THE SECOND,

sirnamed RVFVS.

King WILLIAM the Victor when hee drew towards the end of his dayes,

commended the Kingdome of _England_ to his second sonne _William_: with

many blessings, with many admonitions, with many prayers for the

prosperous successe of his succession. And because the presence of the

next successour is of greatest moment to establish affaires, the King a

little before his passage to death, dispatched him into _England_, with

letters vnder his owne Seale to _Lanfranck_ then Archbishop of

_Canterbury_: a man highly esteemed in forraine Countreys, but with the

Cleargie and vulgare people of the Realme, his authoritie was absolute.

In these letters the King expressed great affection and care towards his

sonne _William_; commending him with many kind words, for his

sufficiencies, for diuers vertues; especially for that hee did alwayes

stand firmely by him, alwayes declare himselfe both a faithfull Subiect

and dutifull sonne. It was also coniectured by some, that the King was

guided in this choise, no lesse by his iudgement, then by his affection:

for that he esteemed the fierce disposition of his sonne _William_ more

fit to gouerne a people not well setled in subiection, then the flexible

and milde nature of his eldest sonne _Robert_. So _William_ taking his

last leaue of his father, who was then taking his last leaue of this

world, iourneyed towards _England_; and in short time arriued at the

port called _Whitesand_, where he receiued the first report of his

fathers death. Hereupon with all speed hee posted to _Lanfranck_,

deliuered his fathers letters, and foorthwith was declared King, vpon

the 9. day of September, in the yere 1087. and vpon the first of October

next ensuing was by the same _Lanfranck_, with al ceremonies and

solemnities perteining to that action, crowned at _Westminster_.

_Robert_, either by negligence and want of foresight, or by the

perpetuall malice of his destinie, or happily not without his fathers

contriuance, was absent in _Germanie_, whilest his yonger brother

_William_ did thus possesse himselfe, both of the Kingdome of his

father, and of his treasure. Otherwise he wanted neither pretence, nor

purpose, nor fauour of friends to haue empeached his brothers

proceedings. For it was then doubted by many, and since hath bene by

many debated; whether in any case, vpon any cause or consideration

whatsoeuer, a King hath power to disinherite his eldest sonne, and to

appoint another to succeed in his estate.

That a King may aduance any of his sonnes to bee his successour, without

respect of prioritie in birth, there seemeth to want neither warrant of

example, nor weight of authoritie. _Dauid_[29] a man greatly prooued and

approoued by God, did preferre _Solomon_[30] to succeede him, before his

eldest sonne _Adonia_. And in like sort _Rehoboam_ the sonne of

_Solomon_, appointed the yongest of all his sonnes to succeed him in the

Kingdome.[31] So some Lawyers affirme, That a King may determine in his

life, which of his sonnes shall reigne after him.

But this must be vnderstood, either when a State is newly raised to the

title of a kingdome, or else when by Conquest, Vsurpation, or some other

meanes of change, the gouernment thereof is newly transferred from one

stemme to another: For then because there is no certaine Law or Custome

of succession in force, the right seemeth to depend vpon the disposition

of the Prince. And yet euen in this case, the eldest or neerest cannot

be excluded without iust cause. For so when _Iacob_[32] depriued his

eldest sonne _Reuben_ of his priuiledge of birth, he expressed the

cause, For that he had defiled his fathers bed; which fact of his

_Hierome_ applieth to the case in question. So when _Ptolemie_[33] the

first King of _Egypt_ commended the State to his yongest sonne, he

yeelded a reason for that which he did. So _Henrie_ the fourth Emperour,

crowned _Henrie_ his yonger sonne King, reiecting _Conrade_ his eldest

sonne, for that hee had borne armes against him, and ioyned in league

with his open enemies.

But when by expresse Lawe or long grounded Custome the Succession of a

State is established to the eldest sonne, the best approoued

interpreters of the Canon and Ciuill law doe conclude,[34] that the

father hath no power to inuert or peruert that course of order. For

parents may debarre their children of that which proceedeth from

themselues, of that which dependeth vpon their appointment; but of that

which is due by nature,[35] by the immutable law of the State, the

parents can haue no power to dispose. When by a fundamentall Lawe or

Custome of State, Succession is annexed to the dignity of a Crowne,

according to prioritie in birth, it followeth, that so soone as the

first borne commeth into light, the right of succession is fixed in

him;[36] not in hope onely, but also in habite; whereof neither the

father nor any other can dispossesse him.

And therefore when _Prusias_[37] intended to depriue his eldest sonne

_Nicomedes_ of his prerogatiue of birth, and to preferre his yonger

sonnes, which he had by another wife, in succession before him, he could

not assure it by any meanes, but by determining the death of

_Nicomedes_; which _Nicomedes_ to preuent, dispoiled his father both of

kingdom and of life. _Ptolemie_ the first King of _Egypt_[38] of that

name, who after the death of _Alexander_ the great possessed himselfe

of _Egypt_, & part of _Arabia_, and of _Affrick_, left his kingdom to

the yongest of his sons: but afterward when _Ptolemie_, surnamed

_Phiscon_,[39] vpon the importunity of his wife _Cleopatra_, attempted

the like, the kingdome being then setled in succession, the people

opposed, & reuersed his order after his death. So _Pepine_[40] after hee

had made seisure of the kingdome of _France_, & ordered all things which

he thought necessary for the suerty therof, disposed the succession

therein by his Testament; leauing the Realme of _Noion_ to his sonne

_Charles_, and to _Carloman_ his other sonne the Realme of _Soissons_.

The like was done by some other of the first Kings of his race. But

since that time the custome hath been strongly stablished, that the

kingdome passeth entirely to the eldest sonne, and possessions are

assigned to the rest vnder the name of _Appanage_. And therefore the

_French_[41] writers affirme, that the eldest sonne of _France_ cannot

be depriued of succession, vpon any cause of ingratitude against his

parents; and that if the King should institute his eldest sonne,[42] yet

cannot hee take the kingdome by force of his fathers guift, but onely by

the immutable law of the Realme. Yea, _Girard_ writeth of _Charles_ the

simple, that hee was King of _France_[43] before hee was borne. And in

this regard the _Glossographer_[44] vpon the Decrees noteth, that the

sonne of a King may bee called King during the life of his father, as

wanting nothing but administration. And the same also doth _Seruius_

note out of _Virgil_, where hee saith of _Ascanius_: _regemq;

requirunt_, his father _Aeneas_ being then aliue.

Now then, for that the right of Succession to the Crowne of _England_

was not at that time so surely setled as it hath been since; but had

waued in long vncertainetie: First, in the _Heptarchie_ of the _Saxons_

and _English_, afterward betweene the _English_ and the _Danes_, and was

then newly possessed by the _Normane_, and that chiefly by the sword:

For that also _Robert_ the Kings eldest sonne gaue iust cause of

offence, by bearing armes against his father; it may seeme that the King

might lawfully direct the succession to his second sonne. And yet,

because as _Herodotus_[45] saith, _It is a generall custome amongst all

men, that the first in birth is next in succession_; because as

_Baldus_[46] affirmeth, _Semper fuit, & semper erit, &c. Alwayes it hath

been, and alwayes it shall bee, that the first borne succeedeth in a

kingdome_; because as S. _Hierome_[47] writeth, _A kingdome is due vnto

the first borne_; and as S. _Chrysostome_[48] saith, _The first borne is

to bee esteemed more honourable then the rest_; whereupon diuers Lawyers

obserue, that the word _Senior_[49] is often times taken for a Lord.

Lastly, because this precedencie both in honour, and in right seemeth to

be the Law of all nations, deriued from the Law of Nature, and expresly

either instituted or approoued by the voice of God: First, where he said

to _Cain_[50] of his yonger brother _Abel_; _His desires shall be

subiect to thee, and thou shalt haue dominion ouer him_: Secondly,[51]

where he forbiddeth the father to disinherite the first sonne of his

double portion, because by right of birth it is due vnto him: Lastly,

where hee maketh choice of the first borne to be sanctified and

consecrated to himselfe;[52] it hath almost neuer happened that this

order hath been broken, that the neerest haue bene excluded from

Succession in State, but it hath been followed with tragicall euents.

Yea, albeit the eldest sonne be vnfit to beare rule, albeit hee be

vnable to gouerne either others or himselfe; as if hee be in a high

degree furious, or foolish, or otherwise defectiue in body or in minde,

(vnlesse he degenerate from humane condition) yet can he not therefore

be excluded from succession:[53] because it is due vnto him, not in

respect of abilitie, but by reason of his prioritie of birth. As for the

kingdom, it shall better be preserued by the gouernment of a Protector

(as in diuers like causes it is both vsual and fit) then by receiuing

another Prince:[54] as well for other respects, as for that by cutting

off continuance in the Royall descent, by interrupting the setled order

of gouernment, by making a breach in so high a point of State,

opportunitie is opened both for domesticall disturbances, and for

inuasions from abroad: whereupon greater inconueniences do vsually

ensue, then did euer fall by insufficiencie of a Prince. For if these

pretenses may be allowed for good, what aspiring Subiect, what

encroaching enemy, finding themselues furnished with meanes, will not be

ready to rise into ambitious hopes? _Gabriel_ the yonger brother of the

house of _Saluse_, kept his eldest brother in prison, vsurped his

estate, giuing foorth to the people that he was mad. And seldome hath

any vsurpation happened, but vpon pretence of insufficiencie in

gouernment. Assuredly, if these principall points of Principalitie be

not punctually obserued, the ioynts of a State are loosened, the

foundation is shaken, the gates are opened for all disorders, to rise

vp, to rush in, to prosper, to preuaile.

Hereupon _Medon_[55] the eldest sonne of _Codrus_, albeit he was lame

and otherwise defectiue, was by sentence of the Oracle of _Apollo_

preferred to succeed his father in the kingdome of _Athens_, before

_Neleus_ his yonger brother. So when _Alexandrides_[56] King of _Sparta_

left two sonnes, _Cleomenes_ the eldest, distracted in wits, and

_Doricus_ the yongest, both able and enclined to all actions of honour;

the _Spartans_ acknowledged _Cleomenes_ for their King. _Agisilaus_ the

famous King of _Sparta_ was also lame, as _Plutarch_[57] and _Prob.

