[1] A letter of Madame Roland dated the 26th of this very month, July,
1789, declares that the people "are undone if the National Assembly does
not proceed seriously and regularly to the trial of the illustrious heads
[the king and queen], or if some generous Decius does not risk his life to
take theirs."
[2] This story reached even distant province. On the 24th of July Arthur
Young, being at Colmar, was assured at the _table-d'hôte_ "That the queen
had a plot, nearly on the point of execution, to blow up the National
Assembly by a mine, and to march the army instantly to massacre all
Paris." A French officer presumed but to doubt of the truth of it, and was
immediately overpowered with numbers of tongues. A deputy had written it;
they had seen the letter. And at Dijon, a week later, he tells us that
"the current report at present, to which all possible credit is given, is
that the queen has been convicted of a plot to poison the king and
monsieur, and give the regency to the Count d'Artois, to set fire to
Paris, and blow up the Palais Royal by a mine."--ARTHUR YOUNG'S _Travels,
etc., in France_, pp. 143, 151.
[3] "Car dès ce moment on menaçait Versailles d'une incursion de gens
armés de Paris."--MADAME DE CAMPAN, ch. xiv.
[4] Lacretelle, vol. vii., p. 105.
[5] She meant to say, "Messieurs, je viens remettre entre vos mains
l'épouse et la famille de votre souverain. Ne souffrez pas que l'on
désunisse sur la terre ce qui a été uni dans le ciel."--MADAME DE CAMPAN,
ch. xiv.
[6] Napoleon seems to have formed this opinion of his political views:
"Selon M. Gourgaud, Buonaparte, causant à Ste. Hélène le traitait avec
plus de mépris [que Madame de Staël]. 'La Fayette était encore un autre
niais. Il était nullement taillé pour le rôle qu'il avait à jouer....
C'était un homme sans talents, ni civils, ni militaires; esprit borné,
caractère dissimulé, dominé par des idées vagues de liberté mal digérées
chez lui; mal conçues.'"--_Biographie Universelle_.
[7] In his Memoirs he boasts of the "gaucherie de ses manières qui ne se
plièrent jamais aux grâces de la Cour," p. 7.
[8] See her letter to Mercy, without date, but, apparently written a day
or two after the king's journey to Paris, Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 238.
[9] "Souvenirs de Quarante Ans" (by Madame de Tourzel's daughter), p. 30.
[10] Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 240.
CHAPTER XXV.
[1] "Mémoires de la Princesse de Lamballe," i., p. 342.
[2] Les Gardes du Corps.
[3] Louis Blanc, iii., p. 156, quoting the Procédure du Châtelet.
[4] "Souvenirs de la Marquise de Créquy," vol. vii, p. 119.
[5] There is some uncertainty where La Fayette slept that night.
Lacretelle says it was at the "Maison du Prince de Foix, fort éloignée du
château." Count Dumas, meaning to be as favorable to him as possible,
places him at the Hôtel de Noailles, which is "not one hundred paces from
the iron gates of the chapel" ("Memoirs of the Count Dumas," p. 159).
However, the nearer he was to the palace, the more incomprehensible it is
that he should not have reached the palace the next morning till nearly
eight o'clock, two hours after the mob had forced their entrance into the
Cour des Princes.
[6] Weber, i., p. 218.
[7] Le Boulanger (the king), la Boulangère (the queen), et le petit mitron
(the dauphin).
[8] "Souvenirs de la Marquise de Créquy," vii., p. 123.
[9] Weber, ii, p. 226.
[10] "Souvenirs de Quarante Ans," p. 47.
CHAPTER XXVI.
[1] Madame de Campan, ch. xv.
[2] F. de Conches, p. 264.
[3] Madam de Campan, ch. xv.
[4] See a letter from M. Huber to Lord Auckland, "Journal and
Correspondence of Lord Auckland," ii, p. 365.
[5] La Marck et Mirabeau, ii., pp. 90-93, 254.
[6] "Arthur Young's Travels," etc., p. 264; date, Paris, January 4th,
1790.
[7] Feuillet de Conches, iii., p. 229.
[8] Joseph died February 20th.
[9] "Je me flatte que je la mériterai [l'amitié et confiance] de votre
part lorsque ma façon de penser et mon tendre attachement pour vous, votre
époux, vos enfants, et tout ce qui peut vous intéresser vous seront mieux
connus."--ARNETH, p. 120. Leopold had been for many years absent from
Germany, being at Florence as Grand Duke of Tuscany.
[10] Feuillet de Conches, iii., p. 260.
[11] As early as the second week in October (La Marck, p. 81, seems to
place the conversation even before the outrages of October 5th and 6th;
but this seems impossible, and may arise from his manifest desire to
represent Mirabeau as unconnected with those horrors), Mirabeau said to La
Marck, "Tout est perdu, le roi et la reine y périront et vous le verrez,
la populace battra leurs cadavres."
[12] Lèse-nation.
CHAPTER XXVII.
[1] Arthur Young's "Journal," January 4th, 1790, p. 251.
[2] Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 315.
[3] "Le mal déjà fait est bien grave, et je doute que Mirabeau lui-même
puisse réparer celui qu'on lui a laissé faire."--_Mirabeau et La Marck_,
i., p. 100.
[4] La Marck et Mirabeau, i., p. 315.
[5] _Ibid._, p. 111.
[6] Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 345.
[7] Mirabeau et La Marck, i., p. 125.
[8] He alludes to Maria Teresa's appearance at Presburg at the beginning
of the Silesian war.
[9] "Il lui [à l'Assemblée] importait de faire une épreuve sur toutes les
Gardes Nationales de France, d'animer ce grand corps dont tous les membres
étaient encore épars et incohérents, de leur donner une même impulsion....
Enfin, de faire sous les yeux de l'Europe une imposante revue des force
qu'elle pourrait un jour opposer à des rois inquiets ou courroucés."--
LACRETELLE, vii., p. 359.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
[1] We learn from Dr. Moore that there was a leader with five subaltern
officers and one hundred and fifty rank and file in each gallery of the
chamber; that the wages of the latter were from two to three francs a day;
the subaltern had ten francs, the leaders fifty. The entire expense was
about a thousand francs a day, a sum which strengthens the suspicion that
the pay-master (originally, at least) was the Duc d'Orléans.--DR. MOORE'S
_View of the Causes, etc., of the French Revolution_, i., p. 425.
[2] Mirabeau et La Marck, ii., p. 47.
[3] Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 352.
[4] Marie Antoinette to Mercy, Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 355.
[5] _Ibid_., i., p. 365.
[6] Arneth, p. 140.
[7] It is remarkable that he, like one or two of the Girondin party,
belonged by birth to the Huguenot persuasion, and Marat had studied
medicine at Edinburgh.
[8] The Marquise de Brinvilliers had been executed for poisoning several
of her own relations in the reign of Louis XIV.
[9] Madame de Campan, ch. xvii.; Chambrier, ii., p. 12.
[10] He said to La Marck, "Aucun homme seul ne sera capable de ramener les
Français an bon sens, le temps seul peut rétablir l'ordre dans les
esprits," etc., etc.--_ Mirabeau et La Marck_, i., p. 147.
[11] Feuillet de Conches, i., p, 376.
[12] Marie Antoinette to Leopold, date December 11th, 1790, Arneth, p.
143.
CHAPTER XXIX.
