Greys.
See BIGI.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Guadalupes.
See GACHUPINES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Guelfs and Ghibellines.
See GUELFS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Gueux, or Beggars.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1562-1566.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Half-breeds.
See STALWARTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Hard-Shell Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Hats and Caps.
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1720-1792.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Home Rulers or Nationalists.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879;
also ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886, and 1892-1893.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Hooks and Cods, or Kabeljauws.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1345-1354;
and 1482-1493.
{2493}
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Huguenots.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1559-1561, to 1598-1599;
1620-1622, to 1627-1628;
1661-1680; 1681-1698; 1702-1710.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Hunkers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Iconoclasts of the 8th century.
See ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Iconoclasts of the 16th century.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1566-1568.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Importants.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1642-1643.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Independent Republicans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Independents, or Separatists.
See INDEPENDENTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Intransigentists.
See INTRANSIGENTISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Irredentists.
See IRREDENTISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Jacobins.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1790, to 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Jacobites.
See JACOBITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Jacquerie.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1358.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Jingoes.
See TURKS: A. D. 1878.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Kabeljauws.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: HOOKS AND CODS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Kharejites.
See KHAREJITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Know Nothing.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Ku Klux Klan.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Land Leaguers.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Left.
Left Center.
See RIGHT, LEFT, AND CENTER.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Legitimists.
See LEGITIMISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Leliaerds.
See LELIAERDS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Levellers.
See LEVELLERS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Liberal Republicans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1872.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Liberal Unionists.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Libertines.
See LIBERTINES OF GENEVA.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Liberty Boys.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: SONS OF LIBERTY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Liberty Party.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D.1840-1847.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Locofocos.
See LOCOFOCOS;
and NEW YORK: A.D. 1835-1837.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Lollards.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1360-1414.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Malignants.
See MALIGNANTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
The Marais, or Plain.
See FRANCE A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Marians.
See ROME: B. C. 88-78.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Martling Men.
See MARTLING MEN.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Melchites.
See MELCHITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
The Mountain.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER);
1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER);
and after, to 1794-1705 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Mugwumps.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Muscadins.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Nationalists, Irish.
See ENGLAND: A.D. 1885-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Neri.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Nihilists.
See NIHILISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Oak Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1708.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Opportunists.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1893.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Orangemen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1705-1706.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Orleanists.
See LEGITIMISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
The Ormée.
See BORDEAUX: A. D. 1652-1653.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Orphans.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Ottimati.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Palleschi.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Patrons of Husbandry.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1877-1801.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Peep-o'-Day Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798, and 1784.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Pelucones.
See PELUCONES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Petits Maîtres.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1650-1651.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Piagnoni.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1490-1408.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
The Plain.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Plebs.
See PLEBEIANS;
also, ROME: THE BEGINNING, and after.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Politiques.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1573-1576.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Popolani.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Populist or People's.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1892.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Prohibitionists.
See PROHIBITIONISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Protectionists.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Puritan.
See PURITANS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Republican (Earlier).
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1825-1828.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1854-1855.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Ribbonmen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1820-1826.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Right.—Right Center.
See RIGHT, LEFT, AND CENTER.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Roundheads.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1641 (OCTOBER);
also, ROUNDHEADS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Sansculottes.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Secesh.
See BOYS IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Serviles.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Shias.
See ISLAM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Silver-greys.
Snuff-takers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Socialists.
See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Soft-Shell Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Sons of Liberty.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY,
and 1864 (OCTOBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Stalwarts.
See STALWARTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Steel Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Sunni.
See ISLAM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Taborites.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434;
and 1434-1457.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Tammany Ring.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871;
and TAMMANY SOCIETY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Tories.
See RAPPAREES; ENGLAND: A. D. 1680;
CONSERVATIVE PARTY;
and TORIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Tugenbund.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1808 (APRIL-DECEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Ultramontanists.
See ULTRAMONTANE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
United Irishmen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1703-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Utraquists.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434; and 1434-1457.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Whigs (American).
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1834.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Whigs (English).
See WHIGS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Whiteboys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
White Hoods.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1379,
and 'WHITE HOODS OF FRANCE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Whites.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Wide Awakes.
See WIDE AWAKES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Woolly-heads.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Yellows;
See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Yorkinos.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Young Ireland.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1841-1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Young Italy.
See ITALY: A. D. 1831-1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS:
Zealots.
See ZEALOTS;
and JEWS: A. D. 66-70.
PARTITION OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE, The Treaties of.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1698-1700.
PARTITIONS OF POLAND.
See POLAND: A. D. 1763-1773; and 1793-1706.
PARU, The Great.
See EL DORADO.
PASARGADÆ.
One of the tribes of the ancient Persians, from which came the
royal race of the Achæmenids.
See PERSIA: ANCIENT PEOPLE AND COUNTRY.
PASCAGOULAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.
PASCAL I.,
Pope, A. D. 817-824.
Pascal II., Pope, 1099-1118.
PASCUA.
See VECTIGAL.
PASSAROWITZ, Peace of (1718).
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1699-1718;
and TURKS: A. D. 1714-1718.
PASSAU: Taken by the Bavarians and French.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1703.
PASSAU, Treaty of.
See GERMANY; A. D. 1546-1552.
PASSÉ, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.
PASTEUR, Louis, and his work in Bacteriology.
See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 19TH CENTURY.
PASTORS, The Crusade of the.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1252.
PASTRENGO, Battle of (1799).
SEE FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-APRIL).
{2494}
PASTRY WAR, The.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1828-1844.
PATAGONIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PATAGONIANS.
PATARA, Oracle of.
See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.
PATARENES.
PATERINI.
About the middle of the 11th century, there appeared at Milan
a young priest named Ariald who caused a great commotion by
attacking the corruptions of clergy and people and preaching
repentance and reform. The whole of Milan became "separated
into two hotly contending parties. This controversy divided
families; it was the one object which commanded universal
participation. The popular party, devoted to Ariald and
Landulph [a deacon who supported Ariald], was nicknamed
'Pataria', which in the dialect of Milan signified a popular
faction; and as a heretical tendency might easily grow out of,
or attach itself to, this spirit of separatism so zealously
opposed to the corruption of the clergy, it came about that,
in the following centuries, the name Patarenes was applied in
Italy as a general appellation to denote sects contending
against the dominant church and clergy—sects which, for the
most part, met with great favour from the people."
_A. Neander,
General History of the Christian Religion and Church
(Bohn's edition),
volume 6, page 67._
"The name Patarini is derived from the quarter of the
rag-gatherers, Pataria."
_W. Moeller,
History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages,
page 253, foot-note._
During the fierce controversy of the 11th century over the
question of celibacy for the clergy (see PAPACY: A. D.
1056-1122), the party in Milan which supported Pope Gregory
VII. (Hildebrand) in his inflexible warfare against the
marriage of priests were called by their opponents Patarines.
_H. H. Milman,
History of Latin Christianity,
book 6, chapter 3._
See, also,
CATHARISTS: ALBIGENSES;
and PAULICIANS;
and TURKS: A. D. 1402-1451.
PATAVIUM, Early knowledge of.
See VENETI OF CISALPINE GAUL.
PATAY, Battle of (1429).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1429-1431.
PATCHINAKS.
UZES.
COMANS.
The Patchinaks, or Patzinaks, Uzes and Comans were successive
swarms of Turkish nomads which came into southeastern Europe
during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, following and
driving each other into the long and often devastated Danubian
provinces of the Byzantine empire, and across the Balkans. The
wars of the empire with the Patchinaks were many and seriously
exhausting. The Comans are said to have been Turcomans, with
the first part of their true name dropped off.
_E. Pears,
The Fall of Constantinople,
chapter 3._
See, also, RUSSIANS: A. D. 865-900.
PATER PATRATUS.
See FETIALES.
PATER PATRIÆ.
"The first individual, belonging to an epoch strictly
historical, who received this title was Cicero, to whom it was
voted by the Senate after the suppression of the Catilinarian
conspiracy."
_W. Ramsay,
Manual of Roman Antiquity,
chapter 5._
PATERINI, The.
See PATARENES.
PATNA, Massacre at (1763).
See INDIA: A. D. 1757-1772.
PATRIARCH OF THE WEST, The.
"It was not long after the dissolution of the Jewish state
[consequent on the revolt suppressed by Titus] that it revived
again in appearance, under the form of two separate
communities mostly dependent upon each other: one under a
sovereignty purely spiritual, the other partly temporal and
partly spiritual,—but each comprehending all the Jewish
families in the two great divisions of the world. At the head
of the Jews on this side of the Euphrates appeared the
Patriarch of the West: the chief of the Mesopotamian community
assumed the striking but more temporal title of
'Resch-Glutha,' or' Prince of the Captivity. The origin of
both these dignities, especially of the Western patriarchate,
is involved in much obscurity."
_H. H. Milman,
History of the Jews,
book 18._
See, also, JEWS: A. D. 200-400.
PATRIARCHS.
See PRIMATES.
PATRICIAN, The class.
See COMITIA CURIATA;
also, PLEBEIANS.
PATRICIAN, The Later Roman Title.
"Introduced by Constantine at a time when its original meaning
had been long forgotten, it was designed to be, and for a
while remained, the name not of an office but of a rank, the
highest after those of emperor and consul. As such, it was
usually conferred upon provincial governors of the first
class, and in time also upon barbarian potentates whose vanity
the Roman court might wish to flatter. Thus Odoacer,
Theodoric, the Burgundian king Sigismund, Clovis himself, had
all received it from the Eastern emperor: so too in still
later times it was given to Saracenic and Bulgarian princes.
