which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the heat. A flowering
or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been incised before, is chosen
and encircled with several rings of rope or rattan. The stalk is then
cut and a bamboo vessel called a _bombón_ is hung to receive the sap
which escapes during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink
for those who are debilitated, suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and
even for consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning,
sometimes with marvelous results, according to reports. The heat of
the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a mild vinegar,
which is widely used for domestic purposes in the Philippines. When
fermented and distilled it produces a weak alcohol of disagreeable
taste called coco-wine.
The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which is
generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk. Later the
meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil much used in the
islands is extracted from it. To extract the oil the meat is grated
and pressed until all the juice is extracted. This is called the milk
and when boiled is converted almost completely into oil. Cocoanut
milk has an agreeable taste and may in some cases take the place of
cow's milk. It is apt to produce diarrhoea, however, which action
may be bad for some but on the other hand good for others, such as
the habitually constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely
used by the natives in making sweets.
In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for
illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a purgative
and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles in which the
good results obtained are due, not to the oil but to the massage used
in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth
of the hair and all the natives and some Europeans use it lavishly
as a hair ointment. When fresh its odor is agreeable, but it easily
becomes rancid and assumes a most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan
Islands they make an oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila
_Caracoa_. It is used only for illumination and by the poor.
At a temperature of 20° or more the oil remains liquid; it is colorless
when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at 18° and two kinds
of soap are made of it; one soft and exceedingly cheap called "Quiapo";
the other hard, white, of a high quality, but as a rule containing
an excess of lime which in time is deposited in a fluorescent film
on its surface.
In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery.
Botanical Description.--A tree most familiar to every one.
Habitat.--Common in all parts of the Archipelago.
_Nipa fruticans_, Wurmb.
Nom. Vulg.--_Nipa_, Sp.-Fil.; _Sasa_, Tag.
Uses.--The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in the villages
of Manila Province, Pampanga, Bulacan and other provinces in the
construction of roofs and walls of houses, which are therefore called
"nipa houses." The decoction of the fresh leaves is used as a lotion
for indolent ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.
Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields a liquid
also called tuba and possessing properties identical with those of
the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it has some repute
in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for which purpose a few drops are
mixed with a small quantity of water and the eyes are washed with it
several times a day. This alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa,
has a characteristically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable
for medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted to
remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their results
had always been negative because the odorous principle was distilled
over at the same temperature as the alcohol. Finally a distinguished
Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, perfected a process of
producing from the nipa tuba an absolute alcohol perfectly free from
the characteristic odor; an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the
qualities of chemically pure alcohol, and of such a high grade that
it was awarded the first prize at the last World's Fair in Paris.
Botanical Description.--A palm about 6° high with long, pinnate leaves
with leaflets which separate, at maturity, like those of the coco
palm. Flowers monoecious, in a spathe. Fruit, many pyramidal drupes
joined together, but easily separable. The outer covering of each
drupe is hard, the inner part tow-like; seed enveloped in a sort of
fleshy white meat.
Habitat.--Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and the Visayan
Islands.
CYPERACEÆ.
Sedge Family.
_Cyperus rotundus_, L.
Nom. Vulg.--_Mutha_, Tag.; _Botobotones_, Vis.; _Mota_, _Malaapolid_,
_Sursur_, _Onoran_, _Kusung_, _Omadiung_, _Galonalpas_, Pam.;
_Nutgrass_ or _Coco-grass_, Eng.
Uses.--The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and
emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used internally for
dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and as a vermifuge. It is
given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal diseases, and General Hardwick
has reported good results with it in cholera; as he reported only
two cases, his testimony is not of much value.
The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflammation of
the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute to it diuretic,
emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In Java and India they use it
for gonorrhoea, and in Mauritius as a diaphoretic and astringent. In
the Philippines the bruised root is applied to the face for toothache.
