ODDS AND ENDS.
“And our poor dream of happiness
Vanisheth, so
Farewell.”——MOTHERWELL.
After a feast, the prudent and thrifty housewife will gather up the
fragments that remain, if for no other purpose than to distribute them
amongst the poor.
It was the constant habit of a certain elderly man of business, so long
as he could stoop for the purpose, to pick up and stow away every pin
and scrap of paper, or end of string, which he saw lying about on his
premises. And when he could bend no longer to perform the operation
himself, he would stand by the truant fragment, and vociferate loudly
for one of his apprentices to come and “gather up the cord and string,”
adding “’tis a pity they should spile.”
Approaching to the conclusion of our task, we have followed the old
gentleman’s advice, and collected the odd pieces that have fallen
to the ground in the course of our work, convinced that thrift is
praiseworthy, and although only “Odds and Ends,” there may be enough
of interest in them to warrant you in adding “’tis a pity they should
spile.”
Tobacco ends in smoke. We began with the former, it is but a natural
consequence that we should end with the latter. Somewhere we have
read a “smoke vision of life.” Some people have but a smoky or foggy
vision of life—they have sad eyes, poor travellers, and can see nothing
for the fog that surrounds them—they live in a mist, and die without
being missed. Forgive the transgression, good friend, the obscurity
of the subject is to blame, and the pun was written before we had
made ourselves aware of its presence. Let it pass on, it will soon
be lost in the smoke. An old piper believes that there is generally
something racy, decided, and original in the man who both smokes and
snuffs. Outwardly, he may have a kippered appearance, and his voice
may grate on the ear like a scrannel pipe of straw, but think of the
strong or beautiful soul that body enshrines! Do you imagine, oh,
lean-hearted member of the Anti-Snuff and Tobacco Club, that the dark
apostle standing before us will preach with less power, less unction,
less persuasive eloquence, because he snuffs over the psalm book, and
smokes in the vestry between the forenoon and afternoon service? Does
his piety ooze through his pipe, or his earnestness end in smoke?
Was Robert Hall less eloquent than Massillon or Chalmers, because he
could scarcely refrain from lighting his hookah in the pulpit? Answer
us at your leisure—could Tennyson have brought down so magnificently
the Arabian heaven upon his nights; dreamed so divinely of Cleopatra,
Iphigenia, and Rosamond; pictured so richly the charmed sleep of the
Eastern princess in her enchanted palace, with her “full black ringlets
downward rolled;” or painted so soothingly the languid picture of the
Lotos-eaters, if he had never experienced the mystic inspiration of
tobacco? Could John Wilson—peace to his princely shade—have filled
his inimitable papers with so much fine sentiment, radiant imagery,
pathos, piquancy, and point, without the aid of his silver snuff-box?
Deprive the Grants and Macgregors of their mulls and nose spoons of
bone, and you cut the sinews of their strength—you destroy the flower
of the British army. Pluck the calumet of peace from the lips of the
red Indian, and in the twinkling of an eye your beautiful scalp will be
dangling at his girdle. Tear his “gem adorned chibouque” from the mouth
of the Turk, and the Great Bear by to-morrow’s dawn will be grinning
on his haunches in Constantinople. Clear Germany of tobacco smoke, and
Goethe would groan in his grave, Richter would revisit the glimpses of
the moon, philology would fall down in a fatal fit of apoplexy over
the folios of her fame, and poetry would shriek her death-shriek to
see the transcendental philosophy expire. Shake the quids from the
mouths of the merry mariners of England—cast their pig-tail upon the
waters, and commerce would become stagnant in all our ports—our gallant
war-fleet would rot at its stations, and Britain would never boast the
glories of another Trafalgar. Tell Yankeedom that smoking is no more
to be permitted all over the world, under penalty of death, and soon
the melancholy pine forests would wave over the dust of an extinguished
race. In fine, were the club to which you belong to succeed in its
attempt, which it cannot, the earth would stand still, like the sun of
old upon Gibeon, and the moon in the valley of Ajalon, and the planets
would clothe themselves with sackcloth for the sudden death of their
sister sphere!
There is extant, in an old work written three centuries since, a
curious paragraph which we had well nigh forgotten. It refers to
Canada. “There groweth a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer they
make great provision for all the yeere, and only the men use of it;
and first they cause it to be dried in the sunne, then wear it about
their neckes, wrapped in a little beaste’s skinne, made like a little
bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood like a pipe; then, when
they please, they make poudre of it, and then put it in one of the
ends of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a coal of fire upon it, at
the other end suck so long, that they fill their bodies full of smoke,
till that it cometh out of their mouth and nostrils, even as out of the
tonnell of a chimney.”
Methinks it had been well had every Canadian been also favoured with
a Saint Betsy, as a companion in life, otherwise there had been fire
as well as smoke. It is now some time since the inimitable _Punch_
introduced Saint Betsy to the world, and that she may not altogether be
excluded from our future “fireside saints,” we will give her legend a
place in our “Odds and Ends.”
“St. Betsy was wedded to a knight who sailed with Raleigh, and had
brought home tobacco, and the knight smoked. But he thought that
St. Betsy, like other fine ladies of the Court, would fain that he
should smoke out of doors, nor taint with tobacco smoke the tapestry,
whereupon the knight would seek his garden, his orchard, and, in any
weather, smoke _sub Jove_. Now it chanced, as the knight smoked, St.
