THE GUARDED DOOR
"Whosoever will may come" was the generous welcome which America
extended to all the world for over a century. Many alarms, indeed,
there were and several well-defined movements to save America from the
foreigner. The first of these attempts resulted in the ill-fated Alien
and Sedition laws of 1798, which extended to fourteen years the period
of probation before a foreigner could be naturalized and which
attempted to safeguard the Government against defamatory attacks. The
Jeffersonians, who came into power in 1801 largely upon the issue
raised by this attempt to curtail free speech, made short shrift of
this unpopular law and restored the term of residence to five years.
The second anti-foreign movement found expression in the Know-Nothing
party, which rose in the decade preceding the Civil War. The third
movement brought about a secret order called the American Protective
Association, popularly known as the A.P.A., which, like the
Know-Nothing hysteria, was aimed primarily at the Catholic Church. Its
platform stated that "the conditions growing out of our immigration
laws are such as to weaken our democratic institutions," and that "the
immigrant vote, under the direction of certain ecclesiastical
institutions," controlled politics. In 1896 the organization claimed
two and a half million adherents, and the air was vibrant with ominous
rumors of impending events. But nothing happened. The A.P.A.
disappeared suddenly and left no trace.
For over a century it was almost universally believed that the
prosperity of the country depended largely upon a copious influx of
population. This sentiment found expression in President Lincoln's
message to Congress on December 8, 1863, in which he called
immigration a "source of national wealth and strength" and urged
Congress to establish "a system for the encouragement of immigration."
In conformity with this suggestion, Congress passed a law designed to
aid the importation of labor under contract. But the measure was soon
repealed, so that it remains the only instance in American history in
which the Federal Government attempted the direct encouragement of
general immigration.[50]
It was in 1819 that the first Federal law pertaining to immigration
was passed. It was not prompted by any desire to regulate or restrict
immigration, but aimed rather to correct the terrible abuses to which
immigrants were subject on shipboard. So crowded and unwholesome were
these quarters that a substantial percentage of all the immigrants who
embarked for America perished during the voyage. The law provided that
ships could carry only two passengers for every five tons burden; it
enjoined a sufficient supply of water and food for crew and
passengers; and it required the captains of vessels to prepare lists
of their passengers giving age, sex, occupation, and the country
whence they came. The law, however good its intention, was loosely
drawn and indifferently enforced. Terrible abuses of steerage
passengers crowded into miserable quarters were constantly brought to
the public notice. From time to time the law was amended, and the
advent of steam navigation brought improved conditions without,
however, adequate provision for Federal inspection.
Indeed such supervision and care as immigrants received was provided
by the various States. Boston, New York, Baltimore, and other ports of
entry, found helpless hordes left at their doors. They were the prey
of loan sharks and land sharks, of fake employment agencies, and every
conceivable form of swindler. Private relief was organized, but it
could reach only a small portion of the needy. About three-fourths of
the immigrants disembarked at the port of New York, and upon the State
of New York was imposed the obligation of looking after the thousands
of strangers who landed weekly at the Battery. To cope with these
conditions the State devised a comprehensive system and entrusted its
enforcement to a Board of Commissioners of Immigration, erected
hospitals on Ward's Island for sick and needy immigrants, and in 1855
leased for a landing place Castle Garden, which at once became the
popular synonym for the nation's gateway. Here the Commissioners
examined and registered the immigrants, placed at their disposal
physicians, money changers, transportation agents, and advisers, and
extended to them a helping hand. The Federal Government was
represented only by the customs officers who ransacked their baggage.
In 1875 the Federal Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional
for a State to regulate immigration. "We are of the opinion," said the
Court, "that this whole subject has been confided to Congress by the
Constitution; that Congress can more appropriately and with more
acceptance exercise it than any other body known to our law, state or
national; that, by providing a system of laws in these matters
applicable to all ports and to all vessels, a serious question which
has long been a matter of contest and complaint may be effectively and
satisfactorily settled."[51] Congress dallied seven years with this
important question, and was finally forced to act when New York
threatened to close Castle Garden. In 1882 a Federal immigration law
assessed a head tax of fifty cents on every passenger, not a citizen,
coming to the United States, and provided that the States should share
with the Secretary of the Treasury the obligation of its enforcement.
This law inaugurated the policy of selective immigration, as it
excluded convicts, lunatics, idiots, and persons likely to become a
public charge. Three years later, contract laborers were also
excluded.
The unprecedented influx of immigrants now began to arouse public
discussion. Over 788,000 arrived in America during the first year the
new law was in operation. In 1889 both the Senate and the House
appointed standing committees on immigration. The several
investigations which were held culminated in the law of 1891, wherein
the list of ineligibles was extended to include persons suffering from
a loathsome or contagious disease, polygamists, and persons assisted
in coming by others, unless upon special inquiry they were found not
to belong to any of the excluded classes. Thus for the first time the
Federal Government assumed complete control of immigration. Now also
both the great political parties adopted planks in their national
platforms favoring the restriction of immigration. The Republicans
favored "the enactment of more stringent laws and regulations for the
restriction of criminal, pauper, and contract immigration." The
Democrats "heartily" approved "all legislative efforts to prevent the
United States from being used as a dumping ground for the known
criminals and professional paupers of Europe," and they favored the
exclusion of Chinese laborers. They favored, however, the admission of
"industrious and worthy" Europeans.
Selective immigration thus became a political issue in 1892, partly
under the stimulus of labor unions, which feared an over-supply of
labor, and partly because of the growing popular belief that many
undesirable foreigners were entering the country. No adequate and just
criteria for any process of selection have been discovered. In 1896
Senator Lodge introduced an immigration bill, which contained the
famous literacy test, excluding all persons between fourteen and sixty
years of age "who cannot both read and write the English language or
some other language." The bill was simultaneously introduced into the
House of Representatives by McCall of Massachusetts. The debate on
this measure marks a new departure in immigration policy. A senatorial
inquiry made among the States in the preceding year had disclosed a
universal preference for immigrants from northern Europe. Moreover, a
number of States through their governors, had declared that further
immigration was not desired immediately; and the opinion prevailed
that the great influx from southeastern Europe should be checked.
Fortified by such solidarity of sentiment, Congress passed the Lodge
bill with certain amendments. President Cleveland, however, returned
it with a strong veto message on March 2, 1897. He could not concur
in so radical a departure from the traditional liberal policy of the
Government; and he believed the literacy test so artificial that it
was more rational "to admit a hundred thousand immigrants who, though
unable to read and write, seek among us only a home and opportunity to
work, than to admit one of those unruly agitators and enemies of
governmental control who can not only read and write, but delights in
arousing by inflammatory speech the illiterate and peacefully inclined
to discontent and tumult." The House passed the bill over the
President's veto, but the Senate took no further action.
In 1898 the Industrial Commission was empowered "to investigate
questions pertaining to immigration" and presented a report which
prepared the way for the immigration law of 1903, approved on the 3rd
of March. This law, which was based upon a careful preliminary
inquiry, may be called the first comprehensive American immigration
statute. It perfected the administrative machinery, raised the head
tax, and multiplied the vigilance of the Government against evasions
by the excluded classes. Anarchists and prostitutes were added to the
list of excluded persons. The literacy test was inserted by the House
but was rejected by the Senate.
