with the procession. It is evident from the way in which his head
is thrown back and his arm raised that he is not addressing the
group beside him, but is making a signal to some person at a
considerable distance. He may be supposed to be making a signal to
the southern half of the procession, and thus helps the spectator
to keep the two parts connected together in his mind. The next
figure (No. 47), a similar officer, stands facing the advancing
maidens.
Slab vi., which was complete in Carrey's time, has since suffered
greatly, and the parts now exhibited have been combined from
several sources. At some unknown period the slab was broken
through No. 40, much of No. 40 being destroyed. The original
fragment, with the figures Nos. 37-39, is now at Athens, where it
was dug up in 1836. Since the cast in the Museum was made, parts
of the right hand and right foot of Poseidon have been injured
(_Trans. of R. Soc. of Lit._, v. (1856) p. 67; Baumeister,
_Denkmaeler_, p. 1187. fig. 1389). About 1787 Fauvel took a mould
from the slab as he found it, which is now in the Louvre. The slab
then existed from the middle of No. 41 to the joint after No.
47. Between 1787 and 1800 Nos. 41, 42 were lost, and the slab was
divided through No. 45, probably for convenience of transport.
To facilitate the division, No. 45, and the arm of No. 46, were
chiselled away. The main part of the figures Nos. 42-47 is the
original marble. The additions to the marble are the right foot of
No. 39, the main part of Nos. 40, 41, the lower part and the head
of No. 42, the heads and breasts of Nos. 43, 44, the whole of No.
45, and part of the head of No. 47, together with his legs. These
parts are principally derived from the mould of Fauvel in the
Louvre. Certain fragments, however, are cast from originals at
Athens, namely, the chair-leg and some drapery of No. 40, the
knees of No. 41, and the head and left foot of No. 47.
[Rightnote: VII.]
[Sidenote: 48.]
The next magistrate, or officer (No. 48), seems to hold in his
hand a _kanoun_, or dish, such as those in which the corn, sashes,
or sacrificial implements were usually brought to the altar. The
position of the left hand seems to show that the thumb is inserted
in a boss, as in a phiale omphalote. Holes in the marble may
indicate sashes of bronze, hanging from the dish.
[Sidenote: 49, 50.]
Two maidens (Nos. 49, 50) are seen standing with empty hands.
Perhaps one has given up the dish which is held by the officer
(No. 48.) In that case these would be Canephori, maidens of noble
birth, whose privilege it was to carry in the procession the
dishes just described. They are draped in long chitons, with
diploidia, and wear small mantles over the shoulders.
[Sidenote: 51.]
[Sidenote: 52, 53.]
Another officer (No. 51) stands looking towards the procession.
He has held in the right hand some object in metal, perhaps a
herald's staff. Two holes for the attachment of it are visible in
the marble. The gesture of the left hand shows that the officer is
giving some order to the two maidens before him (Nos. 52, 53), who
stand with empty hands, like Nos. 49 and 50.
[Sidenote: 54.]
[Sidenote: 55.]
The next maiden (No. 54) walks alone, carrying a bowl (phiale),
used for sacrificial libations. No. 55 looks back at the figure on
the next slab (No. 56), and helps her to carry her burden.
Slab vii. is a cast from the original, which was removed from the
Acropolis by Choiseul-Gouffier in 1787, and is now in the Louvre.
The right foot of the magistrate (No. 48) is cast from a fragment
which is still at Athens.
[Rightnote: VIII.]
[Sidenote: 56.]
[Sidenote: 57, 58]
[Sidenote: 59, 60]
The next maiden (No. 56), assisted by No. 55, holds a thymiaterion
with a conical cover, used for burning incense. Censers of this
form are not uncommon on Greek vases. (Cf. Vases in the B. M., C.
32, E. 98, E. 241, E. 285, E. 352.) Next follow two figures (Nos.
57, 58), each carrying in the right hand a jug, oinochoe, then two
more (Nos. 59, 60), carrying phialae.
In this slab the heads of Nos. 57, 59, 60, which have been
adjusted to their places since the publication of the work of
Michaelis, are cast from the originals at Athens. The slab in its
present condition is shown in Mitchell, _Selections_, pl. 4.
[Rightnote: IX.]
The east side of the frieze was completed by the short return of
a slab which was still in existence in the time of Stuart. On this
slab were two maidens, belonging to the procession. The second of
these carried a phiale.
NORTH FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON.
[Sidenote: =325.=]
At the head of the procession on the north side we meet a troop of cows
and sheep, led by an escort. Each cow is led by cords held by two
youths, one on each side; each sheep is led by one boy. There are some
grounds for the conjecture that the Athenian colonists contributed each
a cow and two sheep to the festival, while the Athenians are not known
to have sacrificed anything except cows. It is therefore presumed that
the victims on this side of the frieze, on which alone sheep are
represented, are some of the colonial offerings; and in that case the
men by whom the victims are conducted would be the Theori sent by the
Colonies.
[Rightnote: I.]
Slab i. (see Plate vii.) was complete in the time of Carrey, and
partly extant in the time of Stuart. It contains the first cow,
led by two youths, who are standing still, and the head and
shoulders of the second cow.
[Rightnote: II.]
[Sidenote: 1, 2.]
[Sidenote: 3, 4.]
Nos. 1 and 2 walk on each side of the second cow, which is going
quietly, as is shown by the way in which the youths are closely
wrapped up in their himatia. The rope by which the beast is led
was probably painted on the marble. The third cow is restive, and
only restrained with difficulty by Nos. 3 and 4. Here also the
rope was probably painted.
This slab was discovered in 1833, beneath its original position on
the Parthenon.
[Rightnote: III.]
[Sidenote: 5, 6.]
Of slab iii. only fragments remain. As drawn by Carrey, it
contains the figure of No. 4 (cf. Plate vii., and No. 345, _3_),
vigorously holding back his cow, and a fourth cow, quietly led
by two youths (Nos. 5, 6). For economy of space this slab is
compressed in the British Museum to about two-thirds of its proper
length. A cast from a head, which, perhaps, is that of No. 4, is
placed at the corner of the slab (Michaelis, plate 13, xxvii. C.).
The drapery seen on a fragment with the fore-legs of a cow belongs
to No. 5, who leads the third cow. No. 6 is made up of six pieces,
of which Michaelis had identified the feet of the figure, and part
of the fore-legs of the cow. For its hind-legs, see his plate 13,
xxvii. D. The originals of all these fragments are at Athens.
[Rightnote: IV.]
[Sidenote: 7-9.]
[Sidenote: 10.]
Slab iv. contains parts of three figures, Nos. 7-9, who conduct
three horned sheep. Of the first figure (No. 7) a part of the
mantle is now left, and perhaps also the head (cf. Plate vii., and
No. 345, _4_). In Carrey's time the head and shoulders were still
extant. At the joint between this slab and the next there is a
marshal (No. 10), who turns to the division of the procession
approaching. Slab iv. was discovered in 1840.
[Rightnote: V.]
[Sidenote: 11.]
When drawn by Carrey and Stuart, the next group in the procession
consisted of three figures, of which one only (No. 11) is now
extant. These figures carry on their shoulders oblong rectangular
trays, not unlike a butcher's tray in form. These trays have been
identified with the skaphae, or boat-shaped dishes which were
carried in the Panathenaic procession, and which contained
offerings of cakes. If we may trust Stuart's engraving, the tray
of one of the two figures which have now disappeared contained
fruits or cakes. These trays were made of silver or bronze.
Skaphae of bronze are mentioned in one of the inventories of the
treasures, deposited in the Parthenon. The Metoiks, whose duty
it was to carry these trays, were hence called Scaphephori. Their
place in the procession would naturally be immediately after the
victims led for sacrifice.
[Rightnote: VI.]
[Sidenote: 12-14.]
[Sidenote: 15.]
[Sidenote: 16.]
Slab vi. contains five male figures. Three (Nos. 12-14) carry
vases on their shoulders; a fourth (No. 15) stoops to raise from
the ground a similar vase, which is singularly misinterpreted
in Carrey's drawing as a lamb. The vase resembles in form the
three-handled water-pitcher, hydria or calpis, which was in use
in the period of Pheidias, but two handles only are shown in the
sculpture; the third handle, which was attached to the neck midway
between the other two, is not seen, except, perhaps, on the vase
of No. 15. Michaelis supposes that the vases here represented on
the frieze contained the wine used in the Panathenaic sacrifice,
and that these figures may be the Spondophori, who are mentioned
by Pollux (i. 35). On the right of this slab are the arms, flute,
and drapery of the first of the four flute-players drawn by
Carrey. This slab was found in 1833, inside the peristyle of the
Parthenon.
[Rightnote: VII.]
The persons bringing objects connected with the sacrifice are
immediately followed by a band of musicians, consisting of four
flute-players and four lyre-players, or citharists, all playing on
their instruments. The musicians, as is usual, wear long chitons
and ample mantles. Of slab vii. only two small fragments remain.
See Plates vii., viii., and Nos. 345, _5_ and _6_.
[Rightnote: VIII.]
[Sidenote: 17, 18.]
[Sidenote: 19.]
The next slab contains parts of the second pair of citharists and
the foremost of a group of male figures, principally on the two
slabs immediately following.
[Rightnote: IX., X.]
[Sidenote: 19-30.]
The figures on these two slabs are bearded men (Nos. 19-30), all
clad in the himation, and moving forward at a leisurely pace; Nos.
25 and 26 wear a band on their heads; No. 25 draws it over his
hair; Nos. 28 and 30 wear long hair, plaited in the manner of the
_krobylos_. The attire, elderly type, and general deportment of
these figures corresponds with that of the Thallophori, by which
name ancient authors designate elderly citizens who carried olive
branches in the Panathenaic procession. The right hands of three
of these figures are closed, as if they were holding a wand or
branch.
Slab ix. was discovered in 1840, and is a fragment of the slab
drawn by Carrey, which, when he saw it, contained nine figures
similar to those on x. A recently-discovered fragment, from the
left of slab ix., has not been inserted for want of space (cf.
Plate viii., and No. 345, _8_).
Slab x. was found at the north-west angle of the Parthenon in
1835. A fragment which belongs to the left-hand lower corner of
the slab, and completes Nos. 24, 25, has been adjusted since the
publication of the work of Michaelis. This slab was not drawn
by Carrey, who indicates a lacuna at this point. It is therefore
probable that the slab had already fallen from its place. The last
two complete figures on this slab are looking back, as if their
attention is directed to the advancing chariots. Michaelis has not
observed that between these figures and the marshal (No. 31) there
has been another draped figure (No. 30*), of whom nothing remains
but the shoulders and a little drapery, shown immediately in front
of the marshal (No. 31), and his right foot on slab x., seen next
to the right foot of No. 30, the left foot of No. 30 being lost.
This figure must have been the hindermost in the procession of
Thallophori, and the entire number of these persons is therefore
seventeen, not sixteen, as Michaelis makes it.
[Rightnote: XI.]
[Sidenote: 31.]
With slab xi. the chariot groups begin. This part of the frieze
has greatly suffered from mutilation. The remains of the chariot
groups still extant show that there were at least nine of these.