Betsy came to him and said, ‘My lord, pray ye come into the house;’ and
the knight went with St. Betsy, who took him into a newly cedared room,
and said, ‘I pray my lord henceforth smoke here, for is it not a shame
that you, who are the foundation and prop of your house, should have
no place to put your head into and smoke?’ And St. Betsy led him to a
chair, and with her own fingers filled him a pipe; and from that time
the knight sat in the cedar chamber and smoked his weed.”
No pipe, no smoke, no dreams! Never again, on a beautiful summer’s day
would two young Ottoman swains sit smoking under a tree, by the side
of a purling stream, hearing the birds sing, and seeing the flowers
in bloom, to become the actors in a scene like that described in one
of their own songs. By and bye came a young damsel, her eyes like two
stars in the nights of the Ramazan. One of the swains takes his pipe
from his mouth, and “sighing smoke,” gazes at her with delight. The
other demands why his wrapt soul is sitting in his eyes, and he avows
himself the adorer of the veiled fair. “Her eyes,” says he, “are black,
but they shine like the polished steel, nor is the wound they inflict
less fatal to the heart.” The other swain ridicules his passion, and
bids him re-fill his pipe. “Ah, no!” cries the lover, “I enjoy it no
more; my heart is as a fig thrown into a thick leafy tree, and a bird
with bright eyes has caught it and holds it fast.”
Hearken to the story of Abou Gallioun, the father of the pipe-bowl,
and then laugh if you will at the votaries of the marvellous weed. A
mountaineer of Lebanon, a man young and tall, and apparently well to
do, for his oriental costume was rich and elegant, established himself
at Tripoli, in Syria. He resided at an hotel, and astonished every
one with a bowl at the end of his pipe stem of enormous dimensions.
Some days after his arrival he was seen to seat himself at the corner
of a street, to rest the bowl of his pipe on the ground, and to take
from his pocket a little tripod and a coffee-pot. Having filled his
coffee-pot, he put the tripod upon the bowl of his pipe, and stood his
coffee-pot thereon. He then proceeded to smoke, and at the same time
to boil the water for his coffee. This sight caused the passers-by
to stop, and a crowd collected in the street so as to obstruct the
thoroughfare. The police came to clear the passage, and, at the same
time, the Pacha was informed of the circumstance, and consulted as to
what should be done. The Pacha gave instructions that as the stranger
did harm to no one, he was to be allowed to make his coffee in the
street, for the street was open to all, hoping that when it rained he
would certainly go away. The police were, therefore, ordered to prevent
any crowding around the mountaineer, and to take especial care that he
received no insult, lest he should then complain to the Emir of the
mountain of his ill-treatment. The mountaineer having heard of the
instructions of the Pacha, continued to drink his coffee and smoke his
pipe as before, in the presence of numbers of curious spectators. This
exhibition continued daily, till the news penetrated into the harems,
and the women came to see a man make his coffee upon the bowl of his
pipe—a thing they had never before heard of, and which, till now, had
never occurred.
The mountaineer loved to converse with the passers-by, when he told
them that his pipe served him also at home for his baking oven, and
that he had no other chafing dish in winter; that he filled the bowl
twice a day, in the morning on rising, and in the evening on going to
rest, to last him through the night; that he stopped very little, and
during the night drank five or six cups of coffee. This stranger was
surnamed Abou Gallioun, “father of the pipe-bowl,” and is still known
by that name in Tripoli when they speak of him and his extravagance.
In general, the pipe bowls are of a certain size, so that they may last
at least a quarter of an hour, and with slow smoking they will last
half an hour, The tobacco does not burn rapidly if the smoker does not
pull hard—this quiet kind of smoking generally characterizes the grave
orientals. Their pipes are seldom extinguished of themselves unless
laid down, because the tobaccos of the East have more body than other
tobaccos. Abou Gallioun might then always rest assured that his pipe
would never go out, although he held long conversations by day, and
rose occasionally at night to take his coffee.
Tobacco is stated to have been imported into the Celestial empire by
the Mantchoos; and the Chinese were much astonished when they first
saw their conquerors inhaling fire through long tubes and “eating
smoke.” By a curious coincidence this plant is called by the Mantchoos
_tambakou_; but the Chinese designate it simply by the word meaning
“smoke.” Thus they say they cultivate in their fields the “smoke-leaf,”
they “chew smoke,” and they name their pipe the “smoke-funnel.”
The old proverb that “smoke doth follow the fairest,” is thus commented
upon:——“Whereof Sir Thomas Brown says, although there seems no natural
ground, yet it is the continuation of a very ancient opinion, as Petrus
Victorius and Casaubon have observed from a passage in Athenæus,
wherein a Parasite thus describes himself—
‘To every table first I come,
Whence Porridge I am called by some;
Like whips and thongs to all I ply,
Like smoak unto the fair I fly.’”
There is extant in the East, an Arabian tale concerning the Broken Pipe
of Saladin, which is taken from an author named Ali-el-Fakir, who lived
in the times of Saladin, a tale which is often repeated among smokers
in Syria. The Sultan, Salah-el-Din (called by us Saladin), was a great
warrior, a lover of the harem, and at the same time pleasant. His
court abounded with officers, servants, and slaves. Among his servants,
who could best amuse him in his leisure moments, was a simple man to
whom he had confided the care of his pipes, and whom he had made his
pipe-bearer. All the Sultan’s pipes were of great value, owing to
the oriental luxury which prevails in everything, and especially in
everything belonging to the Sultan, who is considered the master of the
world.
Saladin, in consequence of the climate of the south of Syria, generally
passed his time in the gardens of Damascus, luxuriously seated upon
rich Persian carpets and soft cushions, under a tree surrounded by
his guards, and a numerous band of servants, who promptly obeyed his
commands.