This law, however, did not allay the demand for a more stringent
restriction of immigration. A few persons believed in stopping
immigration entirely for a period of years. Others would limit the
number of immigrants that should be permitted to enter every year. But
it was felt throughout the country that such arbitrary checks would be
merely quantitative, not qualitative, and that undesirable foreigners
should be denied admission, no matter what country they hailed from. A
notable immigration conference which was called by the National Civic
Federation in December, 1905, and which represented all manner of
public bodies, recommended the "exclusion of persons of enfeebled
vitality" and proposed "a preliminary inspection of intending
immigrants before they embark." President Roosevelt laid the whole
matter before Congress in several vigorous messages in 1906 and 1907.
He pointed to the fact that
In the year ending June 30, 1905, there came to the United
States 1,026,000 alien immigrants. In other words, in the
single year ... there came ... a greater number of people
than came here during the one hundred and sixty-nine years of
our colonial life. ... It is clearly shown in the report of
the Commissioner General of Immigration that, while much of
this enormous immigration is undoubtedly healthy and natural
... a considerable proportion of it, probably a very large
proportion, including most of the undesirable class, does not
come here of its own initiative but because of the activity
of the agents of the great transportation companies.... The
prime need is to keep out all immigrants who will not make
good American citizens.
In consonance with this spirit, the law of 1907 was passed. It
increased the head tax to four dollars and provided rigid scrutiny
over the transportation companies. The excluded classes of immigrants
were minutely defined, and the powers and duties of the Commissioner
General of Immigration were very considerably enlarged. The act also
created the Immigration Commission, consisting of three Senators,
three members of the House, and three persons appointed by the
President, for making "full inquiry, examination, and investigation
... into the subject of immigration." Endowed with plenary power, this
commission made a comprehensive investigation of the whole question.
The President was authorized to "send special commissioners to any
foreign country for the purpose of regulating by international
agreement ... the immigration of aliens to the United States."
Here at last is congressional recognition of the fact that immigration
is no longer merely a domestic question, but that it has, through
modern economic conditions, become one of serious international
import. No treaties have been perfected under this authority. The
question, however, received serious attention in 1909 when Lieutenant
Joseph Petrosino of the New York police was murdered in Sicily by
banditti, whither he had pursued a Black Hand criminal from the East
Side.
In the meantime many measures for restricting immigration were
suggested in Congress. Of these, the literacy test met with the most
favor. Three times in recent years Congress enacted it into law, and
each time it was returned with executive disapproval: President Taft
vetoed the provision in 1913, and President Wilson vetoed the acts of
1915 and 1917. In his last veto message on January 29, 1917, President
Wilson said that "the literacy test ... is not a test of character, of
quality, or of personal fitness, but would operate in most cases
merely as a penalty for lack of opportunity in the country from which
the alien seeking admission came."
Congress, however, promptly passed the bill over the President's
objections, and so twenty years after President Cleveland's veto of
the Lodge Bill, the literacy test became the standard of fitness for
immigrant admission into the United States.[52] The law excludes all
aliens over sixteen years of age who are physically capable of reading
and yet who cannot read. They are required to read "not less than
thirty or more than eighty words in ordinary use" in the English
language or some other language or dialect. Aliens who seek admission
because of religious persecution, and certain relatives of citizens or
of admissible aliens, are exempted.
The debate upon this law disclosed the transformation that has come
over the nation in its attitude towards the alien. Exclusion was the
dominant word. Senator Reed of Missouri wished to exclude African
immigrants; the Pacific coast Representatives insisted upon exclusion
of Asiatics, in the face of serious admonitions of the Secretary of
State that such a course would cause international friction; the labor
members were scornful in their denunciation of "the pauper and
criminal classes" of Europe. The traditional liberal sympathies of the
American people found but few champions, so completely had the change
been wrought in the thirty years since the Federal Government assumed
control of immigration.
By these tokens the days of unlimited freedom in migration are
numbered. Nations are beginning to realize that immigration is but the
obverse of emigration. Its dual character constitutes a problem
requiring delicate international readjustments. Moreover, the
countries released to a new life and those quickened to a new
industrialism by the Great War will need to employ all their muscle
and talents at home.
It is an inspiring drama of colonization that has been enacted on this
continent in a relatively short period. Its like was never witnessed
before and can never be witnessed again. Thirty-three nationalities
were represented in the significant group of American pilgrims that
gathered at Mount Vernon on July 4, 1918, to place garlands of native
flowers upon the tomb of Washington and to pledge their honor and
loyalty to the nation of their adoption. This event is symbolic of the
great fact that the United States is, after all, a nation of
immigrants, among whom the word foreigner is descriptive of an
attitude of mind rather than of a place of birth.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 50: Congress has on several occasions granted aid for
specific colonies or groups of immigrants.]
[Footnote 51: Henderson et al. _vs_. The Mayor of New York City et al.
92 U.S., 259.]
[Footnote 52: The new act took effect May 1, 1917.]
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
GENERAL HISTORIES
EDWARD CHANNING, _History of the United States_, 4 vols. (1905). Vol.
II. Chapter XIV contains a fascinating account of "The Coming of the
Foreigner."
John Fiske, _Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America_, 2 vols. (1899).
The story of "The Migration of the Sects" is charmingly told.
John B. McMaster, _History of the People of the United States_, 8
vols. (1883-1913). Scattered throughout the eight volumes are copious
accounts of the coming of immigrants, from the year of American
independence to the Civil War. The great German and Irish inundations
are dealt with in volumes VI and VII.
J.H. Latané, _America as a World Power_ (1907). Chapter XVII gives a
concise summary of immigration for the years 1880-1907.
WORKS ON IMMIGRATION
_Reports of the Immigration Commission, appointed under the
Congressional Act of Feb. 20, 1907_. 42 vols. (1911). This is by far
the most exhaustive study that has been made of the immigration
question. It embraces a wide range of details, especially upon the
economic and sociological aspects of the problem.
Census Bureau, _A Century of Population Growth from the First Census
of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790-1900_ (1909). The best
analysis of the population of the United States. It contains a number
of chapters on the population at the time of the First Census in 1790.
John R. Commons, _Races and Immigrants in America_ (1907).
Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration and its Effects upon the United States_
(1906).
Henry P. Fairchild, _Immigration, a World Movement and its American
Significance_ (1913). A good historical survey of immigration as well
as a suggestive discussion of its sociological and economic bearings.
Jeremiah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck, _The Immigration Problem_ (1913).
A summary of the Report of the Immigration Commission.
Peter Roberts, _The New Immigration_ (1912). A discussion of the
recent influx from Southeastern Europe.
E.A. Ross, _The Old World in the New_ (1914) contains some refreshing
racial characteristics.
Richmond Mayo-Smith, _Emigration and Immigration_ (1890). This is one
of the oldest American works on the subject and remains the best
scientific discussion of the sociological and economic aspects of
immigration.