Aemilius_ do report; _Orosius_ saith, that the _Spartans_ did rather

choose to haue their King halt, then their Kingdome. And therefore when

_Lisander_[58] moued them to decree, that the worthiest and not alwayes

the next in blood of the line of _Hercules_ should reigne, he found no

man to second his aduise. _Aristobulus_[59] and _Hircanus_ after a long

and cruel contention for the Kingdome of _Iewrie_, committed their

controuersie to the arbitrement of _Pompey_: _Hircanus_ alledged, that

hee was the eldest brother; _Aristobulus_ obiected, that _Hircanus_ was

insufficient to gouerne: but _Pompey_ gaue iudgement for _Hircanus_. The

like iudgement did _Annibal_[60] giue for the kingdome of that Countrey

which is now called _Sauoy_; restoring _Brancus_[61] to his State, from

which he had bene expelled by his yonger brother. And although

_Phirrus_[62] did appoint that sonne to succeed, whose sword had the

best edge; yet was the eldest acknowledged, who bare the least

reputation for valour.

_Ladislaus_[63] King of _Hungarie_ left by his brother _Geysa_ two

Nephewes; _Colomannus_ the eldest, who was lame, bunch-backed,

crab-faced, blunt-sighted, bleare-eyed, a dwarfe, a stammerer, and

(which is more) a Priest; and _Almus_ the yongest, a man of comely

presence, and furnished with many princely vertues: In regard of these

natural prerogatiues _Ladislaus_ appointed _Almus_ to succeed; but in

regard of the prerogatiue in blood, the _Hungarians_ receiued

_Colomannus_ for their King. _Barbatius_[64] writeth, that _Galeace_

Duke of _Milane_ did oft times expresse his griefe, for that he could

not preferre in succession _Philip Maria_ his yongest sonne, before

_Iohn_ his eldest; for that he seemed the most sufficient to vndertake

the manage of the State. _Girard_[65] affirmeth that it hath bene the

custome of the _French_, to honour their Kings whatsoeuer they are;

whether wise or foolish, valiant or weake; esteeming the name of King to

be sacred by whomsoeuer it be borne. And therefore they obeyed not only

_Charles_ the simple, but _Charles_ the sixt also; who reigned many

yeres in plaine distraction of his mind. It was an ancient custome in

_Scotland_, that the most sufficient of the blood of _Fergusus_[66] was

receiued for King; but such warres, murthers, and other mischiefes did

thereupon ensue, that a law was made vnder _Kenet_ the third, and

afterwards confirmed by _Millcolumbus_, that the nighest in blood should

alwayes succeede. And accordingly the Scots refused not for their King

_Iohn_ the eldest sonne of _Robert_ the second, albeit he was borne out

of marriage, and did halt, and was both in wit and in courage dull.

For what if he who is debarred for disabilitie shall afterward haue a

sonne free from all defects?[67] It is without question that the right

of the Kingdome should deuolue vnto him: for that the calamitie of

parents doeth not preiudice their children, especially in their

naturall rights, which they may claime from the person of former

ancestors. But what if another be in possession of the Kingdome?[68]

will he readily giue place to this right? will he readily abandon that

honour, for which men will not spare, to climbe ouer all difficulties,

to vndergoe all dangers; to put their goods, their liues, their soules

in aduenture? If a man be once mounted into the chaire of Maiestie, it

standeth not, I will not say with his dignitie, but with his safetie, to

betake himselfe to a priuate State; as well for the eternall iealousie

wherein he shall be held, as for the enuie which shall be borne against

him vpon many of his actions: So as what some few would not doe for

ambition, the same they must doe to preserue themselues. Hereupon it

will follow, that the possession of the Kingdome being in one, and the

right in another; disunions, factions, warres may easily ensue.

It is inconuenient (I grant) to be vnder a King who is defectiue in body

or in mind; but it is a greater inconuenience, by disturbing a setled

forme of gouernment, to open an entrance for all disorders; wherein

ambition and insolencie (two riotous humours) may range at large. For

as euill is generally of that nature, that it cannot stand, but by

supportance of another euill; and so multiplieth in it selfe, vntill it

doth ruine with the proper weight: so mindes hauing once exceeded the

strict bounds of obedience, cease not to strengthen one bouldnesse by

another, vntil they haue inuolued the whole State in confusion.

Bvt now to returne to the person and gouernment of this King _William_.

He was a man of meane stature, thicke and square bodied, his belly

swelling somewhat round; his face was red, his haire deepely yealow, by

reason whereof he was called _Rufus_; his forehead foure square like a

window, his eyes spotted and not one like the other; his speech

vnpleasant and not easily vttered, especially when he was mooued with

anger. He was of great abilitie in body, as well for naturall strength,

as for hardinesse to endure all ordinary extremities both of trauaile

and of want. In Armes he was both expert and aduenturous; full of inward

brauerie and fiercenesse; neuer dismayed, alwayes forward, and for the

most part fortunate; in counsaile sudden, in performance a man; not

doubting to vndertake any thing which inuincible valour durst promise to

atchieue. Hee had bene bred with the sword; alwayes in action, alwayes

on the fauourable hand of Fortune: so as, albeit he was but yong, yet

was he in experience well grounded; for inuention subtill, in counsaile

quicke, in execution resolute; wise to foresee a danger, and expedite to

auoid it. In a word, the generall reputation of his valour and

celeritie, made him esteemed one of the best Chiefetaines in his time.

His behauiour was variable and inconstant; earnest in euery present

passion, and for the most part accompanying the disposition of his mind,

with outward demonstrations. Of nature he was rough, haughtie,

obstinate, inuincible, which was much enlarged both by his soueraigntie

and youth: so singular in his owne conceit, that he did interprete it to

his dishonour, that the world should deeme, that he did not gouerne by

his owne iudgement. In publicke he composed his countenance to a stately

terrour; his face sowerly swelling, his eyes truculent, his voyce

violent and fierce, scarce thinking himselfe Maiesticall in the glasse

of his vnderstanding, but when he flashed feare from his presence. And

yet in priuate he was so affable and pleasant, that he approched neere

the degree of leuitie: much giuen to scoffing, and passing ouer many of

his euill actions with a ieast. In all the other carriages of his life,

he maintained no stable and constant course; but declared himselfe for

euery present, as well in vertue as in vice, strong, violent, extreeme.

In the beginning of his reigne he was esteemed a most accomplished

Prince; and seemed not so much of power to bridle himselfe from vice, as

naturally disposed to abhorre it. Afterwards, either with variation of

times, or yeelding to the pleasures which prosperity vseth to ingender

euen in moderate minds, or perhaps his nature beginning to disclose that

which hee had cunningly concealed before, corruptions crept vp, and he

waued vncertainely betweene vertue and vice. Lastly, being imboldned by

euill teachers, and by continuance both of prosperitie and rule, he is

said to haue made his height a priuiledge of loosenesse, and to haue

abandoned himselfe to all licentious demeanour; wherein he seemed little

to regard God, and nothing man.

Assuredly, there is no greater enemie to great men, then too great

prosperitie in their affaires; which taketh from them all iudgement and

rule of themselues; which maketh them ful of libertie, and bould to doe

euill. And yet I cannot conceiue that this King was so bould, so

carelesse, so shamelesse in vices, as many writers doe report. It is

certaine that hee doubted of some points of Religion, at that time

without any great contradiction professed; and namely, of praying to

Saints, worshipping of Reliques, & such like. It is certain also, that

out of policie in State, he endeuoured to abate the tumorous greatnes of

the Clergie at that time; as well in riches, as in authority and power

with the people: and that he attributed not so much to the Sea of

_Rome_, as diuers Kings before him had done. Insomuch as he restrained

his subiects from going to _Rome_, and withheld the annuall paiment of

_Peter_ pence, and was oftentimes heard to giue foorth, that _they

follow not the trace of S. Peter, they greedily gape after gifts and

rewards, they retein not his power, whose pietie they do not imitate_.

These were causes sufficient for the writers of his time (who were for

the most part Clergie-men) to enlarge his vices beyond the trueth, to

surmise many vices vntruely, to wrest his true vertues to be vices.

And this I doe the rather coniecture, for that I doe not find his

particular actions of like nature, with the generall imputation which is

cast vpon him; for that also I finde the chiefe of these generall

imputations to bee these:[69] _That he was grieuous to the Church, of no

deuotion to God, preferring respect of temporall state before the rules

of the Gospel_. Verely, it is hard to doe that which will beare a cleere

beauty in the eyes of all men; and if our actions haue not the fauour of

time, and the opinion of those men who doe estimate and report them,

they are much dimmed with disgrace.[70] Out of all doubt he was a

magnanimous Prince, mercifull and liberall, and in martiall affaires

most expert, diligent and prosperous; wise to contriue his best

aduantage, and most couragious to atchieue it. But two things chiefly

obscured his glory; one, the incomparable greatnesse of his father, to

whom he did immediatly succeede; the other was the prowesse of those

men, against whom he did contend in armes; especially of _Malcolme_ King

of _Scots_, and of _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_. To these I may adde,

that hee died in the principall strength and flourish of his age, before

his iudgement had full command ouer his courage.

Many doe attribute his excellent beginnings to _Lanfranck_ Archb. of

_Canterburie_: who during the time of his life, partly by authoritie,

and partly by aduise, supported the vnstable yeeres and disposition of

the King: which after the death of _Lanfranck_ returned by degrees to

their proper sway. But I do rather attribute many of his first vertues

to the troubles which happened in the very entrance of his reigne; which

partly by employment, and partly by feare, held his inclination in some

restraint. For _Odo_ Bishop of _Baion_ and Earle of _Kent_, the Kings

vncle by the mothers side, had drawen the greatest part of all the

Prelates and Nobilitie that were _Normans_, into a dangerous

confederacie against the King; to deiect him from his State, and to

aduance _Robert_ his elder brother for their King.

The secret cause of this conspiracie was partly vpon a generall

discontentment, at the great, though worthy estimation and authoritie (a

most capitall offence in the eye of enuie) of _Lanfrank_ Archbishop of

_Canterburie_; by means whereof many of the conspirators liued in farre

meaner reputation, then their ambitious minds could easily breake: but

chiefly it was vpon a more particular grudge, which _Odo_ did beare

against the same _Lanfranck_; because by his perswasion, _Odo_ had been

committed to prison by King _William_ the elder. For when the King

complained to _Lanfranck_ of the intolerable both auarice and ambition

of his brother _Odo_, the Archbishop gaue aduise, that hee should bee

restrained of his libertie. And when the King doubted, how he being a

Bishop, might be committed to prison, without impeaching the priuiledges

of the Church; indeede answered _Lanfranck_, you may not imprison the

Bishop of _Baion_, but you may doe what you please with the Earle of

_Kent_.