Under another tree, not far off, was the coffee-maker, ready to serve
his master on the instant, for, like all other orientals, he was fond
of this beverage; and Ramadan, the pipe-bearer, was commanded to be at
hand, that he might execute his sovereign’s orders.
Between the tree under which the Sultan was reposing, and that under
which was the stove of the coffee-maker, stood another tree, to which
was tied a watch-dog, who was only let loose at night.
Saladin said to Ramadan—“Take my pipe, fill it, and bring it to me
directly.” At that time tobacco was not smoked in the East, instead
thereof they used Tè bégh. Ramadan hastened to obey his master, but
the dog, not well knowing him, set to barking at him as he passed on
his way to the coffee-maker’s stove for the purpose of preparing there
the Sultan’s pipe, and in return Ramadan shook his fist at him. When
the pipe-bearer came back, the dog, recognizing in him the man who
had lately menaced him, not being securely tied, loosened himself and
sprang at him. Ramadan used the pipe to defend himself, the dog was
beaten back, but the bowl, the stem, and the rich mouth-piece of the
pipe were all broken in the encounter.
The facts were related to Saladin, who immediately ordered the dog
to be summoned before him. The animal said nothing while Ramadan
was continually charging him with the blame. “Thou seest,” said the
Sultan, “that the dog appears docile. If thou hadst not threatened or
frightened him he would have said nothing to thee. Thou shalt be tied
up as the dog was, and the dog shall dwell with me.”
The guards chained up poor Ramadan to the tree where the dog had been
fastened, and his appearance was very disconsolate. The dog became the
favourite of the Prince, whom he recognized by his natural instinct,
and for ever afterwards the Sultan swore by his dog.
The Mussulman delights in comparing the wisdom of this decision with
the judgment of Solomon.
The recent remarks of one high in clerical authority, which came to
light but too lately to have a more honourable position assigned them,
must accordingly be scattered among the fragments. “Heaven forbid,”
writes the reverend gentleman, “that I should ever see in England
what I have more than once seen in France—a fine and gorgeously
arrayed lady, with lavender coloured kid gloves, and a delicate little
cigarette between her lips, expectorating in the most refined manner
into a polished spittoon, and accompanying her male friends in inhaling
the fumes of this noxious weed! No, our ladies have not countenanced
the custom by example, but they have fostered it, cherished it,
promoted it by their too much good nature, and allowed their husbands,
brothers, and sons, and perhaps, their intended husbands, to enjoy
their cigars in their presence, and even in their houses.”
“Oh horrible, most horrible!”
Hearken still further. “I don’t scruple to confess that I sat down to
the consideration of this subject strongly prejudiced, personally and
socially, against this evil practice; but I rise from the examination
of the facts of the case surprised at the magnitude of the abomination
to which it gives rise. I cordially throw any influence I possess into
the scale of those who are labouring to promote the total abolition of
the custom among us, and I earnestly entreat all who think with me to
exert their utmost efforts to stay the plague.”
King James is dead, poor man, otherwise this worthy Dean, most
assuredly, would soon have become a Bishop. How unfortunate a
circumstance it is that wise men _will_ be born at a time when the
generation who would have appreciated them most, is either extinct or
in embryo.
We remember to have once heard an equally estimable clerical gentleman
declare that he thought those words of Longfellow’s very descriptive of
the effects of his customary “whiff:”——
“And the night shall be filled with music,
And the cares that infest the day,
Shall fold their tents like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.”
With a fable of Krummacher’s, let this basket of fragments be filled,
and finished—
“The angel of sleep and the angel of death, fraternally embracing each
other, wandered over the earth. It was eventide. They laid themselves
down beside a hill not far from the habitations of men. A melancholy
silence reigned around, and the evening bell of the distant hamlet had
ceased.
“Silently and quietly, as is their wont, the two kindly genii of the
human race lay in confidential embrace, and night began to steal on.
“Then the angel of sleep rose from his mossy couch, and threw around,
with careful hand, the unseen grains of slumber. The evening wind bare
them to the quiet dwellings of the wearied husbandmen. Now the feet
of sleep embraced the inhabitants of the rural cots, from the hoary
headed old man who supported himself on his staff, to the infants in
the cradle. The sick forgot their pains, the mourners their griefs, and
poverty its cares. All eyes were closed.
“And now, after his task was done, the beautiful angel of sleep lay
down again by the side of his sterner brother. When the morning dawn
arose, he exclaimed in joyous innocency—‘Men praise me as their friend
and benefactor. Oh what a bliss it is, unseen and secretly to befriend
them! How happy are we, the invisible messengers of the good God! How
lovely is our quiet vocation!’
“Thus spake the friendly angel of sleep. And the angel of death sighed
in silent grief; and a tear, such as the immortals shed, trembled in
his great dark eye. ‘Alas!’ said he, ‘that I cannot as thou, delight
myself with cheerful thanks. Men call me their enemy and pleasure
spoiler.’
“‘Oh, my brother,’ rejoined the angel of sleep, ‘will not the good
also, when awaking, recognize in thee a friend and benefactor, and
thankfully bless thee? Are not we brothers and messengers of one
Father?’
“Thus spake he, and the eyes of the angel of death sparkled, and more
tenderly did the brotherly genii embrace each other.”
APPENDIX.
TABLE I.
CHRONOLOGY OF TOBACCO.
A.D.
1496 Romanus Paine published the first account of tobacco, under the
name _cohoba_.