According to the calculation of Michaelis, that was the original
number of chariots on this frieze. All these chariots are drawn
by four horses, _harmata tethrippa_, or quadrigae; the charioteer
stands in the chariot, and is accompanied by the apobates, who is
armed with a helmet and Argolic buckler, and is represented in the
act of stepping down from the chariot or standing behind it. Each
quadriga is accompanied by a marshal, _pompeus_. The vigour and
animation of the chariot groups form a marked contrast with the
groups that immediately precede them. The transition from the
rapid motion of the chariots to the quietude of the Thallophori
is skilfully effected by a chariot seen in rapid motion but in
the act of being suddenly checked by the marshal (No. 31), who
is represented eagerly pressing back the plunging horses of
the chariot which follows on the next slab. In the haste of his
movement he has nearly thrown off his mantle, holding it from
slipping further with his right hand on his right thigh. The
original of this slab was found at Athens probably about 1834.
[Rightnote: XII.]
[Sidenote: 32.]
[Sidenote: 33.]
On the slab next on the right (xii.) is the hind quarter of one of
the horses, cut off at the joint. At the side of the chariot is
a marshal (No. 32), his face turned, and his right arm extended
towards the procession following on the right. The charioteer (No.
33), who was mistaken for a Victory by Visconti and others, but
whose figure is certainly not female, differs in costume from the
others in this frieze. He wears a long chiton, over which is a
diploidion reaching to the hips. The breast is crossed diagonally
by two bands. As a part of the hair is on a fragment known to have
been missing before the time of Stuart, his drawing of the figure
is proved to be untrustworthy.
[Sidenote: 34.]
The warrior (No. 34) attached to the chariot was complete in the
time of Carrey. The upper half was lost before the time of Stuart,
and was only re-discovered in the latest excavations on the
Acropolis in 1889. He is represented standing on the ground, and
looking back to the next chariot. His shield is raised as if
to stop its course. The wheel of this chariot, as of some that
succeed it, must have been, in part, wholly detached from the
ground. The foot of the marshal is complete, but it is easy to
trace where the wheel prevented the convenient working of the
ground beneath it. (See Plate viii., and _Stereoscopic_, No. 19.)
[Rightnote: XIII.]
Of slab xiii., which Carrey places next, nothing has been
identified with certainty, but Michaelis is probably right in
assigning to this group the fragment of four horses, of which
a cast from the original at Athens is here inserted (cf. Plate
viii., and No. 345, _9_). Above the back of the second horse is
the _hestor_ (see below), and also what appears to be a small
piece of the drapery of a marshal. This, however, cannot be the
case if the fragment described (No. 345, _9_) contains the marshal
belonging to this slab.
[Rightnote: XIV.]
[Sidenote: 35.]
[Sidenote: 36.]
[Sidenote: 37.]
Slab xiv. contains the third chariot with part of the team of
horses. The marshal (No. 35) stands beyond the horses, and looks
towards the charioteer. The charioteer (No. 36) had reins of
bronze, as indicated by two rivet holes. Like the driver on slab
xviii. he wears a chiton with long close-fitting sleeves. The
apobates (No. 37) appears about to step down from the chariot. The
wheel of this chariot as of that on slab xii. must have stood out
entirely free from the ground. When Carrey drew this slab, the
head of the charioteer (No. 36) and the head and body of the
apobates (No. 37), of which only the lower part now remains, were
extant. Close behind the wheel are traces of a horse's forefoot,
which, as we see from Carrey's drawing, belonged to the chariot
on the slab which follows next on the right (xv. according to the
order of Michaelis).
[Rightnote: XV.]
[Sidenote: 38, 39.]
Of the fourth chariot group, which was also drawn by Carrey, we
have only the mutilated group to which the charioteer (No. 38) and
an apobates (No. 39) belong; this is made up of four fragments,
of which the originals were found at Athens in 1837. In this group
the apobates (No. 39) stands in the chariot, looking back to
the chariot following so closely that the forelegs of the horses
actually overlap this group. Here also the wheel was in part
completely free from the ground of the relief.
[Rightnote: XVII.]
[Sidenote: 41.]
[Sidenote: 42.]
From Carrey's sketch we know that the chariot on slab xvii. was
drawn by the horses, which occupied slab xvi., and whose hoofs are
seen on slab xv., and that this was the fifth chariot group. The
apobates (No. 41) of this chariot leans back, supporting himself
by the right hand, which grasped the chariot rail (_antyx_), and
is about to step off the chariot. The marshal (No. 42) steps back
to the left, looking in the contrary direction; his left arm,
muffled in his mantle, is raised as a signal to the advancing
throng; his right arm is also raised; the hand, now wanting, was
just above the level of the head. His animated action forms a
strong contrast to the still, calm attitude of the marshal (No.
43) of the following group.
Slab xvii. is cast from the original, which was drawn at Athens
by Stuart, and, having been buried on the Acropolis, was
re-discovered there in 1833. The right side of this slab is broken
away, but there can be no doubt that it comes next to slab xviii.
A photograph from the original is reproduced in Baumeister,
_Denkmaeler_, p. 1186, fig. 1388.
[Rightnote: XVIII.]
[Sidenote: 43.]
[Sidenote: 44-45.]
In slab xviii. have been three figures. The marshal (No. 43)
stands beside the horses, in a calmer attitude than is usual in
this part of the frieze; of the apobates (No. 45) nothing remains
but his right arm and leg; and the lower part of his drapery,
which indicates rapid movement. Of the charioteer (No. 44), we
have only the lower part of the body and hands.
Parts of the harness can be seen on this slab, and also on slabs
xiii., xix., xxi., xxiii. The general arrangement seems uniform,
though there are differences of detail. The chariot pole ([Greek:
rhymos]) passes from below the chariot between the horses. An
upright pin ([Greek: hestor]) passes through the pole (slabs
xiii., xviii., xix., xxiii). At this point the yoke ([Greek:
zygon]) was secured by a ring ([Greek: krikos]) and by the
yoke-band ([Greek: zygodesmon]) (Hom. _Il._ xxiv.). The near end
of the yoke, foreshortened and turned back, is visible on slabs
xviii., xix., xxi., xxiii. On slabs xix., xxi. the yoke appears
to be kept in position by a piece of metal passing from the top
of the pin to the pole, which may, perhaps, serve instead of the
ring. On slab xix. there appears to be a loop of a leather thong
on each side of the piece described. This may be a part of the
yoke-band. The reins were usually guided by two rings attached to
the yoke or to the pole, but these do not appear to be shown on
the frieze. It is easy to see on slabs xviii., xix., xxi., that
the yoke was only fixed to the two middle horses, the outer pair
being attached by traces.
[Illustration: Fig. 12.--North Frieze, slab xix. (46. 47.)]
[Rightnote: XIX.]
The next slab (xix.) is a cast from the original at Athens, which
is broken away on the right, so that all that remains of the
charioteer (No. 47) is his right hand. At the side of the horses
is a marshal (No. 46), who turns towards the chariot following
on the right. Carrey's drawing supplies the upper part of this
figure, and shows that he was holding up with his left hand
the end of his mantle, apparently as a signal to the advancing
procession. In fig. 12, slab xix. has been drawn in juxtaposition
with the hitherto unplaced fragment No. 345, _12_. This slab was
discovered in 1834.
[Rightnote: XX.]
Slab xx. is now lost, but a horse's head now at Athens (No. 345,
_13_; Michaelis, pl. 12, xx.) may perhaps belong to it.
[Rightnote: XXI.]
Slab xxi. contains the bodies and hind quarters of the horses
drawing the chariot seen on slab xxii. Between the charioteer (No.
48) and his horse is a fragment, showing the front of the chariot,
and the tails of the horses, of which the original is at Athens,
and which is not figured in Michaelis.
[Rightnote: XXII.]
[Sidenote: 48, 49.]
On the left of slab xxii. is a chariot with the charioteer (No.
48) and apobates (No. 49) who is stepping into the chariot. On the
right of this slab is an attendant (No. 50) standing at the heads
of the horses of the last chariot group. The lower fragments of
this slab are at Athens. The left-hand upper corner, which was
wanting in the time of Stuart, was brought home by Lord Elgin.
The upper fragment next to it, was once in the possession of the
Society of Dilettanti, and was presented by that body. It had
probably been brought from Athens by Chandler.
Stuart, 2nd ed., II., p. 50, note C.
[Rightnote: XXIII.]
[Sidenote: 52.]
The chariot group represented on slabs xxii., xxiii. is
represented as standing still, and was probably the last chariot
in the procession. This slab is shorter than any of the others
representing chariot groups. Part of the head of the apobates (No.
52) is supplied in plaster from the original fragment at Athens.
A fragment of an apobates, which may well belong to the figure
No. 52, has recently been fitted to the left of slab xxiv., thus
proving that No. xxiv. is the first slab of the cavalry, and
making it very probable that No. xxiii. is the last slab of
the chariots. This fragment, incorrectly drawn, is assigned by
Michaelis to slab xxviii. of the south side.
[Rightnote: XXIV.-XLII.]
[Sidenote: 54-109.]
From this point to the north-west angle of the frieze we have a
continuous procession of Athenian cavalry. The horsemen advance
in a loose throng, in which no division into ranks or troops, nor
indeed any settled order, can be made out. The groups, being very
crowded, are carried on from slab to slab continuously, so that
the vertical lines of the joints intersect the figures, while
on the western frieze, on the contrary, the groups, being more
scattered, are always completed on single slabs. The general
effect of a body of horse in rapid movement is admirably rendered
in the composition of the northern frieze, and is particularly
fine in slabs xxx.-xlii., in which the effect has not been marred
by mutilation. Though the entire composition is pervaded by the
same general motion, a wonderful fertility of invention is shown
in the arrangement of the successive groups. In the one hundred
and twenty-five mounted figures in this cavalcade we do not find
one single monotonous repetition.
Though the horses bound along with a fiery impatience, which
seems at every moment ready to break loose from all control, these
irregular movements never disturb the even hand and well-assured
seat of the riders. Thus, as the cavalcade dashes along like a
torrent, a rhythmical effect is produced by the contrast of the
impetuous horses and their calm, steadfast riders.
In this part of the frieze there is great variety in the costumes
and accoutrements of the horsemen. Crested helmets are worn by
Nos. 59, 62; flexible leather caps by Nos. 84, 93, 96; a taenia
by No. 97, and a petasos by No. 105. Some figures wear high boots
with flaps at the knee as Nos. 98, 103, &c., while others wear
boots without flaps as Nos. 90, 91, 92; a few have bare feet,
as Nos. 72, 87, 89. The usual dress is a sleeveless chiton and a
cloak. Some riders, however, wear a chiton only, as Nos. 59, 60
63, 72, &c., and others wear a cloak only, as Nos. 64, 76, 79, 87,
94. It may be mentioned that, according to Theophrastus, it was a
mark of the man of small ambitions, when he took part in a cavalry
procession, to give all his garments to a slave to carry home
except only his cloak, in which he would display himself, walking
about the agora. The chiton may have either one girdle, as No. 72,
or two girdles, as Nos. 57, 59, &c. In a few instances it has long
sleeves, as in Nos. 73, 75, 80, 84, 97, 98, 109. Two riders wear
a cuirass, viz. Nos. 62, 92. The reins and bridles were in nearly
every instance of bronze, marked by rivet holes behind the horse's
ear, at his mouth and in the rider's hands. Marble reins are seen
in the right hands of Nos. 98, 103.
[Rightnote: XXIV.]