The publike and open pretenses were these. _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_

had the prerogatiue of birth; which being a benefit proceeding from

nature, could not bee reuersed by his fathers acte. He had also wonne a

most honorable reputation for his militarie vertues; and had by many

trauels of warre wasted the wilde follies of youth. Hee was no lesse

famous for courtesie and liberalitie, two most amiable ornaments of

honour; being so desirous that no man should depart discontented from

him, that he would oftentimes promise more then hee was able to

performe, and yet performe more then his estate could expediently

afford. As for K. _William_, besides that he was the yonger brother, his

nature was held to be doubtfull and suspect, and the iudgement of most

men enclined to the worst. And what are we then aduantaged, (said they)

by the death of his father? if whom he hath fleeced, this shall flay; if

this shall execute those whom he hath fettered and surely bound; If

after his seuerities that are past, wee shall be freshly charged with

those rigours, which tyrants in the height and pride of their Fortune

are wont to vse? And as stronger combinations are alwayes made betweene

men drawne together by one common feare, then betweene those that are

ioyned by hope or desire; so vpon these iealousies and feares,

accompanied also with vehement desires, the Confederats supposed that

they had knit a most assured league.

Now it happened that at the time of the death of _William_ the elder,

_Robert_ his eldest sonne was absent in _Almaine_; and at once heard

both of the death of his father, and that his brother _William_ was

acknowledged to be King. Hereupon in great hast, but greater heat both

of anger and ambition, he returned into _Normandie_: and there whilest

he was breathing foorth his discontentment and desire of reuenge, he

receiued a message from the Confederats in _England_; that with all

speed hee should come ouer vnto them, to accomplish the enterprise, to

furnish their forces with a head: that they had no want of able bodies;

they wanted no meanes to maintaine them together; they wanted onely his

person both to countenance and conduct them. The Duke thought it no

wisdome, to aduenture himselfe altogether; vpon the fauour and faith of

discontented persons: and he had bene so loosely liberall before, that

he was vnprouided of money, to appoint himselfe with any competent

forces of his owne. Hereupon he pawned a part of _Normandie_ to his

brother _Henry_, for waging Souldiers: many also flocked voluntarily

vnto him; vpon inducement, that hee who of his owne nature was most

liberall & full of humanitie, would not faile both of pay and reward,

vnlesse by reason of disabilitie & want.

In the meane time the Confederats resolued to breake forth in Armes, in

diuers parts of the Realme at once; vpon conceit, that if the King

should endeuour to represse them in one place, they might more easily

preuaile in the other. And so accordingly _Odo_ fortified and spoiled in

_Kent_; _Geoffrey_ Bishop of _Exceter_, with his nephew _Robert Mowbray_

Earle of _Northumberland_, at _Bristow_; _Roger Montgomerie_ in

_Northfolke_, _Suffolke_ and _Cambridgeshire_; _Hugh de Grandemenill_,

in _Leicestershire_ and _Northamptonshire_; _William_ Bishop

of _Durhame_, in the North parts of the Realme; diuers others

of the Clergie and Nobilitie in _Herefordshire_, _Shropshire_,

_Worcestershire_, and all the Countreys adioyning to _Wales_. And as in

time of pestilence all diseases turne to the plague; so in this generall

tumult, all discontentments sorted to Rebellion. Many who were oppressed

with violence or with feare; many who were kept lower either by want or

disgrace then they had set their mounting minds, adioyned daily to the

side, and encreased both the number and the hope. And thus was all the

Realme in a ruinous rage against K. _William_, who wanted neither

courage to beare, nor wisdome to decline it.

And first hee endeuoured by all meanes to make the _English_ assured

vnto him. And albeit few of them were at that time in any great place,

either of credite or of charge, but were all wounded by his fathers

wrongs; yet for that they were the greatest part, he made the greatest

reckoning of them. For this cause hee released many _English_ Lords who

had bene committed to custodie by his father. He composed himselfe to

courtesie and affabilitie towards the people, and distributed much

treasure among them. But especially hee wanne their inclination by

promises of great assurance, to restore vnto them their ancient lawes,

to ease them of tributes and taxations, and to permit them free libertie

of hunting: which being their principall pleasure and exercise before,

was either taken away, or much restrained from them by King _William_

the elder. Herewith he applied himselfe to appease the mutinous minds of

his Nobilitie, to seuer the Confederats, to breake the faction; to

diuide it first, and thereby to defeat it.

To this purpose he dealt with _Roger Montgomerie_, who next vnto _Odo_

was a principall both countenance and strength to the reuolt; he dealt

also with diuers others, inferiour vnto him in authority and degree;

that he could not coniecture for what cause they were so violent against

him: did they want money? His fathers treasure was at their deuotion:

desired they encrease of possessions? they should not be otherwise

bounded then by their owne desires: that hee would willingly also giue

ouer his estate, in case it should be iudged expedient by themselues,

whom his father had put in trust to support him: that they should doe

wel to foresee, whether by ouerthrowing his fathers iudgement in

appointing the kingdome vnto him, they should not doe that which might

be preiudiciall to themselues; for the same man who had appointed him to

bee King, had also conferred vnto them those honours and possessions

which they held. Thus sometimes dealing priuately with particulars, and

sometimes with many together, and eftsoones filling them with promises

and hopes, and that with such new vehemencie of words as they beleeued

could not proceede from dissembled intents; he so preuailed in the end,

that hereby, and by example of some inducing the rest, _Roger

Montgomerie_ and diuers others were reconciled to the King; in whom was

thought to rest no smal matter to hold vp the reputation of the

enterprise.

And further, hee prepared a nauie to guard the seas, and to impeach the

passage of his brother into _England_. Hee prepared great forces also by

meanes of the treasure which his father had left, and disposed them in

places conuenient, either to preuent or to represse these scattered

tumults. But the successe of his affaires was by no meanes so much

aduanced, as by _Lanfranck_ Archbishop of _Canterbury_, and by

_Woolstane_ Bishop of _Worcester_: the authority of which two men, the

one for his learning, wisedome, and mild moderation, the other for his

simple sanctitie and integritie of life, was greatly regarded by all

sorts of people. By encouragement of _Woolstane_ not onely the citie of

_Worcester_ was maintained in firme condition for the King, but his

enemies receiued there a famous foyle; the greatest part being slaine,

and the residue dispersed. This was the first sad blow which the

confederates tooke; afterward they declined mainely, and the King as

mainly did increase.

The King in person led his chiefe forces into _Kent_, against _Odo_ his

vncle, the principall firebrand of all this flame. Hee tooke there the

castle of _Tunbridge_ and of _Pemsey_, which _Odo_ had fortified; and

lastly hee besieged _Odo_ himselfe in the castle of _Rochester_, and

with much trauell tooke him prisoner, and compelled him to abiure the

Realme. Vpon these euents, the Bishop of _Durham_, aduising onely with

feare and despaire, fled out of the Realme; but after three yeeres he

was againe restored to the dignitie of his Sea. The residue did submit

themselues to the Kings discretion; and were by him receiued, all to

pardon, some to gracious and deare account. For in offences of so high

nature, pardon neuer sufficeth to assure offenders, vnlesse by further

benefits their loyaltie bee bound.

_Robert_ Duke of _Normandy_ was busied all this time, in making

preparation for his iourney into _England_: but his delayes much abated

the affections of those who fauoured either his person or cause. At the

length, hauing made vp a competent power, he committed to sea; where,

his infelicities concurring with his negligence, diuers of his ships

which he had sent somewhat before him, to assure the confederats of his

approach, were set vpon and surprised by the nauie of King _William_.

After this hee arriued in _England_, sent vnto many of his secret

friends, and made his comming knowen vnto all: but no man resorted to

him, he receiued no aduertisement from any man; but plainely found, that

by the fortunate celeritie of King _William_, the heart of the

conspiracie in all places was broken. So the Duke returned into

_Normandie_, hauing then good leisure, to looke into the errour of his

leisurely proceedings.

When the King had in this sort either wisely reconciled, or valiantly

repressed his domesticall enemies; because an vnperfect victory is

alwayes the seede of a new warre, he followed his brother with a mighty

armie, and remoued the seate of the warre into _Normandie_. For he

coniectured (as in trueth it fell out) that the Duke his brother vpon

his returne, would presently disperse his companies, for want of money;

and for the same cause would not easily be able to draw them together

againe. So his valour and his power being much aduantaged by his sudden

comming, ioyned to the want of foresight and preparation in the Duke;

he tooke in short time the Castles of _Walerick_ and _Aubemarle_, with

the whole Countrey of _Eu_; the Abbacie of _Mount S Michael_,

_Fescampe_, _Chereburge_, and diuers other places; which he furnished

with men of Armes, and Souldiers of assured trust.

The Duke feeling his owne weakenesse, dealt with _Philip_ King of

_France_, and by liberall promises so preuailed with him, that he

descended into _Normandie_ with a faire Armie, and bent his siege

against one of those pieces which K. _William_ had taken. But he found

it so knottie a piece of worke, that in short time wearied with

hardnesse and hazards of the field, he fell to a capitulation with King

_William_, and so departed out of _Normandie_; receiuing a certaine

summe of money in regard of his charges, and conceiuing that he had won

honour ynough, in that no honour had bene won against him.

The money that was payd to the King of _France_, was raised in _England_

by this deuise. King _William_ commanded that 20. Thousand men should be

mustered in _England_, and transported into _Normandie_, to furnish his

warres against the _French_. When they were conducted neere to

_Hastings_, and almost ready to be embarked, it was signified to them

from the King; that aswell for their particular safeties, as not to

disfurnish the Realme of strength, whosoeuer would pay 10. shillings

towards the waging of Souldiers in _Normandie_, he might be excused to

stay at home. Among 20. Thousand scarce any was found, who was not

ioyfull to embrace the condition; who was not ready to redeeme his

aduenture with so small a summe: which being gathered together, was both

a surer and easier meanes to finish the warres, then if the King had

still struggeled by force of Armes. For when the _French_ King had

abandoned the partie, Duke _Robert_, being prepared neither with money,

nor constancie of mind to continue the warre, enclined to peace; which

at the last, by diligence of friends, was concluded betweene the two

brothers, vpon these conditions.

