Progress of Commercial Improvement in Germany, Flanders, and England--
in the North of Europe--in the Countries upon the Mediterranean Sea--
Maritime Laws--Usury--Banking Companies--Progress of Refinement in
Manners--Domestic Architecture--Ecclesiastical Architecture--State of
Agriculture in England--Value of Money--Improvement of the Moral
Character of Society--its Causes--Police--Changes in Religious Opinion
--Various Sects--Chivalry--its Progress, Character, and Influence--
Causes of the Intellectual Improvement of European Society--1. The Study
of Civil Law--2. Institution of Universities--their Celebrity--
Scholastic Philosophy--3. Cultivation of Modern Languages--Provencal
Poets--Norman Poets--French Prose Writers--Italian--early Poets in that
Language--Dante--Petrarch--English Language--its Progress--Chaucer--4.
Revival of Classical Learning--Latin Writers of the Twelfth Century--
Literature of the Fourteenth Century--Greek Literature--its Restoration
in Italy--Invention of Printing. 318
NOTES TO CHAPTER IX. 474
INDEX. 487
VIEW
OF
THE STATE OF EUROPE
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.