1519 Tobacco discovered by the Spaniards near Tabasco.
1535 Negroes cultivated it on the plantations of their masters.
” It was used at this time in Canada.
1559 Tobacco introduced into Europe by Hernandez de Toledo.
1565 Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco.
” Sir John Hawkins brought tobacco from Florida.
1570 Tobacco smoked in Holland out of tubes of palm-leaves.
1574 Tobacco cultivated in Tuscany.
1575 First figure of plant in André Thevot’s Cosmographie.
1585 Clay pipes noticed by the English in Virginia.
” First clay pipes made in Europe.
1590 Schah Abbas, of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his
empire.
1601 Tobacco introduced into Java. Smoking commenced in Egypt about
this time.
1604 James I. laid heavy imposts on tobacco.
1610 Tobacco-smoking known at Constantinople.
1615 Tobacco first grown about Amersfort, in Holland.
1616 The colonists cultivated tobacco in Virginia.
1619 James I. wrote his “Counterblast.”
” Sale of tobacco prohibited in England till the custom should be
paid, and the royal seal affixed.
1620 Ninety young women sent from England to America, and sold to the
planters for tobacco at 120 lbs. each.
1622 Annual import of tobacco into England from America, 142,085 lbs.
1624 The Pope excommunicated all who should take snuff in church. King
James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer
Isles.
1631 Tobacco-smoking introduced into Misnia.
1634 A tribunal formed at Moscow to punish smoking.
1639 The Assembly of Virginia ordered that all tobacco planted in that
and the succeeding two years should be destroyed.
1653 Smoking commenced at Appenzell (canton) in Switzerland.
1661 The police regulations of Berne made, and divided according to
the ten commandments, in which tobacco was prohibited.
1669 Adultery and fornication punished in Virginia by a fine of 500 to
1000 lbs. of tobacco.
1670 Smoking tobacco punished in the canton of Glarus by fines.
1676 Customs on tobacco from Virginia collected in England, £120,000.
” Two Jews attempt the cultivation of tobacco in Brandenburg.
1689 Dr. J. F. Vicarius invented tubes containing pieces of sponge for
smoking tobacco.
1691 Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who used tobacco in St.
Peter’s Church at Rome.
1697 Large quantities of tobacco produced in the palatinate of Hesse.
1709 Exports of tobacco from America, 28,858,666 lbs.
1719 Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco.
1724 Pope Benedict XIV. revoked Pope Innocent’s Bull of
excommunication.
1732 Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny per lb.
1747 Annual exports of tobacco to England from the American colonies,
40,000,000 lbs.
1753 The King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about
£500,000.
” The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, £1,250,000.
1759 Duties on tobacco in Denmark amounted to £8,000.
1770 Empress of Austria derived an income of £160,000 from tobacco.
1773 Duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, £80,000.
1775 Annual export of tobacco from the United States 1,000,000 lbs.
1780 King of France derived an income of £1,500,000 from tobacco.
1782 Annual export of tobacco during the seven years revolutionary
war, 12,378,504 lbs.
1787 Tobacco imported into Ireland, 1,877,579 lbs.
1789 Exports of tobacco from the United States, 90,000,000 lbs.
” Tobacco first put under the excise in England.
1820 Quantity of tobacco grown in France, 32,887,500 lbs.
1828 Tobacco revenue in the State of Maryland, £5,400.
1830 Revenue from tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was 2¼ millions
of pounds.
1834 Value of tobacco used in the United States estimated at
£3,000,000.
1838 Annual consumption of tobacco in the United States estimated at
100,000,000 lbs.
1840 It was ascertained that 1,500,000 persons were engaged in the
cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in the United States.
TABLE II.
CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO.
——————————————————————————————————+————————————————————+——————————————
| Average consump. |
COUNTRIES. | of male population | Nett Revenue
| per head, over 18 | from Tobacco.
| years of age. |
——————————————————————————————————+————————————————————+——————————————
Austria | 6·75 lbs. | £1,212,530
Zollverein | 9·75 ” | 296,560
Steurverein, including Hanover } | 12·50 ” | 12,420
and Oldenburg } | |
France | 5·50 ” | 3,058,356
Russia | 2·50 ” | 284,280
Portugal | 3·50 ” | 304,140
Spain | 4·75 ” | 1,268,082
Sardinia | 2·75 ” | 246,192
Tuscany | 2·50 ” | 84,860
Papal States | 2·00 ” | 297,252
Two Sicilies | ... | 168,422
Britain | 4·10 ” | 5,272,471
Holland | 8·25 ” | 6,210
Belgium | 9·00 ” | 28,014
Denmark | 8·00 ” | 10,488
Sweden | 4·37 ” | 14,766
Norway | 6·40 ” | 23,322
United States | 7·60 ” | ...
——————————————————————————————————+————————————————————+——————————————
TABLE III.
DUTIES ON IMPORTATION OF TOBACCO.
United States 30· per cent. ad valorem.
Belgium 13·9 do.
Great Britain 933·3 do.
Hanover 9·6 do.
Holstein 10· do.
Holland 3·5 do.
Russia 161· do.
Switzerland 3· do.
Zollverein 45· do.
TABLE IV.
Nett Profits of the French Regie on Tobacco, after paying all expenses
of purchase, transportation, manufacture, and sale. Showing the
increased consumption, in decennial periods, from 1811 to 1851.
——————————————————————-+——————————-
Years. | Francs.
——————————————————————-+——————————-
1811 | 26,000,000
1821 | 42,219,604
1831 | 45,920,930
1841 | 71,989,095
1851 | 92,233,729
Total gross revenue } |
in 1857 } |185,000,000
——————————————————————-+——————————-
TABLE V.
