This city was once reputed the metropolis of Asia; and thence it was
styled Epiphanestata, a name signifying "Monstrous." It was at first not
merely a village, but a small village; yet, in the time of Strabo, it
was the largest and most frequented emporium of all that continent. It
was situated in Ionia, about 50 miles south of Smyrna, near the mouth of
the river Cayster. Pliny tells us, that before his age, it had been
known by various names. In the time of the Trojan war, it was called
Alopes; soon after, Ortygia, and Morges; then it took the name of
Smyrna; then Samornium, and Ptelea. "It is mounted on a hill," says he,
"and hath the river Cayster under it, which cometh out of the Cilbian
hills, and brings down with it the waters of many other rivers; but is
principally maintained and enriched by the lake Pegaseum, which
discharges itself by the river Phyrites, that runs into it. A large
quantity of mud is brought down, which increases the land; for already,
a good way within the land, is an island called Phyrie, nearly joined to
the continent."
Pliny, and several other ancient writers, assert that this city was
founded by the Amazons; but others, with greater probability, ascribe
that honour to a party emigrating from Athens. As this emigration was
important, we shall pause a little upon it. It is called the Ionic
emigration. It was led from Athens by two young men, named Neleus and
Androcles, the younger sons of Codrus the king. Multitudes followed
them, especially certain Ionian and Messenian families, who had taken
refuge in that city after the Dorian conquest. On landing, they seized
upon four hundred miles[232] of Asia Minor, together with the islands of
Samos and Chios; and having driven out the Carians and Segetes, founded
twelve cities. Of these Ephesus was one[233]. Neleus settled at Miletus;
but Androcles, the elder brother, at Ephesus. Strabo relates, that the
authority of Androcles was at first acknowledged over all the cities;
but that a republican government was soon after established, and that
the municipality of each city claimed sovereign authority; the whole
being, nevertheless, united by confederacy; having, for considering
their common affairs, a general council. This council was called
Panionium.
This form of government continued to the time of Pythagoras, who lived
before Cyrus the Great, and was one of the most savage tyrants of whom
history makes mention. He was succeeded by Pyndarus, who ruled with a
less absolute and cruel sway; in whose time Ephesus was besieged by
Croesus, king of Lydia. That prince advised the inhabitants to dedicate
their city to Diana; and they having resolved to follow his advice, he
treated them with kindness, and restored them to their former liberty.
The other tyrants, mentioned in Ephesian history, were, Athenagoras,
Comes, Aristarchus, and Hegesias. The last of these governed under the
patronage of Alexander[234]. That conqueror, however, at length expelled
him; and, having done so, bestowed upon the temple of Diana, after
having defeated the Persians on the banks of the Granicus,--all the
tributes which the Ephesians had been accustomed to pay to the Persian
kings. He also established a democracy in the city.
Ephesus was greatly assisted, also, by Lysander the Lacedemonian.
Plutarch relates, that when that person went to Ephesus, he found that
city well disposed to the Lacedemonians, but in a bad condition as to
its internal policy, and in danger of falling into the hands of the
Persians; because it was near Lydia, and the king's lieutenants often
visited it. Lysander, therefore, having fixed his quarters there,
ordered all his store-ships to be brought into the harbour, and built a
dock for his galleys. By these means he filled the ports with merchants,
their markets with business, and their houses and shops with money. So
that from that time, and from his services, continues Plutarch, Ephesus
began to conceive hopes of that greatness and splendour in which it
afterwards flourished.
We must now describe the temple at this place, dedicated to Diana. It
was in part built by the hands of kings. It was four hundred and
twenty-five feet long and two hundred feet broad, and not only adorned
with the choicest paintings and statues, but with whatever the hand of
art or genius could produce in that day of superior execution and
magnificence. The roof was supported by one hundred and twenty-seven
columns, sixty feet high. Of these, thirty-six were carved in a most
exquisite manner: nor was it entirely completed till two hundred and
twenty years after its first foundation. Its architect was Ctesiphon.
The riches placed in this temple were very great, and the goddess was
represented as crowned with turrets, holding in her arms lions; while a
number of beasts seemed to indicate the fertility and resources of the
earth, or of nature. It was formed of ebony; and Pliny states, that
though the staircase, which led up to the top of this edifice, was not
very narrow, it was formed out of the trunk of one single vine.