In the sixth and seventh centuries an invariable practice
seems to have attached it to the Byzantine viceroys of Italy,
and thus, as we may conjecture, a natural confusion of ideas
had made men take it to be, in some sense, an official title,
conveying an extensive though undefined authority, and
implying in particular the duty of overseeing the Church and
promoting her temporal interests. It was doubtless with such a
meaning that the Romans and their bishop bestowed it upon the
Frankish kings, acting quite without legal right, for it could
emanate from the emperor alone, but choosing it as the title
which bound its possessor to render to the church support and
defence against her Lombard foes."
_J. Bryce,
The Holy Roman Empire,
chapter 4._
PATRICK, St., in Ireland.
See IRELAND: 5-8TH CENTURIES;
and EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL: IRELAND.
PATRIMONY OF ST. PETER, The.
The territory over which the Pope formerly exercised and still
claims temporal sovereignty.
See STATES OF THE CHURCH
also, PAPACY: A. D. 755-774, and after.
PATRIOT WAR, The.
See CANADA: A. D. 1837-1838.
PATRIPASSIANS.
See NOËTIANS.
PATRONAGE, Political.
See STALWARTS.
PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1877-1891.
PATROONS OF NEW NETHERLAND, and their colonies.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1621-1646.
PATZINAKS, The.
See PATCHINAKS.
PAUL, St., the Apostle,
the missionary labors of.
See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 33-100;
and ATHENS: B. C. 54 (?).
Paul, Czar of Russia, A. D. 1796-1801.
Paul I., Pope, 757-767.
Paul II., Pope, 1464-1471.
Paul III., Pope, 1534-1549.
Paul IV., Pope, 1555-1559.
Paul V., Pope, 1605-1621.
{2495}
PAULETTE, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1647-1648.
PAULICIANS, The.
"After a pretty long obscurity the Manichean theory revived
with some modification in the western parts of Armenia, and
was propagated in the 8th and 9th centuries by a sect
denominated Paulicians. Their tenets are not to be collected
with absolute certainty from the mouths of their adversaries,
and no apology of their own survives. There seems however to
be sufficient evidence that the Paulicians, though professing
to acknowledge and even to study the apostolical writings,
ascribed the creation of the world to an evil deity, whom they
supposed also to be the author of the Jewish law, and
consequently rejected all the Old Testament. … Petrus Siculus
enumerates six Paulician heresies.
1. They maintained the existence of two deities, the one evil,
and the creator of this world; the other good, … the author
of that which is to come.
2. They refused to worship the Virgin, and asserted that
Christ brought his body from heaven.
3. They rejected the Lord's Supper.
4. And the adoration of the cross.
5. They denied the authority of the Old Testament, but
admitted the New, except the epistles of St. Peter, and,
perhaps, the Apocalypse.
6. They did not acknowledge the order of priests.
There seems every reason to suppose that the Paulicians,
notwithstanding their mistakes, were endowed with sincere and
zealous piety, and studious of the Scriptures. … These errors
exposed them to a long and cruel persecution, during which a
colony of exiles was planted by one of the Greek emperors in
Bulgaria. From this settlement they silently promulgated their
Manichean creed over the western regions of Christendom. A
large part of the commerce of those countries with
Constantinople was carried on for several centuries by the
channel of the Danube. This opened an immediate intercourse
with the Paulicians, who may be traced up that river through
Hungary and Bavaria, or sometimes taking the route of
Lombardy, into Switzerland and France. In the last country,
and especially in its southern and eastern provinces, they
became conspicuous under a variety of names; such as
Catharists, Picards, Paterins, but, above all, Albigenses. It
is beyond a doubt that many of these sectaries owed their
origin to the Paulicians; the appellation of Bulgarians was
distinctively bestowed upon them; and, according to some
writers, they acknowledged a primate or patriarch resident in
that country. … It is generally agreed that the Manicheans
from Bulgaria did not penetrate into the west of Europe before
the year 1000; and they seem to have been in small numbers
till about 1140. … I will only add, in order to obviate
cavilling, that I use the word Albigenses for the Manichean
sects, without pretending to assert that their doctrines
prevailed more in the neighbourhood of Albi than elsewhere.
The main position is that a large part of the Languedocian
heretics against whom the crusade was directed had imbibed the
Paulician opinions. If anyone chooses rather to call them
Catharists, it will not be material."
_H. Hallam,
Middle Ages,
chapter 9, part 2, and foot-notes._
ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 54._
See, also,
CATHARISTS, and ALBIGENSES.
PAULINES, The.
See BARNABITES.
PAULISTAS (of Brazil).
See BRAZIL: A. D. 1531-1641.
PAULUS HOOK, The storming of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778-1779.
PAUSANIUS, The mad conduct of.
See GREECE: B. C. 478-477.
----------PAVIA: Start--------
PAVIA:
Origin of the city.
See LIGURIANS.
PAVIA: A. D. 270.
Defeat of the Alemanni.
See ALEMANNI: A. D. 270.
PAVIA: A. D. 493-523.
Residence of Theodoric the Ostrogoth.
See VERONA: A. D. 493-525.
PAVIA: A. D. 568-571.
Siege by the Lombards.
Made capital of the Lombard kingdom.
See LOMBARDS: A. D. 568-573.
PAVIA: A. D. 753-754.
Siege by Charlemagne.
See LOMBARDS: A. D. 754-774.
PAVIA: A. D. 924.
Destruction by the Hungarians.
See ITALY: A. D. 900-924.
PAVIA: A. D. 1004.
Burned by the German troops.
See ITALY: A. D. 961-1039.
PAVIA: 11-12th Centuries.
Acquisition of Republican Independence.
See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.
PAVIA: A. D. 1395.
Relation to the duchy of the Visconti of Milan.
See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447.
PAVIA: A. D. 1524-1525.
Siege and Battle.
Defeat and capture of Francis I., of France.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1523-1525.
PAVIA: A. D. 1527.
Taken and plundered by the French.
See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.
PAVIA: A. D. 1745.
Taken by the French and Spaniards.
See ITALY: A. D. 1745.
PAVIA: A. D. 1796.
Capture and pillage by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).
----------PAVIA: End--------
PAVON, Battle of.
See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1819-1874.
PAVONIA, The Patroon colony of.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1621-1646.
PAWNEES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.
PAWTUCKET INDIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
PAXTON BOYS, Massacre of Indians by the.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SUSQUEHANNAS.
PAYAGUAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
PAYENS, Hugh de, and the founding of the Order of the Templars.
See TEMPLARS.
PAYTITI, The Great.
See EL DORADO.
PAZZI, Conspiracy of the.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1469-1492.
PEA INDIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
PEA RIDGE, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-MARCH: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).
PEABODY EDUCATION FUND.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1867-1891.
PEACE, The King's.
See KING'S PEACE;
also LAW, COMMON: A. D. 871-1066, 1110, 1135, and 1300.
PEACE CONVENTION, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY).
PEACE OF AUGUSTUS, AND PEACE OF VESPASIAN.
See TEMPLE OF JANUS.
PEACE OF THE DAMES,
THE LADIES' PEACE.
See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.
{2496}
PEACH TREE CREEK, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-SEPTEMBER: GEORGIA).
PEACOCK THRONE, The.
See INDIA: A. D. 1662-1748.
PEAGE,
PEAKE.
See WAMPUM.
----------PEASANT REVOLTS: Start--------
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 287.
The Bagauds of Gaul.
See BAGAUDS.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1358.
The Jacquerie of France.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1358.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1381.
Wat Tyler's rebellion in England.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1381.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1450.
Jack Cade's rebellion in England.
See ENGLAND; A. D. 1450.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1492-1514.
The Bundschuh in Germany.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1492-1514.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1513.
The Kurucs of Hungary.
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1487-1526.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1521-1525.
The Peasants' War in Germany.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1524-1525.
PEASANT REVOLTS: A. D. 1652-1653.
Peasant War in Switzerland.
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1652-1789.
----------PEASANT REVOLTS: End--------
PEC-SÆTAN.
Band of Angles who settled on the moorlands of the Peak of
Derbyshire.
PEDDAR-WAY, The.
The popular name of an old Roman road in England, which runs
from Brancaster, on the Wash, via Colchester, to London.
PEDIÆI.
THE PEDION.
See ATHENS: B. C. 594.
PEDRO
(called The Cruel), King of Leon and Castile, A. D. 1350-1369.
Pedro, King of Portugal, 1357-1367.
Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, 1822-1831;
Pedro IV., King of Portugal, 1826
Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, 1831-1889
Pedro II., King of Portugal, 1667-1706.
Pedro III., King-Consort of Portugal, 1777-1786.
Pedro V., King of Portugal, 1853-1861.
Pedro.
See, also, PETER.
PEEL, Sir Robert: Administrations of.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1834-1837, 1837-1839, 1841-1842, to 1846;
TARIFF LEGISLATION (ENGLAND): A. D. 1842, and 1845-1846;
MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1844.
PEEP-O'-DAY BOYS.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798; and 1784.
PEERS.
PEERAGE, The British.
"The estate of the peerage is identical with the house of
lords."
_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
volume 2, page 184._
See LORDS, BRITISH HOUSE OF;
and PARLIAMENT, THE ENGLISH.
PEERS OF FRANCE, The Twelve.
See TWELVE PEERS OF FRANCE.
PEGU, British acquisition of.
See INDIA: A. D. 1852.
PEHLEVI LANGUAGE.
"Under the Arsacids, the Old Persian passed into Middle
Persian, which at a later time was known by the name of the
Parthians, the tribe at that time supreme in Persia. Pahlav
and Pehlevi mean Parthian, and, as applied to language, the
language of the Parthians, i. e. of the Parthian era. … In the
latest period of the dominion of the Sassanids, the recent
Middle Persian or Parsec took the place of Pehlevi."