Consumption of Tobacco in Britain, with rate of Duty and Revenue
therefrom.
——————+————————————————+————————————+———————————+———————————-
Years.| Consumption. | Duty. | Revenue. |Population.
——————+————————————————+————————————+———————————+———————————-
1821 |15,598,152 lbs. |4s. per lb. |£3,122,583 |21,282,903
1831 |19,533,841 ” |3s. ” | 2,964,592 |24,410,459
1841 |22,309,360 ” |3s. ” | 3,580,163 |27,019,672
1851 |28,062,978 ” |3s. ” | 4,485,768 |27,452,262
1856 |32,579,166 ” |3s. ” | 5,216,770 | [39]
1857 |32,677,059 ” |3s. ” | 5,231,455 | [39]
1858 |34,110,850 ” |3s. ” | 5,272,471 | [39]
——————+————————————————+————————————+———————————+———————————-
[39] Owing to extensive emigration, especially from Ireland, the
population must be considered as but little above that of 1851.
TABLE VI.
Consumption of Tobacco in the Austrian Empire.
——————+——————————————————
Years.|Quantity consumed.
——————+——————————————————
1850 | 34,457,513 lbs.
1851 | 54,217,578 ”
1852 | 61,805,697 ”
1853 | 57,926,925 ”
1854 | 62,020,333 ”
1856 | 85,161,030 ”
——————+——————————————————
TABLE VII.
Statement exhibiting the quantities of Tobacco exported from the United
States into the countries named, during 1855.
————————————————-+————————————————
Countries. | Quantities.
————————————————-+————————————————
Bremen | 38,058,000 lbs.
Great Britain | 24,203,000 ”
France | 40,866,000 ”
Holland | 17,124,000 ”
Spain | 7,524,000 ”
Belgium | 4,010,000 ”
Sardinia | 3,314,000
Austria | 2,945,000 ”
Sweden and Norway| 1,713,000 ”
Portugal | 336,000 ”
————————————————-+————————————————
TABLE VIII.
Disposition of Tobacco the growth of the United States in 1840 and in
1850, with the Home Consumption at each period.
——————+————————————————+————————————————+——————————————-+——————————
Years.| Growth. | Exports. | Consumption. | Rate pr.
| | | | Head.
——————+————————————————+————————————————+——————————————-+——————————
1840 |219,163,319 lbs.|184,965,797 lbs.|34,543,557 lbs.|32½ oz.
1850 |199,532,494 ” |122,408,780 ” |81,933,571 ” |56 ”
——————+————————————————+————————————————+——————————————-+——————————
TABLE IX.
Statement showing the Exports of Tobacco from America (United States)
in decennial periods, from 1820 to 1850, and in 1855.
——————+——————————————————
Years.|Quantity exported.
——————+——————————————————
1820 | 66,000 hogsheads.
1830 | 83,810 ”
1840 |119,484 ”
1850 |145,729 ”
1855 |150,213 ”
——————+——————————————————
TABLE X.
ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO BY POSSELT & REINMANN.
Nicotina 0·06
Concrete vegetable oil 0·01
Bitter extractive 2·87
Gum, with malate of lime 1·74
Chlorophylle 0·267
Albumen and gluten 1·308
Malic acid 0·51
Lignin and a trace of starch 4·969
Salts (sulphate, nitrate, and malate of }
potash, chloride of potassium, phosphate } 0·734
and malate of lime, and malate of ammonia)}
Silica 0·088
Water 88·280
——————-
Fresh leaves of tobacco 100·836
=======
TABLE XI.
Return showing the quantity of Chests of Opium exported by the East
India Company between 1846 and 1858.
——————————+——————————————-
Years. | No. of Chests.[40]
——————————+——————————————-
1846-47 | 22,468
1847-48 | 22,879
1848-49 | 33,073
1849-50 | 35,919
1850-51 | 32,033
1851-52 | 31,259
1852-53 | 35,521
1853-54 | 42,403
1854-55 | 49,979
1855-56 | 49,399
1856-57 | 66,305
1857-58 | 68,004
——————————+——————————————-
TABLE XII.
Amount of Income derived by the East India Company from the Opium
Monopoly.
————————+——————————
Years. | Amount.
————————+——————————
1840-41 | £874,277
1841-42 | 1,018,765
1842-43 | 1,577,581
1843-44 | 2,024,826
1844-45 | 2,181,288
1845-46 | 2,803,350
1846-47 | 2,886,201
1847-48 | 1,698,252
1848-49 | 2,845,762
1849-50 | 3,309,637
1850-51 | 3,043,135
1851-52 | 3,139,247
1852-53 | 3,717,932
1853-54 | 3,359,019
1854-55 | 3,333,601
1855-56 | 3,961,975
1856-57 | 3,860,390
1857-58 | 5,918,375
————————+——————————
TABLE XIII.
OPIUM STATISTICS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
——————+————————————+————————————
Years.| Imports. |Consumption.
——————+————————————+————————————
1826 | 79,829 lbs.| 28,329 lbs.
