parish, 51,

and in cholera, 814 _note_, 818

Coke family, typhus in, 31, 53,

smallpox in, 435

Colden, Cadwallader, throat-distemper in New York, 689

Coleridge, S. T., merits of inoculation and vaccination as poetic

subjects, 588 _note_

=Colic, bilious=, distinguished from cholera nostras, 771 _note_

Collieston, cholera of 1832, 815, 833 _note_

=Comatose fever=, 5, 20, 75

Connemara, famine and fever of 1821-22, 268

Constantinople, inoculation at 463-467, 475

Copenhagen, adult smallpox in 1833, 612

Cork, types and causes of fever 18th cent., 234-6,

state of workhouse in 1846, 286,

fever of 1864, 297,

cholera of 1832, 816,

of 1849, 839

Cormack, John Rose, relapsing fever, 204

=Cotton mills=, typhus in, 152,

effects of on married women, 767,

adverse to cholera, 827

=Country disease=, name of dysentery in Ireland, 226-7

Coventry, infantile diarrhoea, 765 and _note_

Covey, John, formal inoculation, 505

Cowan, Robert, Glasgow typhus, 191,

little smallpox among Irish adults, 601

=Cowpox=, matter from used to inoculate with, 558,

Jenner’s advocacy of, 558,

its properties used by Adams to illustrate phagedaena, 559,

accounts of by Jenner, Pearson and Clayton, 560,

circumstances of its origin in a cow, 561,

case of in a milkmaid, 562,

obsolete opinions concerning, 562,

called by Jenner “smallpox of the cow,” 563,

attempts to manufacture it out of smallpox, 564,

_see_ also Vaccination

Cox, Daniel, fever of 1741, 83 _note_

Craigie, David, Edinburgh enteric fever, 187,

cholera at Newburn 1832, 804,

at Edinburgh, 812,

history of cholera, 860 _note_

Cromarty, cholera of 1832, 814

Cromwell, Oliver, dies of epidemic ague, 303

Crook, John, sells bark in 1658, 320

Crookshank, Edgar, describes cowpox, 561 _note_,

witnesses contamination of milk, 735

Cross, John Green, Norwich smallpox, 578,

inoculation in 1819, 591

=Croup=, name for diphtheria in Bucks 1793, 716,

in Glasgow in 1819, 738 _note_

Croydon, scarlatina from blood &c., 735,

increase of diphtheria, 742

=Cucumbers=, theory of in fever of 1624, 32

Cupar Fife, crystalline smallpox, 575

Cullen, William, definitions of scarlatina and cynanche, 737,

rickets congenital, 767

Currie, James, typhus in Liverpool, 141,

inoculation, 508, 511,

cold affusions in scarlatina, 723

Darlington, enteric fever and water-supply, 221,

cholera nostras 18th cent., 772

Darwin, Charles, quantity of seminal particles, 608 _note_

Deal, supposed typhoid in 1806, 165

=Dearths= in England, 78, 125-6, 132, 159,

in Scotland, 30, 50, 82, 154, 599

Deering, Charles, Nottingham smallpox in 1736, 522,

mild smallpox, 845

Defoe, Daniel, the Plague and the Fire of London, 42

=Dengue=, an analogy for influenza, 424

Denman, Thomas, diphtheria of infants, 714

=Depuratory fevers=, 21

Dewar, Henry, smallpox of 1817, 575

=Diarrhoea, infantile=, called “griping in the guts” 17th cent., 747,

Harris on mortality from in London 17th cent., 749,

London statistics of in 17th and 18th cent., 750-755,

less of in provincial cities, 757,

first described by Rush, 758,

modern statistics of, 758-762,

has declined in London since 18th cent., 763,

modern prevalence in provincial towns, 765,

in infants of workwomen, 766,

a congenital risk, 767-8

Dillon, Dr, gaol-fever at Castlebar, 292

Dimsdale, Baron, re-inoculation, 505,

opposes infant inoculations, 507,

general inoculations, 509

Dingle, escapes famine of 1817, 262,

cholera of 1849, 840

=Diphtheria=, identified in 18th cent., 679, 691 _note_, 702, 737 _note_,

called croup in 1793, 716,

reappears in 1856, 736,

details of the epidemic of 1858-9, 739,

incidence of on town and country, 741,

on London, 742,