[Sidenote: 52.]
Slab xxiv. is shown, as has been already stated, to have contained
the first of the cavalry, by the figure of the apobates which has
been fitted to its left side. Neither this fragment nor that at
the upper right hand corner have been engraved by Michaelis.
[Rightnote: XXV.]
[Sidenote: 57.]
Slab xxv. was complete when drawn by Stuart. Only a fragment,
containing part of No. 57, now survives. This is not inserted, in
its place in the frieze, but is fixed beside the south door to the
Elgin Room.
[Rightnote: XXVI.]
[Rightnote: XXVII.-XXXI.]
Slab xxvi. is proved by Stuart's drawing to be continuous with the
fragmentary slab xxv. Between slabs xxvi. and xxxi. the order
is uncertain. The arrangement of plate 13 of Michaelis has been
followed. It may be assumed that a slab (xxvii.) is lost between
xxvi. and xxviii., which may have included the fragment No. 345,
_15_. Slab xxx. when complete may have fitted to xxix.; but, as it
has the joint preserved on the right, there can be no doubt that
it did not fit to No. xxxi. Between these two, therefore, another
slab may be supposed to be missing. The three slabs enumerated as
lost, viz. xx., xxvii., and the slab between xxx., xxxi., may be
supposed to have been about 12 feet long. The missing part of xxx.
may be 2 feet. Of the 25 ft. 10 in. of the frieze lost without
record 14 feet are thus accounted for; the remaining 11 ft. 10
in. may be due to the loss of two more slabs, containing a chariot
group, or to miscalculated proportions in Carrey's drawing.
[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Slab xxv. restored from Stuart (from
Michaelis).]
Slab xxviii. is original; slabs xxix.-xxxi. are casts from the
originals at Athens; No. 65 (on slab xxix.) is a marshal beckoning
to the riders.
[Rightnote: XXXII.]
[Sidenote: 75.]
The fragment (in slab xxxii.) containing the head of No. 75 and
the horse's head, having been discovered in 1850 in the collection
of Sculptures at Marbury Hall in Cheshire, was presented to the
Museum in 1850 by J. H. Smith Barry, Esq., the owner of that
collection. A small fragment, cast from the original at Athens,
and added to slab xxxiv., is not engraved by Michaelis.
[Rightnote: XXXV.]
[Sidenote: 85.]
The fragment (in slab xxxv.) which contains the head of No. 85 and
of a horse, after having been in the possession of the Society of
Dilettanti, passed from that body to the Royal Academy, by whom it
was presented to the British Museum in 1817.
[Rightnote: XXXVII.]
[Sidenote: 89.]
The fragment (in slab xxxvii.) containing the head of No. 89 and
a horse's head, of which a plaster cast is adjusted to the marble,
is now at Athens.
[Rightnote: XXXIX.]
[Sidenote: 97.]
The head of No. 97, on slab xxxix. was formerly in the Pourtales
Collection, at the sale of which in 1865 it was purchased for the
British Museum, and inserted in its place on the frieze.
[Rightnote: XLII.]
[Sidenote: 107.]
[Sidenote: 106.]
On the last slab of the north side, the procession is still in a
state of preparation, so that this slab prepares a transition to
the west side. In the foreground is a rider (No. 107), standing by
his rearing horse, whom he holds by the rein with his right hand.
In the background beyond this group is a mounted figure (No. 106),
so entirely concealed by the rearing horse in the foreground that
the only evidence of his presence is his right hand advanced just
beyond his horse's shoulder point.
[Sidenote: 109.]
[Sidenote: 110.]
To the right is a rider (No. 109) standing by his horse, and in
the act of drawing down his chiton under his girdle in front,
while a youthful attendant (No. 110) assists him by pulling it
down behind, or perhaps by tying the lower girdle over which the
folds were drawn. The attendant carries on his shoulder a folded
chlamys, probably that of his master.
WEST FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON.
[Sidenote: =326.=]
The west side of the frieze contains a continuation of the procession
of the north side, but here the procession is mainly in course
of preparation, and the scene may be supposed to be laid in the
Cerameicos. In part, doubtless, on account of the character of the
subject, in this part of the frieze there is less continuity of
composition than elsewhere. The subjects are disconnected, and are
usually on single slabs, and seldom carried over a joint. There is the
same variety of dress and accoutrements here as among the riders of
the north side; but there are more figures in armour (Nos. 3, 7, 11,
12, 18, 20). It may be noted, as showing that the west and north sides
were produced by different hands or at different times, that on the
west side the bridles were fixed to the heads of the horses by four
rivet holes, not by two, as on the north.
Slabs i., ii. are originals brought by Lord Elgin. The remainder of
this side (with the exception of No. 27) is cast from the original
slabs, which are still in position on the temple.
Two sets of casts of this frieze are exhibited in parallel lines. The
upper series is taken from moulds made from the original marble in
1872; the lower series from moulds made at Athens, at the time of Lord
Elgin's mission. A comparison of these two sets of casts shows how
much the frieze has suffered from exposure to weather during seventy
years. As the frieze is still in position and unsheltered, it must be
presumed that the decay of the originals continues.
[Rightnote: I.]
[Sidenote: 1.]
[Rightnote: II.]
[Sidenote: 2, 3.]
[Rightnote: III.]
[Sidenote: 4.]
[Sidenote: 6.]
[Sidenote: 5.]
[Rightnote: IV., V.]
[Sidenote: 7, 8, 9.]
[Rightnote: VI.]
[Sidenote: 10.]
[Sidenote: 11.]
The single figure (No. 1) at the north-west angle is evidently
a herald or marshal directing the march of the cavalry. In like
manner Hippias, or, according to Aristotle, Hipparchos, was in
the outer Cerameicos, "arranging how each part of the Panathenaic
procession ought to go forward," when he was attacked by Harmodios
and Aristogeiton. (Thuc. vi., 57; Aristotle, [Greek: Ath. pol.]
ed. Kenyon, 18.) His right hand probably held a staff of office,
as the bent fingers are not closed. This figure is repeated, in a
plaster cast. Then follow two mounted figures (Nos. 2, 3); in
the hair of No. 2 are holes in which probably a metal wreath was
inserted. No. 4 raises both hands as if to open his horse's mouth
for the insertion of the bit. Behind the horse stands a youth
(No. 6), either the groom or attendant; his hands may have held a
bridle. A bearded man (No. 5), probably a marshal, turns towards
the youth as if addressing him. Then follow two more mounted
figures (Nos. 7, 8), and a youth (No. 9), standing by his horse,
and turning round to his mounted companion (No. 10), behind him.
Next comes a horseman (No. 11), distinguished from all the figures
in the frieze by his richly decorated armour. On his head is a
crested helmet, on the crown of which is in relief an eagle with
outstretched neck. A hole a little behind the temple shows where
a wreath has been inserted. His body is protected by a cuirass,
on the front of which is a Gorgon's head in relief, intended as
a charm, to avert wounds from the most vital part; on the
shoulder-straps are lions' heads, also in relief. Between the
breast-plate and back-piece of the cuirass is an interval at the
sides, which is protected by flexible scale armour ([Greek: thorax
lepidotos]). Below the girdle are flaps (_pteryges_) made of
leather covered with metal, which at the upper ends are united to
the girdle. Under the cuirass appears a chiton without sleeves.
The horse of No. 11 is one of the few on the frieze that have all
four legs off the ground. (Cf. north, 91, 97; west, 19; south, 14,
30.)
[Sidenote: 12.]
No. 12 is on foot, and stoops forward, looking towards the
procession advancing from the right. His left foot is raised on a
rock, and he appears from the action of his arms to be tying his
boot.
[Rightnote: VII.]
[Sidenote: 13, 14.]
[Rightnote: VIII.]
[Sidenote: 15.]
[Rightnote: IX.-XI.]
[Sidenote: 16-21.]
[Rightnote: XII.]
[Sidenote: 22, 23.]
[Sidenote: 24.]
[Rightnote: XIII.]
[Sidenote: 25.]
[Rightnote: XIV.]
[Sidenote: 26.]
[Sidenote: 27.]
[Rightnote: XV.]
[Sidenote: 28.]
[Sidenote: 29.]
[Rightnote: XVI.]
[Sidenote: 30.]
The next slab contains two mounted figures (Nos. 13, 14). No. 14
wears a mantle of skin. He is the only figure, on this side of
the frieze, thus decorated. No. 15 stands at the side of a rearing
horse, trying to control him. The violence of the action is shown
by the muscular strain and the disordered dress of this figure,
who wears a chiton, _exomis_, over which is a chlamys flying
behind his back. On his head is a leathern cap. The attire of
this figure is precisely similar to that of No. 8 and No. 19. Then
follow six mounted figures (Nos. 16-21), all moving rapidly to
the left. One of these (No. 17) wears the petasos, a flapping,
broad-brimmed hat used by travellers. From No. 22 onward to the
south-west angle, none of the figures are mounted. The first group
(Nos. 22-24) is not unlike that already described (Nos. 4-6). A
youth (No. 22) stands at the horse's head, and seems to be holding
the reins. At the side of the horse stands a taller figure (No. 23),
holding up his right hand as if giving an order to a person at some
little distance. In his left hand he holds a short wand. This
figure seems to be a marshal, though his dress, a chiton girt at
the waist and a chlamys, differs from that of all the other
marshals on the frieze, while it frequently occurs among the riders.
Behind the horse is a youth (No. 24) who, from his stature and
attitude, is a groom or attendant; a thick garment is cast over his
shoulders. Next is a much mutilated figure (No. 25), who seems to
be pressing his right foot against the heel of his horse's right
fore leg to make him extend himself so as to lower his back for
mounting. Behind this figure a horse springs forward, free from the
control of his rider (No. 26), who has let him go in order to
assist a comrade (No. 27). This latter figure tries to master a
rearing horse, who threatens to escape from his control. In the
upper portion of this figure a fragment from the original marble
is adjusted to the cast. This fragment was brought from Athens many
years ago, and presented to the Museum by M. J. J. Dubois in 1840.
The next figure (No. 28) stands at his horse's head, and behind him
is a rider (No. 29) not yet mounted, who is drawing on his left
boot in an attitude very similar to that of No. 12; his right boot
lies at the side of the rock on which his left foot is raised. The
horses of both these figures, in contrast to the preceding group,
stand tranquilly waiting to be mounted. The last figure on the
western frieze (No. 30) on the return of the first slab of the south
side stands holding up an ample mantle on his left arm, and seems
to be putting it on. From the size of the mantle this figure might
be that of a marshal, though his youthful appearance suggests that
he is a rider.
SOUTH FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON.
[Sidenote: =327.=]
In following the procession along the south side from west to east, we
pursue one branch of the procession which corresponds in the main with
that on the north side. The main difference is that on the south the
victims consist of cows only, while on the north there are sheep as
well as cows. It may therefore be the case that this side represents
the Hecatomb offered by the Athenians themselves. All the victims are
cows, in accordance with Greek ritual, which ordained the sacrifice of
male animals to a God, and female animals to a Goddess.
[Rightnote: I.]
[Sidenote: 1-4.]