_That the Duke should yeeld to the King the Countie of Eu, the Abbey

of Fescampe, the Abbey of S. Michaels mount, Chereburge, and all

other Castles and fortifications which the King had taken._

_That the King should subdue to the vse of the Duke, all other

Castles and houldes, which had reuolted from him in Normandie._

_That the King should giue to the Duke certaine dignities and

possessions in England._

_That the King should restore all those to their dignities and lands

in England, who had taken part with the Duke against him._

_That if either of them should die without issue male, the suruiuour

should succeed in his estate._

These Articles were confirmed by twelue Barons on the Kings part, and as

many on the part of the Duke; so long obserued, as either of them wanted

either power or pretence to disanull them.

This peace being made, the Duke vsed the aide of King _William_, to

recouer the fort of _Mount S. Michael_, which their brother _Henrie_ did

forceably hold, for the money which hee had lent to the Duke of

_Normandie_. Fourtie dayes they layed siege to this castle; hauing no

hope to carrie it, but by the last necessity, which is hunger. Within

the compasse of this time, as the King straggled alone vpon the shoare,

certaine horsemen salied foorth and charged vpon him; of whom three

strooke him together so violently with their lances, as because he could

not be driuen out of his saddle, together with his saddle he was cast

vpon the ground, and his horse slaine vpon the place, for which he had

payed the same day 15. markes. Extremitie of danger (as it often

happeneth) tooke from the King all feare of danger: wherefore taking vp

his saddle with both his hands, he did therewith defend himselfe for a

time. But because to stand vpon defence onely is alwayes vnsure, he drew

his sword, and would not depart one foot from his saddle; but making

shew of braue ioy, that he had nothing to trust vnto but his owne

valour, he defended both his saddle and himselfe, till rescue came.

Afterward when some of his Souldiers in blaming maner expostulated with

him, wherefore he was so obstinate to saue his saddle: his answere was,

that a King should loose nothing which he can possibly saue: _It would

haue angred mee_, (said he) _at the very heart, that the knaues should

haue bragged, that they had wonne the saddle from mee_. And this was one

of his perpetuall felicities, to escape easily out of desperate dangers.

In the end _Henry_ grew to extreeme want of water, and other prouisions:

by which meanes he was ready to fall into the hands of those, who

desired to auoyd necessitie to hurt him. And first he sent to the Duke

his brother, to request some libertie to take in fresh water. The Duke

sent to him a tunne of wine, and granted a surcease of hostilitie for

one day, to furnish him with water. At this the King seemed

discontented, as being a meanes to prolong the warre. But the Duke told

him, that it had bene hard to deny a brother a little water for his

necessitie. Herewith likewise the King relenting, they sent for their

brother _Henry_; and wisdome preuailing more then iniuries or hate, they

fell to an agreement, That vpon a day appointed, _Henry_ should receiue

his money at _Roan_; and that in the meane time, hee should hold the

countrey of _Constantine_ in morgage. The King enterteined with pay many

of his brother _Henries_ souldiers; especially he receiued those who

ouerthrew him, to a very neere degree of fauour. And thus all parties

ordered their ambition with great modestie; the custome of former warres

running in a course of more humanitie, then since they haue done.

The King was the more desirous to perfect these agreements of Peace, for

that _Malcolme_ King of _Scots_ (as Princes often times make vse of the

contentions of their neighbours) tooke occasion vpon these confusions,

to enterprise vpon the parts of _England_ which confined vpon him. So as

he inuaded _Northumberland_, made great spoile, tooke much prey, caried

away many prisoners; whose calamitie was the more miserable, for that

they were to endure seruitude in a hard Countrey. For this cause the

King with his accustomed celeritie returned into _England_, accompanied

with the Duke of _Normandie_ his brother; and led a mighty armie against

the _Scots_ by land, and sent also a nauie to infest them by sea. But by

a sudden and stiffe storme, by a hideous confusion of all ill disposed

weather, his ships were cruelly crushed; and hauing long wrought against

the violence and rage of the tempest, were in the end dispersed, and

diuers of them cast away. Many of his souldiers also perished, partly by

penurie and want, and partly by the euill qualitied ayre.

Notwithstanding the _Scots_, knowing the King of _England_ to bee an

enemie mighty and resolute, began to wauer in their assurance; framing

fearefull opinions, of the number, valour and experience of his armie.

Hereupon some ouertures of peace were made; the _Scots_ expecting that

the King, by reason of his late losses, would be the more moderate in

his demands. But hee then shewed himselfe most resolute and firme;

following his naturall custome, not to yeelde to any difficulty. King

_Malcolme_ coniecturing that such confidence could not be without good

cause, consented at the last to these conditions.

_That King Malcolme should make a certaine satisfaction for the

spoyles which hee had done in England._

_That King William should restore to him certaine lands in England._

_That K. Malcolme should doe homage to King William._

Now the day was come wherein _Henrie_ was appointed to receiue his money

at _Roan_, from the Duke of _Normandie_. But as affaires of Princes haue

great variations, so they are not alwayes constant in their Counsels.

And so the Duke, caried by his occasions, and ready to lay downe his

faith and word more to the traine of times, then to the preseruation of

his honour; instead of paying the money, committed his brother _Henry_

to prison: from whence he could not be released, vntill hee renounced

the Countie of _Constantine_, and bound himselfe by oath neuer to claime

any thing in _Normandie_.

_Henrie_ complained hereof to _Philip_ King of _France_; who gaue him a

faire enterteinement in his Court, but was content rather to feede then

finish the contention: either expecting thereby some opportunitie to

himselfe, or els the opinion of his owne greatnesse not suffring him to

feare, that others might grow to haue fortune against him. _Henry_ had

not long remained in the Court of _France_, but a _Normane_ Knight named

_Hacharde_ conueyed him disguised into _Normandie_; where the Castle of

_Damfronc_ was deliuered vnto him; and in short time after hee gate all

the Countrey of _Passays_, and a good part of _Constantine_; either

without resistance, or without difficultie and perill.

Hereupon the Duke leuied his forces, and earnestly assayed to recouer

_Damfronc_: but then hee found that his brother _Henrie_ was secretly,

yet surely vnderset by the king of _England_. Hereupon, incensed with

the furie of an iniuried minde, hee exclaimed against his brother of

_England_, and almost proclaimed him a violator of his league. On the

other side, the King of _England_ iustified his action, for that hee was

both a meanes and a partie to the agreement: and therefore stood bound

in honour, not onely to vrge, but to enforce performance. So the flame

brake foorth more furious then it was before, and ouer went King

_William_ with an able armie; where hee found the Duke also in good

condition of strength commanding the field. And albeit in so neere

approach of two mighty enemies, equall both in ambition and power, it is

hard to conteine men of seruice; yet was nothing executed betweene them,

but certaine light skirmishes, and surprizements of some places of

defence. In the end, the King hearing of new troubles in _England_, and

the Duke finding himselfe vnable either to preuaile with few souldiers,

or to maintaine many, and both distrusting to put a speedie end to the

warre; they were easily drawne to capitulations of peace. And thus ended

the contention betweene these brethren; who vntill this time had

continued like the waues of the Sea, alwayes in motion, and one beating

against the other.

Besides these businesses which befell the King, against his Nobilitie,

against the Duke of _Normandie_ his brother, and against the King and

nation of the _Scots_; the _Welshmen_ also (who alwayes struggled for

libertie and reuenge) perceiuing that the King was often absent, and

much entangled with hostile affaires; enforced the fauour of that

aduantage, to free themselues from subiection of the _English_, and

happily to enlarge or enrich themselues vpon them. So hauing both desire

and opportunitie, they wanted not meanes to assemble in armes, to expell

the _English_ that were amongst them, and to cast downe the Castles

erected in their Countrey, as the principall yoakes of their subiection.

Afterwards, rising in boldnesse with successe, they made diuers

incursions vpon the bordering parts of _England_; spoiled the Citie of

_Glocester_, and exercised all those outrages, which vnciuill people,

incensed both with want and with hate doe not vsually omit. But being a

company neither in discipline nor pay, raw and vnarmed, they proceeded

more like to robbers then to Souldiers; hauing no intention to vanquish,

but to spoile.

Hereupon the King twice in person inuaded _Wales_, but with small shew

of successe for the present. For the _Welsh_-enemies scattered the

warre, by diuiding themselues into small companies, and retiring into

the mountaines and woods, and other places of naturall defence. Here

they trauailed the King with a fugitiue fight; flying when they were

pursued, and houering vpon him when they were giuen ouer: cutting off

many stragling souldiers, and taking some carriages, which in those

rough places could not easily either be passed, or defended. And so by

shifting alwayes into places of aduantage, they sought at one time, both

to auoyd fighting, and to hinder the King from doing any thing of

importance. At the last, the King hauing made sufficient proofe how

vaine it is, to follow a light footed enemie with a heauie Armie,

pestered with traine of carriage, in places where the seruice of

horsemen is almost vnprofitable; he gaue ouer the pursuit, and retired

into _England_. But first he repaired those Castles which the _Welsh_

had destroyed, and built new Castles also vpon the frontiers and within

the bosome of _Wales_; which he furnished with so sure garrisons, as

might suffice with fauour of opportunitie, either to weary or consume

the enemies.

And indeed the _Welsh_ being by this meanes, alwayes exercised, and

dayly wasted; declined in short time, no lesse to cowardise then to

wearinesse and wants; so as _Hugh_ Earle of _Chester_, & _Hugh_ Earle of

_Shrewesbury_, dispossessed them of the Isle of _Anglesey_, which they

had surprised not long before. The _Welsh_ that were there taken, were

very hardly, or rather vnmercifully and cruelly entreated; Some had

their eyes pulled out, some their hands cut off, some their armes, some

their noses, some their genitalles. An aged Priest named _Kenredus_, who

had bene a chiefe directer of the common affaires, was drawne out of a

Church whereinto he had fled, had one of his eyes pulled out, and his

tongue torne from his throat. I make no doubt but these seuerities were

vsed against them, vpon some sauage outrages which they had done;

wherein the lesse compassion was borne to their calamities, for the

cowardise which they shewed in their owne defence.