_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 7, chapter 1._
PEHUELCHES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
----------PEKIN: Start--------
PEKIN: The origin of the city.
See CHINA: A. D. 1259-1294.
PEKIN: A. D. 1860.
English and French forces in the city.
The burning of the Summer Palace.
See CHINA: A. D. 1856-1860.
----------PEKIN: End--------
PELAGIANISM.
"Pelagianism was … the great intellectual controversy of the
church in the fifth century, as Arianism had been in the
fourth. … Everyone is aware that this controversy turned upon
the question of free-will and of grace, that is to say, of the
relations between the liberty of man and the Divine power, of
the influence of God upon the moral activity of men. … About
the year 405, a British monk, Pelagius (this is the name given
him by the Greek and Latin writers; his real name, it appears,
was Morgan), was residing at Rome. There has been infinite
discussion as to his origin, his moral character, his
capacity, his learning; and, under these various heads, much
abuse has been lavished upon him; but this abuse would appear
to be unfounded, for judging from the most authoritative
testimony, from that of St. Augustin himself, Pelagius was a
man of good birth, of excellent education, of pure life. A
resident, as I have said, at Rome, and now a man of mature
age, without laying down any distinct doctrines, without
having written any book on the subject, Pelagius began, about
the year I have mentioned, 405, to talk much about free-will,
to insist urgently upon this moral fact, to expound it. There
is no indication that he attacked any person about the matter,
or that he sought controversy; he appears to have acted simply
upon the belief that human liberty was not held in sufficient
account, had not its due share in the religious doctrines of
the period. These ideas excited no trouble in Rome, scarcely
any debate. Pelagius spoke freely; they listened to him
quietly. His principal disciple was Celestius, like him a
monk, or so it is thought at least, but younger. … In 411
Pelagius and Celestius are no longer at Rome; we find them in
Africa, at Hippo and at Carthage. … Their doctrines spread. …
The bishop of Hippo began to be alarmed; he saw in these new
ideas error and peril. … Saint Augustin was the chief of the
doctors of the church, called upon more than any other to
maintain the general system of her doctrines. … You see, from
that time, what a serious aspect the quarrel took: everything
was engaged in it, philosophy, politics, and religion, the
opinions of Saint Augustin and his business, his self-love and
his duty. He entirely abandoned himself to it." In the end,
Saint Augustin and his opinions prevailed. The doctrines of
Pelagius were condemned by three successive councils of the
church, by three successive emperors and by two popes—one of
whom was forced to reverse his first decision. His partisans
were persecuted and banished. "After the year 418, we discover
in history no trace of Pelagius. The name of Celestius is
sometimes met with until the year 427; it then disappears.
These two men once off the scene, their school rapidly
declined."
_F. Guizot,
History of Civilization
(translated by Hazlitt),
volume 2, lecture. 5._
ALSO IN:
_P. Schaff,
History of the Christian Church, period 3,
chapter 9._
See, also,
PORT ROYAL AND THE JANSENISTS.
{2497}
PELASGIANS, The.
Under this name we have vague knowledge of a people whom the
Greeks of historic times refer to as having preceded them in
the occupancy of the Hellenic peninsula and Asia Minor, and
whom they looked upon as being kindred to themselves in race.
"Such information as the Hellenes … possessed about the
Pelasgi, was in truth very scanty. They did not look upon them
as a mythical people of huge giants—as, for example, in the
popular tales of the modern Greeks the ancestors of the latter
are represented as mighty warriors, towering to the height of
poplar trees. There exist no Pelasgian myths, no Pelasgian
gods, to be contrasted with the Greeks. … Thucydides, in whom
the historic consciousness of the Hellenes finds its clearest
expression, also regards the inhabitants of Hellas from the
most ancient times, Pelasgi as well as Hellenes, as one
nation. … And furthermore, according to his opinion genuine
sons of these ancient Pelasgi continued through all times to
dwell in different regions, and especially in Attica.
_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 1._
"It is inevitable that modern historians should take widely
divergent views of a nation concerning which tradition is so
uncertain. Some writers, among whom is Kiepert, think that the
Pelasgi were a Semitic tribe, who immigrated into Greece. This
theory, though it explains their presence on the coast, fails
to account for their position at Dodona and in Thessaly. … In
another view, which has received the assent of Thirlwall and
Duncker, Pelasgian is nothing more than the name of the
ancient inhabitants of the country, which subsequently gave
way to the title Achaean, as this in its turn was supplanted
by the term Hellenes. … We have no evidence to support the
idea of a Pelasgic Age as a period of simple habits and
agricultural occupations, which slowly gave way before the
more martial age of the Achaeans. The civilization of the
'Achaean Age' exists only in the epic poems, and the 'Pelasgic
Age' is but another name for the prehistoric Greeks, of whose
agriculture we know nothing."
_E. Abbott,
History of Greece,
part 1, chapter 2._
ALSO IN:
_M. Duncker,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 2._
See, also,
DORIANS AND IONIANS;
ŒNOTRIANS;
ARYANS;
ITALY: ANCIENT.
PELAYO, King of the Asturias (or Oviedo) and Leon, A. D. 718-737.
PELHAMS, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1742-1745; and 1757-1760.
PELIGNIANS, The.
See SABINES.
PELISIPIA, The proposed State of.
See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1784.
----------PELLA: Start--------
PELLA.
A new Macedonian capital founded by Archelaus, the ninth of
the kings of Macedonia.
PELLA:
Surrendered to the Ostrogoths.
See GOTHS (OSTROGOTHS): A. D. 473-488.
----------PELLA: End--------
PELOPIDS.
PELOPONNESUS.
"Among the ancient legendary genealogies, there was none which
figured with greater splendour, or which attracted to itself a
higher degree of poetical interest and pathos, than that of
the Pelopids:—Tantalus, Pelops, Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon
and Menelaus and Ægisthus, Helen and Klytaemnestra, Orestes
and Elektra and Hermione. Each of these characters is a star
of the first magnitude in the Grecian hemisphere. … Pelops is
the eponym or name-giver of the Peloponnesus: to find an
eponym for every conspicuous local name was the invariable
turn of Grecian retrospective fancy. The name Peloponnesus is
not to be found either in the Iliad or the Odyssey, nor any
other denomination which can be attached distinctly and
specially to the entire peninsula. But we meet with the name
in one of the most ancient post-Homeric poems of which any
fragments have been preserved—the Cyprian Verses. … The
attributes by which the Pelopid Agamemnon and his house are
marked out and distinguished from the other heroes of the
Iliad, are precisely those which Grecian imagination would
naturally seek in an eponymus—superior wealth, power,
splendour and regality."
_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 1, chapter 7._
"Of the … family of myths … that of Pelops [is] especially
remarkable as attaching itself more manifestly and decisively
than any other Heroic myth to Ionia and Lydia. We remember the
royal house of Tantalus enthroned on the banks of the Sipylus,
and intimately associated with the worship of the Phrygian
Mother of the Gods. Members of this royal house emigrate and
cross to Hellas from the Ionian ports; they bring with them
bands of adventurous companions, a treasure of rich culture
and knowledge of the world, arms and ornaments, and splendid
implements of furniture, and gain a following among the
natives, hitherto combined in no political union. … This was
the notion formed by men like Thucydides as to the epoch
occasioned by the appearance of the Pelopidæ in the earliest
ages of the nation; and what element in this notion is either
improbable or untenable. Do not all the traditions connected
with Achæan princes of the house of Pelops point with one
consent over the sea to Lydia?"
_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 3._
PELOPONNESIAN WAR, The.
See GREECE: B. C. 435-432, to B. C. 405;
and ATHENS: B. C. 431, and after.
PELOPONNESUS, The Doric migration to.
See DORIANS AND IONIANS.
PELTIER TRIAL, The.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1802-1803.
PELUCONES, The.
The name of one of the parties in Chilean politics, supposed
to have some resemblance to the English Whigs.
_E. J. Payne,
History of European Colonies,
page 279._
----------PELUSIUM: Start--------
PELUSIUM.
"Behind, as we enter Egypt [from the east] is the treacherous
Lake Serbonis; in front the great marsh broadening towards the
west; on the right the level melancholy shore of the almost
tideless Mediterranean. At the very point of the angle stood
of old the great stronghold Pelusium, Sin, in Ezekiel's days,
'the strength of Egypt' (xxx. 15). The most eastward
Nile-stream flowed behind the city, and on the north was a
port commodious enough to hold an ancient fleet. … As the
Egyptian monarchy waned, Pelusium grew in importance, for it
was the strongest city of the border. Here the last king of
the Saïte line, Psammeticus III, son of Amasis, awaited
Cambyses. The battle of Pelusium, which crushed the native
power, may almost take rank among the decisive battles of the
world. Had the Persians failed, they might never have won the
command of the Mediterranean, without which they could
scarcely have invaded Greece. Of the details of the action we
know nothing."
_R. S. Poole,
Cities of Egypt,
chapter 11._
It was at Pelusium that Pompey, defeated and flying from
Cæsar, was assassinated.
{2498}
PELUSIUM: B. C. 47.
Taken by the king of Pergamus.
See ALEXANDRIA: B. C. 48-47.
PELUSIUM: A. D. 616.
Surprised by Chosroes.
See EGYPT: A. D. 616-628.
PELUSIUM: A. D. 640.
Capture by the Moslems.
See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 640-646.
----------PELUSIUM: End--------
PEMAQUID PATENT.
See MAINE: A. D. 1629-1631.
PEMAQUID PATENT: A. D. 1664.