[1] The Marshal de Bouillé, who was La Fayette's cousin, says, in October
of this year, "L'évêque de Pamiers me fit le tableau de la situation
malheureux de ce prince et de la famille royale ... que la rigueur et
dureté de La Fayette, devenu leur geôlier, rendent de jour en jour plus
insupportable."--_Mémories de De Bouillé_, pp. 175, 181. And in June he
had remarked, "Que sa popularité (de La Fayette) dépendait plutôt de la
captivité du roi, qu'il tenait prisonnier, et qui était sous sa garde, que
de sa force personnelle, qui n'avait plus d'autre appui que la milice
Parisienne."
[2] _Ibid_., p. 130.
[3] The letter to the King of Prussia is given by Lamartine; its date is
December 3d, 1790.--_Histoire des Girondins_, book v., § 12.
[4] Mercy to Marie Antoinette, from The Hague, December 17th, 1790,
Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 398.
[5] Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 401.
[6] _Ibid., p. 403, date December 27th, 1790.
[7] "Mirabeau et La Marck," ii., pp. 57--61.
[8] Letter to the queen, date February 19th, 1791; "Correspondance de
Mirabeau et La Marck," ii., p. 229.
[9] "Mirabeau et La Marck," ii., pp. 153, 194, _et passim._
[10] "Souvenirs de Quarante Ans," p. 54.
[11] "Mirabeau aurait préféré que Louis XVI. sortit publiquement, et en
roi, M. de Bouillé pensait de même."--_Mirabeau et La Marck_, i., p. 172.
[12] 1789, see _ante_, p. 256.
[13] Date February 18th, 1791, Feuillet de Conches, i., p. 465.
[14] "Mirabeau et La Marck," ii., p., 216 date February 3d, 1791.
CHAPTER XXX.
[1] Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 14, date March 7th.
[2] Arneth, p. 146, letter of the queen to Leopold, February 27th, 1791.
[3] Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 20, date March 20th, 1791.
[4] Letter of M. Simolin, the Russian embassador, April 4th, 1791,
Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 31.
[5] "Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," par Étienne Dumont, p. 201.
[6] In her letter to Mercy of August 16th, of which extracts are given in
ch. xi., she takes credit for having encountered the dangers of the
journey to Montmédy for the sake of "the public welfare."
[7] Arneth, p. 155.
[8] Letter of Leopold to Marie Antoinette, date May 2d, 1791, Arneth, p.
162.
[9] "Cette démarche est le terme extrême de réussir ou périr. Les choses
en sont-elles au point de rendre ce risque indispensable?"--_Mercy to
Marie Antoinette_, May 11th, 1791, Arneth, p. 163.
[10] The day on which the king and she had been prevented from going to
St. Cloud.
[11] The king.
CHAPTER XXXI.
[1] Chambrier, ii., p. 86-88.
[2] Lamartine's "Histoire des Girondins," ii., p. 15.
[3] Moore's "View," ii., p. 367.
[4] The Palais Royal had been named the Palais National. All signs with
the portraits of the king or queen, all emblems of royalty, had been torn
down. A shop-keeper was even obliged to erase his name from his shop
because it was Louis.--MOORE'S _View_, etc., ii., p. 356.
CHAPTER XXXII.
[1] A certain set of writers in this country at one time made La Fayette a
subject for almost unmixed eulogy, with such earnestness that it may be
worth while to reproduce the opinion expressed of him by the greatest of
his contemporaries--a man as acute in his penetration into character as he
was stainless in honor--the late Duke of Wellington. In the summer of
1815, he told Sir John Malcolm that "he had used La Fayette like a dog, as
he merited. The old rascal," said he, "had made a false report of his
mission to the Emperor of Russia, and I possessed complete evidence of his
having done so. I told him, the moment he entered, of this fact; I did not
even state it in the most delicate manner. I told him he must be sensible
he had made a false report. He made no answer." And the duke bowed him out
of the room with unconcealed scorn.--Kaye's _Life of Sir J. Malcolm_, ii.,
p. 109.
[2] Lamartine calls the Cordeliers the Club of Coups-de-main, as he calls
the Jacobins the Club of Radical Theories.--_Histoire des Girondins_,
xvi., p. 4.
[3] Dr. Moore, ii., p. 372; Chambrier, ii., p. 142.
[4] Mercy to Marie Antoinette, May 16th, Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 60.
[5] _Ibid._, p. 140.
[6] A resolution, that is, to recognize the Constitution.
[7] Arneth, p. 188; Feuillet de Conches, ii, p. 186.
[8] The letter took several days to write, and was so interrupted that
portions of it have three different dates affixed, August 16th, 21st,
26th. Mercy's letter, which incloses Burke's memorial, is dated the 20th,
from London, so that the first portion of the queen's letter can not be
regarded as an intentional answer to Burke's arguments, though it is so,
as embodying all the reasons which influenced the queen.
[9] The manifesto which he left behind him when starting for Montmédy.
[10] The king.
[11] Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 228; Arneth, p. 203.
[12] The Emperor Leopold died March 1st, 1792.
[13] The declaration of Pilnitz, drawn up by the emperor and the King of
Prussia at a personal interview, August 21st, 1791, did not in express
words denounce the new Constitution (which, in fact, they had not seen),
but, after declaring "the situation of the King of France to be a matter
of common interest to all European sovereigns," and expressing a hope that
"the reality of that interest will be duly appreciated by the other powers
whose assistance they invoke," they propose that those other powers "shall
employ, in conjunction with their majesties, the most efficacious means,
in order to enable the King of France to consolidate in the most perfect
liberty the foundation of a monarchical government, conformable alike to
the rights of sovereigns and the well-being of the French nation."--
Alison, ch. ix., Section 90.
[14] Arneth, p. 208.
[15] _Ibid_, p. 210; Feuillet de Conches, ii., p. 325.
[16] Letter, date December 3d, 1791. Feuillet de Conches, iv., p. 278.
[17] Madame de Campan, ch xix.
[18] "Leurs touffes de cheveux noirs volaient dans la salle, eux seuls à
cette époque avaient quitté l'usage de poudrer les cheveux."--_Note on the
Passage by Madame de Campan_, ch xix.
[19] This first Assembly, as having framed the Constitution, is often
called the Constituent Assembly; the second, that which was about to meet,
being distinguished as the Legislative Assembly.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
[1] "Mémoires Particuliers," etc., par A.F. Bertrand de Moleville, i., p.
355. Brissot, Isnard, Vergniaud, Gaudet, and an infamous ecclesiastic, the
Abbé Fauchet, are those whom he particularly mentions, adding: "Mais M.
de Lessart trouva que c'était les payer trop cher, et comme ils ne
voulurent rien rabattre de leur demande, cette négociation n'eut aucune
suite, et ne produisit d'autre effet que d'aigrir davantage ces cinq
députés contre ce ministre."
[2] Feuillet de Conches, ii., p.414, date October 4th: "Je pense qu'au
fond le bon bourgeois et le bon peuple ont toujours été bien pour nous."
[3] "Mémoires Particuliers," etc., par A.F. Bertrand de Moleville, i., p.
10-12. It furnishes a striking proof of the general accuracy of Dr.
Moore's information, that he, in his "View" (ii., p. 439), gives the name
account of this conversation, his work being published above twenty years
before that of M. Bertrand de Moleville.
[4] "La reine lui répondit par un sourire de pitié, et lui demanda s'il
était fou.... C'est par la reine elle-même que, le lendemain de cette
étrange scène, je fus instruit de tous les détails que je viens de
rapporter."--BERTRAND DE MOLEVILLE, i., p. 126.
[5] She herself called him so on this occasion, and he belonged to the
Jacobin Club; but he was also one of the Girondin party, of which, indeed,
he was one of the founders, and it was as a Girondin that he was afterward
pursued to death by Robespierre.
[6] Narrative of the Comte Valentin Esterhazy, Feuillet de Conches, iv.,
p. 40.
