FOR ENGINEERS
[Sidenote: What “Engineering” Includes]
The history of a word will sometimes supply the key to the gradual
development of an art. “Engineering” was originally used to describe a
mere branch of military science, the construction of fortifications and
the trenching and sapping needed for their capture. Then about a century
and a half ago the use of the phrase “civil engineering” came into use
to indicate the broadening of the engineer’s functions to civil
pursuits, but even then it served for a long time chiefly to describe
surveying, road-making and bridge building. To-day, the specialized
knowledge of engineers of one kind or another directs or facilitates
every branch of industry. Consider for a moment the handling of iron,
which, as the Britannica article IRON AND STEEL shows, has become the
most indispensable of all substances save air and water, because we can
find no substitute for it that possesses its strength, the hardness and
the pliability we can give to it, and its magnetic properties, upon
which all our electrical work depends. The mining engineer is concerned
with the ore, the mechanical engineer with the machinery employed in its
treatment; the transportation of the finished iron or steel depends upon
the skill of the engineers who construct railroads and ships; the
structural engineer shapes our buildings from the girders and erects
them on the sites indicated by the surveying engineer; the sanitary
engineer makes them wholesome, and the electrical engineer provides them
with the many convenient appliances we need. Various primitive races
have believed that the earth is supported upon the back of a tortoise,
an elephant, or a fish; but when we begin to look into the origin of the
surroundings we have made for ourselves, we cannot carry our examination
very far before we find that almost everything we possess begins with a
blueprint.
It seems a paradox, and yet it is true, that the more a man’s profession
tends to specialization, the more help he can get from the
comprehensiveness of the Britannica. He finds it necessary to dig so
deep that the shaft he sinks must perforce be of narrow diameter,
limiting his daily vision to but a small circle of the broad sky above
him. The engineer of each class has his own text books, but at any
moment his work may bring him into temporary relation with allied
subjects which they do not cover, and in connection with which he may
need trustworthy information. There is certainly no other book which
surveys so authoritatively and minutely as does the Britannica the whole
field of applied science. The services rendered by the 73 engineering
experts—German, American, English, French and Italian—who collaborated
in the production of the work are not to be measured only by the
articles they wrote; for the advice and assistance many of them gave the
editors in planning the book as a whole, ensured such treatment as an
engineer would desire of many subjects indirectly connected with his
work.
[Sidenote: Mathematical Articles]
The engineer will naturally turn first to the mathematical articles,
which may be described as text-books of the most concise and useful
nature, written by leading mathematicians of the age. ALGEBRA (Vol. 1,
p. 599) is by Dr. Sheppard, and G. B. Mathews, formerly professor of
mathematics, University College of North Wales; ALGEBRAIC FORMS (Vol. 1,
p. 620) by Major P. A. Macmahon, formerly president of the London
Mathematical Society; GEOMETRY (Vol. 11, p. 675), _Euclidean_,
_Projective_, _Descriptive_, by Dr. Henrici, professor of mathematics,
Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute;
_Analytical_, by E. B. Elliott, Waynflete professor of pure mathematics,
Oxford; _Line_, by B. A. W. Russell, author of _Foundations of
Geometry_, etc., and Dr. A. N. Whitehead of Trinity College, Cambridge;
_Axioms_, by Dr. Whitehead; TRIGONOMETRY (Vol. 27, p. 271) by Dr. E. W.
Hobson of Cambridge University; SURVEYING (Vol. 26, p. 142), _Geodetic
Triangulation, Levelling, Topographical Surveys, and Geographical
Surveying_, by Sir Thomas Holdich, formerly superintendent of Frontier
Surveys, India; _Nautical_, by Vice-Admiral A. M. Field, R.N., author of
_Hydrographical Surveying_, etc.; GEODESY (Vol. 11, p. 607) by Col. A.
R. Clarke of the British ordinance survey, and Prof. F. R. Helmert of
the University of Berlin; LOGARITHM (Vol. 16, p. 868) by Dr. J. W. L.
Glaisher, editor of the _Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics_; MECHANICS (Vol. 17, p. 955), _Statics_, _Kinetics_, by Dr.
Horace Lamb, professor of mathematics, University of Manchester; _Theory
of Structures_, _Theory of Machines_, _Applied Dynamics_, by Dr. W. J.