This temple was destroyed on the day on which Alexander was born. It was
burnt by an Ephesian, who thus desired to immortalise his name. In order
to frustrate the accomplishment of this desire, the Ephesians enacted a
law, that no one should even be guilty of mentioning his name. The name
of Eratostratus, nevertheless, has descended to posterity.
Such is the account left us by Plutarch and Valerius Maximus. On this
occasion, Hegesias, the Magnesian, "uttered a conceit," says Plutarch,
"frigid enough to have extinguished the flames." "It is no wonder," said
he, "that the temple of Diana was burnt, when she was at a distance
employed in bringing Alexander into the world."[235]
All the Magi, continues Plutarch, who were then at Ephesus, looked upon
the fire as a sign which betokened a much greater misfortune;--they ran
about the town beating their faces, and crying, "that the day had
brought forth the greatest scourge and destroyer of Asia."
Barthelemy makes Anacharsis visit Ephesus some few years after this
calamity. Nothing then remained of this superb temple but the four walls
and some columns in the midst of ruins. The fire had consumed the roof
and the ornaments which decorated the nave. Alexander offered to rebuild
this edifice; but the offer being accompanied by the condition, that the
Ephesians should inscribe his name upon it as that of the benefactor;
the Ephesians refused to accept his offer. They, nevertheless, refused
in a manner that gave him, no doubt, a superior satisfaction. It was,
that one deity ought not to raise a temple to another!
At the time Barthelemy has named, the temple was beginning to be
rebuilt[236]. All the citizens had contributed, and the women had
sacrificed their jewels. No change was made in the form of the goddess'
statue; a form anciently borrowed from the Egyptians, and which was
found, also, in the temples of several other Greek cities. The goddess
bore on her head a tower; two iron rods supported her hands; and the
body terminated in a sheath, encircled with symbols and the figures of
animals.
Thirty-six of the columns were carved by Scopas, of the school of
Praxiteles[237], and it was in this temple that the Ionic order in
architecture was first employed; and every column contained one hundred
and ten tons of marble[238].
In the war between the Romans and Mithridates, the Ephesians took part
with the latter; and by his command went even so far as to massacre all
the Romans in their city[239]. For this atrocity they were severely
fined, and reduced almost to beggars.
Whoever might have originally founded this city, certain it is that the
town, which in the Roman times was the metropolis of Asia, was founded
by Lysimachus; he having caused the first city to be destroyed. When he
had effected that, he rebuilt it in a more convenient place.
This new city became very splendid in process of time; but it was
greatly damaged in the reign of Tiberius by an earthquake. On this
Tiberius ordered it to be repaired and adorned with many stately
buildings; and of that city the ruins which are now visible are the
remains.
Ephesus was in subsequent times sacked by the Goths, and the temple of
Diana again burnt to the ground. The ruin of the temple is thus
described by Gibbon:--"In the general calamities of mankind, the death
of an individual, however exalted, the ruin of an edifice, however
famous, are passed over with careless inattention. Yet, we cannot forget
that the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after having risen with increasing
splendour from seven repeated misfortunes[240], was finally burnt by the
Goths in their third naval invasion. The arts of Greece, and the wealth
of Asia, had conspired to erect that sacred and magnificent structure.
It was supported by one hundred and twenty-seven marble columns of the
Ionic order. They were the gifts of devout monarchs, and each was sixty
feet high. The altar was adorned with the masterly sculpture of
Praxiteles, who had, perhaps, selected from the favourite legends of the
place, the birth of the divine children of Latona, the concealment of
Apollo after the slaughter of the Cyclops, and the clemency of Bacchus
to the vanquished Amazons[241]. Yet the length of the temple of Ephesus
was only four hundred and twenty-five feet; about two-thirds of the
measurement of the church of St. Peter's at Rome[242]. In the other
dimensions it was still inferior to that sublime production of modern
architecture. The spreading arms of a Christian cross require a much
greater breadth than the oblong temples of the pagans; and the boldest
architect of antiquity would have been startled at the proposal of
raising in the air a dome of the size and proportions of the Pantheon.
The temple of Diana was, however, admired as one of the wonders of the
world. Successive empires, the Persian, Macedonian, and the Roman, had
revered its sanctity, and enriched its splendour. But the rude savages
of the Baltic were destitute of a taste for the elegant arts, and they
despised the ideal terrors of a foreign superstition[243]."