on age and sex, 743,

favouring conditions of, 744

=Dispensaries= in London, 16, 135

Dixon, Joshua, Whitehaven fevers, 152, 571

Dobson, Dr, Liverpool smallpox 1772-4, 537

=Dogs= attacked by influenza, 354, 361, 371 _note_, 372, 398

Donoughmore, fever in 1836, 277

Dorset, epidemic agues in 1780, 369

Douglas, James, post-mortem on case of fever, 55

Douglass, William, smallpox and inoculation at Boston 1721, 486,

danger of inoculated smallpox, 607,

throat-distemper of New England 1735-6, 686-9

Dover, Thomas, fever at Bristol 1696, 46,

agues in Glo’stershire, 74,

treated for smallpox by Sydenham, 446 _note_,

his success in smallpox in 1720, 449,

mildness of measles, 641 _note_

Drage, William, epidemic agues of 1658, 315,

transplantation of agues, 474 _note_,

incubation of measles, 655 _note_

Drogheda, dysentery at siege of, in 1649, 227,

cholera in 1832, 88,

in 1849, 839

=Drunkenness= in London 18th cent., 84

Dublin, Black Assizes of 1776, 98,

question of enteric fever in 1826, 187,

typhus in 1682, 228,

nervous fever in 1734, 239,

relapsing fever in 1738-9, 240,

dysentery and fever 1740-41, 241-2,

relapsing fever in 1746-8, 245,

putrid fevers in 1754-62, 245-6,

fevers of 1799-1802, 249-50,

dysentery and relapsing fever 1825-26, 271,

intermittent fever in 1827, 273,

typhus in 1837, 277,

fever of 1864-5, 297,

recent enteric fever, 299,

influenza of 1688, 336,

of 1693, 337,

horse-colds, 345, 354,

malignant smallpox, 549,

mild and severe scarlatina, 722, 724,

cholera of 1832, 816,

of 1849, 839

Dundalk, camp sickness, 230

Dundee, typhus of 1836, 192-3,

relapsing and typhus in 1842, 204,

hospital cases of typhus, 210,

dysentery, 789,

cholera of 1832, 814,

of 1849, 838,

of 1853, 855,

of 1866, 859

=Dunkirk rant=, 340

Dunse, smallpox in 1733, 527,

inoculation revived, 590

Duvillard, M., on saving of life by vaccination, 629

=Dysentery=, four degrees of epidemic prevalence, 774,

severe during plague in London, 774,

names of in bills of mortality, 775,

London epidemics of 1669-72, 776,

in Scotland 1731-37, 777,

in London in 1762, 778,

symptoms of in Newcastle in 1758-9, 780-1,

Akenside’s theory of its pathology, 782,

epidemic period of 1779-85, 783,

in a Scots fishing village in 1789, 784,

epidemic period 1800-2, 785,

in Glasgow in 1827-29, 786,

in Edinburgh 1828, 787,

in Wakefield Asylum, 787,

occasions of in 1827-29, 787,

in Scotland in 1836, 789,

at Taunton workhouse in 1837, 790,

at Penzance in 1848, 790-1,

during the cholera of 1849, 791, 842,

relation of to typhus fever, 792

Earlsoham, malignant fever in a farmhouse, 161

=East Indiamen=, fevers in, 117

Edinburgh, mortality bills of 1740-41, 82, 523,

fevers of 1699, 49,

worm fever in 1731-32, 75,

relapsing fever in 1735, 76,

state of the poor in 1818, 174,

types of fever 1817-19, 174-5,

fever cases in general wards of Infirmary, 179,

relapsing fever of 1827-29, 182,

little enteric fever, 187, 199-200, 202,

typhus of 1836-39, 192,

relapsing fever of 1843-44, 204,

Irish fever of 1846-48, 208,

typhus and enteric of 1864, 210,

relapsing of 1870, 211 _note_,

influenza of 1733, 346,

of 1743, 351,

of 1758, 353,

of 1775, 361,

smallpox in 18th cent., 523,

in 1817, 575,

in 1830-31, 600,

measles in 1735, 642,

in 1740-41, 643,

in 1808, 651-2,

whooping-cough in 1740-41, 670,

scarlatina in 1684, 681,

in 1733, 684,

Cullen’s experiences of the same, 737,

in 1804-5, 721,

in 1832-33, 725,

dysentery in 1734, 777,

in 1828, 787,

the “New-Town Epidemic” of 1828, 788,

cholera of 1832, 807, 812,

of 1848, 835,

of 1853-4, 855

Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice, opposes Vaccination Bill, 609

