It will be seen from this declaration that the object of the National

Board of Trade is to attempt to harmonize public opinion on National

questions. About 15 years ago it became impressed with the wanton

wastefulness and public neglect of our National forests, and resolutions

were adopted inviting public attention to and legislation for the

preservation and conservation of the timber resources of the United

States. In a very short time it became evident there were other

important questions involved in the regulating of forests, primarily the

grave necessity of creating forest reserves and protecting them from

depreciation by Government control and administration; and the

establishment of a Bureau of Forestry was advocated. The National Board

of Trade was also a pioneer in advocating the reclamation of arid lands

and the drainage of swamp and overflow lands and practical

reforestation, and adopted resolutions urging legislation to this end.

The activity of the National Board of Trade in promoting the measures it

has advocated consists of the printing and the distribution of many

thousands of copies of reports of committees and resolutions, as well as

large numbers of its annual report in permanent book form, which of

itself constitutes a valuable commercial library of reference; these

publications have been sent to Members of Congress and the officials of

the National Government, to State officials and members of State

Legislatures, and to mayors and other officials of many cities having

more than ordinary interest in public-welfare questions. The

dissemination of this information has required a great deal of time and

the expenditure of no small sum of money, and the National Board of

Trade and its constituent members, together with all others interested

in its work, appreciate the patriotism and generosity of its President,

who has done so much to carry on its work.

The commercial interests of the entire country are thoroughly alive to

the merits of, and are earnestly championing, the cause of Conservation

of all our natural resources. Economic use that does not destroy, but

protects and fosters reproduction where reproduction is possible,

prolongs and perpetuates the industries dependent on natural products

for their maintenance; and these compose the larger part of all our

manufactures. The National Board of Trade in its 42 years of existence

has been the exponent of the principles upon which alone permanent trade

and commerce can be maintained and extended--high standards of

commercial honor and integrity, and doing unto others as we would that

others should do unto us.

There are in this Congress, on the invitation of its officers, Delegates

from National organizations which have contributed greatly to various

phases of Conservation problems, which are now crystallizing into a

National policy. So far as we are informed, it appears from the report

of the Committee on Credentials and other committees that have been

announced that no representation has been given these Delegates to

enable them to participate in the active work of the Congress. We, as

Delegates from the National Board of Trade, representing the commercial

interests of the entire country, recommend that in case invitations are

extended to National organizations to be represented at future

congresses that suitable provision be made for their representatives to

participate in the practical work.

The National Board of Trade rejoices with this Congress in the advanced

thought that the campaign of education has created in the minds of the

American people, and it also feels great satisfaction in that it has for

many years earnestly advocated and been instrumental in the adoption of

the wise, beneficent, and economic measures that are in the interest of

not only the present generation but of generations yet unborn.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the National Board of Trade,

[Signed] A. T. ANDERSON, Cleveland

WILLIAM S. HARVEY, Philadelphia

(_Chairman Committee on Forestry,

Irrigation, and Conservation_)

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL BUSINESS LEAGUE OF AMERICA

I deeply appreciate the privilege, and am not insensible of the honor,

of briefly addressing this great Congress of representative men in every

field of human endeavor, who are met to plan for the Conservation of our

natural resources.

First, I wish to emphasize the fact that the patriotic men who are

planning Conservation today are mostly not the men who will execute. The

men who are to conserve our lands and waters and minerals, and

perpetuate our forests, are now running around in knickerbockers, or

being rocked in the cradles of the Nation. They and their children and

their children's children, down along the line of centuries, will carry

out the vital precepts and principles of this great Conservation

movement--this timely warning cry against careless National

extravagance, this imperative codicil to the Declaration of

Independence.

There are some resources we cannot restore, but may conserve or

substitute. As one door closes another opens. Coal, iron, copper, and

other products of the mine, when once consumed cannot be reproduced; but

for all time the tree may be perpetuated--the friendly, faithful, useful

tree that conserves the rain-drop with its treasures of light, heat,

power, and life-giving properties for vegetation, and fills the world

with inspiring beauty. The restoration and preservation of our forests,

then, and an adequate policy of accomplishment, become of the weightiest

importance.

In this connection I beg to suggest the American farmer boy. It is

proposed to organize the farmer boys and young men of this country into

a great National body, to be known as the Tree Planters of America. The

plan involves instruction and actual practice in tree-planting and

tree-culture, with suitable prizes for excellence and results. It aims

to permanently check the wastefulness of go-as-you-please forestry now

evident from every car-window in this country. In brief, without

entering into details, the suggestion seeks to organize all farmer boys

from twelve to twenty years of age as Tree Planters, in every

commonwealth, county, and township of the United States; with the

cooperation of the Forest Service at Washington, Governors of States,

and the proper official heads of town and county governments.

The plan in general unifies the individual, the State, and the Nation,

into one vast organized body for the practical reforestation of the

country. The system once made operative will become an inseparable part

of the life of the farmer of the future. It is kindred to the splendid

educational and philanthropic work of Mr Bernard N. Baker, the ideal and

actual President of this Congress; and I hope it may merit your approval

as _one_ practical means to the end we all are aiming at.

The time for talking has gone by. The time for action has come.

Therefore let us begin at the foundation and organize the coming men who

are to do the actual work of reforestation. The mind of the American boy

is plastic. The impressions he receives remain to the end. Teach him,

then, to practice those things that make for permanent universal

betterment; for with his brain and brawn he determines the destiny of

this great American Republic.

[Signed] AUSTIN A. BURNHAM

_General Secretary_

REPORT OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY RIVER IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

When the Missouri Valley River Improvement Association was organized in

August, 1906, practically no one in the valley thought the Missouri

navigable in its then unimproved state, and only a few people believed

it worth while to solicit Government aid in trying to make it

navigable. The general impression seemed to be that the Missouri had

outlived its usefulness. Compare this feeling with the sentiment that

exists today! The people of Kansas City and the entire Missouri Valley

have become awakened to the great possibilities of this river as a means

of cheap transportation. Through the efforts of our Association and the

people of the valley, the Congress of the United States in 1907 made an

appropriation of $400,000 for the improvement of the Missouri; in 1909

Congress made another appropriation of $555,000, and in June, 1910,

still another of $1,465,000 for improving the river from its mouth to

Fort Benton.

So great is the interest in the Missouri river project that the people

of Kansas City recently raised a fund of over $1,000,000 for the purpose

of navigating the Missouri with modern and up-to-date boats especially

adapted to this river. Experiments are now being made with different

kinds of boats to determine which are the most practical. With the

opening of navigation in the spring of 1911, we hope to have a modern

boat line in operation between Kansas City and Saint Louis. In addition

to raising $1,000,000 for navigating the Missouri, Kansas City at her

bond election in the spring of this year, voted $75,000 bonds for the

improvement of her harbor.

The sentiment in favor of improving and navigating the Missouri was

brought about to a great extent by some of the business men of Kansas

City who in 1906 organized a boat-line company to maintain regular

steamboat service between Kansas City and Saint Louis to demonstrate

that the river was navigable even in its then unimproved state. This

company, not waiting to build boats suited to the river, bought two old

boats, and in 1907 and 1908 operated them with great success, carrying

freight between Kansas City and Saint Louis at two-thirds of the

railroad rates. When the people of Kansas City saw what could be done

with the antiquated type of boat, they became interested in navigating

the river with first-class steel-hull boats, built especially for the

Missouri--which resulted in the organization of the Million Dollar Boat

Line.

A movement is now under way to organize a company for the purpose of

building a large dam across one of Missouri's streams within 120 miles

of Kansas City. It is proposed to put up a plant that will generate

30,000 horsepower; this to be transmitted to Kansas City and sold to the

consumers at the low price of one cent per kilowatt-hour. The largest

consumers of electric power in Kansas City are now paying 2-1/2 cents

and the smaller consumers from 8 to 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. The

proposition has the appearance of being feasible, and if it can be

carried through it means a great deal to the future growth of the

Missouri Valley, as it will furnish cheap power to prospective

manufactories.

Respectfully submitted,

[Signed] JEROME TWICHELL

_Chairman_

REPORT OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

How to conserve the natural resources of every land has become an

absorbing theme throughout the civilized world, and I think no one is

more alert in reference thereto than the inhabitants of the former

Northwest Territory and of the Louisiana Purchase. They are of the salt

of the earth; yet notwithstanding their power they have permitted

constant encroachments by predatory greed and covetousness, mostly by

the corporate monopoly rampant world-wide in this Twentieth Century. It

is thus fitting that this magnificent assembly of progressive

public-spirited Delegates from nearly every avocation and locality

should here gather at the head of navigation of the great flowing stream

that drains the most fertile valley on this mundane sphere. Viewing

these fertile lands, it would be most natural to expect that the rights

of this people declared by the law of Congress enacted in 1787 should be

deemed wise, especially this provision:

_Article IV._ The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi

and Saint Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same,

shall be common highways and forever free as well to the

inhabitants of the said Territory as to the citizens of the

United States and those of any other States that may be

admitted into the Confederacy, without any tax impost or duty

therefor.

The Association that I represent has labored during the past decade to

so awaken public sentiment in this valley that a six-foot channel will

be provided from here to the Gulf; and I bring the message to you that

we have aided much in arousing the people from lethargy to a forceful

activity for cheaper transportation by inland waterway improvement,

which has been assured to this upper river within the succeeding dozen

years by Congressional action at the last session.