Purchased for the Duke of York.
See NEW YORK A. D. 1664.
PEN SELWOOD, Battle of.
The first battle fought, A. D. 1016, between the English king
Edmund, or Eadmund, Ironsides, and his Danish rival Cnut, or
Canute, for the crown of England. The Dane was beaten.
PENACOOK INDIANS.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
PENAL LAWS AGAINST THE IRISH CATHOLICS.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1691-1782.
PENDLE, Forest of.
A former forest in Lancashire, England, which was popularly
believed to be the resort of "Lancashire Witches."
PENDLETON BILL, The.
See CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES.
PENDRAGON.
See DRAGON.
PENESTÆ, The.
In ancient Thessaly there was "a class of serfs, or dependent
cultivators, corresponding to the Laconian Helots, who,
tilling the lands of the wealthy oligarchs, paid over a
proportion of its produce, furnished the retainers by which
these great families were surrounded, served as their
followers in the cavalry, and were in a condition of
villanage,—yet with the important reserve that they could not
be sold out of the country, that they had a permanent tenure
in the soil, and that they maintained among one another the
relations of family and village. This … order of men, in
Thessaly called the Penestæ, is assimulated by all ancient
authors to the Helots of Luconia."
_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 3._
PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN OF McCLELLAN.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862
MARCH-MAY: VIRGINIA;
MAY: VIRGINIA,
JUNE: VIRGINIA,
JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA,
JULY-AUGUST: VIRGINIA.
PENINSULAR WAR, The Spanish.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1807-1808 to 1812-1814.
PENN, William, and the colony of Pennsylvania.
See PENNSYLVANIA; A. D. 1681. and after.
PENNAMITE AND YANKEE WAR.
See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1753-1790.
----------PENNSYLVANIA: Start--------
PENNSYLVANIA.
The aboriginal inhabitants and their relations to the white
colonists.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
DELAWARES, SUSQUEHANNAS, and SHAWANESE.
PENNSYLVANIA:A. D. 1629-1664.
The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware.
See DELAWARE; A. D. 1620-1631, and after.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1632.
Partly embraced in the Maryland grant to Lord Baltimore.
See MARYLAND: A. D. 1632.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1634.
Partly embraced in the Palatine grant of New Albion.
See NEW ALBION.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1641.
The settlement from New Haven, on the site of Philadelphia.
See NEW JERSEY: A. D. 1640-1655.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1673.
Repossession of the Delaware by the Dutch.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1673.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1681.
The Proprietary grant to William Penn.
"William Penn was descended from a long line of sailor
ancestors. His father, an admiral in the British navy, had
held various important naval commands, and in recognition of
his services had been honored by knighthood. A member of
Parliament, and possessed of a considerable fortune, the path
of worldly advancement seemed open and easy for the feet of
his son, who had received a liberal education at Oxford,
continued in the schools of the Continent. Beautiful in
person, engaging in manner, accomplished in manly exercises
and the use of the sword, fortune and preferment seemed to
wait the acceptance of William Penn. But at the very outset of
his career the Divine voice fell upon his ears as upon those
of St. Paul." He became a follower of George Fox, and one of
the people known as Quakers or Friends. "Many trials awaited
the youthful convert. His father cast him off. He underwent a
considerable imprisonment in the Tower for 'urging the cause
of freedom with importunity.' … In time these afflictions
abated. The influence of his family saved him from the heavier
penalties which fell upon many of his co-religionists. His
father on his death-bed reinstated him as his heir. 'Son
William,' said the dying man, 'if you and your friends keep to
your plain way of preaching and living, you will make an end
of the priests.' Some years later we find him exerting an
influence at Court which almost amounted to popularity. It is
evident that, with all his boldness of opinion and speech,
Penn possessed a tact and address which gave him the advantage
over most of his sect in dealings with worldly people. … In
1680 his influence at Court and with moneyed men enabled him
to purchase a large tract of land in east New Jersey, on which
to settle a colony of Quakers, a previous colony having been
sent out three years before to west New Jersey. Meanwhile a
larger project filled his mind. His father had bequeathed to
him a claim on the Crown for £16,000. Colonial property was
then held in light esteem, and, with the help of some powerful
friends, Penn was enabled so to press his claim as to secure
the charter for that valuable grant which afterward became the
State of Pennsylvania, and which included three degrees of
latitude by five of longitude, west from the Delaware. 'This
day,' writes Penn, January 5, 1681, 'my country was confirmed
to me by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the king [Charles
II.] would give it in honour of my father. I chose New Wales,
being as this a pretty hilly country. I proposed (when the
Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales)
Sylvania, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed
it, and went to the King to have it struck out and altered, he
said 'twas past, and he would take it upon him. … I feared
lest it should be looked upon as a vanity in me, and not as a
respect of the King, as it truly was, to my father, whom he
often mentions with praise.'
{2499}
'In return for this grant of 26,000,000 of acres of the best
land in the universe, William Penn, it was agreed, was to
deliver annually at Windsor Castle two beaver-skins, pay into
the King's treasury one fifth of the gold and silver which the
province might yield, and govern the province in conformity
with the laws of England and as became a liege of England's
King. He was to appoint judges and magistrates, could pardon
all crimes except murder and treason, and whatsoever things he
could lawfully do himself, he could appoint a deputy to do, he
and his heirs forever.' The original grant was fantastically
limited by a circle drawn twelve miles distant from Newcastle,
northward and westward, to the beginning of the 40th degree of
latitude. This was done to accommodate the Duke of York, who
wished to retain the three lower counties as an appanage to
the State of New York. A few months later he was persuaded to
renounce this claim, and the charter of Penn was extended to
include the western and southern shores of the Delaware Bay
and River from the 43rd degree of latitude to the Atlantic. …
The charter confirmed, a brief account of the country was
published, and lands offered for sale on the easy terms of 40
shillings a hundred acres, and one shilling's rent a year in
perpetuity. Numerous adventurers, many of them men of wealth
and respectability, offered. The articles of agreement
included a provision as to 'just and friendly conduct toward
the natives.' … In April, 1681, he sent forward 'young Mr.
Markham,' his relative, with a small party of colonists to
take possession of the grant, and prepare for his own coming
during the following year. … In August, 1682, Penn himself
embarked."
_Susan Coolidge
(S. C. Woolsey),
Short History of Philadelphia,
chapter 2._
"The charter [to Penn], which is given complete in Hazard's
Annals, consists of 23 articles, with a preamble. … The grant
comprises all that part of America, islands included, which is
bounded on the east by the Delaware River from a point on a
circle twelve miles northward of New Castle town to the 43°
north latitude if the Delaware extends so far; if not, as far
as it does extend, and thence to the 43° by a meridian line.
From this point westward five degrees of longitude on the 43°
parallel; the western boundary to the 40th parallel, and
thence by a straight line to the place of beginning. … Grants
Penn rights to and use of rivers, harbors, fisheries, etc. …
Creates and constitutes him Lord Proprietary of the Province,
saving only his allegiance to the King, Penn to hold directly
of the kings of England, 'as of our castle of Windsor in the
county of Berks, in free and common socage, by fealty only,
for all services, and not in capite, or by Knight's service,
yielding and paying therefore to us, our heirs and successors,
two beaver-skins.' … Grants Penn and his successors, his
deputies and lieutenants, 'free, full, and absolute power' to
make laws for raising money for the public uses of the
Province, and for other public purposes at their discretion,
by and with the advice and consent of the people or their
representatives in assembly. … Grants power to appoint
officers, judges, magistrates, etc., to pardon offenders."
_J. T. Scharf and T. Westcott,
History of Philadelphia,
chapter 7 (volume 1)._
ALSO IN:
_T. Clarkson,
Memoirs of William Penn,
volume 1, chapters 16-17._
_S. Hazard,
Annals of Pennsylvania,
pages 485-504._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1681-1682.
Penn's Frame of Government.
Before the departure from England of the first company of
colonists, Penn drew up a Frame of Government which he
submitted to them, and to which they gave their assent and
approval by their signatures, he signing the instrument
likewise. The next year this Frame of Government was published
by Penn, with a preface, "containing his own thoughts upon the
origin, nature, object, and modes of Government. … The Frame,
which followed this preface, consisted of twenty-four
articles; and the Laws, which were annexed to the latter, were
forty. By the Frame the government was placed in the Governor
and Freemen of the province, out of whom were to be formed two
bodies; namely, a Provincial Council and a General Assembly.
These were to be chosen by the Freemen; and though the
Governor or his Deputy was to be perpetual President, he was
to have but a treble vote. The Provincial Council was to
consist of seventy-two members. One third part, that is,
twenty-four of them, were to serve for three years, one third
for two, and the other third for one; so that there might be
an annual succession of twenty-four new members, each third
part thus continuing for three years and no longer. It was the
office of this Council to prepare and propose bills, to see
that the laws were executed, to take care of the peace and
safety of the province, to settle the situation of ports,
cities, market towns, roads, and other public places, to
inspect the public treasury, to erect courts of justice,
institute schools, and reward the authors of useful discovery.