Ellenborough, second Earl of, brings in Vaccination Bill, 606

Elliotson, John, agues in 1826-28, 378

Elyot, Sir Thomas, infantile maladies of 16th cent., 666

Ennis, chief months of fever 1846-48, 288

=Enteric Fever=, epidemic of 1661 identified as, 8 _note_,

“little fever” identified as, 70,

probable cases of in 1804-10, 165,

in London in 1826, 183-6,

alleged at North Tawton in 1839, 196 _note_,

at Anstruther in 1835-39, 199,

at Edinburgh, 199-200,

Lombard on proportion of in Britain, 201,

prevalence of since 1869, 211,

favouring conditions of, 217,

highest English death-rates, 218,

explosions of, 220,

age-incidence fatality and predisposition to, 222-3,

Edinburgh New Town epidemic of 1828, 788 _note_

=Epidemic Constitutions= copied by Sydenham from Hippocrates, 10

Evelyn, John, the winter of 1653-4, 23,

Norwich graveyards, 38,

bark prescribed for Charles II., 323,

last illness of Charles II., 324,

“new fever” of 1678, 330,

attack of ague, 331 _note_,

treated in smallpox, 445

Exeter, influenza of 1729, 345,

of 1775, 360,

of 1837, 386,

smallpox of 1837, 604,

measles in 1824, 662,

cholera of 1832, 829,

cholera and water-supply, 854

Faröe Islands, strangers’ cold, 432

Farr, William, endorses Watt’s doctrine of displacement, 658,

cholera and elevation of ground, 847,

cholera and Newcastle drinking-water, 850

=Febricula= or “little fever” of 1720-30, 67-70

Feckenheim, camp sickness, 108

Ferguson, Dr, of Aberdeen, measles in 1808, 651-2

Ferguson, Robert, favours inoculation in 1825, 592

Ferriar, John, typhus severe in migrants to towns, 101,

fevers in Manchester, 149,

need for fever-hospitals, 158,

troubles of a young couple, 552

Ferryden, cholera in 1833, 815, 834

=Fever Hospitals=, committee on in 1818, 178

=Fire of London=, alleged effect on plague, 42

Fletcher, Andrew, state of Scotland end of 17th cent., 49

“=Flox and Smallpox=,” meaning of, 436 _note_

Forbes, Sir John, inoculation in Sussex, 591

Fordyce, John, miliary fever, 130

Fordyce, Sir William, malignant sore-throat in 1773, 707,

prevalence of rickets, 756

Foster, Sir Michael, Old Bailey Black Assizes, 93

Foster, Sir Walter, on cerebro-spinal fever diagnosed as typhoid, 863

Fothergill, Anthony, influenza of 1775, 359,

in horses, 361

Fothergill, John, fevers of 1751-55, 122,

collective inquiry on influenza of 1782, 360,

smallpox of 1751, 453, 529,

objections to the Parish Clerks’ bills, 530, 638 _note_,

epidemic sore-throat 1746-48, 696, 737

Fothergill, Samuel, scarlatina in 1814, 723

Fowler, Thomas, arsenic in ague, 368

Freind, John, Sydenham’s varieties of fever, 27 _note_,

petition to Commons on drink, 84,

sickness of Peterborough’s expedition 1705, 106,

adverse to inoculation, 478

Frewen, Thomas, methods of inoculation, 492,

Boerhaave’s antidotes, 494 _note_

Fuller, Thomas, inoculation, 489 _note_

Gaddesden, John of, uses “mesles” for _morbilli_, 632

Gairloch, fevers in 18th cent., 155

Galway, plague of 1649, 227,

fever of 1741, 243,