Edward A. Steiner, _On the Trail of the Immigrant_ (1906). A popular
and sympathetic account of the new immigration.
THE NEGRO
B.G. Brawley, _A Short History of the American Negro_ (1913).
W.E.B. Du Bois, _The Negro_ (1915). A small well-written volume, with
a useful bibliography and an illuminating chapter on the negro in the
United States; also, by the same author, _Suppression of the African
Slave Trade_ (1896).
Carter G. Woodson, _A Century of Negro Migration_ (1918).
J.R. Spears, _The American Slave Trade_ (1900).
A.H. Stone, _Studies in the American Race Problem_ (1908). Contains
several of Walter F. Wilcox's valuable statistical studies on this
subject.
J.A. Tillinghast, _The Negro in Africa and America_ (1902) contains a
suggestive comparison of negro life in Africa and America.
SPECIAL GROUPS
Kendrick C. Babcock, _The Scandinavian Element in the United States_
(1914). The best treatise on this subject.
Emily Greene Balch, _Our Slavic Fellow Citizens_ (1910). A
comprehensive study of the Slav in America.
J.M. Campbell, _A History of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick_ (1892).
Mary Roberts Coolidge, _Chinese Immigration_ (1909). A sympathetic and
detailed account of the Chinaman's experience in America.
A.B. Faust, _The German Element in the United States_ 2 vols. (1909).
Like some other books written to prove the vast influence of certain
elements of the population, this work is not modest in its claims.
Henry Jones Ford, _The Scotch-Irish in America_ (1915).
Lucian J. Fosdick, _The French Blood in America_ (1906). Devoted
principally to the Huguenot exiles and their descendants.
Charles A. Hanna, _The Scotch-Irish, or the Scot in North Britain,
North Ireland, and North America_. 2 vols. (1902).
Eliot Lord, John J.D. Trevor, and Samuel J. Barrows, _The Italian in
America_ (1905).
T. D'Arcy McGee, _History of the Irish Settlers in North America_
(1852).
O.N. Nelson, _History of the Scandinavians and Successful
Scandinavians in the United States_, 2 vols. (1900).
J.G. Rosengarten, _French Colonists and Exiles in the United States_
(1907). Contains an interesting bibliography of French writings on
early American conditions.
UTOPIAS
J.A. Bole, _The Harmony Society_ (1904). Besides a concise history of
the Rappists, this volume contains many letters and documents
illustrative of their customs and business methods.
W.A. Hinds, _American Communities and Cooperative Colonies_. (2d
revision 1908.) A useful summary based on personal observations.
G.B. Lockwood, _The New Harmony Communities_ (1902). It contains a
detailed description of Owen's experiment and interesting details of
the Rappists during their sojourn in Indiana.
M.A. Mikkelsen, _The Bishop Hill Colony, A Religious Communistic
Settlement in Henry County, Illinois_ (1892).
Charles Nordhoff, _The Communistic Societies of the United States_
(1875). A description of communities visited by the author.
J.H. Noyes, _History of American Socialisms_ (1870).
W.R. Perkins, _History of the Amana Society or Community of True
Inspiration_ (1891).
E.O. Randall, _History of the Zoar Society_ (2d ed. 1900).
Bertha M. Shambaugh, _Amana, the Community of True Inspiration_ (1908)
gives many interesting details.
Albert Shaw, _Icaria, a Chapter in the History of Communism_ (1884). A
brilliant account.
INDEX
A.P.A., _see_ American Protective Association
Acadia, French in, 18
Adams, J.Q., and Owen, 94
Afghans in United States, 207
Africans, Reed favors exclusion of, 232;
_see also_ Negroes
Alabama admitted as State (1819), 33
Albany, Shakers settle near, 91;
Irish in, 113
Alien and Sedition laws (1798), 221
Amana, 82-84
America, cosmopolitan character, 19-20;
American stock, 21 _et seq._;
origin of name, 21-22;
now applied to United States, 22;
Shakers confined to, 92;
"America for Americans," 114;
_see also_ United States
_American Celt_, McGee establishes, 120 (note)
American Missionary Association, work with negroes, 58
American party, 114;
_see also_ Know-Nothing party
American Protective Association, 221-22
Amish, 68 (note)
Anabaptists in Manhattan, 17
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 117
Angell, J.B., on commission to negotiate treaty with China, 198
Antwerp, German emigrants embark at, 134
Arkansas, frontiersmen in, 36;
chosen as site by Giessener Gesellschaft, 136;
Italians in, 211;
Slavs in, 213
Armenians, 184;
as laborers, 122;
at Granite City (Ill.), 217
Arthur, C.A., and Chinese exclusion act, 199
Asiatics, Pacific coast favors exclusion of, 232;
_see also_ Orientals
Australia deflects migration to United States, 150
Babcock, K.C., _The Scandinavian Element in the United States_, quoted, 158
Balch, E.G., _Our Slavic Fellow Citizens_, quoted, 164-65;
cited, 167 (note), 174
Baltimore, Ephrata draws pupils from, 71;
Irish immigrant association, 109;
Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 127;
Italians in, 180;
condition of immigrants landing in, 224
Bancroft, George, estimates number of slaves, 47
Barlow, Joel, 151
Bäumeler, _see_ Bimeler
Bayard, Nicholas, 16
Beissel, Conrad (or Beizel, or Peysel), 70, 71
Belgians in Charleroi (Penn.), 217
Berkshires, Germans in, 127
Bethlehem, communistic colony, 72
Bimeler, Joseph (or Bäumeler), 78-79
Bishop Hill Colony, 85-89
Black Hand, 182
"Boat Load of Knowledge," 94
Bogart, E.L., _Economic History of the United States_, cited, 52 (note)
Bohemians, in United States, 159-60, 165-66;
as North Slavs, 164;
on the prairies, 213;
on Pacific slope, 213
Boston, immigrants from Ireland (1714-20), 11;
French in, 16;
Irish in, 108, 113;
Germans in, 127;
Italians in, 180;
condition of immigrants landing in, 224
Boudinot, Elias, 16
Bowdoin, James, 16
Bremen, German emigrants embark at, 134
Bremer, Frederika, quoted, 155
Brisbane, Arthur, _Social Destiny of Man_, 96
Brook Farm, 97
Bryan, W.J., Secretary of State, and California Alien Land Act, 206
Bryan (Tex.) Italian colony, 211
Buffalo, Inspirationists near, 81;
Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 135;
Poles in, 167 (note)
Bulgarians, as South Slavs, 164;
in United States, 170;
in Granite City (Ill.), 170, 217