Botanical Description.--The root is ovoid, ranging in size from that
of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of a white, spongy
substance. Leaves sword-shaped, ensheathing the stem. Flowers in
a compound umbel on the end of the stalk which is naked, long and
triangular. The umbellets are alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct
flowers. Calyx universal, with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper,
a very small, ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long,
inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight. Style
1. Stigmas 3, simple, revolute. Fruit 1. Seed oblong, 3-sided,
glabrous.
Habitat.--Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in June and July.
GRAMINEÆ.
Grass Family.
_Zea Mays_, L.
Nom. Vulg.--_Maíz_, Sp.; _Maize_, _Corn_, Eng.
Uses.--Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines,
but has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when it
is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily digested
and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used in the Philippines
from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, for which property
they received notice in the _Medical World_ of Paris about the year
1876. The entire plant is diuretic and the natives give the decoction
of the stalk for various diseases of the bladder and kidneys. An
extract of the tassels has been put on the market, but it is better
to administer a decoction made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of
water to be taken at will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give
the following chemical composition:
Fixed oil 5.25
Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl 3.25
Maizenic acid 2.25
Sugar and gum 19.50
Albuminoids 3.50
Salts and extracts 5.50
Cellulose 37.00
Water 20.00
The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble in
chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies at 10°.
Habitat.--Very common in all parts of the islands.
_Andropogon Schoenanthes_, L.
Nom. Vulg.--_Salay_, _Tanglad_, Tag.; _Paja de Meca_, Sp.-Fil.;
_Baliyoko_, Vis.; _Geranium Grass_, Eng.
Uses.--The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their gogo
hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally as a diuretic
(10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe pregnant women. The
roots also are diuretic.
A Manila pharmacist, D. Rosendo García, has obtained a good quality of
the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call this essence _rusa_,
_geranium_ and _gin-gembre_ (nimar oil, Eng.); the annual export
from Bombay is over 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous and
its formula is C_5_H_4_.
Another species, the _A. nardus_, L., commonly called "raiz de mora"
(mulberry root), "citronella," Eng., possesses the same therapeutic
properties as the former. It also possesses an agreeable perfume
and yields an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to adulterate
Attar of Roses.
The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in Europe as
well, to preserve clothing from moths and other destructive insects,
at the same time giving them a sweet odor. In India the decoction is
used internally, 10 grams to a liter of water, in the treatment of
rheumatism and as a diuretic.
Botanical Description.--An indigenous grass with sword-shaped leaves
about 4° high, tapering at the base, possessing a sweet odor. Root
thick, irregular, rough, formed by the union of several small rootlets.
_Saccharum officinarum_, L.
Nom. Vulg.--_Cañamiel_, _Caña de azúcar_, _Caña dulc_, Sp.; _Tubo_,
Tag.; _Sugar Cane_, Eng.
Uses.--The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. The juice,
which is extracted by means of primitive wooden presses, is used
as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and is sold in markets
and public places as a popular beverage on hot days. A tepid juice,
extracted from heated cane is given for catarrhal troubles. This use
of the juice is the only one peculiar to the Philippines. Its general
use and properties are universally familiar and are amply treated in
the materia medica.
Botanical Description.--This plant is so universally familiar that
it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 varieties are found
in the Philippines.
Habitat.--Throughout the islands, especially in the Island of Negros
and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.
_Oriza_, L.
Nom. Vulg.--_Arroz_, Sp.; _Palay_, Tag. (the plant and the unhusked
rice); _Bigas_, Tag. (the husked rice); _Rice_, Eng.
Uses.--All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the greater
part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans do bread.
In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in the World's
Fair at Paris, in 1889, Señor D. Regino García, of Manila, presented
a unique collection of 147 varieties. The rice grown in high lands
above irrigation is called "arroz de secano" and mountain rice, and
that grown in low and irrigated land is called "arroz de sementera"
and swamp rice. The two kinds are equally valuable as food.
The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but a
small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must be eaten
in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements.