In regard to this temple, some have supposed that the subterranean
arches still existing are the remains of it. This, however, cannot be
allowed. "A Sybilline oracle," says Sir John Hobhouse, "foretold, that
the earth would tremble and open, and that this glorious edifice would
fall headlong into the abyss; and present appearances might justify the
belief, that it was swept from the face of the earth by some
overwhelming catastrophe." "It is easier to conceive," he goes on to
observe, "that such an event, although unnoticed, did take place, than
that a marble temple, four hundred and twenty feet long, and two hundred
and twenty feet broad, whose columns (one hundred and twenty-seven in
number) were sixty feet high, should have left no other vestige than two
fragments of wall, some brick subterraneous arches, and four granite
pillars." Certain it is that large portions of this city were carried
away at various times to assist in building or adorning other cities,
more especially Constantinople. "It is probable," says Hobhouse, "that
Christian zeal accelerated the devastations of time; and that the
Ephesians, in order to prevent the punishment denounced against the
seven churches of Asia, may have been eager to demolish this monument of
their glory and their shame. The cedar roofs, the cypress doors, the
vine staircase, the sculptured column of Scopas, the altar adorned by
Praxiteles, the paintings of Parrhasius and Apelles, and the ebony image
of the goddess, may have fallen before the enemies of pagan idolatry;
and the piety of the priests might have been more injurious to Diana
than the rapacity of the Goths; but neither the cupidity nor audacity of
the reformers, against whom the sophist Libanius,--an eye-witness of
their progress,--so forcibly exclaims, could have destroyed, although
they might have defaced, the vast fabric of the Artemisium itself."
Under the reign of Alexius, father of the celebrated Anna de Comnena,
Ephesus fell under the dominion of the Mahometans. In A.D. 1206, the
Greeks retook it; but seventy-seven years after they lost it again. At
the commencement of the fourteenth century, it became a part of the
Turkish dominions, and has remained so ever since.
Ephesus is greatly distinguished in ecclesiastical history. "First,"
says Rees, "it may be considered as the abode of many Jews, who obtained
the privilege of citizens; and afterwards as the place where the first
Paul took up his residence for three years[244]; where he wrought
miracles[245], and was resisted by the Jews[246]; and where Timothy was
bishop; and where John resided; and moreover, as containing one of the
seven churches whose character and doom are recorded by that evangelist
in the book of the Revelation[247]."
We now pass to the times in which we live; and shall present
descriptions of the ruins of this once noble city, in the language of
those who have visited them.
Aiasaluck is situated about thirteen or fourteen hours from Smyrna. It
is now a small village, inhabited by a few Turkish families, standing
chiefly on the south of a hill, called the Castle-hill, among bushes and
ruins. Near a caravanserai is a marble sarcophagus, which serves as a
water-trough to a well before it. It bears an inscription; and from that
is learnt, that it once contained the bodies of the commander of a Roman
trireme named the Griffin, and his wife. "We sat near this sarcophagus,"
says Dr. Chandler, "in the open air, while our supper was preparing;
when suddenly fires began to blaze up among the bushes, and we saw the
villagers collected about them in savage groups, or passing to and fro
with lighted brands for torches. The flames, with the stars and a pale
moon, afforded us a dire prospect of ruin and desolation. A shrill owl,
named Cucuvaia from its note, with a night-hawk, flitted near us; and a
jackal cried mournfully, as if forsaken by his companions on the
mountain." Such was the scene where Ephesus had been! "We retired,"
continues this elegant and accomplished traveller, "early in the evening
to our shed; not without some sensations of melancholy, which were
renewed at the dawn of day. We had then a distinct view of a solemn and
most forlorn spot; a neglected castle, a grand mosque, and a broken
aqueduct, with mean cottages, and ruinous buildings, interspersed among
wild thickets, and spreading to a considerable extent. Many of the
scattered structures are squares, with domes, and have been baths. Some
gravestones occurred, finely painted and gilded, as the Turkish manner
is, with characters in relievo. But the castle, the mosque, and the
aqueduct, are alone sufficient evidences, as well of the former
greatness of the place, as of its importance."
The castle is a large and barbarous edifice, with square towers. You
ascend to it over heaps of stones, intermixed with scraps of marble. "An
outwork," continues Dr. Chandler, "which secured the approach, once
consisted of two lateral walls from the body of the fortress, with a
gateway. This is supported on each side by a huge and awkward buttress,
constructed chiefly with the seats of a theatre, or stadium, many marked
with Greek letters. Several fragments of inscriptions are inserted in
it, or lie near. Over the arch are four pieces of ancient sculpture. Two
in the middle are in alto-relievo, of most exquisite workmanship, and
parts of the same design; representing the death of Patroclus, and the
bringing of his body to Achilles." A third is in basso-relievo. "The
figures are, a man leading away a little boy, a corpse extended, two
women lamenting, and soldiers bearing forth the armour and weapons of
the deceased, to decorate his funeral pile." This referred to the story
of Hector. The fourth is much injured, but sufficient remains to show
boys and vine-branches. The gateway faces the sea. Within the castle
were a few huts, an old mosque, and a great deal of rubbish. "If you
move a stone, it is a chance but you find a scorpion under it."