Not less than two thirds of these were necessary to make a
quorum; and the consent of not less than two thirds of such
quorum in all matters of moment. The General Assembly was to
consist the first year of all the freemen, and the next of two
hundred. These were to be increased afterwards according to
the increase of the population of the province. They were to
have no deliberative power; but, when bills were brought to
them from the Governor and Provincial Council, to pass or
reject them by a plain Yes or No. They were to present
sheriffs and justices of the peace to the Governor, a double
number for his choice of half. They were to be elected
annually. All elections of members, whether to the Provincial
Council or General Assembly, were to be by ballot. And this
Charter or Frame of Government was not to be altered, changed,
or diminished in any part or clause of it, without the consent
of the Governor, or his heirs or assigns, and six parts out of
seven of the Freemen both in the Provincial Council and
General Assembly. With respect to the Laws, which I said
before were forty in number, I shall only at present observe
of them that they related to whatever may be included under
the term 'Good Government of the Province'; some of them to
liberty of conscience; others to civil officers and their
qualifications; others to offences; others to legal
proceedings, such as pleadings, processes, fines,
imprisonments, and arrests; others to the natural servants and
poor of the province. With respect to all of them it may be
observed, that, like the Frame itself, they could not be
altered but by the consent of the Governor, or his heirs, and
the consent of six parts out of seven of the two bodies before
mentioned."
_T. Clarkson,
Memoirs of William Penn,
volume 1, chapter 18._
ALSO IN:
_S. Hazard,
Annals of Pennsylvania,
pages 558-574._
{2500}
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1682.
Acquisition by Penn of the claims of the Duke of York to
Delaware.
"During the negotiations between New Netherland and Maryland
in 1659, the Dutch insisted that, as Lord Baltimore's patent
covered only savage or uninhabited territory, it could not
affect their own possession of the Delaware region.
Accordingly, they held it against Maryland until it was taken
from them by the Duke of York in 1664. But James's title by
conquest had never been confirmed to him by a grant from the
king; and Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore,
insisted that Delaware belonged to Maryland. To quiet
controversy, the duke had offered to buy off Baltimore's
claim, to which he would not agree. Penn afterward refused a
large offer by Fenwick 'to get of the duke his interest in
Newcastle and those parts' for West Jersey. Thus stood the
matter when the Pennsylvania charter was sealed. Its
proprietor soon found that his province, wholly inland, wanted
a front on the sea. As Delaware was 'necessary' to
Pennsylvania, Penn 'endeavored to get it' from the duke by
maintaining that Baltimore's pretension 'was against law,
civil and common.' Charles Calvert, the third Lord Baltimore,
was 'very free' in talking against the Duke of York's rights;
but he could not circumvent Penn. The astute Quaker readily
got from James a quit-claim of all his interest in the
territory included within the proper bounds of Pennsylvania.
After a struggle, Penn also gained the more important
conveyances [August, 1682] to himself of the duke's interest
in all the region within a circle of twelve miles diameter
around Newcastle, and extending southward as far as Cape
Henlopen. The triumphant Penn set sail the next week. At
Newcastle he received from James's agents formal possession of
the surrounding territory, and of the region farther south."
_J. R. Brodhead,
History of New York,
volume 2, chapter 7._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1682-1685.
Penn's arrival in his province.
His treaty with the Indians.
The founding of Philadelphia.
Penn sailed, in person, for his province on the 1st of
September, 1682, on the ship "Welcome," with 100 fellow
passengers, mostly Friends, and landed at Newcastle after a
dreary voyage, during which thirty of his companions had died
of smallpox. "Next day he called the people together in the
Dutch court-house, when he went through the legal forms of
taking possession. … Penn's great powers being legally
established, he addressed the people in profoundest silence.
He spoke of the reasons for his coming—the great idea which he
had nursed from his youth upwards—his desire to found a free
and virtuous state, in which the people should rule
themselves. … He spoke of the constitution he had published
for Pennsylvania as containing his theory of government; and
promised the settlers on the lower reaches of the Delaware,
that the same principles should be adopted in their territory.
Every man in his provinces, he said, should enjoy liberty of
conscience and his share of political power. … The people
listened to this speech with wonder and delight. … They had
but one request to make in answer; that he would stay amongst
them and reign over them in person. They besought him to annex
their territory to Pennsylvania, in order that the white
settlers might have one country, one parliament, and one
ruler. He promised, at their desire, to take the question of a
union of the two provinces into consideration, and submit it
to an assembly then about to meet at Upland. So he took his
leave. Ascending the Delaware … the adventurers soon arrived
at the Swedish town of Upland, then the place of chief
importance in the province. … Penn changed the name from
Upland to Chester, and as Chester it is known. Markham and the
three commissioners had done their work so well that in a
short time after Penn's arrival, the first General Assembly,
elected by universal suffrage, was ready to meet. … As soon as
Penn had given them assurances similar to those which he had
made in Newcastle, they proceeded to discuss, amend, and
accept the Frame of Government and the Provisional Laws. The
settlers on the Delaware sent representatives to this
Assembly, and one of their first acts was to declare the two
Provinces united. The constitution was adopted without
important alteration; and to the forty laws were added
twenty-one others, and the infant code was passed in form. …
Penn paid some visits to the neighbouring seats of government
in New York, Maryland, and the Jerseys. At West River, Lord
Baltimore came forth to meet him with a retinue of the chief
persons in the province. … It was impossible to adjust the
boundary, and the two proprietors separated with the
resolution to maintain their several rights. … The lands
already bought from the Redmen were now put up for sale at
four-pence an acre, with a reserve of one shilling for every
hundred acres as quit-rent; the latter sum intended to form a
state revenue for the Governor's support. Amidst these sales
and settlements he recollected George Fox, for whose use and
profit he set aside a thousand acres of the best land in the
province. … Penn was no less careful for the Redskins. Laying
on one side all ceremonial manners, he won their hearts by his
easy confidence and familiar speech. He walked with them alone
into the forests. He sat with them on the ground to watch the
young men dance. He joined in their feasts, and ate their
roasted hominy and acorns. … Having now become intimate with
Taminent and other of the native kings, who had approved these
treaties, seeing great advantages in them for their people, he
proposed to hold a conference with the chiefs and warriors, to
confirm the former treaties and form a lasting league of
peace. On the banks of the Delaware, in the suburbs of the
rising city of Philadelphia, lay a natural amphitheatre, used
from time immemorial as a place of meeting for the native
tribes. The name of Sakimaxing—now corrupted by the white men
into Shackamaxon—means the place of kings. At this spot stood
an aged elm-tree, one of those glorious elms which mark the
forests of the New World. It was a hundred and fifty-five
years old; under its spreading branches friendly nations had
been wont to meet; and here the Redskins smoked the calumet of
peace long before the pale-faces landed on those shores.
Markham had appointed this locality for his first conference,
and the land commissioners wisely followed his example.
{2501}
Old traditions had made the place sacred to one of the
contracting parties,—and when Penn proposed his solemn
conference, he named Sakimaxing [or Shackamaxon] as a place of
meeting with the Indian kings. Artists have painted, poets
sung, philosophers praised this meeting of the white men and
the red [October 14, 1682]. … All being seated, the old king
announced to the Governor that the natives were prepared to
hear and consider his words. Penn then rose to address them. …
He and his children, he went on to say, never fired the rifle,
never trusted to the sword; they met the red men on the broad
path of good faith and good will. They meant no harm, and had
no fear. He read the treaty of friendship, and explained its
clauses. It recited that from that day the children of Onas
and the nations of the Lenni Lenapé should be brothers to each
other,—that all paths should be free and open—that the doors
of the white men should be open to the red men, and the lodges
of the red men should be open to the white men,—that the
children of Onas should not believe any false reports of the
Lenni Lenape, nor the Lenni Lenape of the children of Onas,
but should come and see for themselves, … that if any son of
Onas were to do any harm to any Redskin, or any Redskin were
to do harm to a son of Onas, the sufferer should not offer to
right himself, but should complain to the chiefs and to Onas,
that justice might be declared by twelve honest men, and the
wrong buried in a pit with no bottom,—that the Lenni Lenape
should assist the white men, and the white men should assist
the Lenni Lenape, against all such as would disturb them or do
them hurt; and, lastly, that both Christians and Indians
should tell their children of this league and chain of
friendship, that it might grow stronger and stronger, and be
kept bright and clean, without rust or spot, while the waters
ran down the creeks and rivers, and while the sun and moon and
stars endured. He laid the scroll on the ground. The sachems
received his proposal for themselves and for their children.
No oaths, no seals, no mummeries, were used; the treaty was
ratified on both sides with yea,—and, unlike treaties which
are sworn and sealed, was kept. When Penn had sailed, he held
a note in his mind of six things to be done on landing:
(1) to organize his government;
(2) to visit Friends in Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey;
(3) to conciliate the Indians;
(4) to see the Governor of New York, who had previously
governed his province;
(5) to fix the site for his capital city;
(6) to arrange his differences with Lord Baltimore.
The subject of his chief city occupied his anxious thought,
and Markham had collected information for his use. Some people
wished to see Chester made his capital; but the surveyor,
Thomas Holme, agreed with Penn that the best locality in
almost every respect was the neck of land lying at the
junction of the Delaware and the Skuylkill rivers. … The point
was known as Wicocoa. … The land was owned by three Swedes,
from whom Penn purchased it on their own terms; and then, with
the assistance of Holme, he drew his plan. … Not content to
begin humbly, and allow house to be added to house, and street
to street, as people wanted them, he formed the whole scheme
of his city—its name, its form, its streets, its docks, and
open spaces—fair and perfect in his mind, before a single
stone was laid. According to his original design, Philadelphia
was to cover with its houses, squares, and gardens, twelve
square miles. … One year from the date of Penn's landing in
the New World, a hundred houses had been built; two years
later there were six hundred houses."
_W. H. Dixon,
History of William Penn,
chapters 24-25._
ALSO IN:
_J. T. Scharf and T. Westcott,
History of Philadelphia,
volume 1, chapter 9._
_Memoirs of the Penn Historical Society,
volume 6 (The Belt of Wampum, &c.)._
_W. C. Bryant and S. H. Gay,
Popular History of the United States,
volume 2, chapter 20._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1685.
The Maryland Boundary question.