The left-hand side of slab i. is still on the Parthenon; the
right-hand portion, containing the figure, No. 4, was presented
to the Museum by the late Mr. C. R. Cockerell. A marshal (No. 1)
stands at the angle; the first horseman (No. 2) advances at a
walk, thus conforming to the rule that the movement is always
gentle at an angle of the frieze. The horsemen of this slab
all wear chiton, chlamys, boots, and a leather cap with a flap
(_katablema_) hanging over the nape of the neck.
[Rightnote: II.]
[Sidenote: 5-7.]
[Rightnote: III.]
[Sidenote: 8-9.]
Slab ii. is cast from the original on the Parthenon, which is in a
very mutilated condition (cf. No. 345, _16_). Of No. 7 nothing now
remains on this slab, but a bit of his drapery, and on slab iii.
his right foot and his horse's nose and forelegs. Slab iii. was
complete on the left edge in the time of Stuart, who gives the
head and forehand of the horse of No. 7. The horseman (No. 8)
wears a chlamys only, which is cast back so as to show the entire
right side of the body. This is the only figure on the south
frieze who is so little clad.
[Rightnote: IV.]
[Sidenote: 10-12.]
On slab iv., the greater part of which still remains on the
Parthenon, are the remains of three figures (Nos. 10, 11, 12).
On the right side are two fragments of this slab, brought away by
Lord Elgin, one of which only is given by Michaelis. The other has
been since discovered in the magazines of the Museum.
[At this point it has been necessary to interrupt the sequence by
placing slabs xiv., xv., xx. on the sides of the pilaster. These
slabs are described below in their respective places.]
[Rightnote: V.]
[Sidenote: 12-14.]
[Rightnote: VI.-IX.]
[Sidenote: 15-25.]
On slab v., No. 13 wears a close-fitting cuirass, but is
bare-headed. Compare the figures 26-35, and the description of
Theagenes in the passage of Heliodorus, quoted on p. 148. Slabs
vi.-ix. contain unarmed Athenian horsemen, riding bare-headed
and for the most part wearing chiton with double girdle and boots
only. The head of the rider, No. 15, is unfinished. The horses at
this part of the frieze have manes with a large forelock turned
upwards.
[Rightnote: X.-XIII.]
[Sidenote: 26-37.]
[Rightnote: XIV.-XVI.]
[Sidenote: 38-43.]
There is a break in the composition at the beginning of slab x.,
and a change of subject is marked by the group not being carried
across the joint. The figures (Nos. 26-37) on slabs x.-xiii. are
evidently arranged in two ranks of six horsemen each, and are
distinguished from most of the riders in the southern cavalcade
by wearing a cuirass under which is a short chiton. Three of
these figures (Nos. 33, 36, 37) have a cuirass consisting of a
breastplate and backpiece, which are united at the sides by a
strip of flexible scale armour. From the cuirass hang down the
flaps, which protected the loins. These cuirasses also have
shoulder straps. The riders, Nos. 26-36, wear the plain cuirass,
rigid and close-fitting ([Greek: thorax stadios]). All the riders
in this part of the procession wear high boots with a flap turning
over below the knee. They are all bareheaded except No. 36, who
wears a cap or helmet with a flap behind; No. 33, who also wears
a cap; and No. 35, who has a diadem over which must have been a
metallic wreath, as there are four holes for its attachment on the
crown of the head. A chlamys hangs from the left arm of Nos. 26,
27, 28. Slab xiv., which is a cast from the original at Athens,
and slab xv. are now exhibited on the pilaster. Slab xvi., which
is also a cast from the original at Athens, is in its place. Slab
xiv. contains the head of the horse of No. 37. In front of it is
a space marking a division, and another body of six horsemen (Nos.
38-43). These appear to be uniformly dressed in helmet, chiton
without cuirass, and boots, and, although the positions of xv.,
xvi. are conjectural, the sequence proposed seems highly probable.
In front of No. 43 there is a space similar to that between Nos.
37, 38. On the right side of xvi. is the outline of a horse's
crupper, and floating above it in the air appears to be the long
end of a mantle of skin such as is worn by No. 14 in the west
frieze; behind No. 44 appears to be part of a garment of the
same texture, the outline of which is seen above the horse's hind
quarter. It is, however, doubtful whether xvi. and xvii. joined
each other. Perhaps between them was a slab in which the horsemen
wore similar mantles of skin.
From this point the military order of the procession becomes less
marked, or is obscured by the defective state of the marble. There
is also more variety in the costumes of the riders.
[Rightnote: XVII.]
[Sidenote: 45*.]
Slab xvii. is a cast from the original at Athens. Since the
publication of the work of Michaelis, two fragments have been
adjusted on the right, which prove the connection of the slab with
No. xviii. by supplying the hind quarters of a horse of which the
rest has been in xviii. These two fragments, which were unknown to
Michaelis, also supply the forehand of another horse and the body
of the rider (No. 45*) from the waist to below the knee (see fig.
14).
[Illustration: Fig. 14.--South frieze, slab xvii. (44. 45. 45*.)]
[Rightnote: XVIII.]
The original of slab xviii. is at Athens, and was in its present
mutilated condition when drawn by Carrey.
[Rightnote: XIX.]
[Sidenote: 47.]
[Sidenote: 48.]
The cast of the small fragment at the upper left-hand corner of
slab xix., giving the mane of the horse of No. 47, has been added
since the publication of the work of Michaelis. For a fragment
engraved by Michaelis, as the head of No. 48, cf. No. 345, _18_.
[Rightnote: XX.]
Slab xx. (on the pilaster) is a cast from the original at Athens.
This slab, which now only contains parts of the legs of two horses
and a rider (No. 48) was nearly complete in the time of Carrey and
contained two riders wearing petasoi or broad-brimmed travellers'
hats.
[Rightnote: XXI.]
[Sidenote: 51.]
[Sidenote: 52.]
[Sidenote: 53.]
In slab xxi. the head of the horse of No. 51 and the head and
shoulders of No. 52 are supplied by casts from originals at
Athens. The fragment containing the head of No. 53, a figure
wearing a petasos, does not appear in the plate of Michaelis.
[Rightnote: XXII., XXIII]
Slab xxii. and slab xxiii., which, with the exception of a small
fragment, is only preserved in Carrey's drawings, contained
the leading horsemen of the procession. Those on slab xxii. are
evidently pulling up their horses, while the two horsemen on slab
xxiii. are going at a foot-pace. All the paces of the horse
are thus displayed within a short distance, at this part of the
frieze. In slab xxii. a fragment containing a horse's head and the
mane of another horse, which Michaelis assigns to the team on slab
xxiv., has been since adjusted to its place in front of No. 56;
to this has been fitted the small fragment of the corner of slab
xxiii.
[Rightnote: XXIV.]
[Rightnote: XXXIV.]
The horsemen are immediately preceded in the procession by
the chariot-groups. Carrey draws eight chariots, of which four
partially survive and four are totally lost. On the other hand,
a part remains of two groups (slab xxix.), of which there is no
trace in Carrey's drawings. These, therefore, must probably be
placed in a break in the sequence of slabs indicated by Carrey.
Originally there must have been not fewer than ten chariot groups.
In each the charioteer is accompanied by an armed warrior; but
here the armed figure is not like the apobates of the northern
frieze in the act of stepping out of the chariot in motion, but
stands either in the quadriga or (if it is not in motion) by its
side. Therefore Michaelis supposes that, while the chariots on
the north frieze have reference to that contest in which armed
apobatae took a part, leaping off and on to the quadriga during
the race, the chariots in the south frieze suggest the chariots
of war, _harmata polemisteria_, in which an armed hoplite stood
in the chariot by the side of the charioteer. Each chariot group,
when complete, is seen to be accompanied by a marshal.
[Rightnote: XXIV.]
[Sidenote: 58.]
Of the two figures in the chariot of slab xxiv., nothing now
remains but part of the shield and left arm of the hoplite (No.
58), with a fold of drapery hanging from the arm. The upper part
of the slab was wanting in the time of Carrey, but he gives the
legs of the hoplite, who, like the corresponding figure in slab
xxv., was standing by the wheel of the chariot, of which a small
portion remains. This position shows that both these chariots were
represented at the moment before they started. In the shield of
No. 58 are two rivet holes for the attachment of a bronze handle.
In the upper hole the metal still remains. Similar rivet holes
occur in the shields of Nos. 61 and 66. Michaelis supplies the
heads of the horses on this slab by a fragment which belongs to
the cavalcade of horsemen. (See slab xxii., above.)
The connection between slabs xxiv. and xxv. is proved by a
fragment which has been added to the lower corner on the right
of slab xxiv. since the work of Michaelis was published. This
fragment, of which the original is at Athens, gives part of the
wheel of the chariot of xxv. and the forefeet of the horses of
xxiv.
[Rightnote: XXV.]
[Sidenote: 60.]
[Sidenote: 61.]
[Sidenote: 62.]
In slab xxv. the horses' heads now wanting are given in Carrey's
drawing. Of the charioteer (No. 60) very little is now visible
but part of his drapery. The armed figure (No. 61) in this chariot
group, whose appearance is more youthful than that of the other
hoplites in this part of the frieze, wears a chiton with a double
girdle and a chlamys. Near the edge of his shield are two rivet
holes for a bronze handle; in the upper one the metal still
remains. The marshal (No. 62) standing at the side of the horses
stretches out his right hand towards the charioteer with the
forefinger extended, a gesture which indicates that he is giving
an order. The rivet holes on the horses' crests show that the
reins were of bronze.
[Rightnote: XXVI., XXVII.]
Slabs xxvi., xxvii., of Michaelis, contained two chariot groups
which we only know through Carrey's drawings. In both the horses
are springing forward; cf. No. 345, _20_.
[Rightnote: XXVIII.]
Michaelis inserts to represent slab xxviii. a fragment which
belongs to the north side, slab xxiv.
[Rightnote: XXIX.]
The lower corner on the left side of xxix. has been cast from
a fragment at Athens, which has been identified since the
publication of the work of Michaelis. This fragment supplies the
missing part of the wheel and a small piece of flying drapery
belonging to one of the figures in the chariot. In this group the
marshal at the side of the chariot is wanting. On the right-hand
edge of this slab, just above the horses' forelegs and close to
the joint, is part of the outline of a shield. This shield must
have belonged to one of the figures in the chariot following on
the next slab; it is evident, therefore, that between xxix. and
xxx. was another slab, now lost, which we cannot recognise in any
of Carrey's drawings.
[Rightnote: XXX.]
[Sidenote: 66.]
The armed figure (No. 66) wears the Corinthian helmet, which does
not occur elsewhere on the frieze. The handle of his shield was of
bronze, of which a small portion still remains in the rivet hole.
Other rivet holes on the crests of the horses show that the reins
and the _hestor_ for attaching the yoke to the pole were also of
bronze. Here, as in xxix., the marshal is wanting. The horses'
heads, which are treated with more freedom on this slab than
elsewhere on the frieze, are of extraordinary beauty.
[Rightnote: XXXI.]
On slab xxxi., as in the preceding, the reins and the hestor were
of bronze.
[Rightnote: XXXII.-XXXIV.]
Slabs xxxii.-xxxiv. are now wholly lost, except in Carrey's
drawings. They contained two chariots, both at a standstill, or
moving slowly, and the four last persons of the crowd on foot.
[Rightnote: XXXV.-XXXVII.]
[Sidenote: 72.]
[Sidenote: 73.]
[Sidenote: 79*.]