M. Rankine, late professor of civil engineering, Glasgow University, and
W. E. Dalby, professor of civil and mechanical engineering, City and
Guilds of London Institute; DYNAMICS (Vol. 8, p. 756) by Professor Lamb;
DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Vol. 8, p. 223), by Dr. W. F. Sheppard;
INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS (Vol. 14, p. 535) by Dr. A. E. H. Love, secretary
of the London Mathematical Society; VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF (Vol. 27, p.
915), by Dr. Love; QUATERNIONS (Vol. 22, p. 718) by Alexander McAulay,
professor of mathematics and physics, University of Tasmania; DIAGRAM
(Vol. 8, p. 146), by Dr. James Clerk Maxwell, the noted physicist;
MENSURATION (Vol. 18, p. 135) by Dr. Sheppard; TABLE, MATHEMATICAL (Vol
26, p. 325), by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher; UNITS, PHYSICAL (Vol. 27, p.
738), by Dr. J. A Fleming, professor of electrical engineering,
University of London; UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF (Vol. 27, p. 736), by Sir
Joseph Larmor, secretary of the Royal Society, England; and CALCULATING
MACHINES (Vol. 4, p. 972), with 24 illustrations, is by Professor
Henrici.
These admirable treatises as well as the article DRAWING,
_Drawing-Office work_ (Vol. 8, p. 556), by Joseph G. Horner, will be
useful to all engineers, and in the special field of civil engineering
the following partial list of articles will convey some idea of the
scope of the material to which the professional man has immediate
access.
[Sidenote: Articles for Civil Engineers]
BRIDGES (Vol. 4, p. 533), with 72 illustrations, diagrams, etc., is a
thorough discussion of the subject by Dr. William C. Unwin, emeritus
professor of engineering, Central Technical College, City and Guilds of
London Institute, author of _Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs_, etc. This
article covers the whole theory of bridge design, and describes all the
typical structures from the timber Pons Sublicius of ancient Rome, the
bridge Horatius defended, to the Manhattan Bridge over the East River at
New York. ROADS AND STREETS (Vol. 23, p. 388); RIVER ENGINEERING (Vol.
23, p. 374), with 26 illustrations, by the late L. F. Vernon-Harcourt,
professor of civil engineering, University College, London, and author
of _Rivers and Canals_, etc.; JETTY (Vol. 15, p. 359), with 6
illustrations, and PIER (Vol. 21, p. 588), illustrated, also by Prof.
Vernon-Harcourt; DREDGE AND DREDGING (Vol. 8, p. 562), with 13
illustrations, by William Hunter, consulting engineer for Waterworks to
Crown agents for the Colonies.
HYDRAULICS (Vol. 14, p. 35), with 213 illustrations, is by Prof. W. C.
Unwin—an article in which the whole theory and practice of water-power,
including discussions of water-motors and turbines, are brought fully up
to date by the designer of the first water-motors at Niagara, the
section dealing with hydraulic machines occupying 25 pages;
HYDROMECHANICS (Vol. 14, p. 115) by Sir Alfred George Greenhill,
formerly professor of mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich;
VENTILATION (Vol. 27, p. 1008), illustrated, by James Bartlett; WATER
SUPPLY (Vol. 28, p. 387), with 20 illustrations, diagrams, and maps, by
Dr. G. F. Deacon, formerly engineer-in-chief for the Liverpool Water
Supply; AQUEDUCT, _Modern Construction_ (Vol. 2, p. 244), by E. P. Hill;
SEWERAGE (Vol. 24, p. 735), with 29 illustrations, by James Bartlett;
IRRIGATION (Vol 14, p. 841).
CANAL (Vol. 5, p. 168), by Sir E. Leader Williams, chief engineer of
Manchester Ship Canal during construction, is an interesting article.
There are also separate articles on great engineering undertakings, such
as PANAMA CANAL (Vol. 20, p. 667); MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL (Vol. 17, p.
550) by Sir E. Leader Williams; SUEZ CANAL (Vol. 26, p. 22). It will
surprise many readers to learn that the project of a ship canal across
Central America was considered as early as 1550, when a book
demonstrating its feasibility was published in Portugal. Only a year
later the King of Spain was strongly urged, in a memorial presented by
De Gomara, the Spanish historian, to undertake the work.
[Sidenote: Railways and Transportation]
TUNNEL (Vol. 27, p. 399), with many plans and illustrations, by H. A.
Carson, in charge of designing and constructing the Boston Subway; DOCK
(Vol. 8, p. 353), with illustrations and plans; CAISSON (Vol. 4, p.