Water 5.00
Starch 85.07
Parenchyma 4.80
Nitrogenous matter 3.68
Crystallizable sugar 0.29
Gummy matter 1.71
Oil 0.13
Phosphate of lime 0.40
Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash,
acetic acid, calcareous vegetable salt,
salt of potash, sulphur Traces.
In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, especially in
the form of a decoction called _cange_, which is commonly given in the
treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, with good results. Cooked as a
sort of mush it may be used as a substitute for linseed poultices and
has the great advantage of not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered
it is dusted upon wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry
and absorbent covering under which they heal rapidly.
It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a microorganism
found in rice under certain abnormal conditions; this claim is not
yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of the many problems
in medicine which are awaiting solution.
Habitat.--All parts of the Archipelago.
BAMBUSEÆ.
Bamboo Family.
Nom. Vulg.--_Caña_, Sp.; _Bamboo_, Eng.
Linnæus and Blanco include in the genus _Bambus_ all the different
species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given the general name
of _caña_. The plant is of incomparable value to the natives of the
Philippines; they build their houses of it, make agricultural and
industrial instruments of it, use it in all the varied apparatus
of their fisheries and for a multitude of household utensils and
furniture.
The variety _B. arundinacea_, Retz. (_B. arundo_, Blanco),
_Kawayag-totóo_, Tag., is the largest and most generally employed
in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared in lime
water are edible but have the deserved reputation of being difficult
of digestion.
The variety _Schizostachyum acutiflorum_, Munro (_B. diffusa_, Blanco),
_Osiw_, _Bokawy_, Tag., is less used. The shoots are used to treat
opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are cut when about a
palm in height, the outer leaves removed, and the center soaked over
night with a little sugar candy. The following day the water in the
bottom of the jar is collected and used to paint the cornea.
The variety _Dendrocalamus sericens_, Munro (_B. mitis_, Blanco),
_Taywanak_, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is given
internally in the treatment of phthisis.
All of the above species and the _Dendrocalamus flagellifer_, Munro
(_B. levis_, Blanco), _Boho_, Tag., produce at their joints a hard
porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called "bamboo
stone" or "tabashir" in India, where, as well as in the Philippines
and Indo-China, it has great repute among the popular remedies. It is
given in venereal diseases, hiccough, hemorrhage, fevers and other
diseases. As a matter of fact, it is an almost inert substance, the
imaginary virtues of which originated, doubtless, in the apparently
remarkable fact that a stone (?) was produced inside of a vegetable.
The analysis of M. Guibourt is as follows:
Silicon 96.04
Water 2.94
Lime and potassium 0.13
Organic material Traces.
INDEX OF PLANTS
ACCORDING TO THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES.
_Alteratives._--Anona muricata.--Tinospora crispa.--Raphanus
sativus.--Bombax malabaricus.--Oxalis corniculata.--Citrus acida
and C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Lawsonia
alba.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Oldenlandia
corymbosa.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ehretia buxifolia.--Solanum
nigrum.--Cassytha filiformis--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Phyllanthus
reticulatus.
_Anthelmintics._ [11]--Cleome viscosa.--Pangium
edule.--Ruta graveolens.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum
Blancoi.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Mucuna
pruriens.--Quisqualis Indica.--_Punica Granatum._
[12]--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes
anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Hydrocotyle
Asiatica.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tectona
grandis.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Chenopodium
ambrosioides.--Echinus Philippinensis.--Cyperus
rotundus.--_Rhinacanthus communis._
_Antispasmodics._--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus Abelmoschus.--Ruta
graveolens.--Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.--Cedrela Toona.--Celastrus
paniculata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Carum copticum.--Blumea
balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Solanum nigrum.--Datura
alba.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Adhatoda vasica.--Chenopodium
ambrosioides.--Chloranthus officinalis.