The grand mosque is situated beneath the castle. The side next the foot
of the hill is of stone; the rest of polished marble, veined. In front
is a court, having a large fountain; there are, also, broken
columns--remains of a portico. The fabric was raised with old materials;
and the large granite columns which sustain the roof, as well as all the
marbles, are remains of what were long supposed to constitute ancient
Ephesus.
In regard to the aqueduct, the piers are square; not large, but many,
with arches formed with brick. These are constructed with inscribed
pedestals, on one of which is the name of Herodes Atticus, whose statue
it once supported. These ruins abound in snakes. Chamelions and lizards,
also, are frequently seen basking in the sun. "The marbles, yet
untouched, would form a copious and curious harvest, if accessible. The
downfall of some may be expected continually, from the tottering
condition of the fabric; and time and earthquakes will supply the place
of ladders; for which the traveller wishes in vain at a place, where, if
a tall man, he may almost overlook the houses."
And yet these ruins, strictly speaking, are in Dr. Chandler's opinion
not those of Ephesus: those lie nearer the sea; and are visible from the
castle hill. The ruins of Aiasaluck are those of a town, built in great
part, if not entirely, of Ephesian ruins; and it may be supposed, by the
Mahometan potentate, Mantakhia, who conquered Ephesus and all Caria, in
the year 1313.
The site of Ephesus is to be sought for in the way from Aiasaluck to a
square tower of white marble, which stands on a ridge, projecting from
the chain of Corissus, the southern boundary of the plain of the
Cayster. For about half a mile from the village the route is over a
flat, interspersed with thickets of tamarinds, agnus-castus, and other
shrubs; it then arrives at a low round hill which extends to the
north-east from the high range of Corissus. All the inhabitants of the
once famous Ephesus, the chief of this part of Asia, as the mistress
governing the rest, by the residence of the proconsul here, amount now
not to above forty or fifty families of Turks, living in poor thatched
cottages, without, says Wheler, one Christian among them. They lie in a
knot together, on the south side of the castle. "Within the gate, on the
castle wall," continues he, "we saw a marble, whereon is cut a face,
representing the moon, with two snakes; one on one side of the head, and
the other on the other; joining their heads in the middle of the crown,
and their tails pointing outwards; with each of them a circle in such
shape, they both represent a bow. This was to represent the deity Hecate
triformis; the moon in the heavens, represented by the large round
visage; Proserpine in Hell, represented by the snakes; and Diana upon
earth by the bow."
All the principal part of the ruins are on the side of the hill, lately
mentioned, and in a flat recess between the west side of it and the high
mountains. On the slope of the hill which is called Pion, or Prion
(sometimes Lepre Acte), is a large arch of white marble, built, like the
aqueduct before mentioned, from ancient ruins. On another part of the
hill are two arches and vestiges of a theatre. This was, doubtless, the
theatre into which the people rushed, shouting, "Great is Diana!" when
St. Paul, by his preaching, produced a tumult at Ephesus. In both wings
of this theatre, the seats and the ruins of the proscenium of which are
removed, are several architectural fragments; and over an arch, once one
of the avenues, is an inscription, enjoining the reader: "_If he did not
think proper to approach the festive scene, at least to be pleased with
the skill of the architect, who had saved a vast circle of the theatre;
all-conquering time having yielded to the succour he had contrived._"
Coming to a narrow valley, broken columns and pieces of marble are
observed, with vestiges of an Odeum, or music-room; this is stripped of
the seats, and is naked. Beyond this are the remains of a large edifice,
greatly resembling the one with an arcade at Troas. The top of one of
the niches is painted with waves and fishes; and amongst the fragments
lying in the front are two trunks of statues, of great size, without
heads and almost buried; the drapery of which is both the same, alike
remarkable. This was the gymnasium. "We pitched our tents," says Dr.