957); BREAKWATER (Vol. 4, p. 475), with 16 illustrations; HARBOUR (Vol.
12, p. 935), illustrated; RECLAMATION OF LAND (Vol. 22, p. 954), with 13
illustrations. The last five articles are by Professor Vernon-Harcourt;
LIGHTHOUSE (Vol. 16, p. 627), with 59 illustrations, by W. T. Douglass,
who erected the Eddystone and Bishop Rock Lighthouses, and Nicholas G.
Gedye, chief engineer to the Tyne Improvement Commission; SHIPBUILDING
(Vol. 24, p. 922), with 125 illustrations—a complete treatise on the
subject by Sir Philip Watts, director of naval construction for the
British Navy; TRACTION (Vol. 27, p. 119), illustrated, by Prof. Louis
Duncan, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; TRAMWAY (Vol. 27,
p. 159), illustrated, by Emile Garcke, managing director of the British
Electric Traction Co., Ltd.; RAILWAYS (Vol. 22, p. 819), a magnificent
composite article, fully illustrated, in which the _Introduction_ and
the sections on _Construction and Rolling Stock_ are by H. M. Ross,
editor of _The Times Engineering Supplement_; _General Statistics and
Financial Organization_, by Ray Morris, formerly of the _Railway Age
Gazette_, New York, and author of _Railroad Administration_; _Economics
and Legislation_, by Arthur T. Hadley, president of Yale University;
_American Railway Legislation_, by Prof. Frank H. Dixon, of Dartmouth
College, author of _State Railroad Control_; _Accident Statistics_, by
B. B. Adams, associate editor, _Railway Age Gazette_; _Intra Urban
Railways_, by W. B. Parsons, formerly chief engineer, Rapid Transit
Commission, New York, and _Light Railways_, by C. E. Webber of the Royal
Engineers, and Emile Garcke. No book on the subject has ever before
contained so great a collection of expert knowledge as this article
presents.
[Sidenote: Structural Engineering]
In regard to construction, engineers will find most valuable for
reference and study the elaborate treatises STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (Vol.
25, p. 1007), with 42 diagrams and illustrations, by Prof. J. A. Ewing,
and ELASTICITY (Vol. 9, p. 141), with 32 diagrams, by Prof. A. E. H.
Love. Notable articles in this connection are IRON AND STEEL (Vol. 14,
p. 801), illustrated, by Dr. H. M. Howe, professor of metallurgy,
Columbia University; and STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Vol. 25, p. 861),
illustrated. It is interesting to note that early in the 19th century a
tall shot-tower was built in New York city by erecting a braced cage of
iron and filling in the panels with masonry. STONE (Vol. 25, p. 958);
MASONRY (Vol. 17, p. 841), with 18 illustrations; BRICKWORK (Vol. 4, p.
521), with 15 illustrations—these four articles by James Bartlett,
lecturer on construction at King’s College, London; CEMENT (Vol. 5, p.
653), illustrated, by Bertram Blount, hon. president, Cement Section of
International Association for Testing Materials, Budapest; CONCRETE
(Vol. 6, p. 835), with 16 illustrations, by F. E. Wentworth-Shields,
dock engineer of the London and South-Western Railway; MORTAR (Vol. 18,
p. 875); FOUNDATIONS (Vol. 10, p. 733), with 13 illustrations; TIMBER
(Vol. 26, p. 978); ROOFS (Vol. 23, p. 697), with 23 illustrations;
SCAFFOLD (Vol. 24, p. 279) illustrated; SHORING (Vol. 24, p. 1004),
illustrated—the last six by James Bartlett.
[Sidenote: For the Mechanical Engineer]
The Engineering Section of the new Britannica provides an equal wealth
of authentic material for members of other branches of the profession.
It is impossible to indicate the exact lines of demarcation between
these branches, and many articles are of use to all engineers alike; but
in the special field of mechanical engineering there are THERMODYNAMICS
(Vol. 26, p. 808) by Dr. H. L. Callendar, professor of physics, Royal
College of Science, London; STEAM ENGINE (Vol. 25, p. 818) by Prof.
Ewing, more than 30 pages long, with 68 illustrations. This article,
with its up-to-date section on turbines, is one of the many in the
engineering department of the Britannica which have been said by
technical critics to merit separate publication as text-books. But such
articles are all the more useful because they form part of one great
library of universal knowledge. Other mechanical articles are AIR ENGINE
(Vol. 1, p. 443), illustrated, also by Professor Ewing; GAS ENGINE (Vol.