The problem to be grappled with now is how best to regain for the public

the landings for boats, which we find have been obtained and are largely

held by private interests antagonistic to thorough use of the stream.

Generally for a mere pittance the landing rights, to the thread of the

stream, passed to private ownership needlessly and without any

consideration to the original grantor, the Government. Each city and

village along the river is now up and doing, as is this city of Saint

Paul in providing a municipal wharf at enormous expense; they are now

fully apprised of the importance of these holdings, which we ardently

hope will be regained for free public use, so that improved machinery

for loading and unloading cargoes of modern boats and barges by a single

power lift may become effective, as may be seen along the Rhine. When

this is done, boats will again ply this great river and its tributaries,

carrying the abundant products of every kind that this valley annually

produces at a much cheaper rate than by rail.

We, who people this Central Northwest, were pioneers in opposing

rapacious transportation rates; it was the Granger movement hereabouts,

nearly forty years since, that aroused the law-making powers to the

necessity of conferring on State and Federal commissions the power to

regulate rates; and further results are yet to be hoped for in the

regulation of charges for freight, passenger, express, sleeping-car, and

mail service, together with telegraph and telephone charges. This valley

between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains was ordained by nature to

supply foodstuffs for a goodly portion of the globe's people; and with

the opening of the Panama Canal, along with the development of our

inland waterway transportation, the problem of traffic rates must be

solved.

While the general Government has been using the people's money to

improve rivers and build canals, no sooner does the Government undertake

to develop power incidental to some praiseworthy project than it finds

that the water-power was absorbed by private interests, which were at

all times alert to obtain grants in perpetuity (now worth millions)

without any regulation to redound to the people's good--as shown by the

reports of our waterway conventions. The best sites are already taken

away from the people; shall we bend every energy to save what remains?

This should be all changed in future grants of power-rights in flowing

water; a census of the Nation's water-power resources should be taken,

and all grants hereafter should be determined, with the respective

values of the same, for use at equitable rates. When once the law-makers

realize that the people are truly in earnest about Conservation, a halt

will be called upon reckless legislation in the interest of exploiters;

then sincere citizens may be induced to stand as legislative candidates,

without fear of being pilloried by a subsidized press and venal

poll-workers at every turn in a canvass.

Our waterway improvement conventions in this valley have spoken plainly,

and the rivers and harbors are faring better than ever before--in fact,

our efforts along these lines have done wonders to bring to the people,

by acts of Congress, what is justly their own. Will the Conservationists

array themselves against all law-makers who have proven recreant by

their attitude toward clean-cut legislation in aid of Conservation

throughout the United States? Smooth words, without conscientious acts

in the interests of our lofty aims, should meet with a lasting rebuke!

"Fight it out on this line if it takes several summers," should be our

slogan.

[Signed] M. J. MCENIRY

_Chairman Conservation Committee_

REPORT OF THE WASHINGTON STATE FEDERATION OF LABOR

The Washington State Federation of Labor will not be represented by any

of the Washington State Delegates at the Second National Conservation

Congress. We are, however, deeply interested in the question of

conservation of natural resources for the people, and as President of

this organization, with a membership of over 20,000, I believe I am

expressing the sentiment of the workingmen of this State when I say that

I am in entire accord with the declaration of views and recommendations

of the Governors of States and Territories of the United States, as

adopted at the Conference of Governors, called by President Roosevelt,

in May, 1908.

Our vast forests, our water supply (for irrigation and power projects),

and our fisheries are of inestimable value to the people if properly

developed under a control that will make the very best use of them with

due regard to their future possibilities and greatness. Forestry,

irrigation, and water power are to a great extent dependent on one

another in their successful development, and the magnitude of the

undertaking requires the hearty cooperation of State and Nation if it

reaches the degree of success that we hope for.

I trust that the Congress will strengthen and perfect plans adequate for

the protection of the people's interests and the development of these

resources with an eye to their future greatness.

Respectfully submitted,

[Signed] CHAS. R. CASE

_President_

REPORT OF THE WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION

Let us concede that Conservation means that we, as a people, should

manage all our resources with the intelligence and prudence that an

individual should devote to managing his own property. Let us use them

profitably, as he would; neither destroying or wasting them

unnecessarily, nor giving them heedlessly to anyone who needs them less

and will use them less to our advantage. But let us not, during

excursions into Constitutional problems, State rights, and other

bewildering issues, forget that first of all comes protection from

destruction and waste! The great danger now is that our resources will

disappear while we are deciding to whom they shall belong.

It is of this kind of Conservation alone, the Conservation that

conserves, that I bring you a message from the Pacific Northwest. The

Western Forestry and Conservation Association does not decry the

necessity for wise action by State and Nation in the safeguarding of

water-power, minerals, and lands; but the settlement of such affairs is

not our function. I come only to tell you of the work of the most

perfectly organized and successful Conservation movement ever undertaken

by private individuals in this country--the forest-protective

associations of the Pacific slope. We talk little, but we work, spend

money, and accomplish.

In our five States from Montana to California stands half the

merchantable timber in the United States, the majority in private hands.

The control of this stupendous community resource entails grave

responsibilities. To preserve it for the fullest use, to replace it when

used, if possible--this is the timber-owner's duty. His ownership is

largely a public trust. Nowhere else has he realized this so promptly

and acted so adequately as in the Pacific Northwest. I have come to

report his stewardship, and to show you that you need not wonder whether

he will follow the Conservation banner.

The Western Forestry and Conservation Association has no individual

membership. It is the central medium or clearing house for a dozen

subsidiary associations of timber-land owners, representing millions of

acres, who cooperate in order to apply to the best advantage the most

modern and efficient systems of forest protection. Through this means

they employ a trained forester to assist them in solving problems of

reforestation, forest legislation, education, and like matters demanding

expert knowledge or central facilities. Its meetings are attended not

only by delegates from these timber-owners' organizations, but also by

the leading State and Forest Service officials and representatives of

the public Conservation associations. All work in the closest harmony to

devise and execute practical and effective policies. There are no

dissensions at these meetings; no question as to who is most competent

by right of law or geography. Every man there, be he a humble officer of

the Forest Service, State Forester, or timber owner, is there because he

wants to do his own part, with his own hands or money, in preserving the

magnificent forests of the West. He knows what he is talking about, and

the rest are mighty glad to hear him.

But we do not stop with meetings, and herein is perhaps our chief

difference from a great many advocates of Conservation. You have all

read of the recent fires in our northwestern country. They have been

greatly exaggerated, the area injured really being very limited.

Nevertheless, while we talk here of generalities, bands of weary,

half-blind men are still battling to prevent fresh outbreaks; the smoke

still curls over the blackened forms of those who met a fearful death to

save the lives of others; scores who fought till they could fight no

more still lie bandaged and sightless in the extremity of mortal agony.

No honor is too great to do these heroes. We of the West owe a sacred

debt to them, one and all, and not least to the men of the Forest

Service whose training made them as efficient as they were brave. We

want more, not fewer, of them. But side by side with the bravest,

equally efficient, equally trained and disciplined, worked the patrolmen

of our fire associations. Conservationists employed by private effort.

We have had no time to prepare nice statistics, for our fire fighters

have something else to do; but I venture to say that our Associations'

expenditures for forest protection this year will be over $300,000. In

the Coeur d' Alene fires alone, a single one of our Associations put 850

men in the field.

And yet this is not much to boast of. There should have been no fires to

fight. The way to prevent fire is to prevent it, not fight it when

almost or quite beyond control. The only solution of the fire question

is better enforcement of better laws, better public sentiment, and

better patrol. There must be an organized force of trained and vigilant

men, ample in numbers during the dry season to reach all fires in their

incipiency. It is in this that our Associations now lead all other

agencies. They handle the fire situation in a much better and more

comprehensive manner than even the Government has ever done, because

they spend three times as much money per acre for patrol. Thoroughly

excellent as are the methods in the National Forests--they are identical

with those of the most progressive practical timberman--Congress does

not sustain them adequately.

Our own system is by no means perfect yet. Although in the territory

covered by our Association in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon we have

perhaps 500 organized and equipped patrolmen, each authorized to hire

help when needed, there is still much unorganized area, and not all

timbermen within our territory contribute as they should. We need more

men and more money from our own brethren, and heartier cooperation from

public, State, and Government. But we confidently expect to get all

this, just as we have in greater measure each year in the past. And

when, as already in Washington last year, one Association protects

8,000,000 acres with a loss of but 1,000 acres; when this small loss was

caused by less than 6 fires out of 1,200 extinguished; when in this

historic year of 1910 we have controlled our countless fires so that

actual disasters can be counted on the fingers, and our loss as a whole

is insignificant--we feel that no one has done more to prove his

willingness and competence to practice Conservation that counts than the

northwestern forest owner.

The northwestern timberman approves all measures that will give the

greatest number of people the greatest permanent opportunity to profit

by the fullest use and least waste of all our resources. Thus they will

be most prosperous and use most lumber. He is doing more than anyone

else, Government or State, to protect both old and growing forests from

wasteful destruction, so there may be most lumber to use. I take it this

is Conservation.