[7] The queen spoke plainly to her confidants: "M. de La Fayette will only
be the Mayor of Paris that he may the sooner become Mayor of the Palace.
Pétion is a Jacobin, a republican; but he is a fool, incapable of ever
becoming the leader of a party. He would be a nullity as mayor, and,
besides, the very interest which he knows we take in his nomination may
bind him to the king."--Lamartine's _Histoire des Girondins_ vi., p.22.
[8] "Elle [Madame d'Ossun, dame d'atours de la reine] m'a dit, il y a
trois semaines, que le roi et la reine avaiet été neuf jours sans un sou."
_Letter of the Prince de Nassau-Siegen to the Russian Empress Catherine_,
Feuillet de Conches, iv., p. 316; of also Madame de Campan, ch. xxi.
[9] Letter of the Princess to Madame de Bombelles, Feuillet de Conches,
v., p.267.
[10] "N'est-il pas bien gentil, mon enfant?"--_Mémoires Particuliers_, p.
235.
[11] See two most insolent letters from the Count de Provence and Count
d'Artois to Louis XVI, Feuillet de Conches, v., pp. 260, 261.
[12] Feuillet de Conches, iv., p. 291
CHAPTER XXXIV.
[1] Letter to Madame de Polignac, March 17th, Feuillet de Conches, v., p.
337.
[2] The Monks of St. Bernard were known as Feuillants, from Feuillans, a
village in Languedoc where their principal convent was situated.
[3] Lamartine, "Histoire des Girondins," xiii., p.18.
[4] The messenger was M. Goguelat: he took the name of M. Daumartin, and
adhered to the cause of his sovereigns to the last moment of their lives.
[5] Letter of the Count de Fersen, who was at Brussels, to Gustavus (who,
however, was dead before it could reach him), dated March 24th, 1792. In
many respects the information De Fersen sends to his king tallies
precisely with that sent by Breteuil to the emperor; he only adds a few
circumstances which had not reached the baron.
[6] Afterward Louis Philippe, King of the French, who was himself driven
from the throne by insurrection above half a century afterward.
[7] Madame de Campan, ch. xx.
[8] _Ibid._, ch. XIX.
[9] "Vie de Dumouriez," ii, p. 163, quoted by Marquis de Ferrières,
Feuillet de Conches, and several other writers.
[10] Even Lamartine condemns the letter, the greater part of which he
inserts in his history as one in which "the threat is no less evident than
the treachery."--_Histoire des Girondins,_ xiii., p. 16.
CHAPTER XXXV.
[1] "Gare la Lanterne," alluding to the use of the chains to which the
street-lamps were suspended as gibbets.
[2] Madame de Campan, ch. xxi.
[3] Dumas, "Memoirs of his Own Time," i., p. 353.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
[1] To be issued by the foreign powers.
[2] Feuillet de Conches, vi., p. 192, and Arneth, p. 265.
[3] The day is not mentioned. "Lettres de la Reine Marie Antoinette à la
Landgravine Louise," etc. p. 47.
[4] The bearer was Prince George himself, but she does not venture to name
him more explicitly.
[5] Lamourette might correspond to the English name Lovekin.
[6] Letter of the Princess Elizabeth, date July 16th, 1792, Feuillet de
Conches, vi., p. 215.
[7] It is remarkable, however, that, if we are to take Lamartine as a
guide in any respect, and he certainly was not in intention unfavorable to
La Fayette, the marquis was even now playing a double game. Speaking of
this very proposal, he says: "La Fayette himself did not disguise his
ambition for a protectorate under Louis XVI. At the very moment when he
seemed devoted to the preservation of the king he wrote thus to his
confidante, La Colombe: 'In the matter of liberty I do not trust myself
either to the king or any other person, and if he were to assume the
sovereign, I would fight against him as I did in 1789.'"--_Histoire des
Girondins_, xvii., p.7 (English translation). It deserves remark, too, if
his words are accurately reported, that the only occasion 1789 on which he
"fought against" Louis must have been October 5th and 6th, when he
professed to be using every exertion for his safety.
[8] M. Bertrand expressly affirms the insurrection of August 10th to have
been almost exclusively the work of the Girondin faction.--_Mémoires
Particuliers,_ ii., p. 122.
[9] _Mémoires Particuliers,_ ii., p. 132.
[10] "Mémoires Particuliers," p. 111.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
[1] See _ante_.
[2] "Histoire de la Terreur," par Mortimer Ternaux, ii., p. 269. For the
transactions of this day, and of the following months, he is by far the
most trustworthy guide, as having had access to official documents of
which earlier writers were ignorant. But he admits the extreme difficulty
of ascertaining the precise details and time of each event. And it is not
easy in every instance to reconcile his account with that of Madame de
Campan, on whom for many particulars he greatly relies. He differs from
her especially as to the hour at which the different occurrences of this
day took place. For instance, he says (p. 268, note 2) that Mandat left
the Tuileries a little after five, while Madame de Campan says it was four
o'clock when the queen told her he had been murdered. Both, however, agree
that it was soon after eight o'clock when the king left the palace.
[3] "À quatre heures la reine sortit de la chambre du roi, et vint nous
dire qu'elle n'espérait plus rien; que M. Mandat venait d'être
assassiné."--MADAME DE CAMPAN, ch. xxi.
[4] "La Terreur," viii., p. 4.
[5] It is clear that this is the opinion formed by M Mortimer Ternaux. He
sums up the fourth chapter of his eighth book with the conclusion that "le
palais de la royauté ne fut pas enlevé de vive force, mais abandonné par
ordre de Louis XVI." And in a note he affirms that the entire number of
killed and wounded on the part of the rioters did not exceed one hundred
and sixty "en chiffres ronds."
[6] Bertrand de Moleville, ch. xxvii.
[7] Madame de Campan, ch. xxi.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
[1] "Dernières Années du Règne et de la Vie de Louis XVI.," par François
Hue, p. 336.
[2] For about a fortnight they had two, both men--Hue, the valet to the
dauphin, as well as Cléry; but Hue was removed on the 2d of September. He,
as well as Cléry, has left an account of the imprisonment till the day of
his dismissal.
[3] "Journal de ce qui s'est passé à la tour du Temple," etc. p.28, _seq._
[4] "Mémoires Particuliers," par Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême, p. 21.
[5] Decius was the hero whose example was especially invoked by Madame
Roland. The historians of his own country had never accused him of
murdering any one; but she, in the very first month of the Revolution, had
called, with a very curious reading of history, for "some generous Decius
to risk his life to take theirs" (the lives of the king and queen).
[6] The princess told Cléry, "La reine et moi nous nous attendons à tout,
et nous ne nous faisons aucune illusion sur le sort qu'on prépare au roi,"
etc.--CLÉRY, p. 106.
[7] "Mémoires" de la Duchesse d'Angoulême, p. 53.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
[1] Cléry's "Journal," p. 169.
[2] In March, having an opportunity of communicating with the Count de
Provence, she sent these precious memorials to him for safer custody, with
a joint letter from herself and her three fellow-prisoners: "Having a
faithful person on whom we can depend, I profit by the opportunity to send
to my brother and friend this deposit, which may not be intrusted to any
other hands. The bearer will tell you by what a miracle we were able to
obtain these precious pledges. I reserve the name of him who is so useful
to us, to tell it you some day myself. The impossibility which has
hitherto existed of sending you any intelligence of us, and the excess of
our misfortunes, make us feel more vividly our cruel separation. May it
not lie long. Meanwhile I embrace you as I love you, and you know that
that is with all my heart.--M.A." A line is added by the princess royal,
and signed by her brother, as king, as well as by herself: "I am charged
for my brother and myself to embrace you with all my heart.--M.T. [MARIA
TERESA], LOUIS." And another by the Princess Elizabeth: "I enjoy
beforehand the pleasure which you will feel in receiving this pledge of
love and confidence. To be reunited to you and to see you happy is all
that I desire. You know if I love you. I embrace you with all my heart.--
E." The letters were shown by the Count de Provence to Cléry, whom he
allowed to take a copy of them.--CLÉRY'S _Journal_, p. 174.