Points in dispute with Lord Baltimore.
"The grant to Penn confused the old controversy between
Virginia and Lord Baltimore as to their boundary, and led to
fresh controversies. The question soon arose: What do the
descriptions, 'the beginning of the fortieth,' and 'the
beginning of the three and fortieth degree of northern
latitude,' mean? If they meant the 40th and 43rd parallels of
north latitude, as most historians have held, Penn's province
was the zone, three degrees of latitude in width, that leaves
Philadelphia a little to the south and Syracuse a little to
the north; but if those descriptions meant the belts lying
between 39° and 40°, and 42° and 43°, as some authors have
held, then Penn's southern and northern boundaries were 39°
and 42° north. A glance at the map of Pennsylvania will show
the reader how different the territorial dispositions would
have been if either one of these constructions had been
carried out. The first construction would avoid disputes on
the south, unless with Virginia west of the mountains; on the
north it would not conflict with New York, but would most
seriously conflict with Connecticut and Massachusetts west of
the Delaware. The second construction involved disputes with
the two southern colonies concerning the degree 39-40 to the
farthest limit of Pennsylvania, and it also overlapped
Connecticut's claim to the degree 41-42. Perhaps we cannot
certainly say what was the intention of the king, or Penn's
first understanding; but the Quaker proprietary and his
successors adopted substantially the second construction, and
thus involved their province in the most bitter disputes. The
first quarrel was with Lord Baltimore. It has been well said
that this 'notable quarrel' 'continued more than eighty years;
was the cause of endless trouble between individuals; occupied
the attention not only of the proprietors of the respective
provinces, but of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, of the
High Court of Chancery, and of the Privy Councils of at least
three monarchs; it greatly retarded the settlement and
development of a beautiful and fertile country, and brought
about numerous tumults, which sometimes ended in bloodshed.'"
_B. A. Hinsdale,
The Old Northwest,
chapter 7._
"As the Duke of York claimed, by right of conquest, the
settlements on the western shores of the Bay of Delaware, and
had, by his deed of 1682, transferred to William Penn his
title to that country, embracing the town of Newcastle and
twelve miles around it (as a reasonable portion of land
attached to it), and as far down as what was then called Cape
Henlopen; an important subject of controversy was the true
situation of that cape, and the ascertainment of the southern
and western boundaries of the country along the bay, as
transferred by the Duke's deed. …
{2502}
After two personal interviews in America, the Proprietaries
separated without coming to any arrangement and with mutual
recriminations and dissatisfaction. And they each wrote to the
Lords of Plantations excusing themselves and blaming the
other. … At length, in 1685, one important step was taken
toward the decision of the conflicting claims of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, by a decree of King James' Council, which
ordered, 'that for a voiding further differences, the tract of
land lying between the Bay of Delaware and the eastern sea, on
the one side, and the Chesapeake Bay on the other, be divided
into equal parts, by a line from the latitude of Cape Henlopen
to the 40th degree of north latitude, the southern boundary of
Pennsylvania by Charter; and that the one half thereof, lying
towards the Bay of Delaware and the eastern sea, be adjudged
to belong to his majesty, and the other half to Lord
Baltimore, as comprised in his charter.' … This decree of King
James, which evidently exhibits a partiality towards the
claims of Penn, in decreeing the eastern half of the peninsula
to his majesty, with whom Lord Baltimore could not presume,
and indeed had declined to dispute, instead of to the
Proprietary himself, by no means removed the difficulties
which hung over this tedious, expensive, and vexatious
litigation. For … there existed as much uncertainty with
respect to the true situation of Cape Henlopen and the
ascertainment of the middle of the Peninsula, as any points in
contest."
_J. Dunlop,
Memoir on the Controversy between William Penn
and Lord Baltimore,
(Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs, volume 1)._
See, PENNSYLVANIA: 1760-1767.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1691-1702.
Practical separation of Delaware.
See DELAWARE: A. D. 1691-1702.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1692-1696.
Keith's schism.
Penn deprived of his government, but restored.
Early resistance to the proprietary yoke.
"While New England and New York were suffering from war,
superstition, and the bitterness of faction, Pennsylvania was
not without internal troubles. These troubles originated with
George Keith, a Scotch Quaker, formerly surveyor-general of
East Jersey, and at this time master of the Quaker school at
Philadelphia, and champion of the Quakers against Cotton
Mather and the Boston ministers. Pressing the doctrines of
non-resistance to their logical conclusion, Keith advanced the
opinion that Quaker principles were not consistent with the
exercise of political authority. He also attacked negro
slavery as inconsistent with those principles. There is no
surer way of giving mortal offense to a sect or party than to
call upon it to be consistent with its own professed
doctrines. Keith was disowned by the yearly meeting, but he
forthwith instituted a meeting of his own, to which he gave
the name of Christian Quakers. In reply to a 'Testimony of
Denial' put forth against him, he published an 'Address,' in
which he handled his adversaries with very little ceremony. He
was fined by the Quaker magistrates for insolence, and
Bradford, the only printer in the colony, was called to
account for having published Keith's address. Though he
obtained a discharge, Bradford, however, judged it expedient
to remove with his types to New York, which now [1692] first
obtained a printing press. The Episcopalians and other
non-Quakers professed great sympathy for Keith, and raised a
loud outcry against Quaker intolerance. Keith himself
presently embraced Episcopacy, went to England, and took
orders there. The Quaker magistrates were accused of hostility
to the Church of England, and in the alleged maladministration
of his agents, joined with his own suspected loyalty, a
pretense was found for depriving Penn of the government—a step
taken by the Privy Council without any of the forms, or,
indeed, any authority of law, though justified by the opinions
of some of the leading Whig lawyers of that day." Governor
Fletcher of New York was now authorized for a time to
administer the government of Pennsylvania and Delaware. "He
accordingly visited Philadelphia, and called an Assembly in
which deputies from both provinces were present. Penn's frame
of government was disregarded, the Assembly being modeled
after that of New York. Fletcher hoped to obtain a salary for
himself and some contributions toward the defense of the
northern frontier. The Quakers, very reluctant to vote money
at all, had special scruples about the lawfulness of war. They
were also very suspicious of designs against their liberties,
and refused to enter on any business until the existing laws
and liberties of the province had been first expressly
confirmed. This concession reluctantly made, Fletcher obtained
the grant of a small sum of money, not, however, without
stipulating that it 'should not be dipped in blood.' … The
suspicions against Penn soon dying away, the administration of
his province was restored to him [1694]. But the pressure of
his private affairs—for he was very much in debt—detained him
in England, and he sent a commission to Markham [his relative
and representative in Pennsylvania] to act as his deputy. An
Assembly called by Markham refused to recognize the binding
force of Penn's frame of government, which, indeed, had been
totally disregarded by Fletcher. To the restrictions on their
authority imposed by that frame they would not submit. A
second Assembly [1696] proved equally obstinate, and, as the
only means of obtaining a vote of the money required of the
province toward the defense of New York, Markham was obliged
to agree to a new act of settlement, securing to the Assembly
the right of originating laws. A power of disapproval was
reserved, however, to the proprietary, and this act never
received Penn's sanction."
_R. Hildreth,
History of the United States,
chapter 21 (volume 2)._
ALSO IN:
_G. E. Ellis,
Life of Penn,
chapter 10
(Library of American Bibliographies, series 2, volume 12)._
_G. P. Fisher,
The Colonial Era,
chapter 16._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1696-1749.
Suppression of colonial manufactures.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1696-1749.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1701-1718.
The new Charter of Privileges and
the city charter of Philadelphia.
The divorcing of Delaware.
Differences with the Proprietary.
The death of Penn.
It was not until 1699 that Penn returned to his domain after
an absence of fifteen years, and his brief stay of two years
was not made wholly agreeable to him. Between him and his
colonists there were many points of friction, as was
inevitable under the relationship in which they stood to one
another. The assembly of the province would not be persuaded
to contribute to the fortification of the northern frontier of
the king's dominions (in New York) against the French and
Indians. Penn's influence, however, prevailed upon that body
to adopt measures for suppressing both piracy and illicit
trade.