11, p. 495), illustrated, by Dugald Clerk, inventor of the Clerk Cycle
Gas Engine; OIL ENGINE (Vol. 20, p. 35), illustrated, also by Dugald
Clerk; BOILER (Vol. 4, p. 141), with 20 illustrations, by James T.
Milton, chief engineer surveyor to Lloyd’s Registry of Shipping, and
Joseph G. Horner, author of _Plating and Boiler Making_; INJECTOR (Vol.
14, p. 570); WATER MOTORS (Vol. 28, p. 382), illustrated, by T. H.
Beare, Regius professor of engineering in the University of Edinburgh;
WINDMILL (Vol. 28, p. 710), illustrated, by Professor Unwin; FUEL (Vol.
11, p. 274), illustrated, _Solid Fuels_ by Hilary Bauermann, of the
Ordnance College, Woolwich; _Liquid Fuel_, by Sir James
Fortescue-Flannery, formerly president of the Institute of Marine
Engineers; _Gaseous Fuel_, by Dr. Georg Lunge, professor of technical
chemistry at the Zurich Polytechnic; GAS, _Gas for Fuel and Power_ (Gas
producers) (Vol. 11, p. 490), illustrated, also by Professor Lunge.
POWER TRANSMISSION (Vol. 22, p. 224), illustrated, _Mechanical_, by
Professor Dalby; _Hydraulic_, by Edward B. Ellington, chief engineer of
the General Hydraulic Power Co., Ltd.; _Pneumatic_, by A. de W. Foote,
superintendent of the North Star Mining Co., California; PULLEY (Vol.
22, p. 641), illustrated, by Dr. Ernest G. Coker, professor of
mechanical Engineering in the City and Guilds of London Technical
College; PUMP (Vol. 22, p. 645), illustrated; BRAKE (Vol. 4, p. 413),
illustrated; TOOL (Vol. 27, p. 14), with 79 illustrations, by Joseph G.
Horner; CRANES (Vol. 7, p. 368), with 21 illustrations, by Walter Pitt;
ELEVATORS (Vol. 9, p. 263), illustrated, by G. F. Zimmer, author of
_Mechanical Handling of Material_; LUBRICANTS (Vol. 17, p. 89) by R. M.
Deeley, joint author of _Lubrication and Lubricants_; PNEUMATIC DESPATCH
(Vol. 21, p. 865) by H. R. Kempe, electrician to the General Post
Office, London; GYROSCOPE AND GYROSTAT (Vol. 12, p. 769), illustrated,
by Sir Alfred Greenhill; MOTOR VEHICLES (Vol. 18, p. 914), with 37
illustrations—_Light_, by the Hon. C. S. Rolls, late managing director
of the Rolls Royce Co., Ltd.; _Heavy Commercial Vehicles_, by Edward S.
Smith, editor of _The Commercial Motor_; RAILWAYS, _Locomotive Power_
(Vol. 22, p. 842) by Professor W. E. Dalby.
[Sidenote: For the Electrical Engineer]
The key article describing the general principles of electrical
engineering is ELECTRICITY SUPPLY (Vol. 9, p. 192), illustrated, by
Emile Garcke, but at the immediate service of the electrical engineer
there also stand DYNAMO (Vol. 8, p. 764), with 42 illustrations, by C.
C. Hawkins, author of _The Dynamo_; POWER TRANSMISSION, _Electrical_
(Vol. 22, p. 233) by Dr. Louis Bell, chief engineer, Electric Power
Transmission Dept., General Electric Co.; CONDUCTION, ELECTRIC (Vol. 6,
p. 855), _Conduction in Solids_ by Professor Fleming; _in Liquids_, by
W. C. D. Whetham; in Gases, by Sir J. J. Thomson, a Nobel prize-winner
and professor of experimental physics at Cambridge; ELECTROLYSIS (Vol.
9, p. 217) by W. C. D. Whetham; ELECTROKINETICS (Vol. 9, p. 210),
illustrated; ELECTROSTATICS (Vol. 9, p. 240); ELECTROMAGNETISM (Vol. 9,
p. 226), illustrated; UNITS, PHYSICAL, _Electrical Units_ (Vols. 27, p.