[3] "Mémoires" de la Duchesse d'Angoulême, p. 56.
[4] It was burned in 1871, in the time of the Commune.
[5] Feuillet de Conches, vi., p. 499. The letter is neither dated nor
signed.
[6] Lanjuinais had subsequently the singular fortune of gaining the
confidence of both Napoleon and Lounis XVIII. The decree against him was
reversed in 1795, and he became a professor at Rennes. Though he had
opposed the making of Napoleon consul for life, Napoleon gave him a place
in his Senate; and at the first restoration, in 1814, Louis XVIII named
him a peer of France. He died in 1827.
[7] Some of the apologists of the Girondins--nearly all the oldest
criminals of the Revolution have found defenders, except perhaps Marat and
Robespierre--have affirmed that the Girondins, though they had not courage
to give their votes to save the life of Louis, yet hoped to save him by
voting for an appeal to the people; but the order in which the different
questions were put to the Convention is a complete disproof of this plea.
The first question put was, Was Louis guilty? They all voted "Oui"
(Lacretelle, x., p. 403). But though on the second question, whether this
verdict should be submitted to the people for ratification, many of them
did vote for such an appeal being made, yet after the appeal had been
rejected by a majority of one hundred and forty-two, and the third
question, "What penalty shall be inflicted on Louis?" (Lacretelle, x., p.
441) was put to the Convention, they all except Lanjuinais voted for
"death." The majorities were, on their question, 683 to 66; on the second,
423 to 281; on the third, 387 to 334; so that on this last, the fatal
question, it would have been easy for the Girondins to have turned the
scale. And Lamartine himself expressly affirms (xxxv., p.5) that the
king's life depended on the Girondin vote, and that his death was chiefly
owing to Vergniaud.
[8] Goncourt, p. 370, quoting "Fragments de Turgy."
[9] "S'en défaire."--_Louis XVII., sa Vie, son Agonie, sa Mort_, par M. de
Beauchesne, quoting Senart. See Croker's "Essays on the Revolution," p.
266.
[10] Duchesse d'Angoulême, p. 78.
[11] See a letter from Miss Chowne to Lord Aukland, September 23d, 1793,
Journal, etc., of Lord Aukland, ii., p. 517.
[12] "Le peuple la reçut non seulement comme une reine adorée, mais il
semblait aussi qu'il lui savait gré d'être charmante," p.5, ed. 1820.
[13] Great interest was felt for her in England. In October Horace Walpole
writes: "While assemblies of friends calling themselves _men_ are from day
to day meditating torment and torture for his [Louis XVI.'s] heroic widow,
on whom, with all their power and malice, and with every page, footman,
and chamber-maid of hers in their reach, and with the rack in their hands,
they have not been able to fix a speck. Nay, do they not talk of the
inutility of evidence? What other virtue ever sustained such an ordeal?"
Walpole's testimony in such a matter is particularly valuable, because he
had not only been intimately acquainted with all the gossip of the French
capital for many years, but also because his principal friends in France
did not belong to the party which might have been expected to be most
favorable to the queen. Had there been the very slightest foundation for
the calumnies which had been propagated against her, we may be sure that
such a person as Madame du Deffand would not only have heard them, but
would have been but too willing to believe them. His denunciation of them
is a proof that she knew their falsehood.
[14] Goncourt, p. 388, quoting _La Quotidienne_ of October 17th, 18th.
[15] The depositions which the little king had been compelled to sign
contained accusations of his aunt as well as of his mother.
[16] As we shall see in the close of the letter, she did not regard those
priests who had taken the oath imposed by the Assembly, but which the Pope
had condemned, as any longer priests.
INDEX.
Abbé De Mandoux; De Sabran;
De Sieyés;
De Vermond.
Abolition of titles of honour.
Addresses presented from Paris and from the States of Languedoc.
Adelaide, Princess, intrigues of;
afflicted with the small-pox;
flight of.
Admiral de Coligny;
d'Orvilliers;
du Chaffault;
Keppel;
Rodney.
Ailesbury, Lady.
Alliance formed with the United States;
with Russia and Prussia;
with Spain.
American war, the.
Anglomania in Paris.
_Anglomanie_, a name given to English fashions.
Anti-Austrian feeling in Paris.
Antoinette, Marie. See _Marie Antoinette_.
Arbitrary powers of the sovereign of France.
Archbishop Loménie de Brienne.
Archduke Maximilian visits his sister.
Arpay-de-Duc, where the king's aunts were detained.
Arnould, Mademoiselle.
Arrest of Cardinal Rohan.
Assassination of Gustavus III. of Sweden.
Assembly, parties in the, "the Right," "the Left," and "the Plain,";
abolishes all privileges August 4th, 1789;
disorders in the;
tyranny of the;
meeting of the new.
Austria, antagonistic feeling against;
Emperor Joseph of, visits France _incognito_;
writes to his sister, the Queen of France, on European politics;
Austria, Maria Teresa, Empress of;
death of Joseph II., Emperor of;
influence of, in France, causes jealousy;
remonstrating by the Emperor Leopold with the French Government;
Death of Leopold;
war declared against.
Autun, Bishop of.
Axel de Fersen, Count.
Bagatelle, a house belonging to the Comte d'Artois, which was built in
sixty days.
Bailli de Suffrein.
Bailly, M., and the National Guard;
effrontery of.
"Baker," a name given to the king.
Balbi, Countess de.
Balloons introduced into France by Montgolfier.
Banquet at the Hotel de Ville on account of the birth of the dauphin.
Barbaroux, M.
"Barber of Seville," play of the.
Barnave, M. and the Constitutionalists;
gives advice to the queen.
Baron de Batz;
de Besenval;
de Breteuil.
Baroness de Staël.
Barri, Countess du, jealous of Marie Antoinette;
sent to a convent.
Bastile, attack on the, 1789;
and murder of the governor;
anniversary of the capture of.
Battle of Brandywine.
Batz, Baron de.
Bavaria, affairs in;
at the death of the elector 1777.
Beauharnais, General.
Beaulieu, Marshal.
Beaumarchais, M.
Beauty of Marie Antoinette.
Beauvau, M. de, and the Opposition.
Bertrand, M..
Besenval, Baron de;
and the Reveillon riot.
Birth of Duc d'Angoulême;
of the Princess Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (Madame Royale);
of the dauphin, son of Marie Antoinette.
Bishop Lamourette;
Talleyrand.
Body-guard, ball given by the;
and the Versailles mob;
protecting the court.
Boehmer, the court jeweler.
Boillé, Marquis de;
flies from France.
Boutourlin's, M., attacks on M. Necker.
Brandywine, Battle of.
Breteuil, Baron de;
appointed prime minister;
and foreign intervention.
Breton Club.
Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse.
Brissac, Duc de.
Brissot, M..
Broglie, Marshal de.
Brunier, M..
Brunoy, entertainment given at.
Brunswick, Duke of.
Brunswick, Prince Ferdinand of.
Burke's description of the beauty of the queen.
Buzot, M..
Calonne, M. de;
dismissed from the office of finance minister.
Campan, Madame de.
Cap, red, of liberty.
Cape St. Vincent.
Capet, name given to the queen before the trial.