Shortly after, _Magnus_ King of _Norway_ the sonne of _Olaus_, the sonne

of _Harold Harfager_, hauing brought the Isles of _Orkeney_ vnder his

dominion, subdued also from the _Welsh_ the Isle of _Man_; and

enterprised vpon the Isle of _Anglesey_ against the _English_. But at

his landing he was encountred by the Earle of _Shrewsbury_ and the Earle

of _Chester_; in which fight the _Norwegians_ were vanquished and

repelled, but the Earle of _Shrewsbury_ with too braue boldnesse lost

his life: leauing his honourable both actions and end as an excellent

ornament to his posteritie. Afterwards the Earle of _Chester_ led an

armie into _Wales_; and found the people so consumed by the _English_

garisons, that he easily reduced many to professe obedience to the

Crowne of _England_; and disabled others, hauing no leaders of

experience and valour, for shewing their faces as enemies in the field.

Also vpon some variances which did rise betweene _Iustinus_, sonne to

_Gurguntus_, Earle of _Glamorgane_ and _Morganock_; and _Rhesus_ sonne

to _Theodore_ Prince of Southwales: _Iustinus_, not of power to

maintaine either his right or his will, sent _Aeneas_, sonne to

_Genidorus_, sometimes Lord of _Demetia_, to craue aide in _England_.

This he obtained, not onely readily, but in greater measure then the

seruice did require. _Robert Fitzhamond_ was generall Commander of the

_English_ armie; who encountred _Rhesus_ at a place called _Blackhill_;

and in that fight _Rhesus_ was slaine: after whose death the name of

King ceased in _Wales_. Then _Iustinus_ failing, and happily not able to

performe such conditions as in necessitie hee had assured, _Fitzhamond_

turned his forces against him; chased the _Welsh_ out of the champaine

Countrey, and diuided the same among his principall Gentlemen. These

erected Castles, in places conuenient for their mutuall ayde; and so

well defended themselues, that they left the Countrey to their

posterity. Thus was the Lordship of _Glamorgane_ and _Morganock_, which

conteineth 27. miles in length, & 22. in bredth, subdued to the

_English_; giuing example how dangerous it is for any people, to call in

a greater force of strangers to their ayde, then being victorious, they

may easily be able to limit and restraine. This being a Lordship

marcher, hath enioyed royall liberties, since the time wherein it was

first subdued. It hath acknowledged seruice and obedience onely to the

Crowne. It hath had the triall of all actions, as well reall as

personall, and also held Pleas of the Crowne; with authority to pardon

all offences, Treason onely excepted.

Whilest the King was entertained with these chases, rather then warres

in _Wales_, hee lay at _Gloucester_ many times; as not esteeming that

his presence should alwayes be necessary, and yet not farre off if

occasion should require. To this place _Malcolme_ King of _Scots_ came

vnto him, vpon an honourable visitation. But the King hauing conceiued

some displeasure against him, refused to admit him to his presence.

Hereupon King _Malcolme_, full of fury and disdaine, returned into

_Scotland_, assembled an armie, enuaded _Northumberland_, harrased and

spoyled a great part thereof; hauing done the like foure times before.

Such is the heate of hate in mindes that are mighty; who seldome hold it

any breach of Iustice, to bee reuenged of him who offereth dishonor.

When he was come neere to _Alnewicke_, and his souldiers were much

pestered with prey, (a notable impediment both for readinesse and

resolution to fight) hee was set vpon both suddenly and sharply by

_Robert Mowbray_ Earle of _Northumberland_; his troupes hewen in pieces,

himselfe together with his eldest sonne _Edward_ slaine. The third day

ensuing, _Margaret_ wife to King _Malcolme_, and sister to _Edgar

Adeling_, not able to beare so sad and heauie a blow of fortune, ended

also her life. Shee was famous for pietie and for modestie, two

excellent endowments of that Sexe. By her perswasion _Malcolme_ made a

law, that whereas by a former law made by King _Eugenius_, the Lord

enioyed the first night with any new married woman within his dominion;

the husband might redeeme that abuse by paiment of halfe a mark of

siluer.

King _Malcolme_ being slaine, _Dunwald_ his brother vsurped the

kingdome; but after a few dayes he was dispossessed thereof by

_Duncane_, bastard son to K. _Malcolme_. In this action _Duncane_ was

chiefly supported by the King of _England_; with whom he had remained in

hostage, and to whom hee had made his submission by oath. And because

the _Scots_ did either see or suspect that hee bare a fauourable

affection to the _English_, they would not receiue him for their King,

but vnder promise that hee should not entertaine any _English_ or

_Normane_, either in place of seruice, or as a follower at large. The

yeere next following _Duncane_ was slaine, and _Dunwald_ was againe

possessed of the kingdom. Hereupon King _William_ sent _Clito Edgar_

with an armie into _Scotland_; by whose meanes _Dunwald_ was dispoiled

againe of his Kingdome, and _Edgar_ sonne to King _Malcolme_ aduanced to

his fathers estate.

These were the principall aduentures by Armes which concerned _England_,

during the reigne of K. _William_ the second: wherein he so behaued

himselfe, that he did worthily winne an opinion to be one, who both knew

and durst. In all actions hee esteemed himselfe greatly dishonoured, if

hee were not both in Armes with the first, and with the forwardest in

fight; doing double seruice, as well by example, as by direction: In

which heate of valour, the fauour of his Fortune excused many of his

attempts from the blame of rashnesse. He was oftentimes most constant,

or rather obstinate in pursuing those purposes, which with small

deliberation he vndertooke.

At a certaine time when he was in hunting within the new Forrest, he

receiued aduertisement, that _Mans_ was surprised by _Helie_, Count _de

la Flesch_, who pretended title thereto in right of his wife: that he

was aided in this enterprise by _Fouques d'Angiers_, an ancient enemie

to the Dukes of _Normandie_: and that the castle which held good for the

King, must also be rendered, if in very short time it were not

relieued. Vpon these newes, as if he had bene in the heat of a chase, he

presently turned his horse; and his passion not staying to consult with

reason, in great haste roade towards the Sea. And when he was aduised by

some to stay a time, and take with him such forces as the importance of

the seruice did require; with a heart resolute and violent voice he

answered, _That they who loued him, would not faile to follow; and that

if no man else would stirre, he alone would relieue Mans_.

When he came to _Dortmouth_, he commanded ships to be brought for his

passage. The winds were then both contrary and stiffe, and the Sea

swelled exceeding bigge; for which cause the Shipmasters perswaded him

to await a more fauourable season, and not to cast himselfe vpon the

miserable mercie of that storme. Notwithstanding the King, whose feare

was alwayes least when dangers were greatest, mounted vpon Shipboard,

and commanded them to put to Sea; affirming, That it was no Prince-like

mind to breake a iourney for foulenesse of weather; and that he neuer

heard of any King that had bene drowned. And so for that the chiefe

point of rescue rested in expedition, hee presently committed to Sea;

taking few with him, and leauing order that others should follow. After

hee had long wrastled with the winds and waues, he arriued in _France_,

where running on in the humour of his courage and forwardnesse, he

acquitted himselfe with greater honour then at any time before. So

effectuall is celeritie for the benefit of a seruice, that oftentimes it

more auaileth, then either multitude or courage of Souldiers.

In this expedition, _Helie_ the principall commander against him was

taken. And when he was brought to the Kings presence, the King said

pleasantly vnto him: _Ah master! in faith I haue you now; and I hope I

shal be able to keepe you in quiet_. Then he: _It is true indeed, the

successe of my attempts haue not bene answerable to the resolution of my

minde; by meere aduenture now you haue me: but if I were at libertie

againe, I doe better know what I had to doe, and would not so easily be

held in quiet_. The King with a braue scorne replied: _I see thou art

but a foolish knaue; vnable to vse, either thy libertie or thy restreint

aright. But goe thy wayes, make good thy confidence: I set thee free and

at libertie againe; vse thy aduantage, and doe thy worst_. _Helie_

daunted more with this high courage, then before he had bin with the

victory of the King, submitted himselfe, and made his peace vnder such

conditions as it pleased the King to lay vpon him. Certainely this

magnanimous example hath seldome bin equalled, neuer excelled by those,

who are admired for the principall worthies of the world.

He little fauoured flatterers; the flies which blow corruption vpon

sweetest vertues; the myrie dogs of the Court, who defile Princes with

fawning on them; who commonly are fatted with bread which is made with

the teares of miserable people. He was most firme and assured in his

word: and to those who did otherwise aduise him, he would say; That _God

did stand obliged by his word_.[71]

He is commended for his manly mercie; in releasing prisoners, and in

pardoning offences of highest qualitie: which to a people that then

liued vnder a Law, both rigorous, and almost arbitrarie, and (as well

for the noueltie as for the vncertaintie thereof) in a manner vnknowne,

was a most high valued vertue. He not onely pardoned many great

offenders, but partly by gifts, and partly by aduancements he knit them

most assuredly vnto him. And therefore although in the beginning of his

reigne, most of the Nobilitie, and many Gentlemen of best quality and

rancke endeuoured to displace him, and to set vp _Robert_ his elder

brother for their King; yet doeth it not appeare, either that any

seueritie was executed vpon them, or that afterward they were dangerous

vnto him. Notwithstanding in some actions he was noted of crueltie, or

at the least of sharpnesse and seuerity in iustice. For albeit hee

promised to the _English_, whilest his first feares and iealousies

continued, that they should enioy free libertie of hunting; yet did hee

afterwards so seuerely restraine it, that the penalty for killing a

Deere was death.

_Robert Mowbray_ Earle of _Northumberland_, after he had defeated the

_Scots_ and slaine _Malcolme_ their King, not finding himselfe either

honoured or respected according to his seruice; first refrained, and

afterwards refused to come vnto the Court. Hereupon the King, ouerruled

indifferently with suspition and hate, (two violent passions in minds

placed in authoritie) sent his brother _Henry_ with an armie against

him; who spoyled the Countrey, tooke the Earle, and committed him to

prison. Then was hee charged with diuers crimes, which were sufficient

(although but surmised) to vndoe an Innocent. Many examinations were

also made, but for appearance onely and terrour, not to any bottome or

depth. The especiall matter obiected against him was, for contriuing to

despoyle the King both of life and state, and to set vp _Stephen

Albamerle_ his Aunts sonne for King. And thus it often happeneth, that

great deserts are occasions to men of their destruction; either because

Princes generally loue not those to whom they are exceedingly beholding,

or else for that thereby men doe grow proud, insolent, disdainefull,

bould, immoderate both in expectation and demand, discontented,

impatient if they be not satisfied, and apt to breake forth into

dangerous attempts.