Burlingame, Anson, 195
Burlingame treaty, 195-96, 197
_Burschenschaften_, 131
Butler County (Penn.), Harmonists in, 73
Butte, Bulgarians in, 170
Cabet, Étienne, 97-98, 99, 100;
_Voyage en Icarie_, 98;
_Le Populaire_, 98
Cabinet, President's, majority of members from American stock, 42
Cabot, John, 2
Cabot, Sebastian, 2
Cahokia, French settlement, 152
California, frontiersmen in, 36, 37;
Icaria-Speranza community, 101;
Swiss in, 153;
Dalmatians in, 171;
Portuguese in, 184;
discovery of gold, 188;
Chinese in, 189-190;
"California for Americans," 190;
constitution (1879), 194;
legislation against Chinese, 194-95;
vote for Garfield (1880), 197 (note);
Japanese in, 203;
Alien Land Act (1913), 206;
Italians in, 211
Campo Bello, Island, Fenians attempt to land on, 119
Canada, fugitive slaves, 54;
Irish come through, 109;
Fenian raids, 120;
deflects migration to United States, 150
Carbonari, Cabet and, 98
Carolinas, English settle, 5;
Scotch-Irish in, 12;
Scotch in, 12;
Germans in, 14;
cosmopolitan character of, 18;
Irish in, 105;
_see also_ North Carolina, South Carolina
Castle Garden, landing place for immigrants in New York, 224, 225
Catholics, in Maryland, 13;
Irish, 114;
prejudice against, 115-16;
American Protective Association against, 222
Census (1790), 24-25, 29;
_A Century of Population Growth_ (1909), 24;
(1800), 25;
tables, 26-28;
(1900), 38-39;
slaves in United States, 47;
Bulletin No. 129, _Negroes in the United States_, cited, 61 (note);
(1910), Germans in United States, 125;
foreigners in United States, 125-26 (note);
foreign born on farms, 150-51 (note), 161;
Italians in New York City, 180 (note);
distribution of American white population, 187
Channing, Edward, _History of the United States_, quoted, 46-47
Charleroi (Penn.), foreigners in, 217
Charleston (S.C.), French in, 16;
Germans in, 127
Charlestown (Mass.), Ursuline convent burned, 116
Cheltenham, Icarians in, 100
Chestnutt, C.W., negro novelist, 64
Chicago, Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 135;
Bohemians in, 165;
Poles in, 167 (note);
Bulgarians in, 170;
Hungarian Jews in, 178;
Italians in, 180;
papers announce land for sale, 209
Chicopee, Poles in, 214
China, Burlingame treaty, 195-196, 197;
treaty (1880), 198-199;
treaty (1894), 202
Chinese, in United States, 188-203;
societies, 192;
mission to United States (1868), 195;
exclusion act, 199, 201;
Scott Act, 201;
Geary law, 201
Cincinnati, Irish in, 113;
German center, 135
Cities, immigration to, 162 _et seq._;
cosmopolitanism, 185;
racial changes in, 219-20
Civil Rights Act, 59
Civil War, German immigrants during, 130
Cleveland, Grover, messages to Congress on Chinese agitation, 201;
vetoes Lodge bill, 227-28
Cleveland, Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 135;
Bohemians in, 165;
Italians in, 180
Cocalico River, cloister of Ephrata on, 70
Colorado, Japanese in, 204
Coman, _Industrial History of the United States_, cited, 52 (note)
Communistic colonies, 67 _et seq._;
Labadists, 68-69;
Pietists, 69-70;
Ephrata, 70-72;
Snow Hill, 72;
Bethlehem, 72;
Harmonist, 72-77;
Harmony, 73;
New Harmony, 74-75, 94-96;
Economy, 75-77;
Zoar, 78-80;
Inspirationists, 80-84;
Ebenezer, 81;
Amana, 82-84;
Bishop Hill Colony, 85-89;
Old Elmspring Community, 89-90;
Shakers, 91-92;
Oneida Community, 92-93;
Robert Owen and, 94-96;
Brook Farm, 97;
Fourierism, 96-97, 101-02;
Icaria, 97-101;
bibliography, 238-39
Congress, noted members from American stock, 42;
authorizes Freedmen's Bureau (1865), 57;
immigration law (1819), 103;
laws against German newspapers, 144;
German-American League incorporated by, 145;
charter of German-American League revoked, 145;
Homestead Law (1862), 148;
grants land to French, 152;
Cleveland's special messages, 201;
Scott Act, 201;
Geary law, 201;
extends Chinese exclusion to Hawaii (1898), 202;
Lincoln's message, Dec. 8. 1863, 222;
and regulation of immigration, 225;
Lodge bill, 227-28;
Roosevelt's messages, 229
Connecticut, Shakers in, 91
Connecticut Valley, Poles in, 214-15
Considérant, Victor, 101
Constantinople, cosmopolitanism compared with American cities, 186
Constitution, Fifteenth Amendment, 59
Coolidge, M.R., _Chinese Immigration_, quoted, 192, 193-94
Cotton, effect on slavery, 52
Coxsackie (N.Y.), communistic attempt at, 96
Croatians, as South Slavs, 164;
in United States, 171, 172;
in Johnstown (Penn.), 216;
in Granite City (Ill.), 217
Cumberland (Wis.), Italian colony, 212
Cumberland Mountains, fugitive slaves in, 54
Dakotas, frontiersmen in, 36;
Germans in, 141;
Scandinavians in, 156, 157;
"Scandinavian language" in universities, 158-59;
Slavs in, 213;
_see also_ South Dakota
Dallas (Tex.), Italians in, 211
Dalmatians, as South Slavs, 164;
in United States, 171-172;
on Pacific slope, 213
Danes, in America, 154, 156;
character, 154;
_see also_ Scandinavians
DeLancey, Stephen, 16
Delaware, not represented in first census, 25;
second census (1800), 25;
Labadists in, 68-69;
Scandinavian colony, 156;
racial changes in manufacturing towns, 216
Democratic party on restriction of immigration, 226
Denver, anti-Chinese riots, 197-98 (note)
Detroit, Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 135;
Poles in, 167 (note);
Italians in, 180
Devotionalists, 85-89, 90
Douglass, Frederick, 64
DuBois, W.E.B., negro scholar, 64
Duluth, Finnish college near, 160
Dunbar, P.L., negro poet, 64
Dunkards, 70
Dunkers, 13
Dutch, in United States, 17-18;
number of immigrants, 153
Ebenezer Society, 81
Economy, Harmonists establish, 75;
Rapp as leader, 75-76;
as a communistic community, 76-77;
membership, 76 (note);
Amana gains members from, 83
Emmet, Robert, emigration from Ireland after failure of, 105
England, reasons for expansion, 2-3;
imports, 3;
social and religious changes, 6-7;
kidnaping, 8;
emigration of poor, 9, 110, 111;
criminals sent to colonies, 9;
and Ulster, 10;
French Protestants flee to, 15;
Jews in, 16;
industrial revolution and the American negro, 52;
emigration from, 150
English, in Virginia, 1;
in New World, 2-10;
serving class, 8;
Nonconformists in Manhattan, 17;
and Dutch, 17-18;
and French, 18;
on land, 151;
in Johnstown (Penn.), 216;
in Granite City (Ill.), 217;