Chandler, "among the ruins of this huge building, when we arrived from
Claros, and employed on it three days in taking a plan and view. We
found the area green with corn, and the site in general overrun with
fennel, in seed, the stalks strong and tall."
At the entrance from Aiasaluck is a street, and from the remains still
existing, it must have been a noble one. The edifices must have been,
also, ample ones, with colonnades. There are many bases and pedestals of
columns; and the vaulted substructions of the fabrics are still entire.
Turning towards the sea, the traveller is greeted with the sight of a
prostrate heap, once forming a temple. The cell, or nave, was
constructed of large, coarse stones. This temple had four columns
between the antæ. Their diameter is about four feet six inches; their
length about thirty-two feet; but, including the base and capital,
forty-six feet and about seven inches. Though the dimensions of these
pillars was so great, the shafts are fluted. The most entire of them,
however, are broken into two pieces. The ornaments were rich; but "of
inferior taste, and the mouldings ill proportioned[248]." This temple is
supposed to be the remains of that erected at Ephesus, by permission of
Augustus, to the god Julius. Some, however, have imagined that it might
have been that dedicated to Claudius Cæsar on his apotheosis.
About a mile from this are the remnants of a sumptuous edifice; among
the bushes beneath which are altars of white marble. These stand upon an
eminence; and from that is beheld a lovely prospect of the river
Cayster, which there crosses the plain from near Gellesus, into a small
but full stream, and with many luxuriant windings.
Mount Prion, according to Chandler, is among the curiosities of Ionia
enumerated by Pausanias. It has served as an inexhaustible magazine of
marble, and contributed largely to the magnificence of the city. "The
Ephesians, it is related, when they first resolved to provide an edifice
worthy of Diana, met to agree on importing materials. The quarries, then
in use, were remote, and the expense, it was foreseen, would be
prodigious. At this time a shepherd happened to be feeding his flock on
mount Prion[249], and two rams fighting, one of them missed his
antagonist, and, striking the rock with his horn, broke off a crust of
very white marble. He ran into the city with this specimen, which was
received with excess of joy. He was highly honoured for this accidental
discovery; the Ephesians changing his name from Pixodorus to Evangelus,
_the good messenger_, and enjoining their chief magistrate, under a
penalty, to visit the spot, and to sacrifice to him monthly." This
custom continued to be observed, even so late as the time of Augustus
Cæsar.
Not far from the gymnasium, are cavities with mouths, like ovens,
forming burial-places, made to admit bodies, which were thrust in. This
was supposed to have belonged to the oratory or church of St. John,
rebuilt by Justinian. Near the city, also, are quarries in the bowels of
the mountain, with numberless mazes, and vast, silent, dripping caverns.
In many parts of this, Dr. Chandler informs us, are chippings of marble
and marks of tools. He found chippings, also, which supplied marble for
the city wall, and huge pieces lying among the bushes at the bottom.
The Ephesians, at the time in which the learned traveller to whom in
this account we have so frequently referred, were a few Greek peasants,
living in extreme wretchedness, dependence, and insensibility; "the
representatives of an illustrious people, and exhibiting the wreck of
their greatness; some, the substructions of the glorious edifices which
they raised; some beneath the vaults of the stadium, once the crowded
scene of their diversions; and some by the abrupt precipice, in the
sepulchres, which received their ashes."
These ruins were visited by Sir John Hobhouse. "The desolate walls of
the mosque of St. John, and the whole scene of Aiasaluck," says he,
"cannot but suggest a train of melancholy reflections. The decay of
these religions is thus presented, at one view, to the eye of the
traveller! The marble spoils of the Grecian temple adorn the mouldering
edifice, over which the tower of the Mussulman, the emblem of another
triumphant worship, is itself seen to totter, and sink into the
mouldering ruins." Not a single inhabitant, not even a shepherd's hut,
was to be seen on the actual site of this once resplendent city! "Its
streets are obscure and overgrown," says Chandler. "A herd of goats was
driven to it for shelter from the sun at noon; and a noisy flight of
crows from the quarries seemed to insult its silence. We heard the
partridge call in the area of the theatre, and of the stadium. The
glorious pomp of its heathen worship is no longer remembered; and
Christianity, which was there nursed by apostles, and fostered by
general councils, until it increased in fulness of stature, barely
lingers on in an existence hardly visible."
Since this, the state of Christianity there has fallen still lower. In
1812, one Greek, who was a baker, living at Aiasaluck, and three or four
fishermen, who lived in sheds near the river, were the only Christians
to be found in the city of Ephesus[250].