740); GALVANOMETER (Vol. 11, p. 428), illustrated; ELECTROMETER (Vol. 9,
p. 234), illustrated; AMPEREMETER (Vol. 1, p. 879), illustrated;
VOLTMETER (Vol. 28, p. 206), illustrated; OHMMETER (Vol. 20, p. 34),
illustrated; WATTMETER (Vol. 28, p. 419)—all of these by Professor
Fleming; POTENTIOMETER (Vol. 22, p. 205); ACCUMULATOR (Vol. 1, p. 126),
with 24 illustrations and diagrams, by Walter Hibbert, of the London
Polytechnic; TRANSFORMERS (Vol. 27, p. 173), with 15 illustrations and
diagrams, and WHEATSTONE’S BRIDGE (Vol. 28, p. 584), illustrated, by
Professor Fleming; MOTORS, ELECTRIC (Vol. 18, p. 910), by Dr. Louis
Bell; METER, ELECTRIC, (Vol. 18, p. 291), by Professor Fleming;
LIGHTING, _Electric_ (Vol. 16, p. 659), with 16 illustrations, by
Professor Fleming, and a chapter on its commercial aspects, methods of
charging, wiring of houses, testing meters, etc., by Emile Garcke;
TELEGRAPH (Vol. 26, p. 510), fully illustrated, _Land and Submarine
Telegraphy_, by H. R. Kempe; _Wireless Telegraphy_, by Professor
Fleming, and _Commercial Aspects_, by Emile Garcke; TELEPHONE (Vol. 26,
p. 547), illustrated, by H. R. Kempe and Emile Garcke; TRACTION,
_Electric_ (Vol. 27, p. 120), illustrated, by Professor Duncan. An
admirable historical sketch of electricity will be found in ELECTRICITY
(Vol. 9, p. 179), by Professor Fleming, which contains also an account
of the development of electric theory.
[Sidenote: American Practice in Mining]
It is typical of the policy pursued in making the new Britannica that
the Editor placed the mining section in the hands of American experts,
since they are universally regarded as the best in the world. This
entire section is a worthy monument to American learning and practice.
The key-article MINING (Vol. 18, p. 528), fully illustrated, is by Dr.
Henry Smith Munroe, professor of mining in Columbia University. This
covers every branch of the subject, but further discussion of its
special phases is continued in MINERAL DEPOSITS (Vol. 18, p. 504) by Dr.
James F. Kemp, professor of geology, Columbia University; QUARRYING
(Vol. 22, p. 712) by Dr. F. J. H. Merrill, formerly state geologist of
New York; ORE-DRESSING (Vol. 20, p. 238), illustrated, by Dr. R. H.
Richards, professor of mining and metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; SHAFT-SINKING (Vol. 24, p. 766), illustrated; BORING (Vol.
4, p. 251), illustrated; BLASTING (Vol. 4, p. 44), illustrated—the last
three by Robert Peele, professor of mining in Columbia University.
[Sidenote: The Metallurgical Section]
METALLURGY (Vol. 18, p. 203) describes in outline the general sequence
of operations. ASSAYING (Vol. 18, p. 776) is by Andrew A. Blair,
formerly chief chemist U. S. Geological Survey. See also METAL (Vol. 18,
p. 198). METALOGRAPHY (Vol. 18, p. 202), illustrated, is an account of
the new and important method of microscopical examination of alloys and
metals by Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen; and Francis H. Neville.
ALLOYS (Vol. 1, p. 704), with unique photomicrographs of alloys and
metals, is also by the authors of the article METALLOGRAPHY. ANNEALING,
HARDENING AND TEMPERING (Vol. 2, p. 70), illustrated, is by Joseph G.
Horner, who also writes FORGING (Vol. 10, p. 663), which has 19
illustrations, FOUNDING (Vol. 10, p. 743), with 11 illustrations, and
ROLLING-MILL (Vol. 23, p. 468), with 8 illustrations. The material on
FUEL has already been mentioned. FURNACE (Vol. 11, p. 358) describes and
illustrates all the latest designs. WELDING (Vol. 28, p. 501) is by J.
G. Horner and Elihu Thomson, who writes on his own invention, _Electric
Welding_.
The mining engineer or metallurgist will have in the new Britannica
constantly at his elbow a complete series of articles dealing with the
mining and metallurgy of all minerals and metals. Professor Howe’s
exhaustive article IRON AND STEEL has already been noted in another part
of this chapter. A few of the other important articles are COPPER (Vol.
7, p. 103); GOLD (Vol. 12, p. 192); SILVER (Vol. 25, p. 112); LEAD (Vol.