_Antiseptics._--Ruta graveolens.--Citrus acida and
C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Erythrina
Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Entada scandens.--_Coffea Arabica._--Blumea
balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Nerium odorum.--Solanum
nigrum.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Piper
Betle.--_Cinnamomum._--Acalypha Indica.--Curcuma longa.--Areca
Catechu.--Nipa fruticans.
_Astringents._--Tetracera macrophylla.--Michelia Champaca.--Anona
squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Bixa
Orellana.--Garcinia mangostana, G. Cambogia.--Ochrocarpus
pentapetalus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Thespesia populnea.--Bombax
malabaricus.--Sterculia foetida.--Murraya exotica.--Ægle
decandra.--Feronia elephantum.--Melia Azedarach.--Sandoricum
Indicum.--Caropa Moluccensis.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Mangifera
Indica.--Odina Wodier.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Acacia
Farnesiana.--Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.--Psidium
pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Punica Granatum.--Hymenodictyon
Indicum.--Tectona grandis.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Artocarpus
integrifolia.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Areca Catechu.--Cyperus rotundus.
_Acids or Refrigerants._--Oxalis corniculata.--_Averrhoa Bilimbi_
and _A. Carambola_.--_Citrus acida_ and _C. Bigaradia_.--Feronia
elephantum.--Amaranthus spinosus.--Phyllanthus
reticulatus.--_Tamarindus Indica._
_Balsams._--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Garuga
pinnata.--Canarium commune.
_Carminatives._--Illicium anisatum.--Cleome viscosa.--Helicteres
Isora.--Abroma fastuosa.--Feronia elephantum.--Terminalia
Chebula.--Carum copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--Plumbago
Zeylanica.--Coleus aromaticus.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Aristolochia
Indica.--Zingiber officinale.--Curcuma longa.--Elettaria Cardamomum.
_Convulsives._--_Strychnos Ignatii._
_Cosmetics._--Eriodendrum anfractuosum.--Cocos nucifera.
_Diaphoretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus
Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum
oxyphyllum.--Celastrus paniculata.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium
Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis
gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Barleria
Prionitis.--Justicia Gendarussa.--Ocimum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Crinum
Asiaticum.--Cyperus rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
_Digestives._--_Carica Papaya._
_Diuretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Abutilon Indicum.--Anacardium
occidentale.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria
ternata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Pæderia
foetida.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Achras Sapota.--Ipomoea
pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Limnophila Menthastrum.--Sesamum
Indicum.--Lippia nodiflora.--Tectona grandis.--Vitex.--Amaranthus
spinosa.--_Achyranthes obtusifolia._--Chenopodium
ambrosioides.--Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.--Allium
Cepa.--Cyperus rotundus.--Zea Mays.--Andropogon Schoenanthus.
_Emmenagogues._--Michelia Champaca.--Artabotrys
odoratissimus.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Cissampelos
Pareira.--Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Abroma
fastuosa.--Ruta graveolens.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Cæsalpinia
Sappan and C. pulcherrima.--Citrullus Colocynthis.--Morinda
citrifolia.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Plumbago
Zeylanica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Sesamum Indicum.--Vitex.--Chenopodium
ambrosioides.--Aristolochia Indica.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Aloes
Barbadensis.--Cyperus rotundus.
_Emetics._--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Moringa
pterygosperma.--Clitoria ternatea.--Entada scandens.--Trichosanthes
anguina.--Lagenaria.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Randia dumetorum.--Pæderia
foetida.--Allamanda cathartica.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Cerbera
Odallam.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Justicia
Gendarussa.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._
_Emollients._--Sida carpinifolia.--Abutilon Indicum.--Urena
sinuata.--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Eriodendron
anfractuosum.--Helicteres Isora.--Biophytum sensitivum.--Zizyphus
Jujuba.--Abrus precatorius.--Clitoria ternata.--Cæsalpinia
pulcherrima.--Lawsonia alba.--Luffa Ægyptiaca.--Ipomoea
pes-capræ.--Sesamum Indicum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Lippia