Cardinal de Rohan.
Carlisle, Lord, receiving a challenge from La Fayette in 1778.
Carnival of 1777.
Castle of Gaillon.
Chaffault, Admiral du.
Challenge sent by Marquis de La Fayette to Lord Carlisle.
Châlons, and the reception of the king on his arrest.
Champs de Mars, fête in the, in celebration of the anniversary of the
capture of the Bastile.
Chantilly, festivities at.
Charity shown by Louis XVI. and the queen during the winter of 1788-9.
Charleston, capture of.
Chartres, Duc de and Duc d'Orléans recalled from banishment;
and the Comte d'Artois establish horse-racing;
displays cowardice as rear-admiral;
refused marriage with Madame Royale;
and the red cap of liberty.
Chevalier d'Assas, story of the.
Chinon, M. de.
Choiseul, Duc de;
dismissal of;
recall from banishment.
Choisy, private parties at.
Clergy, oppression of the.
Cléry, M., refused audience with the queen.
Clinton, Sir Harry.
Clootz, Anacharsis, heads a deputation.
Clostercamp, the scene of the heroism displayed by the Chevalier d'Assas.
Clotilde, Princess, marriage of the.
Clubs, political, springing up at Paris.
Coigny, Duc de.
Coligny, Admiral de, and Count de Mirabeau.
Compiègne.
Comte d'Artois;
de la Marck;
de Mercy;
Condorcet, Marquis de.
Constitution, completing the, by the Assembly;
acceptance of the, by the king.
Constitutional guard, dissolution of the.
Constitutionalists, or "the Plain".
Conti, Prince de.
Cordeliers, the.
Cortey, M..
Count d'Estaing;
de Fersen;
d'Hervilly;
de Grasse;
de Luxembourg;
de Maurepas;
de Mirabeau;
de Narbonne;
de Roche-Aymer;
de Rosenberg;
de Stedingk;
de St. Priest;
de Vaudreuil;
Esterhazy.
Countess de Balbi;
du Barri;
de Grammont;
de Monnier;
de la Mothe;
de Noailles;
de Polignac;
de Provence.
"Coupe-têtes," the.
Court supper-parties.
Couthon, M.
Craufurd, Mr.
D'Agoust, Marquis.
D'Aiguillon, Duc.
Dames de la Halle.
D'Angoulême, Duc, birth of.
D'Artois, Comte, marriage of the; and;
the Duc de Chartres establish horse-racing;
his character;
shielding the Duc de Chartres;
watching at the queen's bedside during her illness;
shows contempt for the commercial orders;
flees from Paris;
misconduct of the;
refuses to return to France.
D'Assas, Chevalier, story of the.
Dauphin, proposal of marriage of Marie Antoinette to the;
early education of the;
introduction to;
married at Versailles, Mary 16th, 1770;
letter from Maria Teresa to the;
admiration of the, for his wife;
and the Count de Provence, characters of the;
birth of the, son of Louis XVI.;
death of the, son of Louis XVI., June 4th, 1789, and succeeded by his
brother;
and M. Bertrand.
Deane, Silas.
Death of Francis, Emperor of Germany;
of Louis XV.;
of Voltaire;
of Cardinal de Rohan, at Ettenheim;
of Princess Sophie, daughter of the queen;
of the Dauphin, son of Louis XVI., June 4th, 1789;
of Joseph II., Emperor of Austria;
of Count de Mirabeau;
of Leopold, Emperor of Austria.
Debt, the queen finds herself in.
Declaration of Pilnitz.
Defeat of De Grasse by Admiral Rodney.
Degraves, M.
De Launay, M., governor of the Bastile, death of.
Des Huttes, M.
D'Esprémesnil, Duval.
De Staël, Baroness.
D'Estaing, Count.
Destruction of the Spanish squadron by the British at Cape St. Vincent
De Varicourt, M.
D'Hervilly, Count.
D'Huillier, M.
Disorders in the Assembly.
Dissolution of the Constitutional Guard.
Distress and discontent in France in 1771;
general, caused by the severity of the winter of 1788-89.
D'Oberkirch, Madame
Donkey-riding;
horse-riding.
D'Orléans, Duc, and the Duc de Chartres recalled from banishment;
and the Archduke Maximilian;
shows hostility to the queen;
and the presidency of the club "Les Enragés";
and the Reveillon riot;
and the Versailles mob;
leaves France for England;
and the red cap.
D'Ormesson, M.
D'Orvilliers, Admiral.
Duc d'Aiguillon;
d'Angoulême;
de Brissac;
de Chartres;
de Choisseu;
de Coigny; de la Feuillade;
de Maine;
de la Vauguyon;
de Liancourt;
d'Orléans;
de Richelieu.
Dugazon, Madame.
Duke of Brunswick;
of Normandy;
Paul of Russia;
of Tarouka.
Dumont, M.
Dumouriez, General, character of;
and the queen;
resigns his position as minister, and takes command of the army.
Duportail, M.
Duranton, M.
Durepaire, M.
Durfort, Marquis de.
Duverney, Paris.
Education, the queen's views of.
Emigrant princes, misconduct of the.
Emigration from France repugnant to Louis XVI.
Emperor Francis of Germany;
Joseph of Austria;
Leopold of Austria.
Empress Catherine, of Russia;
Maria Teresa, of Austria.
Encore, the first.
Epigram of Metastasio.
Ermenonville, the burial-place of Rousseau.
Escape from prison by the Countess de la Mothe;
the royal family preparing to;
arrested at Varennes and brought back.
Esterhazy, Count.
Etiquette, strictness of court;
relaxation of.
Ettenheim, Cardinal de Rohan dies at.
Execution of M. de Favras.
Expenses, court, retrenchment in.
Expostulation of the Emperor Maximilian with his sister.
Factious conduct of the princes of the blood.
Fall of Turgot.
Favras, M. de, execution of.
Feast of the Federation.
Federation, Feast of the.
Ferdinand, Duke, of Brunswick.
Fersen, Count Axel de.
Feudal system, the, in France and its need of reform.
Feuillade's, Duc de la, statue of Louis XIV.
Feuillants, les.
Figaro, the Marriage of, the play of.
Fire at the Hôtel Dieu;
at the Palace of Justice.
Fire-works, explosion of, at Paris.
First impressions of the French Court.
Flanders, the regiment of, arrives at Versailles.
Fleurieu, M.
Fleury, Joly de.
Flight from Paris decided on.
Fontainebleau, the peasant at;
grand review at.
Fontanges, M., de.
Forgeries of the Queen's name committed.
Fouquier, Tinville.
France and Germany, feelings in, regarding Marie Antoinette's marriage;
distress and discontent in.
Francis, Emperor of Germany, death of.
Frost, severe, ant the Seine frozen over.
Gaillon, Castle of.
Gambling, court.
Garden-parties given at the Trianon.
General Beauharnais;
Dumouriez.
General rejoicings.
Gensonné, M.
Germany, death of Francis, emperor of;
and France, feelings in regarding Marie Antoinette's marriage.
Gibraltar, siege of.
Gifts of Le Joyeuse Avénement and La Ceinture de la Reine renounced.
Girondins, rise of the;
fall of the.
Gluck appointed to teach the harpsichord;
visits Paris.
Goethe.
Goldsmith's prediction of a French revolution.
Grains, war of the.
Grammont, Countess de.
Grasse, Count de.
Gaudet, M.
Guimenée, Princess de.
Guines, Duc de.
Gustavus III., King of Sweden, at the French court.
Horse-racing by Comte d' Artois.
Hôtel de Ville, banquet at the, on account of the birth of the dauphin;
storming of the, by the insurgents, July 1789.