in coal mines of Pennsylvania, 218
Ephrata, 70-72
Erie, Fort, Fenians hold, 120
Europe, migrations, 1-2;
immigration from, 103;
_see also_ names of peoples
Fairchild, H.P., quoted, 183
Faneuil, Peter, 16
Fenian movement, 118-21
Finns in America, 160, 176, 185
Fiske, John, on Scotch-Irish in colonies, 12 (note);
_The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America_, cited, 14 (note)
Fitchburg, Poles in, 214
Fleming, W.L., _The Sequel of Appomattox_, cited, 57 (note)
Florida, fugitive slaves in, 54
Follenius quoted, 135-36
Ford, H.J., _The Scotch-Irish in America_, quoted, 31
Forestville (Ind.), communistic attempt, 96
Fourierism in United States, 93, 96-97, 101-02
Franklin, Benjamin, estimates population of Pennsylvania (1774), 12 (note)
Franklin (N.Y.), communistic attempt at, 96
Freedmen's Bureau, 57, 58
French, Protestants leave France, 15;
forts and trading posts of, 18;
in United States, 151-53;
in Charleroi (Penn.), 217;
_see also_ Huguenots
French Canadians in New England, 122, 152, 215
Frontiersmen, 34-36
Gallipolis (O.) settled by French, 151
Galveston, Italians in, 211
Garfield, J.A., and Chinese immigration, 197 (note)
Garland, Hamlin, _A Son of the Middle Border_, 36-37
Gary (Ind.), character of town, 216-17
Genoa (Wis.), Italian colony, 212
Georgia, English settle, 5;
not represented in first census, 25
German-American League, 145
Germans, in Pennsylvania, 13, 14;
lured by "soul-stealers," 15;
religious communists from, 68 _et seq._;
contrasted with Irish, 124;
immigration tide, 124 _et seq._;
first period of migration, 126-29;
second period of migration, 129-40;
causes of emigration, 130;
sailing conditions, 134;
social life, 137, 140;
laborers, 137, 141;
"Forty-eighters," 137-138;
contribution to America, 139;
newspapers, 139, 142-144;
number of immigrants (1870-1910), 141;
third period of migration, 141-46;
Prussian spirit among later immigrants, 142-44;
propaganda, 143-45;
"exchange professors," 144;
in Great War, 146;
in Johnstown (Penn.), 216;
in Granite City (Ill.), 217;
in coal mines of Pennsylvania, 218
Germantown (Penn.), founded, 13;
Pietists at, 69
Giessener Gesellschaft, 136
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 5
Godin, J.B.A., 102
Granite City (Ill.), Bulgarians in, 170;
racial changes in, 217
Great Britain, immigrants from, 103;
record of emigration, 104;
_see also_ England, English, Irish, Scotch, Scotch-Irish, Welsh
Great Lakes, French on, 18
Great War, German newspapers in, 143-44;
soldiers of German descent in, 146;
Poland and, 168;
effect on immigration, 233
Greeks in United States, 183, 217
Greeley, Horace, 97
Guise, only successful Fourieristic colony, 102
Häcker, J.G., quoted, 133-34 (note)
Hadley, Poles in, 214-15
Hakluyt, Richard, quoted, 4
Hamburg, German emigrants embark at, 134
Hammonton (N.J.), Italian colony at, 212
Harmonists, 72-77
Harmony, town established, 73
Harmony Society, 73
Harvard College, 8
Hatchet Men, 193
Haverstraw (N.Y.), communistic attempt at, 96
Havre, German emigrants embark at, 134
Hayes, R.B., vetoes amendment to Burlingame treaty, 197;
appoints commission to negotiate new treaty with China, 198
Hessians, settle in America, 129;
Giessener Gesellschaft, 136
Heynemann, Barbara, leader of Inspirationists, 81, 82
Highbinders, 193
Hindoos in United States, 207
Holland, French Protestants flee to, 15;
Spanish and Portuguese Jews find refuge in, 16-17;
Inspirationists, 80
Holland (Mich.), center of Dutch influence, 153
Homestead Law (1862), 148
"Hooks and Eyes," nickname for Amish, 68 (note)
Houston (Tex.), Italians in, 211
Hudson Valley, Dutch in, 17
Huguenots in Manhattan, 17;
_see also_ French
Hungarians, _see_ Jews, Magyars
Hungary, Mennonites in, 89
Hutter, Jacob, Mennonite martyr, 89
I.W.W., _see_ Industrial Workers of the World
Icaria, 97-101
Icaria-Speranza community, 101
Idaho, Japanese in, 204
Illinois, admitted as State (1818), 33;
frontiersmen in, 36;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
negroes in, 62;
Bishop Hill Colony, 85-89;
Swedish immigration, 91;
Icarians in, 99-100;
Germans in, 134, 137;
Norwegians, 155;
Scandinavians in, 156;
Poles in, 160, 167, 213;
Slovenians in, 173;
racial changes in coal regions of, 219
Immigration (1790-1820), 32;
legislation, 201, 207, 222 _et seq._;
present opportunities, 208-10;
Lincoln on, 222;
only attempt of Federal Government to encourage, 222-23;
state regulation, 224-25;
bibliography, 235-236;
_see also_ names of peoples
Immigration Commission, created, 230;
and Japanese, 204
Independence (La.), Italians in, 211
Indiana, admitted as State (1816), 33;
western migration through, 36;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
negroes in, 62;
New Harmony, 74-75, 94-96;
Germans in, 134;
Scotch and English in, 151;
Italian farmers in, 212;
Poles in, 213;
racial changes in coal regions, 219
Indianapolis, Bulgarians in, 170
Indians real Americans, 22
Indians, East, in America, 207
Industrial Commission, on Polish immigrants, 167;
report on immigration, 228
Industrial Workers of the World, Finns in, 160
Inspirationists, 80-84
Iowa, frontiersmen in, 36;
Inspirationists in, 82-84;
Icarians in, 101;
Germans in, 134, 141;
Slavs in, 213
Irish, in America, 6, 103 _et seq._;
half population of Ireland emigrates to America, 104;
reasons for emigration, 105-107;
in Continental Army, 108;
pauper immigrants from, 110;
travel conditions for immigrants, 111-12;
present immigration, 121;
economic advance in America, 122-23;
contrasted with Germans, 124;
number of immigrants (1820-1910), 150;
in New England mills, 215;
in Lawrence (Mass.), 216;
in Johnstown (Penn.), 216;
in Granite City (Ill.), 217;
in coal mines of Pennsylvania, 218
Irish Republican Brotherhood, 119
Isaacks, Isaac, 30
Italians, in South, 65, 210-11;
as laborers, 122;
in United States, 180-83;
on poor land, 210;
in New England mills, 215;
in Pennsylvania, 216, 217, 218
Jahn, F.L., organizes _Turnvereine_, 131
James, Henry, on foreigners in Boston, 162-63
Jansen, Olaf, 88, 89
Janson, Eric, 85-87, 89
Jansonists, 85-89, 90
Japan, agreement with (1907), 205-06
Japanese, in United States, 203-207;