Of those who any wayes declared themselues in his fauour or defence;

some were despoiled of their goods, some were banished the Realme;

others were punished with losse of their eyes, or of their eares, or of

some other part of their bodie. _William d'Owe_ was accused in a

Councell holden at _Salisbury_, to bee a complice of this Treason. And

albeit he challenged his accuser to the combate, yet his eyes were

pulled out, and his stones cut off by commandement of the King. And yet

some authours affirme, that he was ouercome in combate before. For the

same cause the King commanded _William Aluerie_ to be hanged; a man of

goodly personage and modest behauiour; the Kings sewer, his Aunts sonne,

and his godfather. Before his execution hee desired to be whipped

through manie Churches in _London_: he distributed his garments to the

poore, and bloodied the street as he went, with often kneeling vpon the

stones. At the time of his death he tooke it vpon the charge of his

soule, that he was cleere of the offence for which he suffered. And so

committing his innocencie to God, and to the world his complaints, he

submitted himselfe to the Executioners hands: leauing an opinion in

some, a suspition in many, that others also died without desert. For the

king gaue an easie eare to any man, that would appeach others for his

aduantage: whereby it sometimes happened, that offenders were acquited

by accusing innocents.

He was liberall aboue measure; either in regard of his owne abilities,

or of the worthinesse of the receiuers. Especially hee was bountifull

(if that terme may be applyed to immoderate lauishing)[72] to men of

warre: for which cause many resorted to him from farre Countries for

entertainement. To winne and retaine the fauour of these, hee much

impouerished his peaceable people. From many he tooke without iustice,

to giue to others without desert: esteeming it no vnequall dealing, that

the money of the one, should bee aduentured and expended with the blood

of the other.

He much exceeded in sumptuousnes of diet and of apparell, wherewith

great men vse to dazel the eyes of the people: both which waies he

esteemed the goodnesse of things, by their price. It is reported, that

when his Chamberlaine vpon a certaine morning brought him a new paire of

hose, the King demaunded what they cost; and the Chamberlaine answered,

three shillings. Hereat the King grew impatient, and said: _What? heauie

beast! doest thou take these to be conuenient hose for a King? Away

begger, and bring me other of a better price_. Then the Chamberlaine

departed and brought a farre worse paire of hose (for a better could not

at that time bee found) and told the king that they cost a marke. The

king not onely allowed them for fine enough, but commended them also as

exceeding fit. Assuredly this immoderate excesse of a King is now farre

exceeded by many base shifting vnthrifts.

In building his expences were very great. He repaired the Citie and

Castle of _Caerlile_, which had been wasted by the _Danes_ 200. yeres

before. Hee finished New castle vpon _Tine_. Many other Castles he

erected or repaired vpon the frontiers of _Scotland_; many also vpon the

frontiers and within the very brest of _Wales_. Hee much enlarged the

Towre of _London_, and enuironed it with a new wall. Hee also built the

great Hall at _Westminster_, which is 270. foote in length, and 74.

foote in breadth. And when many did admire the vast largenes thereof, he

would say vnto them, that it was but a bed chamber, but a closet, in

comparison of that which he intended to build. And accordingly he layd

the foundation of another Hall, which stretched from the Riuer _Thames_

to the Kings high street: the further erection wherof, with diuers other

heroicall enterprises, ceased together with his life.

Thus partly by reason of his infinite plots and inuentions, and partly

by his disorders and vnbrideled liberalities, he alwayes liued at great

charges and expences; which whilest the large treasure lasted which his

father left him, were borne without grieuance to the subiects: But when

that was once drained, he was reduced to seeke money by extraordinary

meanes. So, many hard taxes were laid vpon the people, partly for

supplie to his owne necessities, and partly to imitate the policie of

his father; that the people being busied how to liue, should reteine

small either leisure or meanes to contriue innouations. For this cause

he was supposed, vpon purpose to haue enterprised many actions of

charge; that thereby he might haue colour to impose, both imployments

and taxations vpon the people.

And because the riches of the clergie at that time were not onely an

eye-sore vnto many, but esteemed also by some, to bee very farre aboue

due proportion; Hee often fleeced them of great summes of money. For

which cause it is euident, that the writers of that age (who were for

the most part Clergie men) did both generally enueigh against him, and

much depraue his particular actions. He withheld his annuall paiment to

the Sea of _Rome_, vpon occasion of a Schisme betweene _Vrbane_ at

_Rome_, and _Clement_ at _Rauenna_. He claimed the inuestiture of

Prelates to be his right: Hee forbade Appeales and entercourse to

_Rome_: For which and other like causes he had a very great contention

with the Clergie of his Realme, especially with _Anselme_ Archbishop of

_Canterbury_.

The seedes of this contention were cast, when _Anselme_ was first

receiued to his Sea. For at that time two did striue for the Papacie of

_Rome_; _Vrbanus_ and _Guibert_, called _Clement_ the third: some

Christian States fauouring the one, and some the other. King _William_

inclined to _Clement_ the third, and with him the Realme generally went;

but _Anselme_ did fully goe with _Vrbane_; making so his condition

before he did consent to accept his dignitie.

When he was elected and before his consecration, the King demanded of

him, that such lands of the Church of _Canterbury_ as the King had giuen

to his friends since the death of _Lanfranck_, might still be held by

them as their lawfull right: but to this _Anselme_ would in no case

agree. Hereupon the King stayed his consecration a certaine time; but at

length by importunitie of the people hee was content to receiue his

homage, and to giue way to his consecration. Not long after, the

Archbishop desired licence of the king to goe to _Rome_, to receiue his

Pall; which when the King refused to grant, he appealed to the Sea of

_Rome_. Now this was the first Appeale that euer before had been made in

_England_. For Appeales were not here in ordinarie vse, vntil after this

time, vnder the reigne of King _Stephen_; when _Henrie_ Bishop of

_Wint._ being the Popes Legate, brought them in.

Wherefore the King offended with this noueltie, charged _Anselme_ with

breach of his fealtie and oath. _Anselme_ answered, that this was to be

referred to the iudgement of a Councell, whether it bee a breach of

allegiance to a terrene Prince, if a man appeale to the Vicar of Christ.

The King alleaged; that the custome of his Realme admitted no appeale

from the king; that supreame appeale was a most principall marke of

Maiestie, because no appeale can be made but to a superiour; that

therefore the Archbishop by appealing from him, denied his Souereignty,

derogated from the dignitie of his Crowne, and subiected both him and

that to another Prince, to whom as to a superiour he did appeale; That

herein hee was an enemie and a Traitour to him and to the State.

_Anselme_ replyed, that this question was determined by our Lord, who

taught vs what allegiance is due to the Pope, where he saith; _Thou art

Peter, and vpon this Rocke will I build my Church, &c._ And againe; _To

thee will I giue the Keyes of the Kingdome of Heauen, &c._ And againe in

generall; _Hee that heareth you heareth me, and who despiseth you

despiseth me_. And againe, _He that toucheth you, toucheth the apple of

my eye_. But for the allegiance due to the King, he saith; _Giue to

Caesar that which belongeth to Caesar, and to God what pertaineth to God_.

To this the king finally said; That hauing made themselues Masters to

interprete and giue sence to the Scriptures, it was easie to maintaine

by them whatsoeuer they desired or did; it was easie for them to burst

their ambition with their swelling greatnes. But well he was assured,

that CHRIST intended not to dissolue orders for Ciuill gouernment, to

ruine kingdoms, to embase authority and right of Kings, by meanes of his

Church: this right of a King he had, and this right he would maintaine.

In this contention few of the Bishops did openly take part with

_Anselme_; but some, and especially the Bishop of _Durhame_, did

directly declare against him. The residue, when he asked their aduise,

would answere him, That he was wise ynough, and knew what was best for

him to doe; as for them, they neither durst nor would stand against

their Lord. By assistance of these the King purposed to depriue

_Anselme_, and to expell him out of the Realme. But _Anselme_ auowed,

That as he was ready to depart the Realme, so would he take his

authoritie with him, though he tooke nothing else.

Now the King had sent two messengers to Pope _Vrbane_ at _Rome_, to

entreat him to send the Pall to the King; to be disposed by him as he

should thinke fit. These messengers were by this time returned; and with

them came _Guibert_ the Popes Legate, who brought the Pall. The Legate

went first priuily to the King, and promised that if _Vrbane_ should be

receiued for Pope in _England_, the King should obtaine of him

whatsoeuer he would. The King required that _Anselme_ might be remoued.

The Legate answered, that it could not be, that such a man without iust

cause should be remoued; Notwithstanding some other things being

granted to the King, _Vrbane_ was declared to be lawfull Pope; and the

King was content to swallow downe that morsel, which had bene so

vnpleasant for him to champe on. The Pall was caried to _Anselme_ with

great pompe, in a vessell of siluer; and he came foorth bare footed, in

his Priestly Vestments to meete and to receiue it.

The yeere next following the King inuaded _Wales_; where he repressed

the rebellious enemies, and returned victorious. _Anselme_ prepared to

goe vnto him, to salute him, to congratulate his good successe. But the

King preuented him by messengers, who layde to his charge, both the

small number, and euill appointment of the Souldiers, which he sent to

that seruice; and therefore warned him to appeare at the Court, to make

his answere. Happely also the King was incensed by matters more light;

but taken in the worst part, as it commonly falleth out in suspitions

and quarels. At the day appointed _Anselme_ appeared, but auoyded his

answere by appealing to the Pope: for prosecution whereof, hee made suit

for the Kings licence to goe to _Rome_. The King said as before; That

this appeale was against the custome of the Realme, and against the

dignitie of his Crowne, to both which _Anselme_ had sworne. _Anselme_

answered, That he was sworne to neither of them, but so farre as they

were consonant to the Lawes of GOD, and to the rules of equitie and

right. The King replied, That no limitation being expressed, it was not

reasonable that vpon his owne conceit of pietie or equitie, he should

slip out of the band of his oath. Thus was the contention on both sides

obstinately maintained; and for a long time _Anselme_ was commanded to

attend the Court.