Slabs xxxv., xxxvi., and part of slab xxxvii. contained the
remainder of the persons on foot. Fragments of xxxv. and of
xxxvi. (original at Athens) alone remain, although the slabs
were complete in the time of Carrey. The figures as he draws them
appear to be elderly men, eighteen in number, and resembling in
attire and general character the Thallophori who have been already
noticed on the northern frieze. All are clad in the himation.
Michaelis thinks that No. 72 holds in his left hand a small object
shaped like a clarionet, but he appears to have mistaken the right
arm of No. 73 hanging down for this object. Between these supposed
Thallophori and the victims Carrey inserts four figures, two of
whom hold in their left hands some object like a square tablet,
which may be the bottom of a lyre, as this is the place in
the procession where the musicians might be expected, if the
arrangement on this side corresponded with that on the north
side. The fragment (No. 79*) representing the upper part of a
Scaphephoros carrying a tray must also belong to this part of
the frieze, and is therefore here inserted. It is cast from the
original at Athens, which was not known to Michaelis. It probably
implies that one slab was wanting here, as well as the second
half of slab xxxvii., of which Carrey seems to have only drawn the
first half.
[Rightnote: XXXVIII.-XLV.]
The remainder of the south frieze is occupied with the procession
of victims for the sacrifice. Cows only are here represented,
and, as has been observed, this may indicate that we have here the
native Athenian part of the procession. The order in which these
slabs are exhibited differs from that given by Michaelis in _Der
Parthenon_, pl. 11., because slab xliii., No. 84 (= Michaelis, No.
126; cf. 345, _22_), which is the top left corner of a slab, has
been proved to join to the right side of xli. Other changes
have also been made, but the slab numbers of Michaelis have
been preserved for convenience of reference, and the order now
stands:--xli., joined by xliii., No. 84 (= Michaelis, No. 126);
xxxix., which may join xliii.; xl., which joins xxxix.; xxxviii.,
which may perhaps join xl.; after an interval of one slab, xlii.;
xliii., Nos. 100, 101 (= Michaelis, 127, 128); xliv., the corner
slab. Michaelis has proposed a revised arrangement in _Arch.
Zeit._, 1885, p. 57, which agrees with the foregoing, except that
slabs xxxviii. and xlii. are transposed. Michaelis holds that
xlii. joins xl., and xxxviii. joins xlii. This arrangement suits
the conditions as to space, but the suggested joinings are very
doubtful.
[Sidenote: 85.]
Each cow is escorted by two youths, one on each side, and a third
figure, perhaps a marshal, at the head. Those of the escort who
are on the side of the spectator are represented in vigorous
action, guiding and restraining the animals by ropes, which may
have been painted on the marble. All are clad in the himation,
which in the figures actively engaged in controlling the cattle
is worn so as to leave one or both shoulders free. Compare the
description of Heliodorus, p. 147. In slab xxxix. the action is
very animated. The youth, No. 85, leans back with his foot pressed
against a rock, to restrain the cow. This motive is a favourite
one in fifth century art. Compare the west frieze, No. 15; a
metope of the Theseion representing Theseus and the bull of
Marathon; the balustrade of the temple of Nike Apteros (No. 429);
and vase paintings as in _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, ii., pl. 10.
[Sidenote: 96.]
In slab xl. the left lower corner is added in plaster, from the
original fragment at Athens. In slab xxxviii. the cow's right horn
must have been carved in the round, only the tip being attached to
the background of the relief. In slab xlii., No. 96 has both hands
raised to his head, as if adjusting a wreath. Compare the north
frieze, No. 25. What was the number of cattle in this part of the
frieze cannot now be ascertained, but there is evidence that there
were at least nine, and more probably ten.
[Sidenote: 91.]
Michaelis (_Arch. Zeit._, 1885, p. 57), in placing xlii. after
xl., makes the right hand seen on the left of xlii. to be the hand
of No. 91 (= Michaelis, No. 115), and the portion of a cow's belly
seen between 90 and 91 to be part of the cow on the left of xlii.
It is to be noticed that the hind legs of this cow have been
altogether omitted.
There is a curious inequality in the depths of the relief in this
part of the frieze. Slabs xxxix., xl. are worked more in the round
than the remaining groups with cattle.
[Sidenote: 100, 101.]
[Sidenote: 102.]
The fragment with the two heads, Nos. 100 and 101, may be, as
Michaelis suggests, a part of the corner slab xliv., the two parts
at present numbered as 101, 102 being different parts of the same
figure. The positions of the head and the foot appear to agree. On
the other hand, the surfaces of the two fragments have weathered
very differently.
On the return face of slab xliv. is the marshal, who forms the
first figure of the east frieze, and makes a connection between
the two sides, by looking back, as if to the advancing procession.
In the following conspectus of publications of the frieze, only the
_Museum Marbles_ and the work of Michaelis, and the photographic
reproductions are referred to in detail. For a fuller list of early
publications the reader is referred to the work of Michaelis.
Deficiencies in the published illustrations, as compared with the
present state of the frieze, are noted in the description. In the
fourth column C. indicates that the slab was drawn by Carrey; S.
that it was drawn by Stuart, and published in the _Antiquities of
Athens_, II., chap. i., or IV., chap. iv., pls. 11-14.
A diagram showing all the slabs drawn by Stuart is given in
_Antiquities of Athens_, II., chap. i., pl. 30. P. indicates
that a slab was drawn by Pars, during the Dilettanti Expedition,
and was published in the _Antiquities of Athens_, IV., chap.
iv., pls. 6-10, 15-28. W. denotes slabs published, from drawings of
Pars, in the _Museum Worsleyanum_.
PARTHENON FRIEZE, EAST SIDE.
------------------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early Drawings, &c.
_Der_ | _Marbles_, | Photographs.|
_Parthenon_, | Pt. VIII. | |
Pl. 14. | | |
------------------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------
Slab. | Pl. | |
I. | XXXIX. | 684 | C.
| | |
II. | | 684 | C.
| | |
III. |XXXVIII., XXXVII.| 685, 686 | C.S.
| | |
IV. | XXXVI., I. | 687, 688 |{ C.S. Brunn,
| | |{ _Denkmaeler_,
| | |{ Nos. 106, 107.
| | |
V. | II., III., IV. | 689, 690 |{ S.W. Brunn,
| | |{ _Denkmaeler_,
| | |{ Nos. 108, 109, 110.
| | |
VI. | V., VI. | 691, 692 |{ C. Baumeister,
| | |{ p. 1187.
| | |
VII. | VII. | | C.
| | |
VIII. | VIII. | 692_a_ | C.S.
| | |
IX. | | | C.S.
| | |
------------------+-----------------+-------------+----------------------
The East Frieze is also published by the Stereoscopic Company, Nos. 1-13.
PARTHENON FRIEZE, NORTH SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early
Pl. 12, 13. | _Marbles_, | Photographs.| Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | |
--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------
Slab. | Pl. | |
I.-V. | VIII. | | C.S.
VI. | | 656 | C.
VII.-XI. | | | C. (except X.)
XII. | IX. A. | 655 | C.S.
XIII. | | | C.
XIV. | IX. B. | 654 | C.S.
XV.-XVI. | | | C.
XVII. | XI. | | S.W.
XVIII. | X. C. | 653 |
XIX. | | | C.
XX. | | |
XXI. | X. D. | 652 |
XXII. | XII. | 651 | S.
XXIII. | XII. | 650 | S.
XXIV. | XIII. A. | 649 |
XXV. | | | S.
XXVI. | XIV. | 648 | S.
XXVII. | | |
XXVIII. | XIII. B. | 647 |
XXIX. | | |
XXX. | | |
XXXI. | | |
XXXII. | XV. | 646 | P. W.
XXXIII. | XVI. | 645 | P. W.
XXXIV. | XVI. | 644 | P. W.
XXXV. | XVII. | 643 | P. W.
XXXVI. | XVII. | 642 | P. W.
XXXVII. [*] | XVIII. | 641 | P. W.
XXXVIII. [*] | XVIII. | 640 | P. W.
XXXIX. | XIX. | 639 | P.S.W.
XL. | XIX. | 638 | S. W.
XLI. | XX. | 637 | S. W.
XLII. | XXI. | 636 | S. W.
--------------+----------------+-------------+----------
*: Slab XXXVII. is given by Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 113;
Slab XXXVIII. = _Denkmaeler_, No. 114; Slab XLII. = _Denkmaeler_,
No. 115. The North Frieze is also published by the Stereoscopic
Company, Nos. 14-38.
PARTHENON FRIEZE, WEST SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------
| | Stereo- |
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | scopic | Early
Pl. 9 | _Marbles_, | Company's | Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | Photo- |
| | graphs. |
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------
Slab. | Pl. | No. |
I. | XXII. | | C.P.W.
II. | XXII. | 39 | C.P.W.
III. | XXIII. | 40, 40A | C.P.W.
IV. | XXIV. | 41 | C.P.W.
V. | XXV. | 42 | C.P.W.
VI. | XXVI. | 43 | C.P.W.
VII. | XVII. | 44 | C.P.W.
VIII. | XXVIII. | 45 | C.P.W.
IX. | XXIX. | 46 | C.P.W.
X. | XXX. | 47 | C.P.W.
XI. | XXXI. | 48 | C.P.W.
XII. | XXXII. | 49 | C.P.W.
XIII. | XXXIII. | 50 | C.P.W.
XIV. | XXXIV. | 51 | C.P.W.
XV. | XXXV. | 52 | C.P.W.
XVI. | XXXV. | 53 | C.P.W.
--------------+----------------+-----------+------------
PARTHENON FRIEZE, SOUTH SIDE.
--------------+----------------+-------------+------------
MICHAELIS, | _Museum_ | Mansell's | Early
Pl. 10, 11. | _Marbles_, | Photographs.| Drawings.
| Pt. VIII. | |
--------------+----------------+-------------+------------
Slab | Pl. | |
I. | LVI. | 661 | S.
II. | | | S.
III. | LV. | 658 | S.
IV. | | | S.
V. | LV. | 659 | S.
VI. | LIV. | 660 | S.W.
VII. | LIV. | 657 | S.W.
VIII. | LIII. | 662 | S.W.
IX. | LIII. | 663 | S.W.
X. [*] | LII. | 664 | S.W.
XI.[*] | LII. | 665 | S.W.
XII. | LI. | 666 | S.
XIII. | LI. | 667 | S.
XIV. | | |
XV. | L. | 668 |
XVI. | | |
XVII. | | |
XVIII. | | | C.
XIX. | XLIX. | 669 | C.
XX. | | | C.
XXI. | XLIX. | 670 | C.
XXII. | XLVIII. | 671 | C.
XXIII. | | | C.
XXIV. | XLVII. | 672 | C.
XXV. | XLVII. | 673 | C.
XXVI. | | | C.
XXVII. | | | C.
XXVIII. | | |
XXIX. | XLVI. | 674 |
XXX. | XLV. | 675 | C.
XXXI. | XLV. | 676 | C.
XXXII. | | | C.
XXXIII. | | | C.
XXXIV. | | | C.
XXXV. | XLIV. | 677 | C.
XXXVI. | | | C.
XXXVII. | | | C.
XXXVIII. | XLIII. | 678 |
XXXIX. | XLII. | 679 |
XL. | XLI. | 680 | S.
XLI. | XLI. | 681 | S.
XLII. | XL. | 682 |
XLIII. | | |
XLIV. | XXXIX. | 683 |
--------------+----------------+-------------+-----------
*: Slab X. is given by Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 111;
Slab XI. = _Denkmaeler_, No. 112. The South Frieze is also
published by the Stereoscopic Company, Nos. 53-97.