Hôtel Dieu, great fire at.
Hughes, Sir E., fights with M. de Suffrein.
Hunting-field, Marie Antoinette in the.
Huttes, M. des.
Illuminations in Paris at the birth of the dauphin.
Income, settlement of.
Indictment drawn up against the queen.
Inscription on a snow pyramid erected in gratitude by the Parisians for
the charity they received from their queen in the winter of 1788-'89.
Insolence shown to the queen by a virago.
Insurgents, the, under Santerre.
Insurrection in Paris, July, 1789;
of June 20th 1792;
of August 5th, 1792.
Intrigues formed against Marie Antoinette;
of Madame Adelaide.
"Iphigénie," opera of.
Jacobin Club, the.
Jarjayes, Madame de.
Jason and Medea, tapestry representing the history of.
Jealousy shown by the queen's favorites;
of the Countess du Barri;
of the aunts;
of Austrian influence.
Jewelry and Boehmer, the court jeweler.
Joséphine Louise, Princess of Savoy, married to the Count de Provence.
Joseph, Emperor of Austria, visits France _incognito_;
writes to his sister on European politics;
death of.
Jussieu, Bernard de.
Justice, remarkable, always shown by the queen.
Kaunitz, Prince.
Keppel, Admiral.
King Gustavus III. of Sweden visits the French court.
Korff, Madame de.
La Belle Liégeoise.
Lacoste, M.
Lacy, Marshal.
Lady Ailesbury; Sutherland.
La Fayette, Marquis de; and the National Guard;
and Mirabeau;
demands the suppression of titles;
offered the sword of the Constable of France, which he declines;
shows insolence to the royal family;
threatens the queen with a divorce;
saves the castle at Vincennes;
insults the nobles who come to protect the king;
his urgency to bring back the king, who had been arrested in his flight;
arrogance of;
shows personal animosity to the king;
ordered to prepare for foreign service;
unskillfulness of;
shows much deficiency in military tactics;
appears before the Assembly, and
narrowly escapes impeachment;
proposes a plan for the royal family to escape;
flies from France, and is thrown into an Austrian prison.
Lamballe, Princess de.
Lambel, M.
Lambert, M.
Lameth, Alexander.
Lameth, Charles.
Lamoignon, M.
Lamourette, Bishop, makes a motion in the Assembly.
La Muette, at Choisy, palace of.
Lanjuinais, M.
Leopold, Emperor of Austria, remonstrates with the French government.
_Le Patriote Français_.
Lepitre, M.
Les Enragés, a political club formed under the presidency of the Duc
d'Orléans.
"Les Événements Imprévus".
Lessart, M.
Letters from Maria Teresa to her daughter. See _Maria Teresa_.
From Marie Antoinette to her mother. See _Marie Antoinette_.
Liancourt, Duc de.
Libelous attacks on the queen.
Liberty, Restorer of French, a title given to the king.
Lichtenstein, Prince de, sent as envoy from Austria.
Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, appointed prime minister;
resigns office.
Lord Carlisle;
Stormont.
Lorraine, Prince of;
death of.
Lorraine, Princess of, at the State ball.
Louis XIV., the Duc de la Feuillade's statue of.
Louis XV., character and life of;
apathy of;
catches the smallpox;
death of.
Louis XVI, receives homage on the death
of his grandfather;
influenced by his aunts;
gives the pavilion of the Little Trianon to the queen;
compared to Louis XII. and Henry IV.;
crowned at Rheims;
concludes an alliance with the United States;
exempts from the poll-tax all those unable to pay on the occasion of the
birth of the dauphin;
visits Cherbourg;
orders the arrest of two members of Parliament, and also the closing-up
of the House;
conspicuous for his charity during the winter of 1788-89;
concedes the chief demands of the Commons;
opens the States in person, May 5th, 1789;
loses his eldest son, the dauphin, June 4th, 1789;
grants reforms to the States;
removes Necker;
withdraws the troops from Paris;
visits Paris, and appeals to the populace, July 17th, 1789;
invites Necker to return;
called the "Restorer of French Liberty,";
sends his plate to be melted down for the benefit of the starving
citizens;
adheres to his conciliatory policy before the mob at Versailles;
fixes his residence at Paris;
accepts the Constitution so far as it has been settled;
accepts the services of the Count de Mirabeau;
offers La Fayette the sword of the Constable of France, which he
declines;
appears at the fête at the Champs de Mars;
contemplates foreign intervention;
decides to remove to Montmédy;
report of attempted assassination of;
reproves the nobles for coming to his aid;
forbidden to remove more than twenty leagues from Paris;
urged to escape;
escapes, and is arrested and brought back;
acceptance of the new Constitution by the king;
dissolves the first constituent assembly;
refuses his assent to the decrees against the priests and emigrants;
issues a circular condemning emigration;
apathy of;
made to put on the red cap of liberty;
a plot to assassinate;
appears at the Feast of Federation;
holds his last ball, August 5th, 1792;
reviews the troops for the last time;
appeals to the Assembly for protection;
receives notice that his authority is a nullity;
made prisoner with his wife and family;
sent to the Temple;
trial of;
insults offered to;
condemned to death;
execution of.
Louvre, visit by the dauphin and dauphiness to the.
Luckner, Marshal.
Luxembourg, Count de, and the military banquet at Versailles.
Luzerne, M. de.
"MADAME DEFICIT," a nickname given to the queen.
Madame Royale refused in marriage to the Duc de Chartres.
Maillard, M., and the insurgents of 1789.
Mailly, Marshal de.
Maine, Duke de.
Malesherbes, M.
Malouet, M.
Mandat, M.; assassination of.
Mandense, Abbé.
Marat, M., denounces the queen.
Marchioness de Tourzel.
Marck, Count de la.
Maria Teresa, Empress of Austria, her habits and life;
her feelings at the departure of her daughter;
letter from, to the dauphin;
letter of advice to her daughter;
appoints Comte de Mercy as Embassador to France;
letters from Marie Antoinette to;
advice to Marie Antoinette;
disapproval of her daughter appearing in the hunting field;
expresses her approval of her daughter's liberality;
receives a letter from her daughter on her state entrance into Paris;
anxieties about her daughter since her accession as queen of France;
cautions her daughter against extravagances;
admonishes her daughter;
solicits an alliance between France and Austria against Prussia;
writes about the birth of her daughter's child;
death of.