[Signed] E. T. ALLEN

_Forester_

REPORT OF THE UNITED MINE WORKERS

I regret very much that serious complications in the mining industry of

our country, together with an enormous amount of important matters

requiring my immediate attention, makes it impossible for me to keep my

engagement to address the Conservation Congress on the subject, "Are we

mining intelligently?" I am intensely interested in the subject of

conserving our natural resources, but I am still more interested in

protecting the lives and health of our people. We are not mining

intelligently, as I will explain by letter.

Success to the work of the Conservation Congress! It means much for the

future generations of this greatest industrial country on earth.

[Signed] T. L. LEWIS

_President_

TIMBER CONSERVATION

GEORGE H. EMERSON

_Hoquiam, Washington_

To save our Nation's resources is the wish of all; to save our timber is

the special wish of all timber owners--no one is so much interested as

he who has his private gain or loss joined to his interest in the public

good.

The American people are a prodigal folk. They have looked upon their

resources as inexhaustible, their lands as unlimited. They have called

upon all nations to come, and to all comers they have given lands,

mines, timber, water-power. Has this course been right? Up to a point in

our development, yes; of late, no--most emphatically NO! These resources

are entrusted to us as a heritage for our children and generations yet

to come. "America for Americans" should have been sounded 25 years ago;

had it been, there would today be no cry of approaching timber shortage.

What more absurd disposition of our timber land could have been made

than the laws under which it has passed to private hands? The Homestead

and Preemption acts, framed for prairies, requiring the settler to live

on and cultivate the soil, have been extended to our forests, and to

comply with their terms, thousands of men have withdrawn from vocations

by which they were increasing the wealth of the Nation, and with

blankets and provisions strapped on their backs and axe and compass in

hand have worked their weary way through the pathless forests to vacant

Government lands, on which they filed. Then with axe and fire they spent

months destroying the property they proposed to acquire title

to--destroying the resources of the Nation instead of increasing its

wealth; and in doing so, fires reached beyond their control and

destroyed still other timber. The law and the ruling of the Land Office

have made this destruction one of the considerations of acquiring title.

Settlers must prove they "have cleared and planted and maintained a

residence on the land;" that is, they must prove they have cut and

burned a certain amount of the Nation's timber, and have wasted

or--worse--employed in destruction certain of the Nation's time, and

this to acquire title to land upon which they could no more live than in

the middle of a desert! Lands whose only value was in timber they were

compelled, in part, to destroy; and this where they never intended to

settle, other than to comply with the letter of the law, and never

expected to return after acquiring title. The months or years wasted in

complying with these foolish laws they might better by far have been

spent in jail at the public expense. It would have cost the Nation far

less, and would have been less dangerous to life than the lonely

existence remote from other human beings, where any accident to limb

costs a life.

Sometimes there was an actual settler who wanted a farm or a pasture. He

considered the timber only in the light of its cost to remove, and with

axe, saw, and fire, he proceeded to its destruction. And why not? That

which cost nothing looked to be of no value! Timber appeared as free as

air and sunshine.

Later the lumberman came, and up to 1885 our Government offered him in

Washington hundreds of thousands of acres of the best-timbered land for

$1.25 per acre. Michigan and Wisconsin had been so offered, and mostly

sold. The lands of the Northern Pacific could then be had at $2.50 per

acre and paid for in the bonds of the Company, then worth half their

face. The lumbermen looked upon the timber as inexhaustible. Only that

near water could be harvested by known methods; only the best of the

trees could be sawed and sold at a profit; only western markets appeared

possible. What wonder fires were set to burn the choppings and make

pastures? No people save that which cost nothing, and for which they

have no use and cannot sell. When things become of value they are

conserved, and when of enough value they are manufactured or grown; and

the ratio between cost and selling price regulates the supply of things

manufactured or grown.

Up to within a few years there has been plenty of timber land that could

be taken under the Homestead, Preemption, or Timber and Stone Acts, or

scripted or bought of the railroads. The blame, then, for the waste of

our timber has been with the laws that made it valueless. The men we

have sent to Washington to make our laws have given this timber to all

comers of all nations. They are the men our people should hold

responsible for the waste of our resources. These same men now tell us,

"We are on the verge of a timber famine," and that the lumbermen are

wantonly wasting the Nation's timber. Is it not the old cry of "Stop

thief!" sounded by the culprit? By their acts they have made this timber

valueless. Had the Government estimated the cost of growing a timber

crop and sold its timber at about that price, timber would have been

protected, conserved, and replanted, and its use would be as in Europe,

about 60 feet per capita per annum, instead of 600 feet as in America.

Since our timber has taken on a value, its destruction by fire has

greatly decreased. Timber owners now use precautions, and employ fire

patrols. So, too, with harvesting; it is cut cleaner, sawed with thinner

saws, manufactured with better appliances, and great saving has been

effected in every branch of the industry--all because of greater values.

Now, if just tax laws were passed, taxing no crop until harvested, and

taxing reforested land as stump land; if rates of interest were lower,

and if stringent fire laws and careful patrol were enforced; if stumpage

was a little higher or labor a little lower, or the railroads were to

make a reduced rate on low-grade products, the law of supply and demand

(or the ratio of cost to selling price) would reforest old choppings.

Toward these things we are rapidly advancing, and before our timber is

exhausted we shall have reached this point.

If our Government would hold her reserved timber at cost of

reproduction, and protect the timber of the Nation by import duty, the

question of timber shortage in America would soon be settled. Instead,

they threaten reduction of its present value and increase of its waste

by the removal of duty on imports. There is no way to conserve any

commodity but to give it value, and no way to make people manufacture

goods or grow crops except to offer a price that covers cost and a

profit.

If the public would buy lumber of strength and durability suited to the

purposes required, instead of ordering grades better than needed, they

would help the Conservation of our timber far more than by essays and

speeches. The most unreasonable of all buyers are our Government

officials; with them there seems to be no purpose for which ordinary

lumber is suited. So, too, if our State legislators would pass just tax

laws, they would make a grand move toward timber Conservation. Instead,

counties are spending hundreds of thousands of dollars--which the timber

owners must pay--estimating the number of feet of standing timber, so as

to be sure they find it all and tax it out of existence. This generation

owes posterity laws that will save some of our present timber and leave

to them growing timber crops instead of charred and desolate stump lands

telling only of their fathers' greed and lack of foresight.

Wonderful tables have been prepared showing the upward tendency in

prices of timber lands. Far better prepare a table showing the cost of

growing a timber crop, and causes that have deprived it of its

legitimate value. Water always rises to its level when the pressure is

removed. Timber-value level is costly to produce. The greatest pressure

to hold timber values down in the past have been our land laws; first

the Federal laws for the sale of timber, second the State laws for

taxes--and lack of all laws for protection and planting.

Our Nation is still a prodigal. She taps the fuel supply of future

generations and allows the gas to burn and the oil to run to waste. More

of the timber of the Nation has been burned for clearing and pasture

than has been sawed by the mills; but when the lumbermen are accused of

destroying their property, or not utilizing all that will return cost

for their labor, they are accused of lack of good intelligence--and that

we resent. New England and New York have a greater area in timber than

they had 50 years ago. Nearly every town site has a saw mill that

supplies local demand and makes shipments to nearby cities. The few days

I spent in New Hampshire last spring, and the auto trips I took through

the places I knew in my youth, impressed these facts with force. Rail

trips through Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

Vermont, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Maryland revealed the fact that

thousands of acres once under cultivation are now in timber, and that

old forest lands are reproducing. Pine groves, cut when I was a boy, are

being harvested, and fields where I picked rocks every spring are

growing beautiful pine forests; the present owner of the old homestead

in New Hampshire has put in a little saw and shingle mill to cut trees

that were not sprouted when I left the old farm. The small saw-mills

that are supplying the local demand are cutting the largest of the new

growth, and the supply of that portion of the States where the timber

was once exhausted will hereafter be adequate to local demands. As it is

in New England and the Middle States, so it is in the South, in the

West, in California and Oregon and Washington; if we keep out the fires

in the old choppings, the new growth will be ready before the old is

gone--and the waste of today kept always damp by the young growth,

brush, ferns, and vines, will rival in value the portion of the tree we

are now able to market.

Again consumption in all things is in proportion to price. Advance the

price of lumber, and you reduce the consumption. Stone, brick, concrete,

and steel are ready substitutes, as the price of lumber advances. In

Europe, lumber is no longer a necessity, only a luxury, and not one much

cared for at that; this has been forced home to me in countries I have

visited during the past six months. Six days from New York we touch the

Azores, a land where no lumber is used except for floor-joists and

rafters in the cheaper buildings; next we touched Madeira, and found a

city of stone. So with Gibraltar, southern Spain, Egypt, Syria, Greece,

Italy, France; not a lumber yard in all these countries that we could

find. A cargo a year would supply the demand for all purposes. The

wonder was not how these people get along without lumber, but how they

use the 60 feet per annum they are reported to require. I do not think

there is one shingle roof in all those countries, and I expect a very

good knowledge of Arabic would be needed to explain to those people what

a shingle is and its use. In Constantinople we found a few miserable

board shacks. Lumber comes to that market at a low price from the Black

Sea, and it appears to be a detriment rather than a good. In Switzerland

and southern Germany, some houses are built of wood above the lower

story; but I think there are no shingle roofs. These countries are well

timbered, with trees in rows showing they are planted. The price of

common lumber is only a little higher than with us, but labor is cheap,

and growing timber exempt from taxes. Trees there can find a profitable

market, trunks, limbs, stump, and roots. It is then, little wonder

mountain sides, impossible for agriculture, should be planted to timber.