FRAGMENTS OF THE PARTHENON SCULPTURES.
Numerous small fragments of the Parthenon sculptures were taken from
Athens either by Lord Elgin, or by travellers who visited Athens.
Others have been more recently discovered in excavations on the
Acropolis, or on its south slope, and are still at Athens. Casts of
all such fragments, so far as they could be obtained, are now in the
British Museum. As far as possible the fragments have been adjusted in
their correct positions on the sculptures, and have been described in
their respective places in this Catalogue. Of the remainder all the
original marble fragments, and the most interesting of the casts, are
exhibited in the Elgin Room, and are described below.
MARBLE FRAGMENTS ATTRIBUTED TO THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES.
[Sidenote: =328.=]
Fragment of colossal head. According to Hamilton's Memorandum, this
fragment was discovered built into a Turkish house at the west front
of the temple. It contains the upper part of a face and head. The
sockets of the eyes are hollow, and must have once contained eyes
composed of ivory, precious stones, or enamel. (An ivory eye, which
must have belonged to a colossal statue, was found in the temple of
Athene, at Aegina, and is engraved in Cockerell, _Temples at Aegina,
and Bassae_, pl. 12, fig. 4. Cf. also _Arch. Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 102).
The surface of the marble is highly polished, and traces of red colour
have been remarked in the hair. The back of the head is worked in a
peculiar way, to a plane surface, such as might be required if this
was a head from a pediment, on account of the cornice above. The hard,
conventional style, however, is not in accordance with that of the
pedimental sculptures. This fragment was formerly thought to belong
to the Athene of the western pediment, to which its scale would
correspond, but there are no other grounds for the attribution.
Height, 10 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 101 (118); _Mus. Marbles_, VI.,
pl. 16; Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 14.
[Sidenote: =329.=]
Two feet, shod with leather, attached to a plinth. The feet belonged
to a figure striding to the (spectator's) right. The left foot was
advanced, and bore the weight of the body. Between the feet a stump
of a tree is attached to the plinth. The feet appear to be those of a
female figure, which in that case must have worn a short chiton. The
fragment has been assigned by different writers to the Athene of the
west pediment, which is impossible, on account of the attitude; to
the Poseidon, which is impossible, on account of the scale; and to the
Athene of the east pediment, about whom we have no information. It has
also, with more plausibility, been assigned to the figure of Hermes
(H; see Carrey's drawing), who accompanies the chariot of Athene on
the west pediment. It is, however, unlikely that that figure was shod
with leather shoes; and the stump also has to be accounted for. It
is very probable that the plinth does not belong to the pedimental
sculptures at all, and Sauer's plan of the floor of the pediment seems
to leave no room for it. It has been suggested that it is part of an
independent group of Athene and Poseidon, which Pausanias saw on the
Acropolis. But as to this there is no evidence either way.
Length, 4 feet 6 inches. _Mus. Marbles_, VI., pl. 8; _Synopsis_,
No. 256 (201); Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 4, p. 194; _Journ. of
Hellen. Studies_, III., p. 251.
[Sidenote: =330.=]
Part of colossal right arm of female figure, bent at a right angle
at the elbow. It comprises the upper arm, from the shoulder, and the
upper part of the forearm. This fragment may, perhaps, have belonged
to figure G of the west pediment. (See Carrey's drawing.)
Height (to elbow), 1 foot 11 inches. Plate VI., fig. 2. In part
given by Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 40; _Synopsis_, No. 342 (268).
[Sidenote: =331.=]
Left arm of female figure, bent, from near the shoulder, to a little
above the elbow. Drapery, thrown over the arm at the elbow joint,
falls partly on the upper and partly on the fore arm. In the drapery
of the upper arm is a hole for the attachment of an object in metal.
This fragment seems best suited to the figure N. (See Carrey's
drawing.)
Length, armpit to elbow, 1 foot 4-1/4 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8,
fig. 26; _Synopsis_, No. 315 (271*).
[Sidenote: =332.=]
Right arm of female figure, slightly bent, formed of two fragments
united at the elbow. This may, perhaps, belong to figure F.
Length, 2 feet 7-1/2 inches. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 30) gives the
upper arm; _Synopsis_ No. 339 (269).
[Sidenote: =333.=]
Left forearm of female figure, broken off above the elbow (Michaelis,
pl. 8, fig. 28). To this is united a cast of a fragment at Athens with
the wrist, which is bent a little inwards. The arm must have been bent
at the elbow.
Length, elbow to wrist, 1 foot 7 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 314
(272).
[Sidenote: =334.=]
Forearm of female figure. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 29) thinks that it
may have belonged either to figure O or W of the west pediment.
Length, 11-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 311 (264).
[Sidenote: =335.=]
Fragment of left thigh, above life size. Michaelis (pl. 8, fig. 39)
calls this a female fragment, and suggests the nude seated female
figure S of the west pediment. But he seems to be in error as to the
sex, and the fragment seems more appropriate to the figure of the boy,
E, in the same pediment.
Length, 1 foot. _Synopsis_, No. 312 (267).
[Sidenote: =336.=]
Fore part of right foot of female figure, resting on a thick sole. The
foot belonged to a colossal figure, which, can hardly have been other
than the Athene of the west pediment.
Length, 1 foot 1-3/4 inches (length of second toe, 3-3/4 inches).
Michaelis. pl. 8, fig. 32; _Synopsis_, No. 340 (244).
[Sidenote: =337.=]
Piece of drapery, which must have hung free, apparently from the
shoulder and outstretched right arm of a colossal figure. At the upper
extremity is part of a dowel hole, showing that the marble had been
attached here by a joint.
Height, 2 feet 1-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 343 (144).
[Sidenote: =338.=]
Fragment of right shoulder and arm as low as the deltoid. The upper
arm presses against the side. This fragment may belong to the boy P on
the left of Q in the west pediment.
Height, 11 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 303 (133).
CASTS FROM FRAGMENTS OF THE PEDIMENTAL SCULPTURES.
[Sidenote: =339.= 1.]
Colossal female head, slightly turned to its right. The hair was
confined in a plait round the head, and also by a wreath or band,
which was of metal, as is shown by the holes for its attachment.
The nose and mouth have been restored; but the grand style of
the antique parts of the head agrees with that of the Parthenon
pediments.
It is impossible, however, to determine to which figure the head
belongs. It has been assigned by Laborde and others to the Victory
(G) who is driving the chariot of Athene in the west pediment. But
it may have belonged to one of the figures N, Q, S, of the same
pediment.
The probability that the head is derived from the Parthenon is
increased by what is known of its history. It was found in a house
of the San Gallo family at Venice. A member of this family, Felice
San Gallo, was secretary of Morosini, and may well have taken the
head as a trophy from Athens, in 1687. The head passed in 1823
into the possession of David Weber, and afterwards into that of
Laborde.
Height, 1 foot 3-1/2 inches. Laborde, _Athenes_, II., pls.
facing pp. 228, 230; Michaelis, p. 195; pl. 8, fig. 6; Wolters,
No. 561, p. 257.
[Sidenote: 2.]
Colossal female head, much defaced. The hair is gathered in a
cloth, which passes over the back of the head. Compare the figure
in the east frieze, slab vi., No. 39 (Michaelis, pl. 14, No. 40).
Height, 11-1/2 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 9; Laborde, pl. 24,
fig. 6.
[Sidenote: 3.]
Right side of colossal female head. The hair is gathered into a
plait from the brow and bound round the head. This fine fragment
agrees well in style with the unrestored parts of the head, No. 1,
above.
Height, 10-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 4.]
Fragment of a wing, with a joint for attachment, and a heavy
support below. The figure of Victory (J) in the east pediment
probably had large wings; but it is difficult to attach this cast
to the statue.
Greatest length, 2 feet 6 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 11;
Laborde, pl. 25, fig. 12; Overbeck, _Ber. d. k. saechs. Ges.
d. Wissenschaften_, 1880, pl. 3.
[Sidenote: 5.]
Three smaller fragments of similar wings.
One is engraved, Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 10; Laborde, pl. 25,
fig. 17.
[Sidenote: 6.]
Portion of chiton, the flowing lines of which greatly resemble the
treatment of the Iris? (G) of the east pediment.
Length, 1 foot 6-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 7.]
Portion of the right side of a draped figure wearing chiton and
mantle, and sitting on a rock. Attributed by Michaelis to the west
pediment (fig. D or fig. U).
Height, 3 feet 3 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 5. See above,
No. 304 D.
[Sidenote: 8.]
Left knee of seated draped figure, with the fingers of a small
hand on it. (West pediment, figs. D, E.) See No. 304, D, E.
Height, 1 foot.
[Sidenote: 9.]
Left leg of colossal male figure, bent nearly at a right angle at
the knee. It is made up from two pieces, a fragment reaching from
half-way up the thigh to below the knee, and the fragment of a leg
(Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 36), reaching to the bottom of the calf.
The scale and the attitude seem to agree well with the figure of
Hermes (H) of the west pediment.
Greatest circumference of the thigh, 2 feet 7-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 10.]
Fragment of the right leg and thigh of a colossal male figure,
made up of two pieces, the leg from below the knee nearly to the
ankle (Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 38), and the knee with the beginning
of the thigh. This leg is slightly bent at the knee. It is on
the same scale as the preceding No. 9, and appears to be in the
required position for the right knee of the figure of Hermes (H)
in the west pediment.
Height, 1 foot 11 inches.
[Sidenote: 11.]
A colossal right foot, broken off at the ankle, and also half-way
between the instep and the toes. Less than half of the sole is
roughly cut with a drill as if this part of the foot had been
slightly raised from the ground. The heel and part of the sole
under the instep have been broken away. The scale is rather larger
than that of the preceding Nos. 9, 10, and it may therefore be one
of the feet of the Athene in the west pediment.
Length of fragment, 11-1/2 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 31;
Laborde, pl. 58, fig. 8.
[Sidenote: 12.]
Fragment of tail of some serpentine creature having on the back a
ridge of projections. This fragment has been thought to be part of
the tail of a Hippocamp attached to the chariot of Amphitrite.
Length, 1 foot 6 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 17; Laborde, pl.
24, fig. 9.
[Sidenote: 13.]
Fragment of left thigh, near the knee, of colossal figure; on
it falls a corner of drapery to which is attached a gland. Sauer
proposes to assign this fragment to the figure S of the west
pediment.
Length, 9-1/2 inches. _Athenische Mittheilungen_, 1891, p. 79.
[Sidenote: 14.]
Right thigh and knee of a male figure, rather larger than life. It
is very doubtful whether this belongs to the Parthenon.
Length, 10 inches.
[Sidenote: 15.]
Fragment of right leg of small figure, broken off above ankle and
below knee. It has been attached at the back.
Length, 11 inches.
[Sidenote: 16.]
Left hand of colossal female figure clasped round an uncertain
object. The hand is broken off at the wrist; the forefinger and
middle finger are wanting. There is no evidence that this hand
belongs to the Parthenon. The scale, however, is suitable to
one of the central figures of the west pediment. If the hand is
derived thence, it is possible that the hand is a hand of Athene,
and that the object it holds is not the base of a torch, as has
been suggested, but part of the olive-tree. In that case Athene
would be placing her left hand on a projecting bough of her tree.