Marie Antoinette, importance of, in the French Revolution of 1789;
estimation of her character formed from her correspondences;
her birth, November 2d, 1755;
her childhood;
projects for her marriage;
her education;
proposal of marriage to the dauphin;
leaves Vienna April 26th, 1770;
Strasburg, reception at;
at Soissons;
meeting the king and dauphin at Compiègne;
visits the Princess Louise at the Convent of St. Denis;
married at Versailles, May 16th, 1770;
difficulties in the path of;
courage in her conduct;
letter of advice from her mother;
her sympathy with the sufferers at the fire-work explosion at Paris and
with the peasant at Fontainebleau pleases the king and the people;
description of her physical appearance;
writes to her mother, giving her first impressions of the court and of
her own position and prospects;
dislike to the court etiquette;
intrigues formed against;
jealousy of the aunts;
addresses from Paris and the states of Languedoc;
gaining popularity;
expresses a wish to learn to ride;
donkey-riding;
settlement of income upon;
introduces sledging parties into France;
gains admiration from her husband;
advice of Maria Teresa;
growing preference of Louis XV. for;
becomes a horse-woman;
applying herself to study;
taste for music acquired by;
appears at a review at Fontainebleau;
in the hunting-field;
writes to her mother early in 1773;
liberality shown by, to the sufferers by the fire at the Hôtel Dieu;
receives approval from her mother;
expresses her feelings about Poland;
state entrance of, into Paris;
writes to her mother;
presiding at the banquet of the Dames de la Halle;
visiting the Parisian theatres;
writes to her mother on the death of Louis XV.;
shows her good character upon her accession as queen of France;
procures the recall from banishment of the Duc de Choiseul;
receives from the king the pavilion of the Little Trianon;
desires for private friendships and constant amusements;
accused of Austrian preferences;
receives increased allowance as queen;
visited by the Archduke Maximilian;
writes to her mother on the coronation of the king;
gives garden parties at Trianon;
beauty of;
shows her mortification at not having children;
speaks disparagingly of the king;
writes to her mother extolling the French people;
indulges at the play-table;
finds herself in debt and forgeries of her name committed;
receives the Duke of Dorset and others with favor;
receives a visit from her brother, the Emperor of Austria;
writes to her mother concerning the emperor's visit;
receives a letter of advice from her brother on his departure from
France;
inviting the king's ministers to the Little Trianon;
writes political letters;
expects to become a mother;
declines to receive Voltaire on his return to France;
gives birth to a daughter, whom she names Marie Thérèse Charlotte;
goes to Notre Dame Cathedral to return thanks;
goes in a hackney-coach to a bal d'opéra;
is attacked by measles;
writes to her mother about the war between France and England;
studies politics;
engages in private theatricals;
writes to her mother in the midst of her troubles;
exhibits great grief at the death of her mother;
gives birth to a son, the dauphin of France;
on education;
receives M. de Suffrein with great honor;
receives a letter from her brother, the Emperor of Austria, on European
politics, and replies to it;
St. Cloud is bought for;
gives birth to the Duke of Normandy;
finds that her name has been forged and misrepresentations made for
procuring a necklace made by Boehmer;
receives a visit from her sister, the Princess of Teschen;
is treated with hostility by the Duc d'Orléans;
receives the nickname of "Madame Deficit";
loses her second daughter, the Princess Sophie;
writes two political letters to the Duchess de Polignac;
writes to Mercy on the present political state of affairs, August 19th,
1788;
conspicuous for her charity during a severe winter;
has serious views about the demands of the commons;
refuses to accept the Duc de Chartres for husband to her daughter Madame
Royale;
attends the opening of the States;
loses her eldest son, the dauphin, June 4th, 1780;
writes to the Duchess de Polignac on the States' affairs;
writes to the Marchioness de Tourzel, intrusting to her the education
of her children;
rejects Barnave's overtures;
is remarkable for her bravery;
writes to Mercy about her feelings at the present aspect of affairs;
receives insolence from a virago;
feels the death of her brother, the Emperor Joseph II. of Austria;
writes to her brother Leopold, who succeeded Joseph II.;
refuses to give evidence against the mob rioters;
shows kind feeling toward the widowed Marchioness de Favras;
makes a speech to the deputies;
is well received at the theatre;
receives the services of the Count de Mirabeau;
interviews him;
shows her presence of mind at the fête at the Champ de Mars;
writes to Mercy about the difficulty of managing Mirabeau;
has to bid farewell to Mercy, who is removed to the Hague;
gives audience to Prince de Lichtenstein;
denounced by Marat;
attempts made to assassinate;
writes to the Emperor of Austria, her brother Leopold, October 22d,
1790;
refuses to quit France by herself;
is threatened with a divorce by La Fayette;
writes to the Comte d'Artois, expostulating with him;
writes to her brother to send troops to intervene;
escapes from Paris with her family, and is arrested and brought back;
writes to De Fersen;
writes to her brother, Emperor Leopold;
sends a letter to Mercy about the Revolution;
writes to Mercy about the declaration of Pilnitz and the Constitution;
declares her feelings in a letter to the Empress Catherine of Russia;
M. Bertrand and the queen;
receives news of the death of her brother Leopold, the Emperor of
Austria;
direct attacks made against;
Dumouriez speaks his mind strongly to;
appears before the insurrectionists at the Tuileries, June 20th, 1793;
writes to Mercy, July 4th, 1792;
receives proposals for her escape;
writes to the Landgravine Louise;
employs her time in quilting her husband a waistcoat to resist a dagger
or a bullet;
attempt made to assassinate;
determines to sacrifice personal safety to loss of the crown and
Constitution;
made prisoner with her husband;
plans formed for the escape of, fail;
additional insults offered to;
has a trial and is sentenced;
writes a final letter to the Princess Elizabeth;
is executed;
her remains treated with indignity;
summary of the character of.
Maritime superiority possessed by England.
Marly, palace at.
Marmier, Madame de.
Marquis d'Agoust;
de Bouillé;
de Condorcet;
de Durfort;
de La Fayette;
de Montesquieu;
de Savonières;
de St. Huruge;
de Vaudreuil.
"Marriage of Figaro." the play of the.
Marriage of Marie Antoinette to the Dauphin of France, May 16, 1770;
feelings in Germany and France regarding the.
Marsan, Madame de.
Marseillese, the.
Marshal Beaulieu;
de Broglie;
de Mailly;
Lacy;
Luckner;
Rochambeau.
Maubourg, M. Latour.
Maurepas, Count de.
Maximillan, Archduke, visits his sister.
Mazarin, Madame de.
Measles, the queen is attacked by the.
Mercy, Comte de, appointed as embassador to France;
reports to Maria Teresa;
position and influence of, upon the accession of Louis XVI.;
receives letters from the queen on the political state of affairs;
replies to the same;
introduces Count de Mirabeau to the queen;
receives letter from the queen about Mirabeau;
is removed to the Hague;
the queen writes urgently to.
Metastasio, epigram of.
Michonis, M.
Miomandre, M.
Mirabeau, Count de, and court etiquette;
and his conjugal rights;
his character his behavior at the opening of the States;
drives Necker from office, and presents a petition to the king to
withdraw the troops from Paris;
changes his views;
his services accepted by the court;
denounced by the Jacobin club;
interviews the queen, and is pleased with her;
interviews the Count de la Marck;
great difficulty in managing;
retires from office;
stands by the queen;
death of;
funeral of.
Mob at Versailles.
Moleville, M. Bertrand de.
Monnier, Countess de, and the Count de Mirabeau.
Montesquieu, Marquis de.
Montgolfier's balloons introduced.
Montmédy.
Montmorency, Viscount Matthieu de.
Montmorin, M..
Montsabert, M., arrest of.
Moreau, M..
Mothe, Countess de la.
Murder of Mandat;
of the Princess de Lamballe.
Music, great taste for, exhibited by the dauphiness.
Mutiny in the Marquis de Bouillé's army.
Mutual jealousies of the queen's favorites.
Mysore, Tippoo Sahib, sultan of.
Narbonne, Count de.
"National Assembly," the, first proposed.
National Guard, formation of the;
fires on the people.
Necker, M.;
retires from the ministry;
invited to rejoin, and declines;
appointed prime mister;
aims at popularity;
convokes the States-general;
resumes office.
Necklace made by Boehmer, the court jeweler;
story of the, revived.
Noailles, Countess de.
Normandy, Duke of.
Notables, the Calonne, assembles;
Loménie de Brienne dismisses.
Notre Dame, public thanksgiving at, on account of the birth of Madame
Royale;
also on the occasion of the birth of the dauphin.
Oliva, Mademoiselle, and the great necklace forgery case.
Opera of "Iphigénie en Aulide" performed in Paris.
Opinion of foreign nations.
Outrages in the provinces in 1789.
Overthrow of the Girondins.
Paris Duverney.