1827 |113,140 ” | 17,322 ”
1830 |209,076 ” | 22,668 ”
1833 |106,846 ” | 35,407 ”
1836 |130,794 ” | 38,943 ”
1839 |196,247 ” | 41,632 ”
1842 | 72,373 ” | 47,432 ”
1845 |259,644 ” | 38,229 ”
1848 |200,019 ” | 61,055 ”
1849 |105,724 ” | 44,177 ”
1850 |126,318 ” | 42,324 ”
1851 |118,024 ” | 50,682 ”
1852 |205,780 ” | 62,521 ”
1853 |159,312 ” | 67,038 ”
1854 | 97,427 ” | 61,432 ”
1855 | 50,143 ” | 34,473 ”
1856 | 51,479 ” | 38,609 ”
1857 |136,423 ” | 56,174 ”
1858 | 82,085 ” | 77,639 ”
——————+————————————+————————————
TABLE XIV.
ANALYSIS OF OPIUM, BY MULDER.
Morphia 10·842 4·106
Narcotina 6·808 8·150
Codeia 0·678 0·834
Narceine 6·662 7·506
Meconine 0·804 0·846
Meconic acid 5·124 3·968
Fat 2·166 1·350
Caoutchouc 6·012 5·026
Resin 3·582 2·028
Gummy extractive 25·200 31·470
Gum 1·042 2·896
Mucus 19·086 17·098
Water 9·846 12·226
Loss 2·148 2·496
——————— ———————
Total 100·000 100·000
======= =======
TABLE XV.
PRISONERS SENTENCED BY THE POLICE TO THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION AT
SINGAPORE.
——————————-+——————————————+————————————-+——————————+————————————+
| Quantity of | Number of | | |
Class. |Opium consumed| years | Trade. | Monthly |
| daily. | habituated. | | Wages. |
——————————-+——————————————+————————————-+——————————+————————————+
| Grains. | | | s. d. |
1 Chinaman| 60 | 10 |Cooly | 16 0 |
2 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
3 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
4 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
5 ” | 180 | 10 |Planter | ... |
6 ” | 90 | 12 | ... | ... |
7 ” | 60 | 20 |Cooly | 16 0 |
8 ” | 180 | 7 |Planter | 12 0 |
9 ” | 90 | 6 | ... | 20 0 |
10 ” | 60 | 20 |Cooly | 16 0 |
11 ” | 48 | 4 |Cooly | 16 0 |
12 ” | 300 to 350 | 16 |Planter | ... |
13 ” | 30 | 10 |Cooly | 16 0 |
14 ” | 90 | 6 | ... | 16 0 |
15 ” | 60 | 16 |Cooly | 16 0 |
16 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
17 ” | 24 | 9 |Cooly | 16 0 |
18 ” | 60 to 180 | 30 | ... | 20 0 |
19 ” | 36 | 5 | ... |24s. to 30s.|
20 ” | 30 | 5 | ... | 16 0 |
21 ” | 60 | 12 | ... | 16 0 |
22 ” | 48 | 5 |Cooly | 12 0 |
23 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
24 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
25 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
26 ” | 60 | 15 | ... | 16 0 |
27 ” | Does not smoke. | ... |
28 ” | 36 | 6 | ... | 12 0 |
29 ” | 48 | 5 |Shopkeeper| ... |
——————————-+——————————————+————————————-+——————————+————————————+
————+————————————————+———————————————————————————————————————————————
| |
| Value of Opium | Appearances.
| smoked monthly.|
————+————————————————+———————————————————————————————————————————————
| £ s. d. |
1 | 1 4 0 |Heavy, listless, but not sleepy.
2 | ... |Looks well and fat.
3 | ... |Looks well, but not stout.
4 | ... |Looks well.
5 | 3 12 0 |Looks well; given up smoking; drinks Tinco in
| | arrack.
6 | 1 10 0 |Sickly, with cough.
7 | 1 4 0 |Sickly, thin, and miserable looking.
8 | 3 12 0 |Sick and herpetic.
9 | 1 10 0 |Sickly looking, and complains.
10 | 1 4 0 |Thin, sickly; complains of pain in the stomach.
11 | 0 16 4 |Yellow, sickly; pain in the abdomen.
12 | £6 to £7 |Thin, sickly; complains of cough.
13 | 0 12 0 |Complains of pain in abdomen.
14 | 1 10 0 |Thin, but not sickly.
15 | 1 4 0 |Thin, cough, and sickly.
16 | ... |
17 | 0 10 0 |Complains of pain in abdomen; does not look
| | sickly.
18 |24s. to £3 12 0 |Sickly looking; does not complain.
19 | 0 12 0 |Diarrhœa, and complains.
20 | 0 8 0 |Complains, but does not look sickly.
21 | 1 4 0 |Complains, but does not look sickly.
22 | 1 0 0 |Looks sickly, and complains.
23 | ... |Looks sickly.
24 | ... |Looks well.
25 | ... |Looks well.
26 | 1 4 0 |Complains much, being without chandu.
27 | ... |Looks well.
28 | 0 15 0 |Pale, sickly looking; complains much.
29 | 1 0 0 |Thin and sickly.
————+————————————————+————————————————————————————————————————————————
Besides which, there were 15 men in the hospital, of whom all smoked
but one.
TABLE XVI.
OPIUM CONSUMED BY FIFTEEN PERSONS FROM THE PAUPER HOSPITAL, SINGAPORE.
——-+————————+——————————-+——————-+————————————————————————————
|Quantity| | |
|of Opium| Years |Monthly|Excess of expenditure over
|consumed|habituated.| Wages.| income.
|daily. | | |
——-+————————+——————————-+——————-+————————————————————————————
|Grains. | | s. d.| s. d.