16, p. 314); TIN (Vol. 26, p. 995); ZINC (Vol. 28, p. 981); MANGANESE
(Vol. 17, p. 569); ALUMINUM (Vol. 1, p. 767) by E. J. Ristori, member of
Council, Institute of Metals. SAFETY-LAMP (Vol. 23, p. 998) is written
by Hilary Bauermann. The latest mining statistics of all countries are
to be found under their respective headings.
[Sidenote: Biographies of Engineers]
Military men are familiar with the lives and deeds of great soldiers;
lovers of art and literature know something of the careers of their
favorites; but as a rule the engineer knows little or nothing about the
lives of the great ornaments of his profession, the splendid heroes of
peace who have done much more than the soldier and the artist to create
the world of to-day. The reason for this is that engineering biographies
are very scarce, and in this connection the new Britannica _fills a
positive gap_ in the engineer’s library. There are considerably more
than 100 biographies of great engineers, living and dead, written in the
most interesting fashion by authoritative contributors. Among these
articles are WATT, JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 414) by Professor Ewing;
ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (Vol. 2, p. 556); STEPHENSON, GEORGE (Vol. 25, p.
888); BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (Vol. 3, p. 823); WHITWORTH, SIR JOSEPH (Vol.
28, p. 616); RENNIE, JOHN (Vol. 23, p. 101); LESSEPS, FERDINAND DE (Vol.
16, p. 494) by Henri G. S. A. de Blowitz; EADS, JAMES B. (Vol. 8, p.
789); EDISON, THOMAS A. (Vol. 8, p. 946); ERICSSON, JOHN (Vol. 9, p.
740); MAXIM, SIR HIRAM (Vol. 17, p. 918); ROEBLING, JOHN A. (Vol. 23, p.
450); SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM (Vol. 25, p. 47) by Professor Ewing; TELFORD,
THOMAS (Vol. 26, p. 573); MCADAM, JOHN L. (Vol. 17, p. 190), and
TREVITHICK, RICHARD (Vol. 27, p. 256).
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA
BRITANNICA OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO ENGINEERS
Aberration
Abrasion
Abscissa
Absorption of Light
Acceleration
Accumulator
Achromatism
Acoustics
Actinometer
Adhesion
Adjutage
Adze
Aeronautics
Aether, or Ether
Aggregation
Agonic Lines
Air Engine
Algebra
Algebraic Forms
Aliquot
Alloys
Aluminium
Amicable Numbers
Amperemeter, or Ammeter
Anchor
Angle
Annealing, Hardening and Tempering
Anthracite
Anvil
Aperture
Aqueduct
Archimedes, Screw of
Architecture
Arkwright, Sir Richard
Armature
Armour Plates
Armstrong, 1st Baron
Artesian Wells
Assaying
Atmospheric Electricity
Atmospheric Railway
Auger
Autoclave
Awl
Axe
Axis
Axle
Baird, James
Baker, Sir Benjamin
Ballast
Ballistics
Balloon
Banket
Barker’s Mill
Barometer
Barometric Light
Battery
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William
Bearings
Bell, Henry
Bellows and Blowing Machines
Bench-mark
Berlin
Berthon, Edward Lyon
Berthoud, Ferdinand
Bessel Function
Bessemer, Sir Henry
Bicycle
Bidder, George Parker
Biddery
Binocular Instrument
Binomial
Biquadratic
Bisectrix
Blasting
Bloom
Bogie
Boiler
Boring
Boulton, Matthew
Brachistochrone
Bradawl
Brake
Bramah, Joseph
Brass
Brassey, Thomas
Brazing and Soldering
Breakwater
Brick
Brickwork
Bridges
Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of
Bright, Sir Charles
Brindley, James
Bronze
Bronzing
Brown, Sir John
Brunel, I. K.
Brunel, Sir Marc
Buoy
Building
Burns, Sir George
Bush
Cab
Cable
Caisson
Caisson Disease
Calculating Machines
Caledonian Canal
Calorescence
Calorimetry
Camera Lucida
Camera Obscura
Camus, F. J. des
Canal
Cantilever
Capillary Action
Car
Cardioid
Carnegie, Andrew
Carpentry,
Cart
Cartwright, Edmund
Cash Register
Catenary
Causeway
Caustic
Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas
Cement
Chain
Chappe, Claude
Chart
Chisel
Chronograph
Chubb, Charles
Cinematograph
Circle
Cissoid
Clark, Josiah Latimer
Clock
Coal
Cockerill, W. (and J.)