Length of third finger, 6-1/4 inches. Overbeck, _Ber. d. k. saechs.
Ges. d. Wissenschaften_, 1880, pl. 3.
[Sidenote: 17.]
Fragment of an olive-tree with foliage.
Height, 6-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 18.]
Similar fragment of olive-tree, larger than last.
Height, 1 foot 4 inches. Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 15.
[Sidenote: 19.]
Fragment of ankle and part of calf of right leg wearing high
boot and attached on the right side to the trunk of a tree. It is
highly improbable that this fragment belonged to the Parthenon.
Height, 1 foot 3 inches.
[Sidenote: 20.]
Left hand and wrist of male figure; the palm is grooved for the
reception of some object like a staff; the thumb, forefinger, and
upper joints of the other fingers are wanting. The scale is
rather larger than that of the so-called Theseus (D) of the east
pediment, to which the fragment has been attributed by Overbeck.
The wrist is slightly bent inwards. This hand is finely modelled.
Length, 9-1/2 inches. Overbeck, _Ber. d. k. saechs. Ges. d.
Wissenschaften_, 1880, p. 43.
[Sidenote: 21.]
Fragment of left hand and wrist of male figure, the hand much bent
back as if the figure had rested on the open palm; broken across
the middle of the metacarpal bones; possibly the left hand of the
River-God V in the west pediment. See No. 304 V.
Breadth, 6-1/4 inches.
[Sidenote: 22.]
Right hand of female figure, small; the thumb and fingers broken
off.
Breadth of palm, 4-1/4 inches.
[Sidenote: 23.]
Right hand; the thumb and fingers broken off.
Breadth of palm, 4-3/4 inches.
[Sidenote: 24.]
Right arm of female figure, slightly bent; the upper arm broken
about the bottom of the biceps; the under side is worked rough.
Length, 1 foot 2 inches.
[Sidenote: 25.]
Fragment of left upper arm of female figure with sleeve of chiton
fastened with studs (Michaelis, pl. 8, fig. 25).
Length, 8-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 26.]
Fragment of right shoulder and upper part of back of arm of female
figure; over the shoulder is drapery.
Height, 1 foot 1/2 inch.
[Sidenote: 27.]
Fragment of right hip and right side of body nearly to the navel,
of a boy, possibly from the west pediment.
Greatest height, 8 inches.
[Sidenote: 28.]
Left breast of female figure, draped; the drapery has been
fastened on the left shoulder. This may be part of the figure of
Callirrhoe (W) in the west pediment.
Height, 1 foot.
[Sidenote: 29.]
Left breast of female figure, the drapery strained over it; the
scale is similar to that of the figure C in the west pediment.
Height, 9 inches.
[Sidenote: =340.=]
Cast of a marble head in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, wrongly
assigned by C. Lenormant to the pediments of the Parthenon.
Height, 1 foot 9 inches. _Gaz. Arch._, 1875, pl. 1; Wolters,
No. 1280; Laborde, _Athenes_, I., p. 157; Michaelis, p. 202, B*;
Babelon, _Cabinet des Antiques a la Bibl. Nat._, pl. 20.
CASTS FROM FRAGMENTS OF CHARIOT-HORSES OF WEST PEDIMENT.
[Sidenote: =341.=]
A large number of small fragments of horses from the west pediment has
been discovered. Several of these fragments have been proved to have
belonged to the horses of Poseidon, which were lost before the visit
of Cyriac of Ancona, in 1447. Others belonged to the group of horses,
which was let fall by Morosini's workmen. Casts of these are preserved
in the British Museum, but only the most remarkable are exhibited in
the Elgin Room.
[Sidenote: 1.]
Horse's head broken off at the setting off of the neck. The nose
wanting. The mane, which has been hogged, and the surface of this
head in several places are broken away. This fragment and the two
following are assigned by Sauer to the chariot of Poseidon.
Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _a_; Laborde, pl. 26, fig. 25.
[Sidenote: 2.]
Horse's head, lower half broken away. The mane hogged, with a
loose lock in front. Behind the ears a groove and two perforations
are worked in the mane, and above the ears two other perforations
for the attachment of trappings of metal.
Overbeck, _Ber. d. k. saechs. Ges. d. Wissenschaften_, 1879,
pl. 1, fig. 3.
[Sidenote: 3.]
A right hindleg from the stifle joint to the pastern, bent, so as
to indicate a rearing action. From below the hough to the hoof the
leg is carved out of a block resting on the bed of the pediment.
The greater part was sculptured on another block also set in the
bed, which is now wanting, and was fitted to the first block at
a joint roughly tooled. The outside of the haunch and hough have
been cut away, evidently to gain room for the left hindleg of
another horse, or, according to Sauer, for the chariot-pole. This
limb is composed of three separate fragments.
Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _f_; Laborde, pl. 26, fig. 40; Overbeck,
_Ber. d. k. saechs. Gesell. d. Wissenschaften_, 1879, p. 72, pl. 1;
and 1880, p. 161.
[Sidenote: 4.]
Left hindleg from stifle to below hough, bent, made up of two
fragments; the upper one may be Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _g_;
Laborde, pl. 26, fig. 36.
[Sidenote: 5.]
Left thigh from below stifle; the outer side split off, broken off
in the hough joint.
[Sidenote: 6.]
Right forefoot; made up of two fragments of which one is
Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _p_; broken off below the knee; the hoof
free from the ground.
[Sidenote: 7.]
Hoof of forefoot, free from the ground; cut away on one side with
rough surface; under the foot are holes round the edge as if for
nails.
[Sidenote: 8.]
Hindhoof attached to fragment of base.
Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _m_; Laborde, pl. 26, fig. 41.
[Sidenote: 9.]
Left foreleg, bent, from above knee to below knee.
Michaelis, pl. 8, J. K. _s_; Laborde, pl. 26, fig. 30 bis.
MARBLE FRAGMENTS OF METOPES.
[Sidenote: =342.=]
The following fragments can be assigned with confidence to their
respective places on the south side.
[Sidenote: 1.]
Metope XII. (No. 314). Foot of female figure. See _ante_, No. 314.
[Sidenote: 2.]
Metope XIV. The body of a male figure from the neck to the navel.
This fragment is engraved in the vignette to _Museum Marbles_,
Part vii., and was drawn by Carrey, who gives the whole metope
as a youth raising his hands in astonishment, and a woman with a
casket.
Michaelis, pl. 3, xiv.; _Synopsis_, No. 319 (143).
[Sidenote: 3.]
Metope XVI. The head and trunk of a figure who has fallen in a
combat between two men. The trunk was one of the Elgin fragments,
and is also engraved in the vignette to _Museum Marbles_, Part
vii. The head was formerly at Chatsworth, and was presented to
the Museum by _the Duke of Devonshire_ in 1859. Carrey gives the
position of the head of the fallen figure very accurately.
_Synopsis_, No. 323 (294); Michaelis, pl. 3, xvi.
[Sidenote: 4.]
Metope XX. Left thigh of female figure with clinging drapery,
standing turned to the left.
The following fragments are either of doubtful or unknown origins.
Probably they are all derived from metopes on the south side.
[Sidenote: 5.]
Left breast of draped female figure. South side, Metope No. XIII.?
_Synopsis_, No. 302 (132); Michaelis, pl. 4, fig. K.
[Sidenote: 6.]
Fragment of right arm from the wrist to above the elbow, which is
bent; above the wrist is attached a corner of drapery. _Presented
by M. Dubois, 1840._ South side, Metope No. XV.?
[Sidenote: 7.]
Fragment of right arm from the wrist to the elbow, placed across
the breast and left shoulder, with folds of drapery hanging as if
from the hand. South side, Metope No. XIX.?
_Synopsis_, No. 305 (136).
[Sidenote: 8.]
Fragment of left arm from the wrist to near the elbow.
_Synopsis_, No. 306 (137).
[Sidenote: 9.]
Fragment of calf of leg.
_Synopsis_, No. 307 (138).
[Sidenote: 10.]
Fragment of calf of leg covered with drapery.
_Synopsis_, No. 308 (139).
[Sidenote: 11.]
Fragment of left arm from the wrist to near the elbow.
_Synopsis_, No. 309 (140).
[Sidenote: 12.]
Part of the arm (?) of a draped figure, made up of two pieces.
_Synopsis_, Nos. 320 (141) and 322 (142).
[Sidenote: 13.]
Fragment of the right upper arm of a draped female figure with
sleeve fastened with two studs.
_Synopsis_, No. 304 (134).
[Sidenote: 14.]
Right shoulder and part of breast of draped female figure; the
chiton fastened down the shoulder with four studs.
Michaelis, pl. 4, fig. O; _Synopsis_, No. 301 (131).
[Sidenote: 15.]
Left hind leg of Centaur up to above the hough. _Presented by M.
Dubois, 1840._
CASTS FROM FRAGMENTS OF METOPES.
[Sidenote: =343.=]
A large number of fragments have been discovered in the course of
excavations at Athens. Casts of these have been attached, as far
as possible to the Metopes. Of the fragments which could not be so
attached, the following are the most important.
[Sidenote: 1.]
South side, Metope XI. Fragment of shield, held by left hands of
both Centaur and Lapith; cf. Michaelis, pl. 3, No. xi. See p. 138.
[Sidenote: 2.]
Metope XVII. Torso of male figure, extending from the left
shoulder to half-way down the right thigh; drapery hangs from the
left shoulder and falls down the back to the waist. This figure
has stood on the right foot; the left leg appears to have been
bent. This metope, as drawn by Carrey, appears to have contained a
nearly nude male figure, standing, and a draped figure of a woman,
or citharist, holding a lyre.
Michaelis, pl. 3, xvii.
[Sidenote: 3.]
Metope XVII. Fragment, possibly part of a lyre; apparently this is
the object held in the hands of the draped figure of this metope.
There are traces of fingers at the back.
[Sidenote: 4.]
Metope XX. Fragment of right hand holding the end of a scroll.
This metope, as drawn by Carrey, contained two draped figures,
holding scrolls.
Michaelis, pl. 3, xx.
[Sidenote: 5.]
Metope XXIV. Torso of Lapith. In the complete metope, as drawn
by Carrey, the Lapith holds the fallen Centaur by the hair, and
places his left foot on his body.
Michaelis, pl. 3, xxiv.
[Sidenote: 6.]
Head of Lapith, perhaps from Metope No. 305. _Found in the
excavations on the Acropolis, of 1889._
Height, 7-1/2 inches.
MARBLE FRAGMENT OF FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: =344.=]
Head of a youth, looking to the left, in low relief. This fragment
probably belongs to one of the horsemen in the north frieze. It is
placed by Michaelis (pl. 13) in the space between slabs xxvi. and
xxviii. This head was formerly in the possession of Mr. Steinhaueser,
at Karlsruhe.
Height, 5-3/4 inches.
CASTS FROM FRAGMENTS OF THE FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: =345.=]
The fragments are here arranged, as far as possible, in the order
followed in the description of the frieze.
EAST FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: 1.]