hostility toward, 205-207;
order of exclusion from United States, 206
Jay, John, 16
Jews, in America, 16-17, 176-180;
Spanish-Portuguese, 177;
German, 177;
Austrian, 178;
Hungarian, 178;
Russian, 178-79
Johnstown (Penn.), racial changes in, 216
Joliet (Ill.), Slovenians in, 172
Kansas, Germans in, 141;
Scandinavians in, 156;
Slavs in, 213
Kapp, Frederick, 129, 140
Kaskaskia, French settle, 152
Kearney, Dennis, 193
Kelpius, Johann, leader of Pietists, 69
Kendal (O.), communistic attempt at, 96
Kentucky, not represented in First Census, 25;
admitted as State (1792), 33;
pioneers leave, 36
Kidnaping, labor brought to America by, 8
"Know-Nothing" party, 114, 221
Kotzebue, German publicist, 131
Kruszka, Rev. W.X., estimates number of Poles, in United States, 167 (note)
Ku Klux Klan, 58
Labadists, 68-69
Labor, kidnaping of, 8;
indentured service, 9-10;
Scotch political prisoners sold into service, 12-13;
negro, 60-63;
Irish displaced by other nationalities, 121-22;
Italian, 181;
Chinese, 190-91;
attitude toward Chinese, 193, 194;
treaty limiting Chinese,198;
bill to prohibit immigration of Chinese, 199;
Scott Act, 201;
Japanese, 204;
racial changes in, 216-17;
law to aid importation of contract labor, 222;
contract labor excluded, 225
Lafayette, Marquis de, visits Gallipolis, 152
Land, immigrants on the, 147 _et seq._;
immigrants on abandoned or rejected land, 208-214
Laurens, Henry, 16
Lawrence (Mass.), racial changes in, 215-16
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, 91, 92
Legislation, negro, 59-60;
Chinese immigration, 199-200, 201-03;
California Alien Land Act, 206-07;
immigration, 222 _et seq._
Lehigh River, Moravian community on, 72
Lehman, Peter, 72
Lesueur, C.A., 95
Levant, immigrants from the, 184
Limestone Ridge, Battle of, 120
Lincoln, Abraham, father a pioneer, 36;
message to Congress Dec. 8, 1863, 222
Literacy test for immigrants, in Lodge bill, 227;
rejected in law of 1903, 228-29;
executive disapproval of, 231;
bill passes over veto (1917), 232;
provisions of act, 232
Lithuanians in United States, 174-75
Liverpool, Irish immigrants at, 111, 112 (note)
Lockwood, G.B., _The New Harmony Movement_, cited, 96 (note)
Lodge, H.C., _The Distribution of Ability in the United States_, 39-41, 43;
immigration bill, 227
Logan, James, Secretary of Province of Pennsylvania, on Scotch-Irish, 11-12
London, German emigrants embark at, 134
Los Angeles, anti-Chinese riots, 191
Louis Philippe visits Gallipolis, 152
Louisiana, admitted as State (1812), 33;
American migration to, 34;
Icarians in, 99;
Italians in, 211
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 147
McCall, of Massachusetts, introduces Lodge bill in House, 227
McCarthy, Justin, quoted, 106;
cited, 107
Macedonia, Bulgarians from, 170
McGee, T. D'A., leader of "Young Ireland" party, 120-121
Maclure, William, "Father of American Geology," 94-95
Macluria (Ind.), communistic attempt, 96
McMaster, J.B., _History of the People of the United States_, quoted, 152
McParlan, James, 118
Macy, Jesse, _The Anti-Slavery Crusade_, cited, 54 (note)
Madison, James, on population of New England, 34
Madison (Ill.), racial changes in, 217
Magyars, distinct race, 174;
in United States, 175-76;
in Granite City (Ill.), 217
Maine, Shakers in, 91
Mainzer Adelsverein, 136
Manchester (England), Shakers originate in, 91
Manhattan, Jewish synagogue in (1691), 16;
Dutch in, 17;
cosmopolitan character, 17;
Norwegian Quakers land on, 155;
_see also_ New York City
Marion, Francis, 16
Marx, Karl, 179
Maryland, English settle, 5-6;
recruits schoolmasters from criminals, 9;
Scotch-Irish in, 11, 12;
Scotch in, 12;
Irish in, 13;
Germans in, 127;
Poles in, 213
Massachusetts, French in, 15;
Shakers in, 91;
Brook Farm, 97
Mather, Cotton, on Scotch-Irish, 11
Mayer, Brantz, _Captain Canot: or Twenty Years in a Slaver_, quoted, 48
Meade, General, against Fenians, 120
Mennonites, 13, 68 (note)
_Mercury_, New York, quoted, 108
Metz, Christian, leader of Inspirationists, 81, 82
Mexican War extends United States territory, 33, 148
Mexicans, feeling against, in California, 190
Michigan, admitted as State (1837), 33;
Germans in, 134;
Scotch and English in, 151;
Dutch in, 153;
Scandinavians in, 156;
farms for sale in, 209;
Slavs in, 212;
racial changes in ore regions of, 219
Mikkelsen, quoted, 90-91
Milwaukee, "the German Athens," 135;
Poles in, 167 (note)
Minnesota, frontiersmen in, 36;
Scandinavians in, 157;
"Scandinavian language" in university, 158-59;
Slavs in, 212;
racial changes in ore regions of, 219
Mississippi, admitted as State (1817), 33;
American migration to, 34;
Dalmatians in, 171
Mississippi River, French on, 18
Mississippi Valley, fugitive slaves in, 54;
Irish in, 108;
German influence, 135;
French in, 152;
Bohemians in, 159
Missouri, admitted as State (1821), 33;
frontiersmen in, 36;
Germans in, 134;
Giessener Gesellschaft in, 136
Mohawk Valley, Germans in, 127
Molly Maguires, society among anthracite coal miners, 117-118
Monroe, James, and Owen, 94
Montenegrins, as South Slavs, 164;
in United States, 171
Moravians, 13, 17, 72, 165
More, Sir Thomas, _Utopia_, 98
Mormons, 87
Mount Lebanon, Shaker community, 91
Mount Vernon, nationalities represented on July 4, 1918, at, 233
Names, disappearance of, 24-25 (note);
modifications, 30
Nantes, Edict of, revocation of, 15
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 63
National Civil Federation calls immigration conference (1905), 229
Nauvoo (Ill.), Icarians at, 99-100, 101
Navigation Laws, 106
Nebraska, Germans in, 141;
Scandinavians in, 156;
Bohemians in, 159;
Slavs in, 213
Neef, Joseph, 95
Negroes, 45 _et seq._;
identified with America, 45;
most distinctly foreign element, 46;
tribes represented among slaves, 49;
mutual benefit organizations, 51-52, 63;
population (1860), 56;
education, 57;
religion, 57;
as farmers, 59-60;
advance, 64;
characteristics shown by neglected gardens, 64-65;
bibliography, 236-37;
_see also_ Africans, Slavery, Slave trade
Nevada, vote for Garfield (1880), 197 (note)
New Amsterdam, Jews come to, 16
New Bedford, Portuguese in, 184
New Bern, Germans in, 127
New England, English settle, 5-6;
dissenters found, 8;