Cofferdam
Cold
Colour
Combinational Analysis
Compass
Conchoid
Concrete
Condensation of Gases
Conduction, Electric
Conduction of Heat
Cone
Congreve, Sir William
Conic Section
Conoid
Continued Fractions
Contour, Contour-line
Conveyors
Coode, Sir John
Copper
Copying Machines
Cordite
Corning, Erastus
Coxwell, Henry Tracey
Cramp, Charles Henry
Cranes
Crank
Crompton, Samuel
Cube
Cubitt, Thomas
Cubitt, Sir William
Cunard, Sir Samuel
Curricle
Curve
Cycloid
Cyclometer
Cylinder
Damascening or Damaskeening
Damask Steel or Damascus Steel
Density
Destructors
Determinant
Diagonal
Diagram
Diamagnetism
Diameter
Dielectric
Differences, Calculus of
Differential Equation
Diffraction of Light
Diffusion
Dimension
Dispersion
Divers and Diving Apparatus
Dock
Dodecahedron
Drawing
Dredge and Dredging
Drill
Drummond, Thomas
Dry Rot
Dupuy de Lôme, S.C.H.L.
Dynamics
Dynamite
Dynamo
Dynamometer
Eads, James Buchanan
Earth Currents
Earth, Figure of the
Edison, Thomas Alva
Elasticity
Electrical, or Electrostatic Machine
Electricity
Electricity Supply
Electric Waves
Electrochemistry
Electrokinetics
Electrolysis
Electromagnetism
Electrometallurgy
Electrometer
Electron
Electroplating
Electroscope
Electrostatics
Electrotyping
Electrum
Elevators, Lifts or Hoists
Ellipse
Ellipsoid
Embankment
Employers’ Liability
Energetics
Energy
Engine
Engineering
Epicycloid
Equation
Ericsson, John
Evans, Oliver
Explosives
Fairbairn, Sir William
Felloe
Ferguson, James
Figurate Numbers
File
Filter
Finlay, Sir George
Fire and Fire Extinction
Firebrick
Firth, Mark
Fitch, John
Flight and Flying
Flume
Flux
Focus
Folium
Forging
Fortification and Siegecraft
Fossick
Foundations
Founding
Fourier’s Series
Fowler, John
Fowler, Sir John
Friction
Frustum
Fuel
Fulton, Robert
Function
Furnace
Fusible Metal
Fusion
Fuze, or Fuse
Galvanized Iron
Galvanometer
Gas Engine
Gatling, Richard Jordan
Gauge, or Gage
Geodesy
Geoid
Geometrical Continuity
Geometry
Gimlet
Girard, Philippe Henri de
Glazing
Gnomon
Gold
Gooch, Sir Daniel
Goodyear, Charles
Gouge
Graduation
Gramophone
Graphical Methods
Gravitation
Greathead, James Henry
Grimthorpe, 1st Baron
Groups, Theory of
Guncotton
Gyroscope and Gyrostat
Gunpowder
Hachure
Hammer
Harbour
Harmonic
Harmonic Analysis
Harrison, John
Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus
Hawkshaw, Sir John
Hawksley, Thomas
Hawser
Heat
Heathcoat, John
Heating
Heliostat
Hodgkinson, Eaton
Hodograph
Holden, Sir Isaac
Horse-Power
Hose-pipe
Hydraulics
Hydrodynamics
Hydrography
Hydromechanics
Hydrometer
Hydrostatics
Hyperbola
Hypsometer
Hysteresis
Icosahedron
Illumination
Inclinometer
Induction Coil
Infinitesimal Calculus
Ingot
Injector
Interference of Light
Interpolation
Invar
Inversion
Involution
Iron and Steel
Irrigation
Ismay, Thomas Henry
Jacquard, Joseph Marie
Jenkin, H. C. F.
Jetty
Joinery
Joints
Joist
Kaleidoscope
Kiln
Kinematics
Kinetics
Kingsford, W.