Fragment from left-hand lower corner of slab, with drapery falling
in vertical folds from below the knee of a figure; and with a
right foot turned to the right, and wearing a shoe with a thick
sole. The figure to which this fragment belongs must have been a
maiden in the procession; probably the figure on the left of slab
ii. now entirely lost, but preserved in Carrey's drawing.
Height, 1 foot. Compare Michaelis, pl. 14, slab ii., No. 2.
[Sidenote: 2.]
Female head, looking to the left. The hair is gathered up under
a net. This must have belonged to one of the figures in the
procession on the east side, slabs vii.-ix., and probably to No.
56.
Height, 4-1/2 inches.
NORTH FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: 3.]
Fragment of arm and drapery of male figure moving to the left.
From the left edge of a slab. This seems to be a part of the
figure, No. 4, partly seen on slab ii., and has been thus drawn on
plate vii.
Height, 1 foot 1 inch.
[Sidenote: 4.]
Left-hand upper corner of slab, on which is a youthful male head,
bound with a diadem, looking to the left; the face shown in three
quarters. This seems to agree best with Carrey's drawing of the
figure with the sheep, slab iv., No. 7 (= Michaelis, No. 9). See
plate vii.
Height, 7-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 5.]
Fragment containing the back of the head of one of the
lyre-players (Michaelis, No. 24) and part of the lyre of the other
(Michaelis, No. 25).
Height, 11-1/4 inches. (See Plate viii.) Michaelis, pl. 12, vii.
[Sidenote: 6.]
Fragment from lower part of draped figure from knee to right (?)
foot, the direction being to the left. On the right side of the
fragment is a joint. The drapery reaches to the ankle, with an
upper fold falling half-way down the calf. This fragment seems
to have belonged to the musician on slab vii., whose lyre is
preserved on the preceding fragment, and is thus drawn on Plate
viii. Michaelis is in error in marking a joint on the left of his
No. 26 (= Museum, No. 17).
Height, 1 foot 7-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 7.]
Fragment with left foot wearing a shoe, from a draped figure
moving to the left. The skirt falls just above the ankle. This
may be a part of the figure on slab i., only preserved in Carrey's
drawing (cf. Plate vii.); or it may have belonged to one of the
figures on slabs vii.--ix., notwithstanding that Carrey represents
them with bare feet.
Height, 7 inches.
[Sidenote: 8.]
Fragment from the left of slab ix., giving parts of the three
figures shown in Carrey's drawing (see Plate viii.). This fragment
agrees fairly well with Carrey, except that he does not
indicate the hand of the middle figure. It was discovered in the
excavations on the Acropolis in 1889.
Height, 2 feet.
[Sidenote: 9.]
Fragment from the right joint of a slab, containing part of a male
figure from the hip to the right shoulder. The right arm was held
horizontally, and bent at the elbow, so that the hand is seen
before the breast. A mantle passes round the body from under the
right arm to the left shoulder. This, as Robert points out (_Arch.
Zeit._, 1875, p. 100, _l_), seems to be the marshal beside the
chariot group in Michaelis, pl. 12, xiii., fig. 48. (See Plate
viii., slab xiii.) In that case the raised mass on the left of the
hip of this figure would be part of the rump of the third horse.
Height, 1 foot 5 inches.
[Sidenote: 10.]
Fragment with edge of hind quarter of horse, rearing to the left,
with part of the tail. Above the tail are folds of drapery. This
fragment is perhaps a part of slab xiii., with the hinder chariot
horse; but this is very doubtful.
Height, 1 foot 8 inches; Michaelis, pl. 12, slab xiii., fig. 48.
[Sidenote: 11.]
Part of a charioteer, between the waist and the knees; he stands
in a chariot, of which the antyx is visible. The left forearm
crosses the body as if holding the reins. This fragment, which is
not noticed by Michaelis, must belong to the north frieze. Robert
(_Arch. Zeit._, 1875, p. 100, _n_) proposed to assign it to
slab No. xiii. of the north frieze. This seems the most probable
position, though the fragment does not agree very well with
Carrey's drawing.
Height, 1 foot.
[Sidenote: 12.]
Fragment of chariot group; an apobates standing in a quadriga,
leaning forward. The head and neck, right arm from below elbow and
legs from below the knee are wanting. On his left arm is his oval
buckler. He wears a chiton which leaves the right arm and side
bare. His right hand must have grasped the antyx. On the left a
portion of the drapery of the charioteer is visible. There is a
joint on the left of this fragment. It must belong to the northern
frieze, and on p. 172, fig. 12, it has been drawn in combination
with slab xix. It is not given by Michaelis, or in Robert's list
(_Arch. Zeit._, 1875, pp. 95-103).
Height, 1 foot 5 inches.
[Sidenote: 13.]
Horse's head, reined back; a joint on the left side. The scale and
direction show that this head belonged to a chariot group on the
north side.
Height, 11-1/2 inches; Michaelis, pl. 12, slab xx. (cf. p. 173).
[Sidenote: 14.]
Fragment containing a part of the neck and lower part of the mane
of one of the horses of a chariot group, together with a part of
the neck of a second horse. This fragment, which was discovered in
the excavations on the Acropolis of 1889, must belong to a chariot
group of the north frieze, perhaps to slab xi., xv., or xvi.
Height, 1 foot 3 inches.
[Sidenote: 15.]
The upper part of two horsemen, and part of the head or neck of a
succeeding horse. The second rider, whose hand is preserved,
held metal reins. The horse had a metal bridle. This fragment
was formerly in the Cataio Villa, and afterwards the property of
Archduke Karl of Austria. It must have belonged to the fragmentary
portion of the north frieze, between slabs xxvi. and xxviii.
Height, 1 foot 3 inches; Laborde, _Athenes_, II., p. 236;
Michaelis, pl. 13, xxvii.
SOUTH FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: 16.]
Helmeted head looking to the right. The lower part of the face is
broken away. The helmet has a cheekpiece turned up at the side.
This head probably belongs to the horseman, No. 5, in the south
frieze.
Height, 5-1/4 inches.
[Sidenote: 17.]
Foreleg of a horse from below the knee to the hoof. The direction
is to the right.
Length, 7-1/2 inches.
[Sidenote: 18.]
Youthful beardless head wearing a petasos and looking to the
right. The right side of the head is broken away. Michaelis
engraved this head, pl. 11, slab xix., No. 48. It no doubt
belongs either to that horseman, or to one of the two on the slab
following (xx.), for which see Carrey's drawing.
Height, 7 inches.
[Sidenote: 19.]
Upper part of youthful male figure looking to the right;
behind, horse's head. The figure wore a chiton with girdle, and,
apparently, a close-fitting helmet or leather cap. Part of the
shoulder of a second figure seems to be visible on the right edge
of the fragment. It is not easy to find a place for this fragment
among the horsemen of the south side. It seems more probable that
the head is that of the charioteer of slab xxvi.; it agrees well
with Carrey's drawing.
Height, 1 foot 4 inches; Michaelis, pl. 11, slab, xxvi.; No. 64.
[Sidenote: 20.]
Fragment of male figure, turned to the right, extending from the
neck to the hip. The drapery consists only of a mantle which
is seen passing over the right shoulder and round the body. The
figure appears to be that of a youth and to correspond best with
one of the charioteers of the south frieze, only preserved in
Carrey's drawing, Michaelis, pl. 11, slab xxvii.
Height, 1 foot 1/4 inch; Michaelis, pl. 11, slab xxiv., A.
[Sidenote: 21.]
Fragment of elderly male figure, moving to the right; from the
hips to the beginning of the shoulder blades. He wears a mantle
closely wrapped about him, and leaving the right arm bare. On the
right of this fragment is a joint. It probably belongs to a
figure in the group of old men and musicians, slabs xxxiv.-xxxvii.
Michaelis inserts it in slab xxxv. (No. 97 in his pl. 11), but his
drawing is incorrect and the fragment cannot be adjusted there.
The only possible place seems to be on the right of slab xxxiv.
Height, 10 inches.
[Sidenote: 22.]
Fragment with left foot and part of drapery of figure moving to
the right, and having the left foot hindmost. From the left-hand
lower corner of a slab. The lowness of the relief shows that this
foot belongs to one of the figures on the far side of the victims.
Michaelis combines it with his pl. 11., slab xliii., 126. This
figure, which is 84 according to the Museum numbering, has now
been joined to slab xli. Although the fragment does not seem to
join satisfactorily to the angle of slab xli., yet this seems its
probable position.
Height, 8 inches.
SOUTH OR NORTH FRIEZE.
[Sidenote: 23.]
Fragment of helmeted head looking to the right. The head is
entirely destroyed except the back of the helmet and its crest.
This head perhaps belongs to one of the warriors that accompany
the chariots in the north frieze.
Height, 11-1/2 inches.
ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FROM THE PARTHENON.
[Sidenote: =350.=]
The capital and uppermost drum of one of the Doric columns of the
north side.
Width of abacus, 6 feet 7-1/4 inches; Penrose, _Athenian
Architecture_, pl. 19, fig. 1.
[Sidenote: =351.=]
Part of a marble tile-front. The roof of the Parthenon, like that
of many other Greek temples, was formed of marble tiles, _solenes_,
carefully adjusted. In the case of the Parthenon the tiles were placed
side by side. Ridge tiles covered the joints, and the lower end of
each ridge terminated in an anthemion. Hence the tile-front was called
by the Greeks _kalypter anthemotos_. See the model of the Parthenon,
and Michaelis, pl. 2, fig. 8.--_Inwood Coll._
Height, 1 foot 1/2 inch.
[Sidenote: =352.=]
Cast of a similar but more perfect tile-front, from the original at
Athens.
Height, 1 foot 8-1/2 inches; Michaelis, pl. 2, fig. 8; Inwood,
_Erechtheion_, pl. 22.
[Sidenote: =353.=]
Cast of lion's head from one of the angles of the pediment. This head,
is worked from a block which forms the springing stone of both the
cymatium and the corona of the pediment. In the modelling of the
lion's head, and especially in the treatment of the mane, there is a
noticeable austerity and conventionalism, such as is appropriate to a
purely decorative piece of sculpture.
Height, 1 foot 4-1/2 inches. See the model of the Parthenon;
Penrose, _Athenian Architecture_, pl. 17; Michaelis, pl. 2, fig.
9; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 82 B.
[Sidenote: =354, 5.=]
Casts from two fragments of acroteria, probably from the western
pediment.
The acroteria were ornaments placed above the centre of the pediments.
For an example of a complete acroterion, see that from Eleusis, No. 438.
Lengths, 3 feet 3 inches and 1 foot 9 inches; Michaelis, pl. 2,
fig. 10, i, l.
[Sidenote: =356.=]
Marble fragment of a similar acroterion.--_Inwood Coll._
Height, 10 inches; Inwood, _Erechtheion_, pl. 22, p. 130.
[Sidenote: =357.=]
Marble fragment of moulding with painted maeander pattern.--_Inwood
Coll._
Length, 10 inches; Inwood, _Erechtheion_, pl. 22, p. 129.
[Sidenote: =358.=]
Marble fragment of moulding with painted maeander pattern. Both these
fragments (357, 358) appear to belong to the moulding which surmounted
the frieze and passed round the interior of the peristyle.--_Elgin
Coll._
Length, 1 foot 9 inches; Penrose, _Athenian Architecture_, pl. 20,
fig. 27_a_; pl. 23; Michaelis, pl. 2, fig. 17.