fever of 1821-22, 269,

gaol fever in 1848, 291,

cholera of 1832, 816,

of 1849, 839

=Gaol Fever=, 90-95,

Howard’s discoveries of, 95-97,

Lettsom’s cases, 97,

infection of in ships, 114,

in 1783-55, 153,

Neild’s inquiries, 628

Gaskell, Mrs, the fever episode in ‘Jane Eyre,’ 181 _note_,

distress of the working class in Manchester in 1839-41, 197

Gateshead, fever in 1790, 142,

cholera in 1832, 803,

cholera in 1853, 849

Gatti, Angelo, method and results of inoculation, 495-7

Gaulter, Henry, Manchester cholera of 1832, 826

Geach, Francis, influenza and astrology, 405,

dysentery of, 1781, 783

Geary, W. J., the Limerick poor in 1836, 275,

age-incidence of typhus, 276

Geneva, vital statistics of, 443 _note_, 623

George I. sanctions inoculation, 468-9

George Ham, epidemic pneumonia (?) in 1747, 355

Germany, names of influenza in 1712, 339,

apparent extinction of smallpox, 612,

re-vaccination, 612

Gibraltar, ship fever at, 115,

influenza of 1837, 388

Gilchrist, Ebenezer, nervous fever of 1735, 75,

inoculations at Dumfries, 509

Gladstone, rt. hon. W. E., on dearth of 1767, 132 _note_

Glasgow, fever statistics from 1795, 164,

fever of 1816-19, 175,

fever of 1827-28, 181,

spotted typhus after 1835, 189, 193,

public health 1831-39, 191,

fatality of typhus in adults, 193,

fevers of 1842-44, 204,

fevers of 1847-48, 208,

influenza of 1831, 379,

smallpox in end of 18th cent., 539, 557,

decline of smallpox 1801-12, 569,

statistics of vaccination 1801-18, 582,

revival of smallpox 2nd quarter 19th cent., 597-601,

immunity from same of Irish in, 602,

age-incidence of smallpox compared with same at Paris 1850-51, 611,

measles in 1808 etc., 652,

comparative table with London 1783-1812, 655,

substitution of measles for smallpox, 657,

ages of fatal measles, 661,

whooping-cough, 670, 672,

relation of same to measles, 675,

scarlatina 1835-39, 725,

milk scarlatina, 734 _note_,

“bowel-hive,” 758,

dysentery of 1827-28, 786,

of 1836, 789,

cholera of 1832, 808,

of 1848-9, 836,

of 1853-4, 855,

of 1866, 859

Gloucester, Duke of, dies of smallpox, 438

Gloucester, agues in 1727-29, 74

Goodsir, John, enteric fever at Anstruther, 199

Goole, infantile diarrhoea, 762, 765 _note_

Grainger, James, anomalous fever in 1753, 123

Grant, William, pestilential fever in London, 137,

influenza of 1775, 359,

fever and sore-throat, 707

Graunt, John, exactness of the early bills of mortality, 653 _note_

Graves, Robert J., typhus fatal to the well-to-do, 102,

fever in Galway, 270,

jaundice in relapsing fever, 272,

spotted typhus a new type, 277,

typhus begins like a cold, 278 _note_,

failure of blooding in influenza, 282,

mild and fatal scarlatina, 722, 724,

type of scarlatina not affected by treatment, 725,

writings on cholera, 831 _note_

Gray, Edward, collective inquiry on influenza of 1782, 363, 365

Greenock, high typhus death-rates, 209,

cholera of 1832, 813

Gregory, George, compares London smallpox of 1825 with great 18th cent.