Those timber areas do not use much of their lumber. In Switzerland and

Germany we found saw mills, some of them of fair capacity, and shipping

by rail, but their towns were built of stone. The mills select the

largest trees, and replace with new plants. In time we shall reach some

of these same conditions, and plant our timber instead of allowing it to

grow at will. All this will come about when proper laws are enacted.

American people will some time awaken to the fact, long since known in

Europe, that timber is no necessity; only a makeshift. Bridges of rock,

houses of brick and stone and steel, with roofs of tile, are for the

centuries; buildings of wood are only for the years and the flames.

Lumber is cheap in the new countries, and convenient for quick shelter;

and it is there forests are found. Big timbers may become scarce, but

their demand is also decreasing. Already our cities have fire limits.

Bridges and spars are of steel; and if our farmers could obtain money at

city rates, it is doubtful if it would not be cheaper for them to build

fire-proof houses than to pay higher insurance on wooden buildings.

Already roofs of shingles are in balance with roofs of other and safer

material, and the price of shingles is fixed by this competition. As it

is with shingles it will be with lumber, and is for many purposes; in

many countries for nearly all purposes.

Do not think I underestimate the value of our timber, or fail to

advocate its protection and reproduction; but he who says we are

approaching the time when timber values are to be much greater than now,

and he who predicts a timber famine, have both overlooked facts that

will come to the front with the years. The cry of "Fire!" never stopped

a conflagration. The cry of Conservation will never stop the waste of

valueless commodities. Action is needed in both instances, if results

are to be attained. To conserve our timber we must give it value. Let

the Government refuse to sell from its reserves except for cost of

reproduction; also protect us from foreign competition. Educate our

loggers to the enormity of the crime of burning choppings fit only for

the timber crop. Let States impose rigid fire laws and make liberal

appropriation for forest protection. Let our legislators see the folly

and injustice of taxing the same crop year after year; a crop that can

contribute nothing toward paying those taxes until marketed, a crop that

is of far less value per acre than the yield of fruit gathered each

year. Do not be afraid the few remaining timber owners are going to be

benefited at the expense of the many; rather the benefit will be for our

children and our children's children. Above all, remember the timber

owner is not to blame, only fortunate that he bought timber that our

Government was willing to part with for a song; and hold our laws and

their makers responsible for results for which they, only, are to blame.

The forest fires of the West today are more often set by the railroads

than by all others. Their locomotives are torches of demons, tearing

through our forests, streaming fire from their stacks and leaving all

behind in flames. From the rear platforms of trains I have seen hundreds

of little fires spring up as we passed--this, when the woods were dry

and conditions right. The timber they burn is their resources for

freight. The destruction they create is a loss of millions to their own

business. It would seem prosecution for damage done should follow their

wanton torches, and that laws should be made for the protection of their

own interests they so recklessly ignore. It is no longer the logger or

the settler that causes our forest fires. Our laws and public opinion,

and vast sums expended by timber owners prevent the setting of careless

fires; but the railroad locomotives still scatter fire along their

pathway through the woods. Let the railroads learn a lesson from the

recent Montana fires that stretched along their lines on either side and

crossed the rivers where they cross--fires that have destroyed millions

of young pines that a few years hence would have yielded a freight of

from $10 to $30 each tree for their transportation to market.

Let the loggers awaken to the fatal folly of allowing the first fire in

their cuttings, and our legislators to the necessity of forest

protection. Stop the first fire where land is only adopted to the timber

crop.

Out in the West where our mountains are the highest; where our streams

spring from the eternal glaciers and are fullest when the weather is

warmest; where water falls the farthest; where our soils are most

productive when moistened; where our fruit is the finest; where trees

grow the largest; where our hills contain coal, iron, silver, copper,

and gold; where our ocean is the greatest and our fisheries are most

prolific, our people are all Conservationists. They are for Conservation

that is practical and adapted to their peculiar conditions; Conservation

that shall develop and utilize their resources, and that shall yield the

greatest good to the greatest number, and to the future as well as the

present.

Where all things are on so grand a scale, the people cannot be small and

narrow. They are as are their woods, their mountains, and their

torrents, grand and active; and they are to be trusted. They will solve

the problem of conserving their timber. They will keep out fires. They

will enact just tax laws. They will guard their holdings. They will

encourage new growth. They will be first to awaken to the best methods

of forest Conservation adapted to their needs. They will solve the

problem of conserving our western forests.

FORESTS AND STREAM-FLOW

WILLIAM S. HARVEY

_Philadelphia_

Professor Willis L. Moore, Chief of the United States Weather Bureau, in

his address before the Atlantic Deeper Waterways Convention in

Providence, September 1, 1910, made the statement that the waterways

were in no way affected by the forests; that he had records made for

many years that clearly prove that the waterways have in no way been

affected by the acts of man; that he was aware that he would destroy a

popular impression by making this statement, and that he based his

statement upon the facts as he knew them. The following eminent men in

articles published in _American Forestry Magazine_ for April, 1910, take

exception to and refute the statements and claims made by Professor

Moore (and which he had previously expressed): Professor Filibert Roth,

University of Michigan, Forester; Professor L. C. Glenn, Vanderbilt

University, Geologist; and Professor George F. Swain, Harvard

University, Engineer. These gentlemen represent geology, forestry, and

engineering, and their training, knowledge, and experience qualify them

to speak intelligently and with authority on this question of the

influence and effect forests have upon streams.

Mill owners and operators on various rivers in New England have

practical demonstration that denuding or partial denuding of the forests

on the head-waters of the stream on which they are dependent for power

has seriously impaired the uniformity of flow and lessened the amount of

power which they are able to secure for the same number of days in a

year: that denuding also allows the rainfall to run off rapidly, causing

erosion, which erosion is filling and choking the streams and rivers and

in seasons of flood depositing silt in valleys which have heretofore

been of agricultural value, thus largely impairing or destroying their

fertility. This condition equally applies to various streams and rivers

in other sections of the United States. It is moreover denied and

refuted by the greatest financial and manufacturing interests, who have

spent and are spending hundreds of millions of dollars in the

development of electric power on the waterways of the United States.

They have in their employ the most competent engineers known, who have

investigated the entire situation, studied the maximum and minimum

rainfall for a long period of years, and conditions influencing the

territory embraced on the streams and rivers upon which they propose to

make and are making and have made developments. These great interests,

vital to commerce and trade, emphatically state that the flow of streams

is affected by the forest cover, and that they are most anxious and are

earnest in efforts to have the forest cover protected in all territory

in which they operate, claiming that if the hillsides or mountains on

the headwaters of water-sheds are denuded the volume of power will be so

diminished, impaired, or destroyed that the value of the bonds issued

for the development of these powers, and heretofore considered one of

the safest and most desirable investments, will be seriously imperilled.

In addition to the authorities above named, and to whose articles I have

referred, there are others who have refuted and contradicted Professor

Moore from his own premises and data. His Excellency M J. J. Jusserand,

Ambassador from France, publicly stated the absolute principle: "No

forests, no waterways." Without forests regulating the distribution of

water, rainfalls are at once carried to the sea, hurried sometimes,

alas! across the country. After having devastated the neighboring

fields, the rivers find themselves again with little water and much

sand; and with such rivers, how will you fill your canals?

The question is as clear as can be; do you want to have navigable

rivers, or do you prefer to have torrents that will destroy your crops

and never bear a boat? If you prefer the first, then mind your forests.

If the Mississippi is the "Father of Waters," the forest is the father

of the Mississippi. The French Ambassador, you will note, says, "We can

tell you, for we know. France is now spending many millions of dollars

to reforest the mountain-sides denuded many years ago, which have

seriously affected her waterways."

Some of us feel it is unwise to take too seriously all the deductions

and predictions that are made by academic, scientific, idealistic

theorists, especially if the department of science with which they are

most intimately identified relates almost exclusively to atmospheric

conditions, which are still so imperfectly understood that they not

infrequently elude prediction; though where the results of scientific

deductions are proven correct and add to the fund of knowledge, they are

deserving of our greatest respect and regard. We have much confidence,

for example, in the conclusion of Gifford Pinchot and his staff of

assistants, who have made a practical as well as scientific study of the

effect of forest cover on the flow and supply of water in streams, which

conclusions unqualifiedly refute the statements made by Professor Moore.

THE CONSERVATION OF MINERALS AND SUBTERRANEAN WATERS

GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, PH.D.

_New York_

The necessity for conserving the forests has been fully recognized, and

it may be said that as to what is in the ground a clear and satisfactory

distinction has been established between what must be conserved for the

good of the people as a whole, and what can safely be left to the

exclusive control, management, and ownership of individuals or

corporations. In regard, however, to the material wealth that lies

beneath the ground, whether diamonds, gold, silver, copper, oil, or

clay, or, indeed, anything that has a material value and can be included

as such in the domain of mining statistics, there has been and still is

a considerable difference of opinion touching what should be done.

The existence of these materials beneath the ground is not usually

evident, and the judgment of the best experts is frequently required to

determine whether they exist in a given tract or not; on the other hand

they may sometimes be casually found where their presence was not

suspected. The Government of the United States still owns great tracts

of land, and it is most important that the whole people of the United

States should receive the full benefit of all the mineral wealth that is

below the ground--the invisible wealth of the Nation, as it may be

termed.

