This was a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus;
greatly celebrated for the observance, every fifth year, of the greatest
festival in Greece, called the Eleusinian; a festival sacred to Ceres
and Proserpine; every thing appertaining to which was a secret, or
mystery; to divulge any of which was supposed to call down an immediate
judgment from heaven.
"Ceres," says an Athenian orator, "wandering in quest of her daughter
Proserpine, came into Attica, where some good offices were done her,
which it is unlawful for those who are not initiated to hear. In return,
she conferred two unparalleled benefits:--the knowledge of agriculture,
by which the human race is raised above the brute creation; and the
mysteries, from which the partakers derive sweeter hopes than other men
enjoy, both in the present life and to eternity."
There is nothing in all the Pagan antiquity more celebrated than the
mysteries and feasts of Ceres Eleusina[226]. Their origin and
institution are attributed to Ceres herself, who in the reign of
Erechtheus, coming to Eleusis, a small town of Attica, in search of her
daughter Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried away, and finding the
country afflicted with a famine, she not only taught them the use of
corn, but instructed them in the principles of probity, charity,
civility, and humanity. These mysteries were divided into the less and
the greater, of which the former served as a preparation for the latter.
Only Athenians were admitted to them; but of them each sex, age, and
condition had a right to be received. All strangers were absolutely
excluded. We shall consider principally the greater mysteries, which
were celebrated at Eleusis.
Those who demanded to be initiated into them, were obliged, before their
reception, to purify themselves in the lesser mysteries, by bathing in
the river Ilissus, by saying certain prayers, offering sacrifices, and,
above all, by living in strict continence during an interval of time
prescribed them. That time was employed in instructing them in the
principles and elements of the sacred doctrine of the great mysteries.
When the time for their initiation arrived, they were brought into the
temple; and to inspire the greater reverence and terror, the ceremony
was performed in the night. Wonderful things passed upon this occasion.
Visions were seen, and voices heard, of an extraordinary kind. A sudden
splendour dispelled the darkness of the place; and disappearing
immediately, added new horrors to the gloom. Apparitions, claps of
thunder, earthquakes, improved the terror and amazement; whilst the
person admitted, stupified, sweating through fear, heard trembling the
mysterious volumes read to him. These nocturnal rites were attended with
many disorders, which the severe law of silence, imposed on the persons
initiated, prevented from coming to light. The president in this
ceremony was called a Hierophant. He wore a peculiar habit, and was not
admitted to marry. He had three colleagues; one who carried a torch;
another, a herald, whose office was to pronounce certain mysterious
words; and a third, to attend at the altar.
Besides these officers, one of the principal magistrates of the city was
appointed to take care that all the ceremonies of this feast were
exactly observed. He was called the king, and was one of the nine
Archons. His business was to offer prayers and sacrifices. The people
gave him four assistants. He had, besides, ten other ministers to assist
him in the discharge of his duty, and particularly in offering
sacrifices.
The Athenians initiated their children of both sexes very early into
these mysteries, and would have thought it criminal to have let them die
without such an advantage.
It was regularly celebrated every fifth year; that is, after a
revolution of four years: and history records, that it was never
interrupted, except upon the taking of Thebes by Alexander the Great. It
was continued down to the time of the Christian emperors; and
Valentinian would have abolished it, if Prætextatus, the proconsul of
Greece, had not represented in the most lively and affecting terms the
universal sorrow which the abrogation of that feast would occasion among
the people; upon which it was suffered to subsist. It is supposed to
have been finally suppressed by Theodosius the Great.
At this place there were several sacred monuments, such as chapels and
altars; and many rich citizens of Athens had pleasant and beautiful
villas there[227]. The great temple at Eleusis was plundered by the
Spartan king Cleomenes, and it was burnt by the Persians, in their
flight after the battle of Platæa. It was afterwards rebuilt by Iktinos;
but nearly entirely destroyed by Alaric. After this Eleusis became an
inconsiderable village. It is now inhabited by a few poor Albanian
Christians. The temple of Ceres and Proserpine was built under the
administration of Pericles. It was of the marble of Pentelicus. It was
equally vast and magnificent. Its length, from north to south, was about
three hundred and eighty-six feet, and its breadth about three hundred
and twenty-seven; and the most celebrated artists were employed in its
construction and decoration.
"In the most flourishing times of Athens," says Wheler, "Eleusis was one
of their principal towns, but is now crushed down under their hard
fortune, having been so ill treated by the Christian pirates, more
inhuman than the very Turks, that all its inhabitants have left it;
there being now nothing remaining but ruins. The place is situated upon
a long hill, stretched out near to the sea, north-east and north-west,
not far distant from the mountain Gerata. The whole hill seems to have
been built upon, but chiefly towards the sea, where the first thing we
came to was the stately temple of Ceres, now prostrate upon the ground;
I cannot say, 'not having one stone upon another,' for it lieth all in a
confused heap together, the beautiful pillars buried in the rubbish of
its dejected roof and walls, and its goodly carved and polished cornices
used with no more respect than the worst stone of the pavement. It lies
in such a rude and disorderly manner, that it is not possible to judge
of its ancient form; only it appeared to have been built of most
beautiful white marble, and no less admirable stone."
There are also remains of several old sepulchres; and among these was
lately found an inscription relative to something dedicated to Ceres and
her daughter, by Fabius, the Dadouchos. Another is in the wall of a
cottage, and is relative to a member of the Areopagus, who erected a
statue to his wife.
The temple of Neptune is supposed to have been near the sea, where
traces now remain, composed of dark Eleusinian marble. The foundations
of the ancient tombs are still visible; but there are no remains of the
city walls; but a long wall, which united it with the port, may be still
traced with little interruption.
The temple of Venus, which was of the Doric order, is now a mass of
rubbish, among which have been found several marble doves of the natural
size.
Many fragments, says Mr. Dodwell, have probably been removed, owing to
its propinquity to the sea, and the consequent facility of exportation.
The church of St. Zacharias is almost entirely composed of ancient
fragments. This is probably the situation of the temple of Diana; and of
a large ancient well he supposes to be that mentioned by Pausanias,
round which the women of Eleusis danced in honour of the goddess.
There were also temples dedicated to Triptolemus and Neptune, the
father; but of these not a fragment remains[228].