Knife
Knot
Krupp, Alfred
Labour Legislation
Ladder
Lamp
Lantern
Lath
Lathe
Latitude
Latten
Lead
Lemniscate
Lens
Lesseps, Ferdinand de
Lever
Leyden Jar, or Condenser
Life-boat
Light
Lighthouse
Lighting
Lightning Conductor
Limaçon
Lindley, William
Line
Liquid Gases
Lock
Locus
Logarithm
Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid, or Foliate
Longitude
Loxodrome
Lubricants
Lubrication
Magic Square
Magnetism
Magnetism, Terrestrial
Magnetograph
Magnetometer
Magneto-Optics
Manchester Ship Canal
Manganese
Manometer
Map
Masham, Baron
Masonry
Mathematics
Matter
Maxima and Minima
Maxim, Sir Hiram
McAdam, John Loudon
McCormick, Cyrus Hall
Mechanics
Mensuration
Meridian
Metal
Metallography
Metallurgy
Meter, Electric
Metric System
Microscope
Mill
Mineral Deposits
Mining
Mirror
Model
Molecule
Mortar
Mortise, or Mortice
Motion, Laws of
Motors, Electric
Motor Vehicles
Murdock, William
Myddelton, Sir Hugh
Nasmyth, James
Navigation
Newcomen, Thomas
Nitro-glycerine
Nixon, John
Noble, Sir Andrew
Number
Numbers, Partition of
Numeral
Objective, or Object Glass
Octahedron
Ohmmeter
Oil Engine
Optics
Ordinate
Ore Dressing
Oscillograph
Oval
Painter-work
Palanquin
Palmer, Sir Charles Mark
Panama Canal
Pantograph
Parabola
Parachute
Parallel Motion
Pedometer
Perkins, Jacob
Permeability, Magnetic
Permeameter
Perpetual Motion, or Perpetuum Mobile
Perspective
Phonograph
Photography
Photometry
Physics
Pier
Piston
Plaster-work
Pneumatic Despatch
Pneumatics
Polarity
Polarization of Light
Pole, William
Polygon
Polygonal Numbers
Polyhedral Numbers
Polyhedron
Porism
Potentiometer
Power Transmission
Prism
Probability
Projection
Prony, G. C. F. M. R. de
Pulley
Pump
Pyrometer
Quadratrix
Quarrying
Quaternions
Radiation, Theory of
Radiometer
Rafter
Railways
Random
Rankine, W. J. M.
Rawlinson, Sir Robert
Reclamation of Land
Reflection of Light
Refraction
Refrigerating and Ice Making
Reid, Sir Robert G.
Rennie, John
River Engineering
Rivet
Roads and Streets
Roebling, J. A.
Rolling-mill
Roofs
Roulette
Safes, Strong-rooms and Vaults
Safety-lamp
Saw
Scaffold, Scaffolding
Scantling
Schichau, Ferdinand
Science
Scissors
Screw
Semaphore
Seppings, Sir Robert
Series
Serpentine
Sewerage
Sewing Machines
Sextant
Shadoof
Shadow
Shaft-sinking
Shears
Ship
Shipbuilding
Shoring
Shovel
Shuttle
Siemens, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm)
Sieve
Signal
Silver
Siphon, or Syphon
Sleeper
Sleigh, Sled, or Sledge
Smeaton, John
Smoke
Solder
Sound
Sounding
Spade
Spectroscopy
Speculum
Sphere
Spherical Harmonics
Spheroid
Sphereometer
Spiral
Starley, James
Statics
Steel Construction
Steam Engine
Stephenson, George
Stephenson, Robert
Stereoscope
Stevenson, Robert
Stone
Strength of Materials
Strutt, Jedediah
Stucco
Suez Canal
Sun Copying, or Photo Copying
Surface
Surveying
Table, Mathematical
Tacheometry
Tangye, Sir Richard
Technical Education
Telegraph
Telephone
Telford, Thomas
Tetrahedron
Theodolite
Thermodynamics
Thermoelectricity
Thermometry
Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
Tide
Timber
Time, Measurement of
Time, Standard
Tin
Tin-plate and Terne-plate
Tire
Tongs
Tool
Topography
Traction
Tramway
Transformers
Tredgold, Thomas
Trevithick, Richard
Triangle
Tricycle
Trigonometry
Trisectrix
Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing
Tube
Tunnel
Turbine
Tweezers
Typewriter
Units, Dimensions of
Units, Physical
Vacuum Tube
Valve
Vaporization
Variations, of Calculus
Vector Analysis
Ventilation
Vernier
Vision
Voltmeter
Wagon or Waggon
Water Motors
Water Supply
Watt, James
Wattmeter
Wave
Wedge
Weighing Machines
Weights and Measures
Weir
Welding
Well
Wheatstone’s Bridge
White, Sir William H.
Whitney, Eli
Whitworth, Sir Joseph
Wilkinson, John
Windmill
Witch of Agnesi
Zero
Zinc