In order to avoid any collusion on the part of officials engaged by the

Government to make investigations, or of those who, though no longer in

the Government service, might learn the results of these investigations

and might in some manner try to obtain control of these lands before the

Government knew they had a distinct value, it would seem that a

Conservation Act should be passed making it imperative that all minerals

contained in any land beneath the surface should forever remain the

property of the Government. With lands containing minerals, there should

further be an assurance that the deposits will be effectively worked,

thus preventing an entire mineral supply from being locked up for many

years, so as to maintain an artificial value for the material. Again,

little-understood minerals, or those that have been very little worked

and yet may have a value in the future, such as bauxite, which is

valuable in the manufacture of aluminum; monazite sand, which is used in

the making of the Welsbach incandescent light; and carnotite, whose

value as a radium ore has been discovered within the past ten

years--should all be made to yield royalties to the Government.

It is very evident that many minerals not considered to have any

commercial value today may prove to be of the greatest industrial value

in the future. Furthermore, as we are likely to discover new elements,

and new uses for old minerals, the Conservation Act might be made to

provide for a payment of 20, 30, or even 60 percent of the total value

of the mineral as taken from the ground in royalty to the Government of

the United States, exactly as the South African Government exacts as a

royalty 60 percent of the product of all the diamond mines within its

territory. This would be a more generous treatment of private owners

than was accorded them in some instances in the past. The French

crown-deeds read in the Seventeenth Century that gold, silver,

lapis-lazuli, etc, should belong exclusively to the crown. In reality,

the Government should only sell to private owners what is in sight on

the land and the right to what could be grown on it, not what is below

the ground. The franchises of subways and tunnels and all mineral rights

should be retained, as well as the right to condemn at a fair valuation

any property needed for the development of a mine or a water-power.

The term "mineral" should apply to every substance found in the ground

that is either a mineral or an associate of minerals, that is, rock,

sand, clay, or even a swamp, that may have a value in the arts,

sciences, agriculture, or any other monetary value. The word should be

used in its broad sense and not in the more restricted scientific

meaning of the word used by mineralogists, which is that a mineral must

be a definite mineral compound.

The subterranean waters of the United States are a great and valuable

asset of the Nation. Nearly all of our water companies sell water either

for power or for consumption. As each owner of a piece of property ought

to be entitled to an interest in the water under it, some provision in

Conservation should be made for the actual ownership of the waters; not

that they can be drained from under the property, for a series of

springs could be threatened with ruin if this were done, just as were

the famous springs in Saratoga. In other words Government lands should

not be robbed of their subterranean waters to be in turn sold to those

who have a joint right in them.

THE QUESTION OF LAND TITLES

FRANKLIN MCCRAY

_Indianapolis_

All the territory west of Mississippi river was acquired by the

Government by three means, purchase, conquest, and treaty. This

territory, having been obtained by the diplomacy and blood and treasure

of our common country, belonged to the people of the whole country, and

was held in trust by the Federal Government for them. It was subject

only to their call for settlement.

The charge is made that practically all the looting of the public domain

is in the Louisiana purchase, the territory wrested from Mexico, that

acquired from Great Britain by the Ashburton-Webster treaty in the

settlement of our northern boundary line, and that purchased from

Russia. This land, being held in trust by the Federal Government for the

people and being subject only to their call for actual settlement, it is

charged, has been plundered through fraud and corruption of the trustee,

the Government of the United States, in collusion with the grantees, who

have obtained vast tracts and withdrawn the same from settlement by

floating them into a different channel than that for which the

Government held them in trust. By this corrupt and fraudulent method, it

is charged that these vast estates have been monopolized by corporate

greed and accumulated wealth, and that no less than 6,000,000 acres are

now being held by two individuals alone within the State of California.

If this be true, then, under a well-settled principle of law, the

Government has conferred no title upon such grantees, because fraud

vitiates all contracts, and courts of equity have complete power under

proper proceedings to follow this property, thus fraudulently obtained,

in its labyrinthian processes and seize it by judicial decree, lay its

stern hand upon it and restore it to its rightful owners, the people of

the United States, and float it anew into the channel of settlement

where it rested prior to its spoliation. I suggest that this Congress

petition the United States Congress to investigate the titles of these

grantees and, if found to be fraudulent, the Department of Justice

should be instructed to institute proceedings calculated to restore the

land to its rightful owners.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The full report by Mrs Wilkinson appears on later pages.

[2] The members of the Resolution Committee were chosen by their

respective State Delegations, and met at the call of a Temporary

Chairman (and member-at-large), Ex-Governor George C. Pardee, of

California, who was afterward chosen by the committee as Permanent

Chairman. The full personnel of the committee follows:

ALABAMA, John L. Kaul, Birmingham

ARIZONA, B. A. Fowler, Phenix

ARKANSAS, John A. Fox, Blytheville

CALIFORNIA, Frank H. Short, Fresno

COLORADO, P. T. Coolidge, Colorado Spgs.

COLUMBIA (District of), W J McGee, Washington

CONNECTICUT, A. Fletcher Marsh, New Haven

FLORIDA, Cromwell Gibbons, Jacksonville

GEORGIA, C. L. Worsham, Atlanta

IDAHO, Jerome J. Day, Moscow

ILLINOIS, Alfred L. Baker, Chicago

INDIANA, William Holton Dye, Indianapolis

IOWA, Robert Hunter, Sioux City

KANSAS, Governor William R. Stubbs, Lawrence

KENTUCKY, C. C. Grassham, Paducah

LOUISIANA, Robert Roberts, Jr., Minden

MAINE, Cyrus C. Babb, Augusta

MARYLAND, Lynn R. Meekins, Baltimore

MASSACHUSETTS, C. A. Start, Boston

MICHIGAN, Francis King, Alma

MINNESOTA, E. W. Robinson, Minneapolis

MISSISSIPPI, H. L. Whitfield, Columbus

MISSOURI, George B. Logan, Saint Louis

MONTANA, F. L. Newman, Havre

Rudolph Van Tolbel, Lewistown

NEBRASKA, Woodruff Ball, Valentine

NEW HAMPSHIRE, Geo. B. Leighton

NEW JERSEY, Frederick W. Kelsey, Orange

NEW MEXICO, W. A. Fleming Jones, Las Cruces

NEW YORK, J. S. Whipple, Salamanca

NORTH DAKOTA, James E. Boyle, Grand Forks

OHIO, Charles Lathrop Pack, Cleveland

OKLAHOMA, Benjamin Martin, Jr., Muskogee

OREGON, M. A. Moody, The Dalles

PENNSYLVANIA, M. I. McCreight, Dubois

RHODE ISLAND, H. A. Barker, Providence

SOUTH CAROLINA, E. W. Durant, Jr., Charleston

SOUTH DAKOTA, P. H. O'Neill, Faulkton

TEXAS, S. H. Cowan, Fort Worth

UTAH, Harden Bennion, Salt Lake City

VERMONT, George Aitkin, Woodstock

WASHINGTON, George H. Emerson, Hoquiam

WEST VIRGINIA, I. C. White, Morgantown

WISCONSIN, William Irvine, Chippewa Falls

WYOMING, E. H. Fourt, Lander

[3] The corrected list appears elsewhere (page iv).

[4] The reports submitted by States as mentioned in the responses to the

Call of States are printed in the Supplementary Proceedings, beginning

on page 327, and are entered in the Contents and Index of the volume.

[5] The formal report for Ohio appears in the Supplementary Proceedings.

[6] In the opinion he held that the plaintiff was entitled to judgment,

declaring the Brooklyn Cooperage Company and Cornell University contract

void, and directed the University to convey to the State of New York the

30,000 acres constituting the College Forest.

[7] The relative prices of forest lands sixty years ago and now may be

judged from the fact that in 1850 a Law (Chapter 250) was passed

providing that the State should not sell public land on Raquette river

for less than 15 cents an acre. The State is now paying over $7.00 an

acre for the same kind of land.

[8] Declaration of Colonel David McClure in the Constitutional

Convention of 1894.

INDEX

Agriculture in schools, 265

Work of the Department of, 194

AITKIN, GEORGE, Report by, 373

Alaska coal lands, 21, 310

ALLEN, E. T., Report by, 367, 424

American Academy of Political and Social Science, Report of, 379

American Automobile Association, Report of, 380

American Civic Association, Report of, 383

American Forestry Association, Report of, 384

American Humane Association, Report of, 385

American Institute of Architects, Report of, 386

American Medical Association, Report of, 389

Work of, 255

American Paper and Pulp Association, Report of, 388

American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association,

Report of, 392

American Railway Master Mechanics' Association, Report of, 393

American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, Report of, 394

AMES, CHARLES W., Report by, 380

ANDERSON, A. T., Report by, 420

Arizona, Report from, 324

Arkansas, Report from, 314, 333

Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Report of, 397

Atlantic Deeper Waterways Association, Report of, 383

BABB, CYRUS C., Report by, 341

BABB, GEORGE W., Report by, 418

BABCOCK, GEORGE H., Report by, 411

BACKUS, E. W., Report by, 389

BAILEY, E. W. M., Report by, 411

BAILEY, LIBERTY HYDE, Address by, 203

Report by, 397

BAKER, A. L., Address by, 222

BAKER, BERNARD N., Introductory remarks by, 7

Report by, 314

Resolution of thanks to, 308

BALDWIN, A. S., Report by, 393

BALLINGER, R. A., Reference to work of, 76

BANNISTER, O. B., Report by, 314

BARKER, HENRY A., Report by, 324, 368, 384

BARRETT, JOHN, Address by, 80, 237

BARRETT, C. S., Report by, 411

BENSON, R. DALE, Report by, 418

BENTLEY, H. T., Report by, 394

BEVERIDGE, Senator ALBERT J., Address by, 146

BISSELL, R. M., Report by, 418

BLANCHARD, Ex-Governor NEWTON C., Address by, 121

BOARDMAN, Miss MABEL, Address by, 94

BROOKS, Governor BRYANT B., Address by, 72

BROWN, ELMER ELLSWORTH, Address by, 264

Letter from, 165

BROWN, J. ADAMS, Report by, 416

BRYCE, JAMES, Tribute to, 243

BURNHAM, AUSTIN A., Report by, 420

Business interest in Conservation, 222, 257

California, Resources of, 116

Call of States, Announcement of, 134, 171, 226, 298

Resumption of, 213, 299, 313

Capital, Relation of, to resources, 226

Carriage Builders' National Association, Report of, 410

CASE, CHARLES R., Report by, 423

CHAMPNEY, W. P., Report by, 411

Cities, Wastes of, 309

CLAPP, Senator MOSES E., Presiding Officer, 168

CLEVELAND, GROVER, quoted on monopoly, 224

Colorado, Report from, 334

Columbia (District of), Report from, 324

CONDRA, GEORGE E., Announcement by, 71

Explanation by, 298

Report by, 317

Conference of Governors, Reference to work of,

87, 225, 245, 247, 293, 379, 415

CONNOLLY, MAURICE, Report by, 411

Conservation

of Minerals and Subterranean Waters, 429

of the Nation's Resources, 328

Practical Aspects of, 331

Problems, Address on, 106

Program, The, 292

Constitution of the Congress, ix

Adoption of, 79

Country Life as related to Conservation, 203

CRAIGHEAD, EDWIN BOONE, Address by, 168

Credentials Committee, Appointment of, 79

Modification of, 106

Report of, 145

DAMON, A. W., Report by, 418

Daughters of the American Revolution, Work of, 270

DAVIDSON, JAMES H., Address by, 132

DAY, JEROME J., Report by, 336

DEAN, WILLIAM B., Report by 380

Delaware State Federation of Women's Clubs, Report of, 411

DENEEN, Governor CHARLES E., Address by, 59

Denmark, Successful agriculture of, 200

DIXON, SAMUEL G., Reference to Work of, 301

DORT, J. D., Report by, 411

DRAPER, Mrs BELLE MERRILL, Reference to work of, 167

EBERHART, Governor A. O., Address by 3, 298

Presiding Officer, 246

EDSALL, Right Reverend SAMUEL COOK, Invocation by, 134

Education and Conservation, 264

EMERSON, GEORGE H., Report by, 320

"Timber Conservation," 424

EVANS, POWELL, Report by, 382

EVANS, R. D., Report by, 416

Executive Committee, Report from, 317

Executive powers, Definition of, 108

Exports, Diminution of, 183

Farm, Efficiency of the, 211

production, 136, 182, 190, 197

values, Losses in, 5

Farmers' Union of America, Report of, 411

FARQUHAR, A. B., "Practical Aspects of Conservation," 331

Fertility, Conditions of, 210

Forests

and Stream Flow, 57, 216, 364, 400, 428

and the Nation, Address on, 214

Condition of, in Washington, 68

Conservation of, 199, 294, 398, 426

Destruction of, 11

National, Utilization of, 86, 261

Forest Service, Reference to work of, 180

FOSTER, J. ELLEN, Resolution in memory of, 276

Tribute to, 274

FOURT, E. H., Report by, 324

FOWLER, B. A., Report by, 324

FINLEY, W. W., Address by, 135

Fire Losses, Magnitude of, 418

FISHER, IRVING, Reference to Work of, 249

FISHER, WALTER L., Address by, 129

Florida, Report from, 335

GARFIELD, JAMES R., Address by, 106

General Federation of Women's Clubs, Report of, 412

Georgia, Report from, 325

GIBBONS, CARDINAL, Greetings from, 3

GIBBONS, CROMWELL, Report by, 335

GILBERT, CASS, Report by, 387

GIPE, JAMES C., Election of, as Recording Secretary, 307

GLENN, L. C., Reference to work of, 428

GOUDY, FRANK C., Report by, 334

Government, Cost of, 185

Governors, Western, Resolutions by, 72

GRAVES, HENRY S., Address by, 214

GREEN, F. R., Report by, 392

GREEN, SAMUEL B., Resolutions in memory of, 313

GREGORY, LUCIUS, Report by, 411

GRIFFITH, E. M., Report by, 377

GRIGGS, E. G., Report by, 375

HALL, EDWARD HAGAMAN, Report by, 409

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, quoted on executive powers, 112

HARDTNER, HENRY E., Report by, 339

HARRIMAN, E. H., Reference to work of, 281

HARVEY, WILLIAM S., "Forests and Stream Flow," 428

Report by, 299, 420

HAY, Governor M. E., Address by, 64

Health and Life as National assets, 247, 263

HENEY, FRANCIS J., Address by, 278

HIGLEY, WARREN, Report by, 409

HILL, JAMES J., Address by, 177

Control of water-power by, 321

Explanation by, 194

Reference to Work of, 281

Tribute to, 13

HOLLIDAY, CORNELIA R., Report by, 411

HOLMES, J. A., Tribute to, 296, 325

HORR, CHRISTOPHER G., Remarks by, 120, 313

HOWARD, Mrs JAY COOKE, Address by, 167

Presentation by, 276

HOWE, FREDERIC C., quoted on export trade, 184

HUNT, G. M., Report by, 324

Resolution of thanks by, 307

Idaho, Report from, 336

Illinois, Resources of, 59

Indiana, Report from, 314, 336

Invocation by Archbishop Ireland, 1

Bishop Edsall, 134

Reverend J. S. Montgomery, 81

Iowa, Report from, 337

IRELAND, Archbishop, Invocation by, 1

Iron ore of Minnesota, 12

Irrigation, Extension of, 55

JOHNS, WILLIAM DOUGLAS, Report by, 320

JOHNSON, EMORY R., Report by, 380

JONES, W. A. FLEMING, Report by, 347, 380

Resolution of thanks by, 307

JUSSERAND, J. J., Quoted on forests and waterways, 428

KAVANAUGH, W. K., Report by, 415

KELLER, Mayor HERBERT E., Address of welcome by, 13

KREMER, W. N., Report by, 418

KRUEGER, A. W., Report by, 319

KUNZ, GEORGE FREDERICK,

"The Conservation of Minerals and Subterranean Waters," 429

LACEY, JOHN F., Report by, 416

Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterways Association, Report of, 413

Land

Laws, 17, 35

Laws, Needed reformation in, 288, 296, 425

taxation, 152

Titles, The Question of, 430

Lands, Conservation and utilization of, 295

Lands, Public, 16

Disposition of, 181

LATCHAW, D. AUSTIN, Address by, 171

Election of, as Treasurer, 307

LATTIMORE, GEORGE W., Report by, 319

Laws That Should be Passed, 327

LAZENBY, WILLIAM R., Report by, 364

League of American Sportsmen, Report of, 415

Legislative functions, Failure in performing, 280

LEWIS, T. L., Report by, 424

Life and Health, Address on, 247

Louisiana, Report from, 339

Resources of, 124

LOWE, E. N., Report by, 315

MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER, Reference to work of, 414

Maine, Report from, 341

MARSHALL, Chief Justice JOHN, Opinions by, 109

MARTIN, BEN J., JR., Report by, 319, 365

Resolution of thanks by, 326

Massachusetts, Report from, 343

MAXWELL, HU, Report by 376

MCCRAY, FRANKLIN, "The Question of Land Titles," 430

MCDERMOTT, J. H., Report by, 416

MCENIRY, M. J., Report by, 422

MCGEE, W J, Reference to work of, 414

MCNEES, G. W., Report by, 301

MCVEY, FRANK L., Address by, 152

MERRITT, E. T., Report by, 372

MERSHON, WILLIAM B., Report by, 416

METZGER, A. E., Report by, 336

MILLER, A. C., Report by, 314, 337

Minerals, Conservation of, 296, 429

Minnesota, Deforestation of, 11

Farm Value in, 6

Iron Ore in, 12

Report from, 315

Mississippi, Report from, 315

Resources of, 48

Missouri, Report from, 315, 344

Valley River Improvement Association, Report of, 420

Waterways Commission, work of, 414

MITCHELL, A. R., Report by, 392

Monopoly, Growth of, 224

of Power, 101

of resources in California, 116

of transportation, 191

MOORE, WILLIS L., Reference to work of, 428

Montana, Report from, 345

Resources of, 52

MONTGOMERY, Reverend J. S., Invocation by, 81

MUCKLE, M. RICHARD, Report by, 386

National Board of Fire Underwriters, Report of, 416

Board of Trade, Report of, 419

Business League of America, Report of, 420

Conservation Association, Endorsement of, 371

Conservation Commission, Reference to Report of, 247

Efficiency, Promotion of, 296

Nebraska, Report from, 317

NELSON, Senator KNUTE, Address by, 35

NESTOS, R. A., Report by, 318

NEWELL, F. H., Reference to work of, 414

NEWLANDS, Senator FRANCIS G., "Laws that Should be Passed," 327

New Mexico, Report from, 347

New York, Report from, 318, 347, 352

NOBLE, JOHN W., Report and resolution by, 315

NOEL, Governor EDMOND N., Address by, 48

Tribute to, 315

Nominating Committee, Creation of, 246

Report of, 303

NORRIS, Governor EDWIN L., Address by, 52

North American Conservation Congress, Work of, 247

North Dakota, Report from, 318, 362

Ohio, Report from, 364

Oklahoma, Report from, 365

Oregon, Report from, 367

OVEY, ESMOND, Address by, 243

PAGE, THOMAS NELSON, Reference to work of, 271

Pan-American Union, Work of, 237

PARDEE, Ex-Governor GEORGE C., Address by, 115

Report of Resolutions Committee by, 308

PARRY, D. M., Report by, 411

PARTRIDGE, JOHN, Report by, 386

Pennsylvania, Report from, 299

PERSONS, HENRY H., Report by, 352

Phosphate lands, Withdrawal of, 29

PINCHOT, GIFFORD, Address by, 292

Memorial resolution by, 313

Nominating address by, 304

Presentation of certificate to, 276

Reference to work of, 54, 166, 373

Response by, 152, 277

Tribute to, 48, 76, 117, 151, 159, 221, 242, 325

PLUNKETT, Sir HORACE, Reference to work of, 87

Power, Address on, 101

Press (The), Address on, 171

PRIESTLY, J. T., Report by, 392

Property, Safeguarding public, 278

PURDUE, A. H., Report by, 314

Railway control of waterways, 64

subsidies, Magnitude of, 283

Railways, Control of, to prevent forest fires, 351, 401

of the South and Conservation, 135

RANE, FRANK WILLIAM, Report by, 343

RATTERMANN, H., Report by, 411

Reclamation Service, Reference to work of, 178

Red Cross, Address on work of, 94

REDDING, SID B., Report by, 333

Republics, Address on American, 237

Resolutions adopted by the Congress, 308

Resolutions Committee, Announcement of, 80, 145

Composition of, 311

Report by, 308

Resources as the basis for business, Address on, 222, 257

Rhode Island, Report from, 324, 368

RICHARDSON, GUY, Report by, 386

RICHTER, JOSEPH C., Report by, 301

Rivers, Federal control of, 125

Roads, Value of good, 11

ROBINSON, DOANE, Report by, 369

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, Address by, 82

cited on civilization, 351

Reference to work of, 242

Tribute to, 13, 38, 59, 76, 116, 151

ROSS, E. W., Interlude by, 302, 312

Privileged statement by, 322

ROTH, FILIBERT, Reference to work of, 428

ROTHROCK, J. T., Reference to work of, 301

SALISBURY, O. J., Report by, 372

SARGENT, WILL L., Report by, 370

SCOTT, Mrs MATTHEW T., Address by, 270

Senate, Policies of the, 279

SHELDON, CHARLES S., Report by, 392

SHIPP, THOMAS R., Election of, as Secretary, 306

SHORT, FRANK H., Address by, 226

SHORTALL, JOHN L., Report by, 386

SIMMONS, WALLACE D., Address by, 257

SMITH, C. G., Report by, 418

SMITH, HERBERT KNOX, Address by, 101

SMYTHE, WILLIAM E., Address by, 127

SNEATH, Mrs G. B., Address by, 166

Report through, 414

SNYDER, WILLIAM A., Report by, 411

Soil as a Resource, 6, 205, 259

Impoverishment of, 198

South Carolina, Report from, 369

South Dakota, Report from, 319, 369

Resources of, 77

SPRAGUE, HENRY H., Report by, 343

START, EDWIN A., Report by, 385

STEVENS, Representative F. C., Address by, 201

STEVENS, FREDERICK C., Report by, 380

STILLMAN, WILLIAM O., Report by, 386

STUBBS, Governor W. R., Address by, 75, 81

Presiding Officer, 35

SWAIN, GEORGE F., Reference to work of, 428

TAFT, President, Address by, 14

Cited on National functions, 116

Tribute to, 13

Taxation

of forests, 295

of National resources, Address on, 152

Texas, Report from, 370

THORP, FREEMAN, Report by, 315

Timber Conservation, 424

TOMKIES, Mrs HOYLE, Address by, 163

Trans-Mississippi Congress, Resolution concerning, 315

Tree Planters of America, Proposed organization of, 420

TWICHELL, JEROME, Report by, 421

United Mine Workers, Report of, 424

Upper Mississippi River Improvement Association, Report of, 421

Utah, Report from, 372

Vermont, Report from, 373

VESSEY, Governor, Address by, 77

Vice-Presidents, Ratification of the, 313

VON TOBEL, RUDOLPH, Report by, 317, 345

VON SCHRENK, HERMANN, Report by, 344

WAGSTAFF, ALFRED, Report by, 386

WALDRON, C. B., Report by, 362

WALLACE, HENRY, Address by, 188, 305

Nomination and election of as President, 304

WARFIELD, R. EMORY, Report by, 418

Washington, Report from, 320, 375

Resources of, 64

Sentiment of, 120

Washington State Federation of Labor, Report of, 422

Wastes of civilization, 309

Water conservation, 404, 429

Water-power, Address on, 101

Control of, 222, 365, 405

Disposition of, 30, 54, 59, 105, 129, 156, 294, 321, 338, 349, 356

Value of, 287

Water resources of New York, 352

Water supply, Conditions of, 343, 353

Waterways, Development of, 163, 412

Utilization of, 83, 294, 364

WATSON, E. J., Report by, 369

WEIS, SAMUEL, Report by, 386

WELCH, Mrs GEORGE O., Address by, 160

WESBROOK, F. F., Address by, 247

Report by, 392

WEST, WILLIAM L., Report by, 380

Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Report of, 423

West Virginia, Report from, 324, 376

WHIPPLE, J. S., Report by, 347

WHITE, L. C., Report by, 324

WHITE, J. B., Address by, 158

"Conservation of the Nation's Resources," 328

Nominating Address by, 303

Report by, 316

WHITNEY, MILTON, Reference to work of, 136

Women's Clubs, Work of, 161

WORSHAM, E. L., Report by, 325

WILKINSON, Mrs J. D., Report by, 415

WILLIAMS, Mrs LYDIA PHILLIPS, Reference to work of, 161

WILSON, DANIEL T., Report by, 411

WILSON, Secretary JAMES, Address by, 194

Tribute to, 183, 191

Wisconsin, Report from, 377

Wyoming, Report from, 324

Resources of, 72

YOUNG, P. C., Report by, 314

J. H. BERKSHIRE, President

O. W. FISHER, Vice-Pres.

J. B. WHITE, Sec'y-Treas. and Gen'l Mgr.

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

MISSOURI SOFT PINE

LONG LEAF YELLOW PINE

SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE

OAK FLOORING

LOUISIANA MILLS:

LOUISIANA LONG LEAF LUMBER CO., FISHER, LA.

1 Pine and 1 Oak Flooring Mill

LOUISIANA LONG LEAF LUMBER CO., VICTORIA, LA.

1 Pine Mill

LOUISIANA CENTRAL LUMBER CO., CLARKS, LA.

2 Pine Mills

LOUISIANA CENTRAL LUMBER CO., STANDARD, LA.

1 Pine Mill

MISSOURI MILLS:

MISSOURI LUMBER & MINING CO., WEST EMINENCE, MO.

1 Pine Mill

OZARK LAND & LUMBER CO., WINONA, MO.

1 Pine and 1 Oak Mill

Annual Capacity 250,000,000 Feet

=High Grades= =Quick Shipments=

MAIN OFFICE 1111 LONG BUILDING

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

SHIPMENTS

We ship stock of our own manufacture exclusively. We carry large, well

assorted stocks and quote only when we are sure of being able to comply

with grade and time requirements. As our mills are located on four (4)

different railroads we can always ship orders without delay.

FINISHING LUMBER

We specialize on FINISHING lumber and every care is exercised to make it

THE BEST. By separating all widths and lengths, we are in a position to

quote on any particular width or length desired. We carry in stock

Finish as wide as 26 inches, in 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 thicknesses. Our

MISSOURI FINISH, owing to its flexibility, lightness, softness and

figure, is peculiarly adapted to all finishing work. We also carry all

grades of Finish in 4, 6 and 8 feet lengths.

=If You want GOOD GRADES and PROMPT SERVICE, write the "EXCHANGE"=

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

PINE YARD AND SHED STOCK

We carry a large stock of all yard and shed material, which is piled

scientifically to avoid sap-staining and bluing and to insure dryness

Our upper grades are all

STEAM KILN DRIED

and a large percentage of our lower grades

are either

STEAM KILN DRIED

or

SODA DIPPED

Either process precludes the possibility of sap-staining

=If You want GOOD GRADES and PROMPT SERVICE, write the "EXCHANGE"=

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

OAK FLOORING

In the manufacture of our "DIAMOND BRAND" Oak Flooring the greatest

possible care is taken in every department. Our Oak Flooring, owing to

our method of drying and working, gives COMPLETE SATISFACTION in all

climates. Due to the fact that our mill is located at the same point

where we operate a pine plant we can ship Oak Flooring and Pine in the

same car

Oak Timbers, Factory Stock, Etc.

We manufacture Oak Timbers, Ties, Car Framing, Grain Doors, Factory

Stock, Etc. We can ship Oak, rough or dressed, in mixed cars with Yellow

Pine

=If You want GOOD GRADES and PROMPT SERVICE, write the "EXCHANGE"=

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

RAILROAD MATERIAL

We manufacture large quantities of Bridge Timbers, Cross Ties (Both Oak

and Pine), Braces, Etc., with or without heart specifications, shipping

same rough or surfaced as may be desired.

CAR MATERIAL

By specializing on car material we are in a position to handle

satisfactorily orders for Sills, Framing (both Oak and Pine), Lining,

Roofing, Siding, Insulation, Grain Doors, Etc.

=If You want GOOD GRADES and PROMPT SERVICE, write the "EXCHANGE"=

=Missouri Lumber & Land Exchange Company=

SHORTS

We carry in stock 4, 6 and 8 foot lengths, in all grades from No. 3

Common to "A," in both 4-4 and 8-4 stock. All widths and lengths are

_stacked separately_. We will work these "shorts" to any pattern desired

or ship rough, trimming to any length specified

SPECIAL MATERIAL

We manufacture any special items desired, in Oak and Pine, such as

Spreader Slats, Step-Ladder Material, Pulley Stiles, Crating Stock, Etc.

If you use anything in "shorts," regardless of grade, length, width or

pattern, send us your inquiry.

=If You want GOOD GRADES and PROMPT SERVICE, write the "EXCHANGE"=

Transcriber's Notes

Spelling irregularities where there was no obviously preferred version

were left as is. Variants include: derivatives of "Allegheny" and

"Alleghany;" "antitoxin" and "anti-toxin;" "benefited" and "benefitted;"

"Caesar" and "Caesar;" "caretakers" and "care-takers;" "Chile" and

"Chili;" derivatives of "criticise" and "criticize;" "drought" and

"drouth;" "employes" and "employees;" "entry-man" and "entryman;"

"endorse" and "indorse;" "fellowmen" and "fellow-men;" derivatives of

"fiber" and "fibre;" "fulfil" and "fulfill;" "headwaters" and

"head-waters;" derivatives of "homeseeker" and "home-seeker;"

"horsepower" and "horse-power;" "inappreciable" and "unappreciable;"

"lawmakers" and "law-makers;" "lifetime" and "life-time;" "livestock"

and "live-stock;" "patrolmen" and "patrol-men;" derivatives of "payroll"

and "pay-roll;" "Phoenix" and "Phenix;" "playgrounds" and

"play-grounds;" derivatives of "postoffice" and "post-office;"

"preeminently" and "pre-eminently;" derivatives of "preempt" and

"pre-empt;" "prerequisite" and "pre-requisite;" "rainfall" and

"rain-fall;" "Savior" and "Saviour;" derivatives of "short-sighted" and

"shortsighted;" derivatives of "stockman" and "stock-man;" derivatives

of "theater" and "theatre;" "Rudolph von Tobel," "Rudolf von Tobel" and

"Rudolph van Tolbel;" "traveled" and "travelled;" "upbuilding" and

"up-building;" "waterfalls" and "water-falls;" "watershed" and

"water-shed," and their plurals; "workaday" and "work-a-day;"

"workshops" and "work-shops."

Some of the index entries are not in strict alphabetical order, but they

were left as is.

Changed "Mrs." to "Mrs" for consistency on page iii: "Mrs J. Ellen

Foster."

Changed "Governer" to "Governor" on page v: "Ex-Governor Blanchard."

Changed "Thorpe" to "Thorp" on page vii.

Inserted missing "8." into caption of figure following page xii.

Changed "by" to "be" on page 2: "hallowed be Thy name."

Inserted missing comma after "fruit-raising" on page 10.

Changed "wth" to "with" on page 10: "with so many attractions."

Changed "non-irrigible" to "non-irrigable" on page 17: "applying to

non-irrigable lands."

Changed "mattter" to "matter" on page 21: "set in this matter."

Changed "Phosphorous" to "Phosphorus" and "phosphorous" to "phosphorus"

on page 29.

Changed "nothwithstanding" to "notwithstanding" on page 48:

"notwithstanding the land."

Changed "believeing" to "believing" on page 49: "believing that our

rights."

Changed "640 acre-tracts" to "640-acre tracts" on page 53.

Changed "reregarding" to "regarding" on page 59: "regarding this

program."

Changed "Lakes-to-the-Gulf" to "Lakes-to-Gulf" on page 60: "the

Lakes-to-Gulf deep waterway."

Changed "cooeperate" to "cooperate" on page 63: "cooperate and work

together."

Changed "attenton" to "attention" on page 68: "call your attention."

Changed "fadists" to "faddists" on page 71: "faddists, dreamers, and

enthusiasts."

Changed "o'clock" to "oclock" on page 78, for consistency.

Changed "Tumultous" to "Tumultuous" on page 93: "Tumultuous applause."

Changed "Brifly" to "Briefly" on page 96: "Briefly, then."

Changed "subcommittee" to "sub-committee" on page 96: "A sub-committee,

six of whom."

Changed "devasting" to "devastating" on page 98: "devastating hand."

Changed "prevent" to "prevents" on page 111: "that prevents all

progress."

Changed "phase" to "phrase" to correct the quotation from Alexander

Hamilton on page 112: "another phrase for a bad execution."

Changed "essenial" to "essential" on page 112: "not less essential."

Changed "differene" to "difference" on page 112: "a wide difference."

Changed "Mr." to "Mr" twice on page 132 for consistency: "Mr Bernard N.

Baker" and "Mr Chairman."

Changed "re-forested" to "reforested" on page 142: "mountain sides are

to be reforested."

Changed "multi-millionaries" to "multi-millionaires" on page 150.

Changed "queston" to "question" on page 158: "the question of taxation."

Changed "recources" to "resources" on page 160: "natural resources."

Changed "foresty" to "forestry" on page 161: "the line of forestry."

Changed "Mrs." to "Mrs" on page 165: "Mrs Hoyle Tomkies."

Changed "extravagancies" to "extravagances" on page 194: "all their

extravagances."

Changed "offences" to "offenses" on page 227: "failures and offenses."

Changed "fertilty" to "fertility" on page 250: "the fertility of the

soil."

Changed "gaities" to "gaieties" on page 242: "the gaieties of

fashionable resorts."

Removed mismatched double quotation character on page 245, before

"Gentlemen, please hold steady."

Changed "re-assembled" to "reassembled" on page 246: "The Congress

reassembled."

Changed "his" to "this" on page 261: "this kind of revenue-making

regulation."

Changed "responsibilties" to "responsibilities" on page 267: "their

powers and responsibilities."

Changed "innoculate" to "inoculate" on page 271: "to inoculate them."

Changed "devasted" to "devastated" on page 275: "devastated by

earthquake."

Changed "Lascruses" to "Las Cruces," "Lewiston" to "Lewistown" and

"Aitken" to "Aitkin" in the footnote 2.

Changed "Mississipppi" to "Mississippi" on page 315: "We from

Mississippi."

Inserted "as" on page 315: "prosecuted as rapidly as possible."

Changed "Washingon" to "Washington" on page 321: "the State of

Washington and its officials."

Changed "sovereignity" to "sovereignty" on page 327: "National

sovereignty."

Changed "dividuals" to "individuals" on page 330: "than can

individuals."

Changed "extravagence" to "extravagance" on page 331: "extravagance and

waste."

Changed "non-preventible" to "non-preventable" on page 332:

"non-preventable accidents."

Changed "Metzer" to "Metzger" on page 336.

Changed "necesssary" to "necessary" on page 342: "the necessary steps."

Changed "perserved" to "preserved" on page 351: "preserved for all

time."

Changed "runoff" to "run-off" on page 356: "run-off of streams."

Changed "Henry A. Baker" to "Henry A. Barker" on page 368.

Changed "Greely" to "Greeley" on page 376.

Changed "Agronomony" to "Agronomy" on page 380: "Chief in Agronomy and

Chemistry."

Changed "viligance" to "vigilance" on page 396: "the vigilance of the

Society."

Changed "his" to "this" on page 405: "The provisions of this section."

Changed "Mrs." to "Mrs" and "S. B." to "G. B." on page 413: "Mrs G. B.

Sneath."

Changed "centre" to "center" on page 413: "center of the most fertile

valley."

Changed "acretions" to "accretions" on page 414: "the rich accretions."

Changed "sportsmens'" to "sportsmen's" on page 416: "sportsmen's

travel."

Changed "kilowat" to "kilowatt" twice on page 421.

The index entry for "Blanchard" incorrectly references page 94, rather

than page 121. Page 94 should be the reference for Miss Boardman, which

is missing. These errors were corrected.

Changed "Emeprson" to "Emerson" in the index entry for "Emerson, George

H."

Changed "Commitee" to "Committee" in the index entry for "Executive

Committee, Report from."

Changed "Mathew" to "Matthew" in the index entry for "Scott, Mrs Matthew

T."

Changed "Philips" to "Phillips" in the index entry for "Williams, Mrs

Lydia Phillips."