1 | 36 | 7 | 11 6 | 5 8 excess
2 | 36 | 3 | 8 0 | 6 6 ”
3 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 ”
4 | 36 | 8 | 12 0 | 2 6 ”
5 | 42 | 20 | 16 0 | 0 10 ”
6 | 30 | 10 | 10 0 | 2 1 ”
7 | 24 | 7 | 8 0 | 1 8 ”
8 | 30 | 10 | 12 0 |Income and expenditure equal
9 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 excess
10 | 30 | 10 | 8 0 | 4 0 ”
11 | 30 | 8 | 12 0 |Income and expenditure equal
12 | 36 | 10 | 12 0 | 2 6 excess
13 | 30 | 15 | 12 0 |Income and expenditure equal
14 | 30 | 25 | 12 0 | ” ”
15 | 42 | 22 | 12 0 | 4 10 excess
——-+————————+——————————-+——————-+————————————————————————————
TABLE XVII.
REPORTS OF OPIUM-SMOKING IN CHINA.
In the Chung-wan (centre bazaar) there are about 5,800 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of
2,600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 300.
In the Hah-wan (Canton bazaar) there are upwards of 1,200 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of
600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium very few.
(Signed) CHUNG-WAN & HAH-WAN TEAPOA’S REPORT.
_Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day_
(_December 29th, 1855_).
The number of male residents at Sheong-wan are estimated as following:——
This year have ascertained the number of male residents are 13,000.
There are 3,000 opium-smokers; 300 smoke 8 mace a-day; 700 smoke 5
mace each day; 1,000 smoke 3 mace each day; the rest smoke 1 mace,
more or less.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of
4,000.
The number that got sick for cause of opium-smoking went home, and did
not die here.
(Signed) TEAPOA OF SHEONG-WAN TONG CHEW’S REPORT.
_Dated December 29th, 1855._
* * * * *
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Tai-ping-Shan.
There are upwards of 5,300 men.
The number that smoke opium because they like it are upwards of 1,200.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 600.
The number that died for cause of opium-smoking very few.
(Signed) TAI-PING-SHAN TEAPOA’S REPORT.
_Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day_
(_December 29th, 1855_).
* * * * *
By order, have ascertained that in Wan-tsai there are upwards of 1,600
inhabitants.
Those that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 500
men.
Those that smoke opium are upwards of 200 men.
Those that died for cause of smoking opium, none.
(Signed) WAN-TSAI TEAPOA’S REPORT.
_Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day_
(_December 29th, 1855_).
* * * * *
By order, have ascertained that in Wang-nai-choon there are upwards of
200 men.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 10 men.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are few only.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium, very few.
(Signed) WANG-NAI-CHOON TEAPOA’S REPORT.
_Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day_
(_December 29th, 1855_).
* * * * *
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Ting-loong-chow
(east point).
There are upwards of 2,500 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of
300.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
(Signed) TING-LOONG-CHOW TEAPOA’S REPORT.
_Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day_
(_December 29th, 1855_).
TABLE XVIII.
Professor Johnston’s estimate of the number of persons indulging in the
Seven principal Narcotics of the world.
Tobacco 800,000,000
Opium 400,000,000
Hemp 200,000,000 to 300,000,000
Betel 100,000,000
Coca 10,000,000
Thorn-Apple (no estimate) Less than Coca.
Amanita ” ”
TABLE XIX.
SYNOPSIS OF NARCOTICS, WITH THEIR SUBSTITUTES.
I.——TOBACCO.
——————————————————+——————————————————————————+————————————-+—————————
| |Where used or| How
Vulgar Name. | Botanical Name. | cultivated. | used.
——————————————————+——————————————————————————+————————————-+—————————
Virginian tobacco |Nicotiana tabacum |U. States |Smoked &
chewed
Orinoko ” | ” macrophylla | ... | ”
European ” | ” rustica |Europe | ”
Javanese ” | ” ” var |Java |Smoked.
Billah ” | ” ” var Asiatica |Malwa | ”
Guzerat ” | ” ” var |Guzerat | ”
Chinese ” | ” ” var Chinensis |China | ”
Thibetian ” | ” ” var |Thibet | ”
Persian ” | ” Persica |Persia | ”
Latakia ” | ” ” var |Syria | ”
Djiddar ” | ” crispa | ” | ”
Indian ” | ” quadrivalvis |N. America | ”
” | ” multivalvis | ” | ”
” ” | ” nana |Rocky Mts. | ”
Cuban ” | ” repanda |Cuba | ”
Columbian ” | ” loxensis |America | ”
Brazilian ” | ” glauca |Brazil | ”
Peruvian ” | ” andicola |Andes | ”
Coltsfoot leaves |Tussilago farfar |Europe |Smok’d for
tobacco
Yarrow ” |Achillœa millefolium | ” | ”
Rhubarb ” |Rheum emodi, &c. |Himalayas | ”
Bogbean ” |Menyanthes trifoliata |Britain | ”
Sage ” |Salvia officinalis |Europe | ”
Mountain tobacco |Arnica montana |Switzerland | ”
Black holly |Ilex vomitoria |N. America | ”
Stag’s horn sumach|Rhus typhina |Mississippi | ”
Copal sumach |Rhus copallina | ” | ”
Water lily leaves |Nelumbium speciosum |China |Mix’d with
tobacco
Pucha-pat |Marrubium odoratissimum |India |Mix’d with
tobacco
Tombeki |Lobelia sp. |E. Asia |Smoked as
tobacco
Indian tobacco |Lobelia inflata |N. America | ”
Maize husks |Zea Mays |U. States |Patented
for cigars
Birch bark |Betula excelsa |N. Brunswck |Mix’d with
tobacco
Willow leaves |Salix sp. |N. America |Smoked as
tobacco
Bearberry leaves |Arctostasphylus uva-ursi |Chenook Ind. |Mix’d with
tobacco
Pimento berries |Eugenia pimento |W. Indies |Smoked
Cascarilla bark |Croton eleuteria | ” |Mix’d with
tobacco
Polygonum leaves |Polygonum hispida |S. America |Smoked
Camphor leaves |Tarchonanthus camphoratus |Cape | ”
Wild dagga |Leonotis leonurus | ” | ”
... |Leonotis ovata | ” | ”
Culen |Psoralea glandulosa |Mauritius | ”
Purphiok |Tupistra sp. |Sikkim |Mix’d with
tobacco
Camomile flowers |Anthemis nobilis |Britain | ”
Beet leaves |Beta vulgaris |France |Recommended
as substitute
Akel | ... |Algeria |Mix’d with
tobacco
Trouna | ... | ” | ”
Kauw goed |Mesembryanthemum tortuosum|Cape |Chewed
Angelica root |Archangelica officinalis |Lapland | ”
Monkey bread
leaves |Adansonia digitata |W. Africa |Snuffed.