{2503}
With much difficulty, moreover, he settled with his subjects
the terms of a new constitution of government, or Charter of
Privileges, as it was called. The old Frame of Government was
formally abandoned and the government of Pennsylvania was now
organized upon an entirely new footing. "The new charter for
the province and territories, signed by Penn, October 25,
1701, was more republican in character than those of the
neighboring colonies. It not only provided for an assembly of
the people with great powers, including those of creating
courts, but to a certain extent it submitted to the choice of
the people the nomination of some of the county officers. The
section concerning liberty of conscience did not discriminate
against the members of the Church of Rome. The closing section
fulfilled the promise already made by Penn, that in case the
representatives of the two territorial districts [Pennsylvania
proper, held under Penn's original grant, and the Lower
Counties, afterwards constituting Delaware, which he acquired
from the Duke of York] could not agree within three years to
join in legislative business, the Lower Counties should be
separated from Pennsylvania. On the same day Penn established
by letters-patent a council of state for the province, 'to
consult and assist the proprietary himself or his deputy with
the best of their advice and council in public affairs and
matters relating to the government and the peace and
well-being of the people; and in the absence of the
proprietary, or upon the deputy's absence out of the province,
his death, or other incapacity, to exercise all and singular
the powers of government.' The original town and borough of
Philadelphia, having by this time 'become near equal to the
city of New York in trade and riches,' was raised, by patent
of the 25th of October, 1701, to the rank of a city, and, like
the province, could boast of having a more liberal charter
than her neighbors; for the municipal officers were to be
elected by the representatives of the people of the city, and
not appointed by the governor, as in New York. The government
of the province had been entrusted by Penn to Andrew Hamilton,
also governor for the proprietors in New Jersey, with James
Logan as provincial secretary, to whom was likewise confided
the management of the proprietary estates, thus making him in
reality the representative of Penn and the leader of his
party. Hamilton died in December, 1702; but before his death
he had endeavored in vain to bring the representatives of the
two sections of his government together again. The Delaware
members remained obstinate, and finally, while Edward Shippen,
a member of the council and first mayor of Philadelphia, was
acting as president, it was settled that they should have
separate assemblies, entirely independent of each other. The
first separate assembly for Pennsylvania proper met at
Philadelphia, in October, 1703, and by its first resolution
showed that the Quakers, so dominant in the province, were
beginning to acquire a taste for authority, and meant to color
their religion with the hue of political power." In December,
1703, John Evans, a young Welshman, appointed deputy-governor
by Penn, arrived at Philadelphia, and was soon involved in
quarrels with the assemblies. "At one time they had for ground
the refusal of the Quakers to support the war which was waging
against the French and Indians on the frontiers. At another
they disagreed upon the establishment of a judiciary. These
disturbances produced financial disruptions, and Penn himself
suffered therefrom to such an extent that he was thrown into a
London prison, and had finally to mortgage his province for
£6,000. The recall of Evans in 1709, and the appointment of
Charles Gookin in his stead, did not mend matters. Logan,
Penn's intimate friend and representative, was finally
compelled to leave the country; and, going to England (1710),
he induced Penn to write a letter to the Pennsylvania
assembly, in which he threatened to sell the province to the
crown, a surrender by which he was to receive £12,000. The
transfer was in fact prevented by an attack of apoplexy from
which Penn suffered in 1712. The epistle, however, brought the
refractory assembly to terms." In 1717 Gookin involved himself
in fresh troubles and was recalled. Sir William Keith was then
appointed—"the last governor commissioned by Penn himself; for
the great founder of Pennsylvania died in 1718. … After Penn's
death his heirs went to law among themselves about the
government and proprietary rights in Pennsylvania."
_B. Fernow,
Middle Colonies
(Narrative and Critical History of America,
volume 5, chapter 3)._
ALSO IN:
_G. E. Ellis,
Life of Penn
(Library of American Biographies, series 2, volume 12),
chapters 11-12._
_R. Proud,
History of Pennsylvania,
chapters 14-22 (volumes 1-2)._
_Penn and Logan Correspondence
(Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs, volumes 9-10)._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1709-1710.
Immigration of Palatines and other Germans.
See PALATINES.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1740-1741.
First settlements and missions of the Moravian Brethren.
See MORAVIAN BRETHREN.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1743.
Origin of the University of Pennsylvania.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1683-1779.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1744-1748.
King George's War.
See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744; 1745; and 1745-1748.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1748-1754.
First movements beyond the mountains
to dispute possession with the French.
See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1754.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1753-1799.
Connecticut claims and settlements in the Wyoming Valley.
The Pennamite and Yankee War.
"The charter bounds [of Connecticut] extended west to the
Pacific Ocean [see CONNECTICUT: A. D. 1662-1664]: this would
have carried Connecticut over a strip covering the northern
two fifths of the present State of Pennsylvania. Stuart
faithlessness interfered with this doubly. Almost immediately
after the grant of the charter, Charles granted to his brother
James the Dutch colony of New Netherland, thus interrupting
the continuity of Connecticut. Rather than resist the king's
brother, Connecticut agreed and ratified the interruption. In
1681 a more serious interference took place. Charles granted
to Penn the province of Pennsylvania, extending westward five
degrees between the 40th and 43rd parallels of north
latitude." Under the final compromise of Penn's boundary
dispute with Lord Baltimore the northern line of Pennsylvania
was moved southward to latitude 42° instead of 43°; but it
still absorbed five degrees in length of the Connecticut
western belt.
{2504}
"The territory taken from Connecticut by the Penn grant would
be bounded southerly on the present map by a straight line
entering Pennsylvania about Stroudsburg, just north of the
Delaware Water Gap, and running west through Hazelton,
Catawissa, Clearfield, and New Castle, taking in all the
northern coal, iron, and oil fields. It was a royal heritage,
but the Penns made no attempt to settle it, and Connecticut
until the middle of the 18th century had no energy to spare
from the task of winning her home territory 'out of the fire,
as it were, by hard blows and for small recompense.' This task
had been fairly well done by 1750, and in 1753 a movement to
colonize in the Wyoming country was set on foot in Windham
county. It spread by degrees until the Susquehanna Company was
formed the next year, with nearly 700 members, of whom 638
were of Connecticut. Their agents made a treaty with the Five
Nations July 11, 1754, by which they bought for £2,000 a tract
of land beginning at the 41st degree of latitude, the
southerly boundary of Connecticut; thence running north,
following the line of the Susquehanna at a distance of ten
miles from it, to the present northern boundary of
Pennsylvania; thence 120 miles west; thence south to the 41st
degree and back to the point of beginning. In May, 1755, the
Connecticut general assembly expressed its acquiescence in the
scheme, if the king should approve it; and it approved also a
plan of Samuel Hazard, of Philadelphia, for another colony, to
be placed west of Pennsylvania, and within the chartered
limits of Connecticut. The court might have taken stronger
ground than this; for, at the meeting of commissioners from
the various colonies at Albany, in 1754, the representatives
of Pennsylvania being present, no opposition was made to a
resolution that Connecticut and Massachusetts, by charter
right, extended west to the South Sea. The formation of the
Susquehanna Company brought out objections from Pennsylvania,
but the company sent out surveyors and plotted its tract.
Settlement was begun on the Delaware River in 1757, and in the
Susquehanna purchase in 1762. This was a temporary settlement,
the settlers going home for the winter. A permanent venture
was made the next year on the flats below Wilkes Barre, but it
was destroyed by the Indians the same year. In 1768 the
company marked out five townships, and sent out forty settlers
for the first, Kingston. Most of them, including the famous
Captain Zebulon Butler, had served in the French and Indian
War; and their first step was to build the 'Forty Fort.' The
Penns, after their usual policy, had refused to sell lands,
but had leased plots to a number of men on condition of their
'defending the lands from the Connecticut claimants.' The
forty Connecticut men found these in possession when they
arrived in February, 1769, and a war of writs and arrests
followed for the remainder of the year. The Pennsylvania men
had one too powerful argument, in the shape of a four-pounder
gun, and they retained possession at the end of the year.
Early in 1770 the forty reappeared, captured the four-pounder,
and secured possession. For a time in 1771 the Pennsylvania
men returned, put up a fort of their own, and engaged in a
partisan warfare; but the numbers of the Connecticut men were
rapidly increasing, and they remained masters until the
opening of the Revolution, when they numbered some 3,000. …
But for the Revolution, the check occasioned by the massacre
[of 1778—see UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (JULY)], and
the appearance of a popular government in place of the Penns,
nothing could have prevented the establishment of
Connecticut's authority over all the regions embraced in her
western claims. … The articles of confederation went into
force early in 1781. One of their provisions empowered
congress to appoint courts of arbitration to decide disputes
between States as to boundaries. Pennsylvania at once availed
herself of this, and applied for a court to decide the Wyoming
dispute. Connecticut asked for time, in order to get papers
from England; but congress overruled the motion, and ordered
the court to meet at Trenton in November, 1782. After
forty-one days of argument, the court came to the unanimous
conclusion that Wyoming, or the Susquehanna district, belonged
to Pennsylvania and not to Connecticut." Connecticut yielded
to the decision at once; but, in 1786, when, following New
York and Virginia, she was called upon to make a cession of
her western territorial claims to congress (see UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA: A. D. 1781-1786) she compensated herself for the
loss of the Susquehanna district by reserving from the cession
"a tract of about the same length and width as the Wyoming
grant, west of Pennsylvania, in northeastern Ohio …; and this
was the tract known as the Western Reserve of Connecticut. It
contained about 3,500,000 acres. … The unfortunate Wyoming
settlers, deserted by their own State, and left to the mercy
of rival claimants, had a hard time of it for years. The
militia of the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania was
mustered to enforce the writs of Pennsylvania courts; the
property of the Connecticut men was destroyed, their fences
were cast down, and their rights ignored; and the 'Pennamite
and Yankee War' began. … The old Susquehanna Company was
reorganized in 1785-86, and made ready to support its settlers
by force. New Yankee faces came crowding into the disputed
territory. Among them was Ethan Allen, and with him came some
Green Mountain Boys." It was not until 1799 that the
controversy came to an end, by the passage of an act which
confirmed the title of the actual settlers.
_A. Johnston,
Connecticut,
chapter 15._
ALSO IN:
_C. Miner,
History of Wyoming,
letters 5-12._
_W. L. Stone,
Poetry and History of Wyoming,
chapters 4-5._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1754.
Building of Fort Duquesne by the French.
The first armed collision in the western valley.
See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1754.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1754.
The Colonial Congress at Albany, and Franklin's Plan of Union.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1754.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1755.
The opening of the French and Indian War.
Braddock's defeat.
The frontier ravaged.
See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1755.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1755-1760.
French and Indian War.
Conquest of Canada and the west.
See CANADA: A. D.1755, 1756, 1756-1757, 1758, 1759, 1760;
and NOVA SCOTIA: A. D. 1755.
{2505}
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1757-1762.
The question of taxation in dispute with the proprietaries.
Franklin's mission to England.
