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THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO
by
JOHN M. GARVAN
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
VOLUME XXIII
FIRST MEMOIR
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington : 1931
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
Price $1.00 (paper cover)
MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
VOLUME XXIII
FIRST MEMOIR
THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO
JOHN M. GARVAN
Presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1929
THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO
by
JOHN M. GARVAN
CONTENTS
PART I. DESCRIPTIVE
CHAPTER I. Classification and geographical distribution of Manóbos and
other peoples in eastern Mindanáo
Explanation of terms
"Eastern Mindanáo"
The term "tribe"
Present use of the word "Manóbo"
The derivation and original application of the word "Manóbo"
Geographical distribution of the Manóbos in eastern Mindanáo
In the Agúsan Valley
On the eastern side of the Pacific Cordillera
On the peninsula of San Agustin
The Mamánuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manóbo half-breeds
The Banuáons
The Mañgguáñgans
The Mansákas
The Debabáons
The Mandáyas
The Tágum branch
The Agúsan Valley branch
The Pacific coast branch
The gulf of Davao branch
The Moros
The Biláns
The Tagakaólos
The Lóaks or Lóags
The _conquistas_ or recently Christianized peoples
The Manóbo _conquistas_
The Mandáya _conquistas_
The Mamánua _conquistas_
The Mañgguáñgan _conquistas_
The Mansáka _conquistas_
The Debabáon _conquistas_
The Bisáyas or Christian Filipinos
CHAPTER II. Physical characteristics and general appearance of the
Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo
Physical type
Divergence of types
General physical type
Racial and tribal affinities
Montano's Indonesian theory
Keane's view
The Indonesian theory as applied to Manóbos
Physical type of contiguous peoples
The Mañgguáñgans
The Mandáyas
The Debabáons
The Mamánuas
The Banuáons
Physical appearance as modified by dress and ornamentation
CHAPTER III. A survey of the material and sociological culture of the
Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo
General material culture
Dwellings
Alimentation
Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments
Means of subsistence
Weapons and implements
Industrial activities
General sociological culture
Domestic life
Marital relations
Pregnancy, birth, and childhood
Medicine, sickness, and death
Social and family enjoyments
Political organization
System of government and social control
Methods of warfare
Intertribal and analogous relations
Administration of justice
General principles and various laws
Regulations governing domestic relations and property; customary
procedure in settlement of disputes
CHAPTER IV. Religious ideas and mental characteristics in general
A brief survey of religion
The basis, influence, and machinery of religion
The hierarchy of Manóbo divinities, beneficent and malignant
Priests, their functions, attributes, and equipment
The main characteristics of Manóbo religion
Mental and other attainments and characteristics
PART II. GENERAL MATERIAL CULTURE
CHAPTER V. The Manobo home
In general
Motives that determine the selection of the site
Religious motives
Material motives
Religious ceremonies connected with the erection of a house
Structure of the house
The materials
The dimensions and plan of construction
The floor
The roof and the thatch
The walls
The doorway and the ladder
Internal arrangements
Decorations
The furniture and equipment of the house
The underpart and the environment of the house
Order and cleanliness of the house
CHAPTER VI. Dress
General remarks
Delicacy in exposure of the person
Variety in quantity and quality of clothes
The use of bark cloth
Dress as an indication of rank
Dress in general
Preferential colors in dress
The man's dress
Hats and headkerchiefs
The jacket
The lower garment
The girdle
The betel-nut knapsack
The woman's dress
The jacket
The upper Agúsan style
The style of the central group
The girdle and its pendants
The skirt
CHAPTER VII. Personal adornment
General remarks
Hair and head adornment
Care and ornamentation of the head
Combs
Ear disks
Neck and breast ornaments
Arm and hand ornamentation
Knee and ankle adornments
Body mutilations
General remarks
Mutilation of the teeth
Mutilation of the ear lobes
Depilation
Tattooing
Circumcision
CHAPTER VIII. Alimentation
Fire and its production
The "fire saw"
The steel and flint process
Continuation of the fire
Lighting
Culinary and table equipment
Various kinds of food
The preparation and cooking of food
Preparing the food
Cooking the food
Food restrictions and taboos
Meals
Ordinary meals
Festive meals
CHAPTER IX. Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments
Drinks used by the Manobos
Sugar-palm wine
_Báhi_ toddy
Sugarcane brew
Extraction of the juice
Boiling
Fermentation
Mead
Drinking
General remarks
The sumsúm-an
Drinking during religious and social feasts
Evil effects from drinking
Tobacco preparation and use
The betel-nut masticatory
Ingredients and effect of the quid
Betel chewing accessories
CHAPTER X. Means of subsistence
Agriculture
General remarks
The time and place for planting rice
The sowing ceremony
The clearing of the land
The sowing of the rice and its culture
The rice harvest
The harvest feast
The culture of other crops
Hunting
Hunting with dogs
Offering to Sugúdun, the spirit of hunters
The hunt
Hunting taboos and beliefs
Other methods of obtaining game
Trapping
Trapping ceremonies and taboos
The bamboo spear trap
Other varieties of traps
Fishing
Shooting with bow and arrow
Fishing with hook and line
Fish-poisoning
The _túba_ method
The _túbli_ method
The _lágtañg_ method
Dry-season lake fishing
Fishing with nets, traps, and torches
CHAPTER XI. Weapons and implements
Introductory remarks
Offensive weapons
The bow and arrow
The bolo and its sheath
A magic test for the efficiency of a bolo
The lance
The dagger and its sheath
Defensive weapons
The shield
Armor
Traps and caltrops
Agricultural implements
The ax
The bolo
The rice header
Fishing implements
The fishing bow and arrow
The fish spear
Fishhooks
Hunting implements
The spear
The bow and arrow
The blowgun
CHAPTER XII. Industrial activities
Division of labor
Male activities
Female activities
Male industries in detail
Boat building
Mining
Plaiting and other activities
Female industries in detail
Weaving and its accessory processes
Pottery
Tailoring and mat making
PART III. GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURE