Still River presents several unusual features, as shown in fig. 6.
Tributaries from the west and south unite at Danbury to form a stream
flowing northward opposite to the regional land slope. Near its
junction with the Housatonic, the river flows northward, whereas its
master stream half a mile distant flows southward. The lower valley of
the river is broad and flat and apparently much out of proportion to
the present stream; it is, indeed, comformable in size and direction
with the valley of the Housatonic above the mouth of the Still. The
Housatonic, however, instead of choosing the broad lowland in the
limestone formation, spread invitingly before it, turns aside and
flows through a narrow gorge cut in resistant gneiss, schist, and
igneous intrusives. The headwaters of the Still mingle with those of
the Croton system, and its chief southern branch, the Umpog, is
interlaced with the sources of the Saugatuck on a divide marked by
glacial drift and swamps. The explanation of these features involves
not only the history of the Still River system, but also that of the
Housatonic.
In explanation of the present unusual arrangement of streams in
the Still River system, four hypotheses may be considered:
I. Still River valley is the ancient bed of the Housatonic from which
that river has been diverted through reversal caused by a glacial dam.
II. The Housatonic has always had its present southeasterly course,
but the Still, heading at some point in its valley north of Danbury,
flowed initially southward through one of four possible outlets. The
latter stream was later reversed by a glacial dam at the southern end,
or by glacial scouring at the northern end of its valley which removed
the divide between its headwaters and the Housatonic.
III. The Housatonic has always held its present southeasterly course,
and the Still initially flowed southward, as stated above. Reversal in
this case, however, occurred in a very early stage in the development
of the drainage, as the result of the capture of the headwaters of the
Still by a small tributary of the Housatonic.
IV. The Housatonic has always held its present southeasterly course,
but the Still has developed from the beginning as a subsequent stream
in the direction in which it now flows.
The first hypothesis, that the Still is the ancient channel of the
Housatonic, has been advocated by Professor Hobbs, who has stated:
"That the valley of the Still was formerly occupied by a large
stream is probable from its wide valley area.... The former
discharge of the waters of the Housatonic through the Still into
the Croton system, on the one hand, or into the Saugatuck on the
other, would require the assumption of extremely slight changes
only in the rock channels which now connect them.... To turn the
river (the Housatonic) from its course along the limestone
valley some obstruction or differential uplift within the river
basin may have been responsible. The former seems to be the more
probable explanation in view of the large accumulations of drift
material in the area south and west of Bethel and Danbury."
"The structural valleys believed to be present in the
crystalline rocks of the uplands due to post-Newark deformation
may well have directed the course of the Housatonic after it had
once deserted the limestone ... The deep gorge of the Housatonic
through which the river enters the uplands not only crosses the
first high ridge of gneiss in the rectilinear direction of one
of the fault series, but its precipitous walls show the presence
of minor planes of dislocation, along which the bottom of the
valley appears to have been depressed."[9]
The hypothesis proposed by Professor Hobbs and also the second and
third hypotheses here given involve the supposition of reversal of
drainage, and their validity rests on the probability that the stream
now occupying Still River valley formerly flowed southward. The first
and second hypotheses will be considered in the following section.
[Footnote 9: Hobbs, W. H., Still rivers of western Connecticut: Bull.
Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 13, pp. 17-26, 1901.]