"For a long while past the relationship between the Penns,
unworthy sons of the great William, and now the proprietaries,
on the one side, and their quasi subjects, the people of the
Province, upon the other, had been steadily becoming more and
more strained, until something very like a crisis had [in
1757] been reached. As usual in English and Anglo-American
communities, it was a quarrel over dollars, or rather over
pounds sterling, a question of taxation, which was producing
the alienation. At bottom, there was the trouble which always
pertains to absenteeism; the proprietaries lived in England,
and regarded their vast American estate, with about 200,000
white inhabitants, only as a source of revenue. … The chief
point in dispute was, whether or not the waste lands, still
directly owned by the proprietaries, and other lands let by
them at quitrents, should be taxed in the same manner as like
property of other owners. They refused to submit to such
taxation; the Assembly of Burgesses insisted. In ordinary
times the proprietaries prevailed; for the governor was their
nominee and removable at their pleasure; they gave him general
instructions to assent to no law taxing their holdings, and he
naturally obeyed his masters. But since governors got their
salaries only by virtue of a vote of the Assembly, it seems
that they sometimes disregarded instructions, in the sacred
cause of their own interests. After a while, therefore, the
proprietaries, made shrewd by experience, devised the scheme
of placing their unfortunate sub-rulers under bonds. This went
far towards settling the matter. Yet in such a crisis and
stress as were now present in the colony … it certainly seemed
that the rich and idle proprietaries might stand on the same
footing with their poor and laboring subjects. They lived
comfortably in England upon revenues estimated to amount to
the then enormous sum of £20,000 sterling; while the colonists
were struggling under unusual losses, as well as enormous
expenses, growing out of the war and Indian ravages. At such a
time their parsimony, their 'incredible meanness,' as Franklin
called it, was cruel as well as stupid. At last the Assembly
flatly refused to raise any money unless the proprietaries
should be burdened like the rest. All should pay together, or
all should go to destruction together. The Penns too stood
obstinate, facing the not less resolute Assembly. It was
indeed a deadlock! Yet the times were such that neither party
could afford to maintain its ground indefinitely. So a
temporary arrangement was made, whereby of £60,000 sterling to
be raised the proprietaries agreed to contribute £5,000, and
the Assembly agreed to accept the same in lieu or commutation
for their tax. But neither side abandoned its principle.
Before long more money was needed, and the dispute was as
fierce as ever. The burgesses now thought that it would be
well to carry a statement of their case before the king in
council and the lords of trade. In February, 1757, they named
their speaker, Isaac Norris, and Franklin to be their
emissaries 'to represent in England the unhappy situation of
the Province,' and to seek redress by an act of Parliament.
Norris, an aged man, begged to be excused; Franklin accepted.
… A portion of his business also was to endeavor to induce the
king to resume the Province of Pennsylvania as his own. A
clause in the charter had reserved this right, which could be
exercised on payment of a certain sum of money. The colonists
now preferred to be an appanage of the crown rather than a
fief of the Penns." In this latter object of his mission
Franklin did not succeed; but he accomplished its main
purpose, procuring, after long delays, from the board of
trade, a decision which subjected the proprietary estate to
its fair share of taxation. He returned home after an absence
of five years.
_J. T. Morse, Jr.,
Benjamin Franklin,
chapter 3._
ALSO IN:
_J. Parton,
Life of Franklin,
part 3 (volume 1)._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1760-1767.
Settlement of the Maryland boundary dispute.
Mason and Dixon's line.
The decision of 1685 (see above), in the boundary dispute
between the proprietaries of Pennsylvania and Maryland,
"formed the basis of a settlement between the respective heirs
of the two proprietaries in 1732. Three years afterward, the
subject became a question in chancery; in 1750 the present
boundaries were decreed by Lord Hardwicke; ten years later,
they were, by agreement, more accurately defined; and, in
1761, commissioners began to designate the limit of Maryland
on the side of Pennsylvania and Delaware. In 1763, Charles
Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two mathematicians and surveyors
[sent over from England by the proprietaries], were engaged to
mark the lines. In 1764, they entered upon their task, with
good instruments and a corps of axe men; by the middle of
June, 1765, they had traced the parallel of latitude to the
Susquehannah; a year later, they climbed the Little Alleghany;
in 1767, they carried forward their work, under an escort from
the Six Nations, to an Indian war-path, 244 miles from the
Delaware River. Others continued Mason and Dixon's line to the
bound of Pennsylvania on the south-west."
_G. Bancroft,
History of the United States
(Author's last revision),
part 2, chapter 16._
"The east and west line which they [Mason and Dixon] ran and
marked … is the Mason and Dixon's line of history, so long the
boundary between the free and the slave States. Its precise
latitude is 39° 43' 26.3" north. The Penns did not, therefore,
gain the degree 39-40, but they did gain a zone one-fourth of
a degree in width, south of the 40th degree, to their western
limit, because the decision of 1760 controlled that of 1779,
made with Virginia. … Pennsylvania is narrower by nearly
three-fourths of a degree than the charter of 1681
contemplated. No doubt, however, the Penns considered the
narrow strip gained at the south more valuable than the broad
one lost at the north."
_B. A. Hinsdale,
The Old Northwest,
chapter 7._
ALSO IN:
_T. Donaldson,
The Public Domain,
page 50._
_Pennsylvania Archives,
volume 4, pages 1-37._
_W. H. Browne,
Maryland,
pages 238-239._
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1763-1764.
Pontiac's War.
Bouquet's expedition.
See PONTIAC'S WAR.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1763-1766.
The question of taxation by Parliament.
The Sugar Act.
The Stamp Act and its repeal.
The Declaratory Act.
The Stamp Act Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1760-1775;
1763-1764; 1765; and 1766.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1765.
Patriotic self-denials.
Non-importation agreements.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1764-1767.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1766-1768.
The Townshend duties.
The Circular Letter of Massachusetts.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1766-1767; and 1767-1768.
{2506}
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1768.
The boundary treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1768-1774.
Opening events of the Revolution.
See BOSTON: A. D. 1768, to 1773;
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1770, to 1774.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1774.
The western territorial claims of Virginia pursued.
Lord Dunmore's War with the Indians.
See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1774.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1775.
The Beginning of the War of the American Revolution.
Lexington.
Concord.
Action taken upon the news.
Ticonderoga.
Bunker Hill.
The Second Continental Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1776.
The end of royal and proprietary government.
Adoption of a State Constitution.
"Congress, on the 15th of May, 1776, recommended … 'the
respective Assemblies and conventions of the United Colonies,
where no government sufficient to the exigencies of their
affairs has been hitherto established, to adopt such
government as shall, in the opinion of the representatives of
the people, best conduce to the happiness and safety of their
constituents in particular, and America in general.' A
diversity of opinion existed in the Province upon this
resolution. … The Assembly referred the resolve of Congress to
a committee, but took no further action, nor did the committee
ever make a report. 'The old Assembly,' says Westcott, 'which
had adjourned on the 14th of June, to meet on the 14th of
August, could not obtain a quorum, and adjourned again to the
23d of September. It then interposed a feeble remonstrance
against the invasion of its prerogatives by the Convention,
but it was a dying protest. The Declaration of Independence
had given the old State Government a mortal blow, and it soon
expired without a sigh—thus ending forever the Proprietary and
royal authority in Pennsylvania.' In the meantime, the
Committee of Correspondence for Philadelphia issued a circular
to all the county committees for a conference in that city on
Tuesday, the 18th day of June. … The Conference at once
unanimously resolved, 'That the present government of this
Province is not competent to the exigencies of our affairs,
and that it is necessary that a Provincial Convention be
called by this Conference for the express purpose of forming a
new government in this Province on the authority of the people
only.' Acting upon these resolves, preparations were
immediately taken to secure a proper representation in the
Convention. … Every voter was obliged to take an oath of
renunciation of the authority of George III., and one of
allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania, and a religious test
was prescribed for all members of the Convention. … The
delegates to the Convention to frame a constitution for the
new government consisted of the representative men of the
State—men selected for their ability, patriotism, and personal
popularity. They met at Philadelphia, on the 15th of July, …
and organized by the selection of Benjamin Franklin,
president, George Ross, vice-president, and John Morris and
Jacob Garrigues, secretaries. … On the 28th of September, the
Convention completed its labors by adopting the first State
Constitution, which went into immediate effect, without a vote
of the people. … The legislative power of the frame of
government was vested in a General Assembly of one House,
elected annually. The supreme executive power was vested in a
President, chosen annually by the Assembly and Council, by
joint ballot—the Council consisting of twelve persons, elected
in classes, for a term of three years. A Council of Censors,
consisting of two persons from each city and county, was to be
elected in 1783, and in every seventh year thereafter, whose
duty it was to make inquiry as to whether the Constitution had
been preserved inviolate during the last septennary, and
whether the executive or legislative branches of the
government had performed their duties."
_W. H. Egle,
History of Pennsylvania,
chapter 9._
See, also, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776-1779.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1776-1777.
The Declaration of Independence.
The struggle for the Hudson and the Delaware.
Battles of the Brandywine and Germantown.
The British in Philadelphia.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 and 1777;
and PHILADELPHIA: A. D. 1777-1778.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1777-1779.
The Articles of Confederation.
The alliance with France.
British evacuation of Philadelphia.
The war on the northern border.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1777-1781, to 1779.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1778 (July).
The Wyoming Massacre.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (JULY).
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1779-1786.
Final settlement of boundaries with Virginia.
See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1779–1786.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1780.
Emancipation of Slaves.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1688-1780.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1780-1783.
The treason of Arnold.
The war in the south.
Surrender of Cornwallis.
Peace with Great Britain.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780, to 1783.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1781.
Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1781 (JANUARY).
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1787.
Formation and adoption of the Federal Constitution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1787; and 1787-1780.
PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1794.
The Whiskey Insurrection.