Scotch-Irish leave, 11;
Dutch and, 17;
Madison on population of, 34;
slavery, 51;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
capital in slave trade, 56;
Montenegrins and Serbians in, 171;
Portuguese in, 184;
abandoned farms, 209;
Poles in, 213;
Slavs in, 214;
racial changes in mills, 215-16
_New Era_ founded by McGee, 121 (note)
New Hampshire, Shakers in, 91
New Harmony (Ind.), Rapp's colony, 74-75;
sold to Robert Owen, 75;
Owen's colony, 94-96
New Jersey, English settle, 5;
not represented in first census, 25;
census computations for 1790, 28-29;
Germans in, 127;
racial changes in manufacturing towns, 216
New Netherland, 17
New Orleans, Spain acquires, 18;
Icarians in, 99;
Irish in, 113;
Dalmatians in, 171;
Italians in, 180, 211
New York (State), Germans in, 14;
French in, 15;
Jews in, 16;
western part settled, 33;
migration through, 36;
slavery, 50-51;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
and slave trade, 56;
negroes in, 62;
Shakers in, 91;
Scotch and English in, 151;
Norwegians in, 155;
Poles in, 167;
Russians in, 169;
Italian farmers, 212;
racial changes in manufacturing towns, 216;
State relief for immigrants, 224
New York City, French in, 16;
cosmopolitanism, 18-19;
Irish in, 108, 109, 113;
Tammany Hall, 116;
Germans in, 127;
Poles in, 167 (note);
Croatians in, 172;
Hungarian Jews, 178;
Russian Jews, 179;
Italians, 180;
_see also_ Manhattan
_New York Nation_, McGee establishes, 120 (note)
New Zealand, deflects migration to United States, 150
Newfoundland, Irish come through, 109
Newspapers, German, 139, 142-144;
Scandinavian, 158;
Slovak, 169
"Niagara Movement," 63
Norsemen, _see_ Scandinavians
North, colonies settled by townfolk, 7-8;
negroes in, 55;
negro laborers, 62
North Carolina, Germans in, 127
Northwest, Scandinavians in, 156;
_see also_ names of States
Northwest Territory, slavery forbidden in, 51
Norwegians, number in America, 154;
character, 154;
lead Scandinavian migration, 155;
_see also_ Scandinavians
Noyes, J.H., 92, 93
Oberholtzer, _History of the United States since the Civil War_,
cited, 120 (note), 148 (note), 149 (note)
Ohio, admitted as State (1802), 33;
western migration through, 36;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
negroes in, 62;
Zoar colony, 78-80;
Germans in, 134;
Scotch and English in, 151;
French in, 151-52;
Swiss in, 153;
Slovenians in, 173;
Italian farmers, 212;
Poles in, 213;
racial changes in coal regions of, 219
Ohio River, French on, 18
Oklahoma, Bohemians in, 159;
Slavs in, 213
Old Elmspring Community, 89
Olsen, Jonas, 87, 88
Omaha, Italians in, 180
Oneida Community, 92-93
Orange County (N.Y.), Polish settlement, 213
Ordinance of 1787, 51
Oregon, acquisition of (1846), 33, 147;
Scandinavians in, 156;
Japanese in, 203
Orientals, 188 _et seq._;
_see also_ Chinese, Indians, East, Japanese
Otis, General, 202
Owen, Robert, 75, 93-96, 98
Ozark Mountains, Italians in, 211
Palatinate, peasants come to America from, 14
Penn, William, 71
Pennsylvania, English settle, 5;
Scotch-Irish in, 11-12;
Welsh in, 13;
Germans in, 13, 14, 126-27;
Dutch in, 14;
Jews in, 17;
cosmopolitan character, 19;
western part settled, 33;
slavery, 51;
negroes in, 62;
Dunkards in, 70;
Poles in, 167;
Russians in, 169;
Croatians in, 172;
Slovenians in, 173;
Lithuanians in, 175;
Italian farmers, 212;
landward movement of Slavs in, 213-14;
racial changes, 216, 218-19
Pennsylvania Philosophical Society,
Pietists' astrological instruments in collection of, 70
Petrosino, Lieutenant Joseph, murdered, 231
Peysel, _see_ Beissel
Philadelphia, Welsh near, 13;
cosmopolitan character, 18;
negroes arrested, 51;
Ephrata draws pupils from, 71;
Irish immigrant association, 109;
Irish in, 113;
Italians in, 180
Philippines, Chinese exclusion, 202
Pietists, 69-70
Pine Lake (Wis.), Swedish colony, 155
Pittsburgh, "Boat Load of Knowledge" from, 94
Poles, in America, 160, 167-69, 213, 214-15, 217;
as North Slavs, 164
Politics, foreigners in, 42;
Irish in, 116, 117;
Germans in, 139, 144;
Bohemians in, 166;
Chinese as issue, 193;
selective immigration as issue (1892), 226-27
Population, increase in, 32;
_see also_ Census
Portland, Italians in, 180
Portuguese in United States, 184
Prairie du Rocher, French settlement, 152
Presbyterians, Scotch-Irish, 10
Presidents of United States from American stock, 42
Price, J.C., negro orator, 64
Quakers, Norwegian, 155
Rafinesque, C.S., 95
Railroads, Chinese laborers on, 190
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 5
Rapp, F.R., adopted son of Father Rapp, 75-76
Rapp, J.G., founder of Harmonists, 73;
"Father Rapp," 74;
at Harmony, 73-74;
at New Harmony, 74-75;
at Economy, 75-77
Reconstruction after Civil War, 57-59
Red Bank (N.J.), communistic colony at, 97
Reed, of Missouri, wishes to exclude African immigrants, 232
Republican party on immigration restriction, 226
_Restoration_ (sloop), 155
Revere, Paul, 16
Revolutionary War, Irish in, 108;
Germans and, 127
Rhode Island, French in, 15;
Jews in, 17
Rock Springs (Wyo.), anti-Chinese riot, 200
Roosevelt, Theodore, conference with delegation from California, 205;
on restriction of immigration, 229-30
Root, John, 86-87
Ross, E.A., _The Old World in the New_, cited, 163 (note)
Rumania, Mennonites in, 89
Rush, Benjamin, _Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania_, 127-29
Russia, Mennonites in, 89
Russians, as North Slavs, 164;
in United States, 169-70
Ruthenians (Ukranians), as North Slavs, 164;
in United States, 169
St. Lawrence River, French on, 18
St. Louis, Cabet in, 100;
Irish in, 113;
Germans in, 135;
Hungarian Jews in, 178;
Italians in, 180
St. Patrick's Day, observed in Boston (1737), 108;
in New York City (1762), 108;
(1776), 108;
(1784), 109
San Antonio, Italians in, 211
San Francisco, anti-Chinese attitude, 193, 194, 200;
Japanese excluded from public schools, 205
Savannah, Germans in, 127
Say, Thomas, "Father of American Zoölogy," 95
Scandinavians in United States, 85, 153-59, 185
Schleswig-Holstein, Danes emigrate from, 156
Schluter, _see_ Sluyter
Schmitz, Mayor of San Francisco, 205
Schurz, Carl, 139
Scioto Land Company (Companie du Scioto), 151-52