epidemics, 593-5,

advocates re-vaccination, 612

Gregory, James, follows course of influenza in 1775, 361

Griffin, Daniel, infantile mortality in Limerick, 602

Grimsby, cholera in 1893, 860

Grimshaw, T. W., fever and rainfall in Dublin, 298,

relation of whooping-cough to measles, 676 _note_

_Grippe, la_, 339 _note_

Guide, Philip, on Talbor, 319

Guilford, Lord, his fever treated by bark, 321

Gull, Sir William W., report on cholera, 846 _note_

Haeser, Heinrich, identities of 18th cent. throat-distempers, 691 _note_

Hague, The, ages in 18th cent. smallpox, 623

Hales, Stephen, ventilation of Newgate, 94,

ventilation of ships, 119

Halifax, semi-rural industries of, 145,

smallpox at in 1681, 458,

inoculation at, 483

Hamilton, Sir David, case of fever in London in 1709, 55,

factitious miliary fever, 128,

fever and sore-throat in 1704, 704 _note_

Hamilton, dysentery in 1801, 785,

cholera of 1848-9, 838

Hampstead, agues in 1781, 367,

scarlatina in 1786, 713

Hampton, U. S., throat-distemper in 18th cent., 690

Harris, Walter, influenza of 1688, 336,

mildness of smallpox in infants, 441,

reference to inoculation in 1721, 467,

whooping-cough, 667,

summer diarrhoea fatal to London infants, 749, 763

Harty, William, Irish epidemic of 1817-19, 264,

affinities of dysentery, 782,

cholera in Dublin prisons, 816

Hastings, smallpox in 1731, 521

Haverfordwest, buying the smallpox, 471,

diphtheria in 1849, 738 _note_

Haviland, Alfred, the Hippocratic “constitutions,” 10 _note_,

village epidemic of ague in 1858, 393

Hawkins, Bisset, cavils at Watt, 658

Hawkins, Caesar, inoculator, 504, 515

Haygarth, John, typhus in Chester, 41, 143,

miliary fever, 130,

influenza of 1803, 376,

procuring the smallpox, 477,

census of Chester after smallpox in 1774, 544 _note_,

infantile deaths at Chester, 553-4,

letter on Jenner’s cowpox project in 1794, 559

Heberden, William, junior, supposed decrease of dysentery, 747, 774

Heberden, William, senior, smallpox least dangerous to infants, 442,

a failure of inoculation, 498,

measles in 1753, 644,

scarlatina and angina, 712 _note_

Hecker, J. F. C., identity of throat-epidemics, 691 _note_, 704 _note_

Hecquet, Ph., reasons against inoculation, 479 _note_

Helmont, J. B. van, ridiculed by Barker, 450 _note_

Henry, Thomas, smallpox in different parts of Manchester, 556 _note_

Hertford, smallpox in 1722, 519

Hewett, Cornwallis, cases of enteric fever, 185

Heysham, John, Carlisle typhus, 147,

smallpox, 538, 555, 570,

measles, 646,

scarlatina, 712, 723

Hillary, William, Ripon fevers, 72-3,

copious bloodings, 74 _note_,

nervous fever in Barbados, 127,

influenza in Barbados, 352, 412,

volcanic waves at Bridgetown, 411,

smallpox mild there, 548

Hippocrates, epidemic constitutions, 9

Hirsch, August, identity of 18th cent. throat-distempers, 691 _note_,

737 _note_,

history of infantile diarrhoea, 758,

degrees of epidemic dysentery, 774

Holland, Sir Henry, advises re-vaccination, 613,

“hypothesis of insect life” in cholera, 827 _note_

Holy Island, ship typhus, 109

Hongkong fever, resembles influenza, 423 _note_

=Horses= attacked by influenza in 1658, 313,

in 1688, 337,

in 1727-29, 345,

in 1732, 348,

in 1737, 348,

in 1758, 353,

in 1743 and 1750, 354,

in 1760, 355,

in 1775, 361,

in 1783, 371 _note_,

in 1788, 372

Howard, John, effects of the window-tax, 88,

discoveries of gaol-fever, 95,

smallpox in three gaols, 544

Hull, infantile diarrhoea, 762, 765 _note_,

cholera of 1832, 823,

of 1849, 845,

of 1854, 851

Hume, David, influence of climate etc., 224

Hunter, John, M.D., typhus in London, 15, 134, 138

Hutchinson, James, change in fevers since 17th cent., 3

Hutchinson, Jonathan, vaccinal syphilis, 562 _note_

Huxham, John, Plymouth fevers 1727-29, 73-4,

worm fever in 1734, 75,

typhus, 76-77,

ship fever, 78,

gaol fever at Launceston in 1742, 93,

influenza in 1729, 345,

horse-cold in 1727, 345,

influenza of 1733, 347,

influenza and horse-cold of 1737, 348-9,

influenza of 1743, 351,

smallpox of 1724-25, 520,

smallpox of 1751, 529,

malignant measles 1749, 656,

anginose fever of 1734, 684,

epidemic sore-throat of 1751, 695, 699

Iceland, dust clouds from volcanic action, 414

India, cholera before 1817, 860,

creation of the endemic area, 861

=Industrial Revolution=, the, 145

=Infantile Remittent Fever=, 5-8

=Influenza=, historically mixed with epidemic ague, 300,

probable etymology of, 304,

names of before 1743, 305,

retrospect of influenzas to 1659, 306-313,

influenza of 1675, 326,

of 1679, 328,

of 1688, 335,

of 1693, 337,

of 1712, 339,

of 1729, 343,

probable in 1728, 346,

of 1733, 346,

of 1737, 348,

of 1743, 349,

of 1758, 353,

of 1759 in Peru, 354,

of 1762, 356,

of 1767, 358,

of 1775, 359,

of 1782, 362,

of 1788, 370,

of 1803, 374,

of 1831, 379,

of 1833, 380,

of 1837, 383,

of 1847-48, 389,

minor epidemics, 391,

of 1889-94, 393,

antiquity and sameness of, 398,

views of Willis and Sydenham, 399,

miasmatic hypothesis of Boyle, 399-402,

theory of Arbuthnot, 402,

theory of Noah Webster, 405,

a phenomenal cause needed, 407,

relation to epidemic agues, 409,

the epidemic of 1761 at Barbados and the earthquake, 409,

the earthquake of Lisbon and influenzas, 411,

earthquakes and the influenza of 1782, 413,

miasmatic sickness following earthquakes in Jamaica, 415,

in Amboina, 418 _note_,

and in Sicily, 419,

possible sources of miasmata of influenza in 1693, 420,

epidemic of 1688 and the earthquake of Lima, 421,

possible sources of S. American epidemic in 1720, direction in which

the true theory lies, 425,

outbreaks at sea, 425-431,

strangers’ colds, 431-433.

The London cholera of 1854, like that of 1832 and of 1849, fell most upon