nodiflora.--Plantago erosa.--Musa paradisiaca and
M. sapientum.--Curcuma longa.--Allium Cepa.--Cocos nucifera.--Oriza.
_Stimulants._--Illicium anisatum.--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Brassica
juncea.--Raphanus sativus.--Mesua ferrea.--Hibiscus
Abelmoschus.--Helicteres Isora.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum
oxyphyllum.--Citrus acida.--Celastrus paniculata.--Moringa
pterygosperma.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Carum
copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--_Coffea Arabica._--Eupatorium
Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Spilanthes
Acmella.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Mimusops Elengi.--Jasminum
Sambac.--_Capsicum fastigiatum._--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus
officinalis.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Piper Betle and
P. nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.--_Cinnamomum._--_Zingiber
officinale._--Curcuma longa.--Allium sativum and A. Cepa.--Cyperus
rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
_Expectorants._--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Biophytum
sensitivum.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Blumea balsamifera.--Tylophora
asthmatica.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Barleria Prionitis.--Adhatoda
vasica.--Vitex.--Ocimum.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._
_Febrifuges._--Michelia Champaca.--Tinospora crispa.--Anamirta
Cocculus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum
Blancoi.--Carapa Moluccensis.--Cedrela Toona.--Erythrina
Indica.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella and C. pulcherrima.--Cassia
occidentalis.--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Trichosanthes
cucumerina.--Hymenodictyon excelsum.--Ixora
coccinea.--Morinda citrifolia.--Achras Sapota.--Mimusops
Elengi.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Alstonia
scholaris.--Vitex.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Anisomeles
ovata.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.
_Galactagogues._--Gossypium herbaceum.
_Antigalactagogues._--Jasminum Sambac.--Piper Betle.
_Hemostatics._--Portulaca oleracea.--Tetracera macrophylla.--Mangifera
Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Euphorbia pilulifera.
_Narcotics_ (_sedatives and anodynes_).--Anamirta Cocculus.--Argemone
Mexicana.--Pangium edule.--Cassia occidentalis.--Solanum
nigrum.--_Datura alba._--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Vitex.
_Nutritive Plants._--_Anona squamosa_, A. reticulata
and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Pangium
edule.--Portulaca oleracea.--Garcinia mangostana and
G. Cambogia.--Sterculia foetida.--_Theobroma Cacao._--_Averrhoa
Bilimbi_, _A. Carambola._--Feronia elephantum.--Garuga
pinnata.--Canarium commune.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Zizyphus
Jujuba.--_Mangifera Indica._--Anacardium occidentale.--Moringa
pterygosperma.--Agati grandiflora.--_Tamarindus Indica._--Bauhinia
malabarica.--Parkia Roxburghii.--Psidium pomiferum.--Eugenia
Jambolana.--Trichosanthes.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Achras
Sapota.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Artocarpus
integrifolia.--_Musa paradisiaca_ and _M. sapientum_.--Areca
Catechu.--_Cocos nucifera._--_Zea Mays._--_Saccharum
officinarum._--_Oriza._--Bambuseæ.
_Purgatives._--Argemone Mexicana.--Garcinia morella.--Mesua
ferrea.--Agati grandiflora.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria
ternatea.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Cassia fistula and
C. alata.--Tamarindus Indica.--Entada scandens.--Terminalia
Chebula.--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes
anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Luffa
Ægyptiaca.--Momordica.--_Citrullus Colocynthis._--Trianthema
monogyna.--Morinda citrifolia.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Carthamus
tinctorius.--Allamanda cathartica.--Cerbera Odallam.--Plumeria
acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea hederacea.--Ipomoea
Turpethum.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Tectona
grandis.--Samadera Indica.--Mirabilis Jalapa.--Amaranthus
spinosus.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Jatropha
Curcas.--Aleurites moluccana.--Croton Tiglium.--Acalypha
Indica.--_Ricinus communis_.--_Aloes Barbadensis._
_Sialagogues._--Carum copticum.