Scotch, in America, 6, 12-13;
in Manhattan, 17;
immigrants, 110, 150;
on the land, 151;
in coal mines of Pennsylvania, 218
Scotch-Irish, in America, 6, 10, 11;
in Pennsylvania, 11-12, 12 (note);
names, 30-31
Seattle, Bulgarians in, 170;
anti-Chinese feeling, 200
Seneca Indians Reservation, Inspirationists purchase (1841), 81
Serbians, as South Slavs, 164;
in United States, 171, 217
Seward, W.H., Secretary of State, treaty with China (1868), 195-96
_Shaker Compendium_ quoted, 91
Shakers, 91-92
Shaw, Albert, _Icaria, A Chapter in the History of Communism_, quoted, 100
Siberia, Russian immigrants to, 170 (note)
Sicilians, 182;
_see also_ Italians
Silkville (Kan.), French communistic colony in, 102
Six Companies, Chinese organization, 192, 193
Slavery, as recognized institution, 9, 50;
Channing on, 46-47;
protests against, 51;
influence of cotton demand on, 52-53;
fugitive slaves, 54-55;
condition when emancipated, 56-57;
Germans against, 139;
_see also_ Negroes, Slave trade
Slave trade, beginning of, 47;
capture and transportation of slaves, 47-50;
law prohibiting, 55;
effect of cotton demand on, 55-56
Slavonians on Pacific slope, 213
Slavs, use of term, 164;
on poor land, 210;
colonies, 212-213;
in New England mills, 214, 215;
in Pennsylvania, 216, 217, 218;
_see also_ Bohemians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Dalmatians,
Montenegrins, Poles, Russians, Ruthenians, Serbians, Slovaks,
Slovenians
Slovaks, as North Slavs, 164;
in United States, 168-69, 216, 217;
_see also_ Slavs
Slovenians, as South Slavs, 164;
"Griners," 172;
_see also_ Slavs
Sluyter, Peter (or Schluter), (Vorstmann), leader of Labadists, 68
Snow Hill (Penn.), community, 72
Society of United Irishmen, 109
South, plantations lure English, 7;
Scotch-Irish in, 12;
cotton production, 52-53;
Reconstruction, 57-59;
opposes liberal land laws, 148;
immigrants in cut-over timber regions, 208;
opportunities for immigrants in, 210
South Carolina, French in, 15;
slave laws, 50;
insurrection (1822), 53;
Germans in, 127
South Dakota, Old Elmspring Community, 89
Spain, England's victory over, 2;
France cedes New Orleans to, 18
Spanish-Americans in California, 190
Standard Oil Company builds Whiting (Ind.), 217
Steiner, E.A., _On the Trail of the Immigrant_, quoted, 166, 178-79
Stephens, James, 119
Sullivan, General John, order of March 17, 1776, 108
Sunnyside (Ark.), Italians establish (1895), 211
Supreme Court, Chief Justices from American stock, 42;
upholds communal contract, 73;
upholds exclusion, 200;
on state regulation of immigration, 225
Swedes, in America, 85, 154, 155-56;
"Frenchmen of the North," 154;
_see also_ Scandinavians
Switzerland, Inspirationists from, 80;
immigration from, 104;
number of immigrants, 153
Syrians, as laborers, 122;
in United States, 184;
in Johnstown (Penn.), 216
Tacoma, anti-Chinese feeling, 200
Taft, W.H. vetoes literacy test provision (1913), 231
Tammany Hall, 116
Tennessee, not represented in First Census, 25;
admitted as State (1796), 33;
pioneers leave, 36
Texas, added to United States, 33;
Icarians in, 99;
Fourieristic community in, 101-02;
Mainzer Adelsverein in, 136;
Bohemians in, 159;
Poles in, 160, 167;
Italian colonies, 211;
Slavs in, 213
Thompson, Holland, _The New South_, cited, 60 (note)
Tillinghast, _The Negro in Africa_, quoted, 49
Tokyo, anti-American feeling, 207
Tone, Wolfe, portrait on Fenian bonds by, 119
Transportation, development of, 149
_Tribune_, New York, Brisbane and, 97
Troost, Gerard, 95
Turks in United States, 184
_Turnvereine_, 131, 137
Tuskegee Institute, 63
Ukranians, _see_ Ruthenians
Ulster, Scotch in, 10
Ulstermen, _see_ Scotch-Irish
"Underground Railway," 54
United States, now called America, 22;
population at close of Revolution, 23;
American stock, 23;
census (1790), 24;
names changed or disappeared, 24-25 (note);
population (1820), 32;
Irish population, 105;
expansion, 147-48;
nation of immigrants, 233;
_see also_ America
United States Steel Corporation builds Gary (Ind.), 216-17
Unonius, Gustavus, 155
Utopias in America, 66 _et seq._;
bibliography, 238-39
Vermont, slaves emancipated, 51
Vespucci, Amerigo, claim of discovery recognized, 21
Vineland (N.J.), Italian colony at, 212
Virginia, English occupation (1607), 1;
English in, 5;
protests receiving criminals, 9;
Scotch-Irish in, 11, 12;
French in, 15;
slavery, 47, 50;
insurrection (1831), 53-54;
Irish in, 105;
Germans in, 127;
racial changes in coal regions of, 219
Vorstmann, _see_ Sluyter
Waldenses in Manhattan, 17
Waldseemüller, Martin, and name America, 21
Ward's Island, hospitals for immigrants on, 224
Ware, Poles in, 214
Washington, Booker T., 63
Washington, George, on name America, 21;
on spread of native population, 34;
order of March 17, 1776, 108
Washington (State), Scandinavians in, 156;
Japanese in, 203, 204
Washington (D.C.) Owen lectures at, 94;
anti-Japanese demonstration at, 207
Welsh, in United States, 6, 150, 151, 216, 217, 218
West, Far, Germans in, 142;
draws homeseekers, 147;
and land laws, 148;
_see also_ names of States
West Indies, French in, 18;
negro slavery, 47;
Irish transported to, 105;
Irish come through, 109
West, Middle, racial changes in, 216;
_see also_ names of States
West Virginia, Croatians in, 172;
racial changes in, 216, 219
Westfield, Poles in, 214
Whiting (Ind.), foreigners in, 217
Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, 52
Wilcox, W.F., quoted, 62-63
Wilmington, Germans in, 127
Wilson, Woodrow, and anti-Japanese feeling, 206;
on literacy test, 231
Windber (Penn.), racial changes in, 219
Winthrop, John, on immigration of Scotch-Irish, 11
Wisconsin, frontiersmen in, 36;
"Underground Railway" in, 54;
Fourieristic colony in, 97;
Germans in, 134, 137;
Swiss in, 153;
Scandinavians in, 156;
Poles in, 160, 167;
farms available in, 209;
Slavs in, 212
Worcester, Poles in, 214
Workingmen's party, 193
Wright, Fanny, 95
Wyoming, and Chinese indemnity claim, 201
Yazoo Delta, Italians in, 211
Yellow Springs (O.), communistic attempt, 96
Young, Brigham, 87
"Young Ireland" party, 120
Zimmermann, J.J., founder of Pietists, 69
Zinzendorf, Count, 72
Zoar, colony at, 78-80;
Amana gains members from, 83