Paris, fire-work explosion at;
state entrance of the dauphin and Marie Antoinette into;
great scarcity in, September, 1789;
riots in;
and the Reveillon riot;
riots in, July, 1789;
the court removes to;
insurrection in, June 20th, 1792;
riots in, August 5th, 1792.
Parliament, violence of the;
arrest of two of its members;
closing-up of, by the king's order;
recall of, by Necker.
Pastoret, M..
Paul, Grand Duke of Russia, visits the French court with his wife.
Peace restored between Prussia and Austria;
between France and England.
Peasant, the, at Fontainebleau.
_People's Friend, The_, a newspaper published by the Revolutionists.
Pétion, M..
Pilnitz, declaration of.
Poland, the partition of.
Polastron, Madame de.
Polignac, Countess de.
Political clubs springing up in Paris.
Poll-tax, exemptions from, made by Louis XVI..
Popularity of Marie Antoinette, increasing.
Prince Charles of Lorraine, death of;
de Conti;
de Lichtenstein sent as envoy from Austria;
Ferdinand of Brunswick;
Kaunitz;
Cardinal Louis de Rohan.
Princess Adelaide;
Clotilde;
de Guimenée;
de Lamballe;
Joséphine Louise of Savoy;
of Lorraine;
Sophie of France;
of Teschen;
Victoire.
Private theatricals.
Provence, Count de, married to the Princess Joséphine Louise of Savoy.
Provence, Countess de.
Provinces, outrages in the.
Prussia allies with Russia.
and the declaration of Pilnitz.
Public thanksgiving at the birth of Madame Royale;
at the birth of the dauphin.
Race-course established in the Bois de Boulogne.
Ramond, M..
Red cap of liberty worn.
Reform, the necessity of, generally admitted;
granted by Louis XVI..
Rejoicings, general, in France at the birth of the princess;
at the birth of the dauphin.
Republic declared.
"Restorer of French Liberty," title given to the king.
Rétaux de Villette.
Retrenchment in court expenditure.
Reveillon, M., and the Paris riot.
Revolution of 1789 commenced.
Revolutionary tribunal;
trial of the queen.
Rheims, coronation of Louis XVI. at.
Richelieu, Duc de.
Ride, Marie Antoinette expresses a wish to learn to;
donkey-riding.
Riding, donkey;
horse.
Riots, formidable in some of the provinces;
in Paris;
the Reveillon, in Paris;
in Paris, July, 1789;
in Paris, June 20th, 1792;
in Paris, August 5th, 1792;
Robespierre, M.
Rochambeau, Marshal.
Roche-Aymer, Count de.
Rodney, Admiral.
Roederer, M.
Rohan, Cardinal Prince de.
Roland, Madame, urging secret assassinations of the king and queen;
and Robespierre;
death of.
Romenf, M.
"Rose of the North," a name given to the Countess de Fersen.
Rosenburg, Count de.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques.
Royal family, the, preparing to escape;
arrested;
authority suspended.
Royalists, the name first used as a reproach.
Russia allies with Prussia;
Grand Duke of, visits the French court;
Catherine Empress of.
Sabran, Abbé de.
Sahib, Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore.
Salis, M. de.
Sans-culottes.
Santerre, M., and the attack on the Bastille;
and the Paris insurrection;
and the insurgents.
Sartines, M. de.
Savonières, Marquis de.
Scarcity of food in Paris in September, 1789.
Schönbrunn, retreat at.
Seine, water-parties on the;
frozen over.
Seven Years' War, the.
Severity of the winter of 1788-'89 much felt in France.
Seville, the Barber of, the play of.
Séze, M. de.
Sieyès, Abbé.
Simolin, M.
Simon M., and the young king.
Sir Edward Hughes.
Sledging-parties.
Small-pox caught by Louis XV.;
caught by Madame Adelaide.
Snow pyramids and obelisks erected, and inscriptions made on them showing
the French people's gratitude for the charity displayed by the queen in
the winter of 1788-'89.
Soissons.
Songs of the Dames de la Halle on the occasion of the birth of the
dauphin.
Sophie Hélène Beatrice, Princess, born July 9th, 1786, died June 9th 1787.
Sovereign of France, arbitrary powers of the.
Spain and France form an alliance against the British.
Spanish squadron destroyed by the British.
St Anthony's Day.
St. Cloud, visit of the dauphin and dauphiness to;
purchased for the queen.
St Huruge, Marquis de.
St. Priest, Count de.
St. Targeau, M. de.
St Menehould, the king recognized at, while escaping from France.
Staël, Baroness de, at the opening of the States;
and the queen's last days.
States-general, need for a meeting of the;
opening of the, by Louis XVI., May 5th, 1789;
uproar in.
Statue of Louis XIV., by the Duc de la Feuillade.
Stedingk, Count de.
Stormont, Lord.
Strasburg, reception at.
Strausse, M.
Successes of the English in America.
Suffrein, Bailli de, fights with Sir E. Hughes.
Sultan of Mysore.
Supper-parties, court.
Sutherland, Lady, supplies clothes for the dauphin.
Sweden, Gustavus III., King of, at the French court;
assassination of the King of.
Swedish nobles received at the French court
Swiss Guard, under Count d'Hervilly; murder of the.
Taboureau des Reaux.
Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun.
Tarouka's, Duka of, wager.
Taxes imposed on the accession of a king and queen renounced.
Tea, introduction of, into France
Temple, the
Teresa, Maria. See _Maria Teresa_
Tertre, Duport de.
Teschen, peace of;
Princess of, visits her sister, the queen, in 1786.
Thanksgiving, public, at the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
"The Handsome," a name given to the Count Axel de Fersen.
Theatre, tumult at the.
Theatres, the dauphin and dauphiness visiting the Parisian.
Theatricals, private.
Tison, Madam, and the queen.
Titles of honor, abolition of.
Tocqueville's, M. Alexis de, opinion of the feudal system in France.
Toulan, M., and Marie Antoinette.
Toulouse, Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop of.
Tourzel, Marchioness de;
the queens writes, intrusting her children to the care of;
assumes the name of Madame de Korff.
Trial of Cardinal de Rohan and others for forgery;
of the king, December 11th, 1792.
Trianon, Little, pavilion of the, given to the queen;
the queen at the;
parties at the;
festivities at the;
the queen improving the.
Tricolor flag adopted in Paris.
Tronchet, M.
Tuileries, shabbiness of the, and removal of the court to the.
Turgot, A.R.J.;
dismissal from office.
Turgy, M.
Usages, French and Austrian.
Valenciennes, a frontier town.
Valory, M.
Varennes, the king is arrested at, in his flight from Paris.
Varicourt, M. de
Vaudreuil, Count de.
Vaudreuil, Marquis de.
Vauguyon, Duc de la.
Vergennes, Count de.
Vergniaud, M.
Vermond, Abbé de.
Versailles, Marie Antoinette and Louis married at, May 16th, 1770;
less frequented;
winter of 1779.
Veto, debates on the;
"Monsieur" and "Madame," nicknames to the king and queen.
Victoire, Princess.
Vienna, Marie Antoinette, leaving, April 26th, 1770.
_Ville de Paris_, ship.
Villette, Marquis de.
Vincennes, castle at, attacked by the mob.
Violence of the Parliament.
Viscount Matthieu de Montmorency.
Volatile character of the queen.
Voltaire's remark about the maritime superiority of England; return to
France, and his death.
Walpole's, Horace, observations on the beauty of the queen.
War of the Grains;
the Seven Years';
the American;
between France and England;
declared against Austria.
Water-parties on the Seine.
West Indies, French successes in the.
Winter of 1783, severity of;
of 1788-89, much distress in France in the.
The End