At the last hee was released, but vnder expresse charge, that he should

not depart out of the Realme; or if he did, that it should neuer be

lawfull for him to returne. _Anselme_ departed from the Court, went

streight to _Douer_, with purpose to passe the Seas into _France_. Here

hee was either awaited or ouertaken by _William Warlewast_ the Kings

officer; not to stay him from his passage, but to rifle him of all that

he had. Others also were appointed to seise his goods in other places,

and to conuert the profits of his Archbishopricke to the vse of the

King; making a bare allowance to the Monks, of meat, drinke and

cloathing. So the Archbishop crossed the Seas into _France_, rested a

while at _Lions_, and then trauailed ouer the _Alpes_ to _Rome_; where

he was enterteined by Pope _Vrbane_, with more then ordinarie ceremonies

of honour.

And first the Pope wrote to the king of _England_ on the behalfe of

_Anselme_; and reteined him in his Palace vntill he should receiue

answere from the king. When the messenger was returned with such answere

as _Anselme_ did not like, he desired of the Pope to be discharged of

his dignitie; which he had found (he said) a wearisome stage, whereon

hee played a part much against his will. But hereto the Pope would in no

case agree; charging him vpon vertue of his obedience, That wheresoeuer

he went, he should beare both the name and honour of Archbishop of

_Canterburie_. _As for these matters_, (said he) _we shall sufficiently

prouide for them at the next Councell where your selfe shalbe present_.

When the Councell was assembled, _Anselme_[73] sate on the outside of

the Bishops; but the Pope called him vp, and placed him at his right

foot with these words; _Includamus hunc in orbe nostro, tanquam alterius

orbis Papam_. Afterwards in all generall Councels, the Archb. of

_Canterburie_ tooke that place. In this Councell the points of

difference betweene the Greeke and Latine Churches were strongly

debated; especially concerning the proceeding of the _Holy Ghost_, and

for leauened bread in the administration of the _Eucharist_: wherein

_Anselme_ shewed such deepe learning, weight of iudgement, and edge of

wit, that he approched neerer admiration then applause. These matters

determined, complaints were brought against the King of _England_, and

the Pope is said to haue bene ready to excommunicate him: but _Anselme_

kneeled before the Pope, and obteined for the King a longer terme. The

Pope was then at great contention with _Henry_ the fourth Emperour, who

had bene excommunicated before by _Hildebrand_, and was then againe

excommunicate by _Vrbane_: being the first Christian Prince with

Souereigne power, who was euer excommunicate by any Pope. And for that

_Vrbane_ at that time had his hands full against the Emperour, for that

also hee would not make the example too odious at the first; he was

willing ynough to forbeare excommunication against the King. And the

rather for that _Anselme_ had intelligence from his friends in

_England_, that the excommunication would not be regarded. Hereupon,

accompting it a sufficient declaration of his power for the time, to

haue menaced excommunication, he caused a generall decree to be made;

That as well all Lay-persons who should giue inuestiture of Churches, as

those of the Clergie who should be so inuested; also those who should

yeeld themselues in subiection to Lay-men for Ecclesiastical liuings,

should be excommunicate.

This generall sentence was pronounced. The Pope also signified by

letters to the King, that if he would auoyd particular proceeding

against himselfe, he should foorthwith restore _Anselme_ to the exercise

of his Office in his Church, and to all the goods and possessions

perteining thereto. Hereupon the King sent messengers to the Pope, who

declared vnto him; That their great Master the King marueiled not a

litle, wherefore he should so sharply vrge the restitution of _Anselme_;

seeing it was expresly told him, That if he departed out of _England_

without licence, he should expect no other vsage. Well, said the Pope,

Haue you no other cause against _Anselme_, but that he hath appealed to

the Apostolicall Sea, and without licence of your King hath trauailed

thither? They answered, No. And haue you taken all this paines (said he)

haue you trauailed thus farre to tell me this? Goe tell your Lord, if he

will not be excommunicate, that he presently restore _Anselme_ to his

Sea: And see that you bring mee answere hereof the next Councell, which

shalbe in the third weeke after Easter: make haste, and looke to your

terme, lest I cause you to be hanged for your tarryance.

The messenger was herewith much abashed; yet collecting himselfe, he

desired priuate audience of the Pope: affirming, that he had some secret

instructions from the King to impart vnto him. What this secret was it

is vnknowne. Whatsoeuer it was, a longer day was obtained for the King,

vntill Michaelmas then next ensuing. And when that day was come, albeit

complaints were renued, yet was nothing done against the King. The

Archb. seeing the small assurance of the Pope, returned to _Lions_ in

_France_; and there remained vntil the death, first of Pope _Vrbane_,

and afterwards of the king; which was almost the space of 3. yeeres.

By this great conflict the king lost the hearts of many of the Clergie;

but his displeasure had seasoned reuenge with contentment: and finding

himselfe sufficient, both in courage and meanes to beare out his

actions, he became many other wayes heauie vnto them. When any

Bishopricke or Monasterie fell voyd, he kept them vacant a long time in

his hands, and applied the profits to himselfe: At the last hee would

set them to open sale, and receiue him for Prelate, who would giue for

them the greatest price. Herehence two great inconueniences did ensue;

the best places were furnished with men of least sufficiencie and worth;

and no man hoping to rise by desert, the generall endeuour for vertue

and knowledge were layd aside: the direct way to aduancement, was by

plaine purchase from the king.

In this seazing and farming and marchandizing of Church-liuings, one

_Ranulph_, commonly called the Kings Chapleine, was a great agent for

the King. Hee was a man of faire vse of speach, and liuely in witte,

which hee made seruants to licentious designes; but both in birth and

behauiour base, and shamelesse in dishonestie; a very bawde to all the

Kings purposes and desires. Hee could be so euill as hee listed, and

listed no lesse then was to his aduantage. The King would often laugh at

him, and say; that he was a notable fellow to compasse matters for a

King. And yet besides more then ordinary fauour of countenance, the King

aduanced him, first to be his Chancellour, and afterward to be Bishop of

_Duresme_. By his aduise, so soone as any Church fell voide, an

Inuentory was made of all the goods that were found, as if they should

bee preserued for the next successor; and then they were committed to

the custodie of the King, but neuer restored to the Church againe. So

the next incumbent receiued his Church naked and bare, notwithstanding

that he paid a good price for it. From this King the vse is said to haue

first risen in _England_, that the Kings succeeding had the Temporalties

of Bishops Seas so long as they remained voide. Hee also set the first

enformers to worke, and for small transgressions appointed great

penalties. Hee is also reported to haue been the first King of this

Realme, who restreined his subiects from ranging into forreine Countreys

without licence.

And yet what did the King by this sale of Church dignities, but that

which was most frequent in other places? For in other places also few

attained to such dignities freely. The difference was this: here the

money was receiued by the King, there by fauorites or inferiour

officers: here it was expended in the publike vses of the State; there

to priuate and many times odious enrichments: this seemeth the more

easie, that the more extreme pressure, as done by more hungrie and

degenerous persons: this may bee esteemed by some the more base, but

assuredly it was the better dealing. And further, it is euident that the

King did freely aduance many excellent persons to principall dignities

in the Church; and especially _Anselme_ to the Archbishopricke of

_Canterburie_, who was so vnwilling to accept that honour, that the King

had much to doe to thrust it vpon him. And the rather to enduce him, he

gaue him wholly the citie of _Canterburie_, which his predecessors had

held but at the pleasure of the King. This _Anselme_ was one whose

learned labours doe plainely testifie, how little his spirits were fed

with the fulsome fumes of surfeting and ease; which to many others,

together with their bodies, doe fatten and engrosse their mindes. He so

detested singularitie, that he accounted it the sinne which threw Angels

out of Heauen, and man out of Paradise. This detestation of singularitie

might happily encline him to the other extreme; to adhere ouer lightly

to some common receiued errours. It is attributed to him that hee would

often wish, to bee rather in hell without sinne, then with sinne in

heauen.

The king also aduanced _Robert Bloet_, to the Bishopricke of _Lincolne_:

a man whose wisedom was highly graced, with goodly personage, and good

deliuery of speach: from whom notwithstanding the king afterwards wiped

fiue thousand markes. Hee also freely receiued _Hugh de Floriaco_, a man

for his vertue much esteemed, to be Abbot of the Monastery of S.

_Augustines_ in _Canterburie_; and likewise diuers others to other

Ecclesiasticall preferments: whereby I am confirmed in opinion, that

many odious imputations against the king, were either altogether

inuented, or much enlarged aboue the trueth.

It happened vpon auoidance of a certaine Monastery, that two Monkes went

to the king, either of them contending, as well by friends, as by large

offer of purse, to procure to be made Abbot of the place. The king

espying a third Monke standing by, who came with the other two, either

to accompany them, or to obtaine some inferiour place vnder him that

should preuaile, demaunded of him what hee would giue? The Monke

answered, that hee had small meanes, and lesse minde, to purchase that

or any other dignitie of the Church: For with that intention did he

first betake himselfe to a religious life, that holding riches and

honour (the two beauties of the world) in contempt, he might more freely

and quietly dispose himselfe to the seruice of God. The King replied,

that he iudged him most worthy of that preferment; and therefore first

offred it vnto him, then intreated, and lastly enioyned him to accept

it. Assuredly, the force of vertue is such, that often times wee honour

it in others, euen when we little esteeme it in ourselues.

He is charged with some actions and speaches tending to profanenesse.

The Iewes at _Roan_ so preuailed with him by gifts, that they drew him

to reprehend one who had forsaken their superstition. At _London_ a

disputation was appointed betweene certaine Christians and Iewes. The

Iewes a little before the day prefixed, brought to the King a rich

present; At which time he encouraged them (no doubt but by the way of

ioylitie and mirth) to acquite themselues like tall fellowes, and if

they preuailed by plaine strength of trueth, hee sware (as was his

vsuall) by S. _Lukes_ face, that hee would become one of their Secte.

These things happely not much spoken amisse, might easily bee depraued

by report.

It is affirmed of him that he so much exceeded in bodily lust, (then

which nothing maketh a man more contemptible) that thereby hee seemed to

decline from the Maiestie of a Prince. This vice did cast a great mist

ouer his glorie. And yet neither is it infrequent in lusty bodies,

placed in a State both prosperous and high, neither can the pleasure of

one man that way extend it selfe to the iniurie of many. The worst was,

that after his example, many others did follow licentious traces;[74]

examples of Princes being alwayes of greater force then their Lawes, to

induce the people to good or to euill. As the King turned the

prosperitie of his actions to serue his vanities and delights, so his

followers by felicitie became insolent, and let goe at aduenture serious

affaires; not receiuing into their thoughts any other impression then of

brauery and pleasure. And they who were greatest in the counsailes and

fauours of the King, respected all things no further, then as they were

aduantageable to themselues.

Then rose vp costly apparell, and dainty fare, two assured tokens of a

diseased State; the one the vainest, the other the grossest prodigalitie

that can be. Then was brought into vse the laying out of haire, strange

fashions and disguisings in attire, and all delicacies pertaining to the

bodie. Then were practised nice treadings, lasciuious lookes, and other

dissolute and wanton behauiour: many effeminate persons did accompanie

the Court, by whose immodest demeanour the maiestie of that place was

much embased. From hence also the poyson brake foorth, first into the

citie, and after wards into other places of the Realme; for as in

fishes, so in families, and so likewise in States, putrifaction commonly

beginneth at the head.

In the second yeere of this kings reigne _Lanfranck_ Archb. of

_Canterburie_ ended his life: A man highly esteemed, with good men, for

his learning and integritie; with great men, for his diligence and

discretion to sound deepely into affaires; with the common people for

his moderate and modest behauiour. King _William_ the first did honour

and embrace him with great respect, and was much guided by his aduise.

He was as a Protector to King _William_ the second. When he went to

_Rome_ to obteine his Pall, the Pope rose from his chaire, stepped

forwards to meet him, and with many ceremonies of courtesie did

enterteine him. Then he returned to his seat, and said: _Now Lanfrancke,

I haue done to thee what is due to thy vertue, come thou and doe to me

what apperteineth to my place_. He was an earnest enemie to all vices,

especially to auarice and pride, the two banes of all vertues. He renued

the great Church of _Canterburie_, and enriched it with 25. mannours. He

repaired the walles of that Citie, and built two Hospitals therein; one

of S. _Iohn_, the other _Harlebaldowne_. He gaue a thousand markes

towards the repairing and enlarging of the Abbey of S. _Albones_, and

procured _Redbourne_ to be restored thereto. By his Testament hee gaue

to the same Church 1000. pounds, besides many rich ornaments. He tooke

great paines in purging ancient Authors from such corruptions as had

crept into them: diuers workes also he wrote of his owne, but the

greatest part of them are perished. Thus he liued in honour, and died

with fame; his time imployed in honest studies and exercises, his goods

to good and Religious vses.

The same yeere a strange and great earthquake happened throughout all

the Realme; after which ensued a great scarcitie of fruit, and a late

haruest of corne, so as much graine was not fully ripe at the end of

Nouember.

In the fourth yere of the reigne of this King, a strong stroke of

lightning made a hole in the Abbey steeple at _Winchelscombe_, neere to

the top; rent one of the beames of the Church, brake one of the legges

of the Crucifixe, cast downe the head thereof, together with the Image

of the Virgine _Marie_ that was placed by it: Herewith a thicke smoke

darkened the Church, and breathed foorth a marueilous stincke, which

annoyed the Church a long time after. In the same yeere a mightie winde

from the Southwest did prostrate 606. houses in _London_: And breaking

into the Church of S. _Mary Bow_ in Cheape, slew two men with some part

of the ruines which it made, raised the roofe of the Church, and carried

many of the beames on such a height, that in the fall six of them, being

27. or 28. foot in length, were driuen so deepe into the ground (the

streets not then paued with stone) that not aboue 4. foote remained in

sight: and so they stood, in such order and rancke as the workemen had

placed them vpon the Church. The parts vnder the earth were neuer

raised, but so much was cut away as did appeare aboue the ground;

because it was an impediment for passage. The Tower of _London_ at the

same time was also broken, and much other harme done.

The next yeere _Osmund_ Bishop of _Salisbury_ finished the Cathedrall

Church of old _Salisburie_; and the fifth day after the Consecration,

the steeple thereof was fired with lightning.

The yeere following much raine fell, and so great frosts ensued, that

riuers were passable with loaden carts.

The yeere next ensuing was exceeding remarkeable both for the number and

fashion of gliding Starres, which seemed to dash together in maner of a

conflict.

About this time Pope _Vrbane_ assembled a Councell at _Cleremont_ in

_Auergne_, wherein hee exhorted Christian Princes to ioyne in action for

recouery of _Palestine_, commonly called _The Holy Land_, out of the

seruile possession of the _Saracenes_. This motion was first set on

foote, and afterwards pursued by _Peter_ the Heremite of _Amiens_; which

falling in an age both actiue and Religious, was so generally embraced,

as it drew 300000. men to assemble together from diuers Countreys; and

that with such sober and harmlesse behauiour, that they seemed rather

Pilgrimes then Souldiers. Among others, _Robert_ Duke of _Normandie_

addressed himselfe to this Voyage; and to furnish his expenses therein,

he layed his Duchie of _Normandie_ to gage to his brother of _England_

for 6666. li. or as other Authors report, for 13600. pounds of Siluer.

This money was taken vp part by imposition, and part by loane, of the

most wealthy inhabitants within the Realme: But especially the charge

was layd vpon religious persons, for that it was to furnish a religious

warre. When many Bishops and Abbots complained, that they were not able

to satisfie such summes of money as the King demanded of them, vnles

they should sel the Chalices & siluer vessels which pertained to their

Churches. Nay answered the King, you may better make meanes with the

siluer and gold which vainely you haue wrapped about dead mens bones;

meaning thereby their rich Relickes and Shrines.

The yeare following a blasing starre appeared, for the space of fifteene

dayes together; the greatest bush whereof pointed towards the East, and

the lesser towards the West. Gliding starres were often seene, which

seemed to dart one against another. The people began (as to mindes

fearefull all fancies seeme both weightie and true) to make hard

constructions of these vnusuall sights; supposing that the heauens did

threaten them, not accustomed to shew it selfe so disposed, but towards

some variation.

In the 13. yeere of his reigne, the Sea surmounted his vsuall bounds, in

diuers parts of _England_ and _Scotland_: whereby not only fields, but

many villages, castles, and townes were ouerflowen, and some ouerturned,

and some ouerwhelmed with sand; much people, and almost innumerable

cattel was destroyed. At the same time certaine lands in _Kent_, which

did once belong to _Godwine_ Earle of _Kent_, were ouerflowed and

couered with sand, which to this day do beare the name of _Godwins_

sands. Thunders were more frequent & terrible then had been vsuall;

through violence whereof diuers persons were slaine. Many feareful

formes and apparitions are reported to haue bin seene; whether errours,

or inuentions, or truethes, I will not aduow. The heauens often seemed

to flame with fire. At _Finchamsted_[75] in _Barkeshire_ neere vnto

_Abington_, a spring cast vp a liquor for the space of fifteene dayes,

in substance and colour like vnto blood; which did taint and infect the

next water brooke whereinto it did runne. The King was often terrified

in his sleepe with vncouth, ougly, vnquiet dreames: and many fearefull

visions of others were oftentimes reported vnto him. At the same time

hee held in his handes three Bishoprickes, _Canterburie_, _Winchester_,

and _Salisburie_; and twelue Abbeys.

The same yeere vpon the second of August, a little before the falling of

the Sunne, as the King was hunting within the newe forrest, at a place

called _Choringham_ (where since a Chappell hath beene erected) hee

strooke a Deere lightly with an arrow. The Deere ranne away, and the

King stayed his horse to looke after it; holding his hand ouer his eyes,

because the beames of the Sunne (which then drew somewhat lowe) much

dazeled his sight. Herewith another Deere crossed the way; whereat a

certaine Knight, named Sir _Walter Tirrell_, aimed with an arrow: and

loosing his bowe, either too carelessly at the Deere, or too steadily at

the King, strooke him therewith full vpon the brest. The King hauing so

receiued the wound, gaue foorth a heauie groane, and presently fell

downe dead; neither by speach nor motion expressing any token of life.

Onely so much of the arrowe as was without his bodie was found broken;

whether with his hand, or by his fall, it is not certainely knowen. The

men that were neere vnto him (especially Sir _Walter Tirrell_) galloped

away; some for astonishment, others for feare. But a fewe collecting

themselues returned againe, and layd his bodie vpon a Colliers Cart,

which by aduenture passed that way; wherin it was drawen by one leane

euill-fauoured, base beast, to the Citie of _Winchester_; bleeding

abundantly all the way, by reason of the rude iogging of the Carte. The

day following hee was buried, without any funerall pompe, with no more

then ordinarie solemnities, in the Cathedrall Church or Monasterie of

Saint _Swithen_; vnder a plaine flat marble stone, before the Lectorne

in the Quire. But afterwards his bones were translated, and layd by King

_Canutus_ bones.

Most writers doe interprete this extraordinarie accident to bee a

iudgement of God, for the extraordinarie loose behauiour of the King,

But it may rather seeme a iudgement of God, that King _William_ the

first, who threw downe Churches, and dispeopled Villages and Townes; who

banished both the seruice of God, and societie of men, to make a vaste

habitation for sauage beasts, had two sonnes slaine vpon that place. It

may also seeme a iudgement of God, that King _William_ the second, who

so greatly fauoured beastes of game, that he ordeined the same penaltie

for killing of a deere, as for killing of a man; should as a beast, and

for a beast, and among beasts be slaine. And thus God doth often punish

vs by our greatest pleasures; if they be either vnlawfull, or

immoderately affected; whereby good things become vnlawfull.

Hee died in the principall strength, both of his age, and of his

distastfull actions; wherein hee had bene much carried by the hoate

humour of his courage and youth; his iudgement not then raised to that

stayednesse and strength,[76] whereto yeeres and experience in short

time would haue brought it. Hee reigned in great varietie of opinion

with his Subiects (some applauding his vertues, others aggrauating his

vices) twelue yeeres, eleuen moneths wanting eight dayes: and was at his

death fourtie and three yeeres old. At this time he presumed most

highly, and promised greatest matters to himselfe, hee proiected also

many difficult aduentures, if his life had continued the naturall

course; wherein his hopes were nothing inferiour to his desires.

Hee gaue to the Monckes of _Charitie_ in _Southwarke_ his Mannour of

_Bermondsey_, and built for them the great new Church of Saint

_Sauiour_. Also of an old Monasterie in the Citie of _Yorke_, he founded

an Hospitall for the sustentation of poore persons and dedicated it to

S. _Peter_. This Hospitall was afterward augmented by King _Stephen_,

and by him dedicated to S. _Leonard_.

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