Rhododendron
leaves |Rhododendron campanulatum |India |Snuffed.
Brown dust of
petioles of |Kalmia and Rhododendron sp.| N. America | ”
Asarabacca |Asarum Europœum |Europe | ”
Grimstone’s eye }|Various plants |Britain | ”
snuff }| | |
Various indigenous|plants |Erzegebirge | ”
Woodruff |Asperula odorata |Britain |Mixed with
snuff.
Amadou ashes |Polyporus igniarius |Kamtschatka |Snuffed.
II.——OPIUM.
Smyrna opium |Papaver somniferum. |Levant |Smoked, &c.
Constantinople do.| ” |Turkey | ”
Egyptian do. | ” |Egypt | ”
Trebizond do. | ” |Persia | ”
Bengal do. | ” |India | ”
Garden Patna do. | ” | ” | ”
Malwa do. | ” | ” | ”
Cutch do. | ” | ” | ”
Kandeish do. | ” | ” | ”
English do. | ” |England | ”
French do. | ” |France | ”
German do. | ” |Germany | ”
Lactucarium |Lactuca sativa |Britain |Subs. for
opium.
” | ” virosa | ” | ”
” | ” scariola | ” | ”
” | ” altissima | ” | ”
” | ” sylvestris | ” | ”
” | ” elongata | ” | ”
” | ” taraxacifolia |Guiana | ”
Dutchman’s
laudanum |Murucuja ocellata |Jamaica | ”
Ditto | ” orbiculata |Barbadoes | ”
Syrian rue seeds |Peganum harmala |Turkey |To produce
intoxication.
Seeds of |Sterculia alata |Silhet |Subs. for
opium.
Seeds of |Scopolia mutica |Arabia |To produce
intoxication.
Juice of |Chondrilla juncea |Lemnos |Subs. for
opium.
III.——HEMP.
Gunjah and Bang |Cannabis indica |India, Africa|Smoked, &c.
Churrus (resin) | ” |Nepaul, &c. | ”
Powdered dacca }| ” |S. W. Africa.|Snuffed.
and aloes }| | |
IV.——BETEL.
Betel nuts |Areca catechu |Malay Penin. |Chewed.
” |Areca laxa |Andaman Is. | ”
” |Areca Nagonsis |E. Bengal | ”
” |Areca Dicksoni |Malabar | ”
Kassu (extract) |Areca catechu |India | ”
Cowry (extract) |Areca catechu |Mysore | ”
Kutt or catechu |Acacia catechu |India | ”
Gambir |Uncaria gambir |Singapore &c.|Chewed.
” |Uncaria sp. | ” | ”
Betel pepper |Chavica betle |Malay Penin. |Chewed with
leaves | | | betel
” |Chavica siraboa | ” | ”
Blk. pepper leaves|Piper nigrum |Singapore | ”
Ava pepper |Macropiper methysticum |S. Seas | ”
Roots of |Derris pinnata | ” |Subs. for
betel
Roots of |Cocos nucifera |Ceylon | ”
Guayabo bark |Psidium guayaba |Phillippines | ”
Antipolo bark | ” | ” | ”
V.——COCA.
Coca leaves |Erythroxylon coca |Peru |Masticatory
VI.——THORN-APPLE.
Florispondio seeds|Datura sanguinea |N. Granada. |Drank in
infusion.
Thorn Apple leaves| ” stramonium |Europe |Smoked.
” seeds | ” arborea |Peru | ”
” ” | ” fatuosa |Egypt | ”
” ” | ” ferox |China | ”
” ” | ” tatula |Asia |By the
Delphic oracle.
” ” | ” metel |W. Asia |As an opiate.
Belladonna leaves |Atropa belladonna |Europe |Smoked.
Henbane leaves |Hyoscyamus niger |India |Mixed with
haschish.
Leaves of |Rhododendron chrysanthum|Siberia |Chewed.
Flowers of |Rhododendron arboreum |India | ”
Foxglove leaves |Digitalis purpurea | ” |Mixed with
haschisch.
VII.——AMANITA.
Fly agaric |Amanita muscaria |Siberia |Swallowed.
——————————————————+——————————————————————————+—————————-+————————————
M’CORQUODALE & CO., PRINTERS, LONDON—WORKS, NEWTON.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The learned in the lore of ancient Rome may charge us, if they
will, with a grievous wrong in considering Sleep as one of the softer
sex, inasmuch as Somnus was one of the elder of the “_lords_ of the
creation.” We confess to an inclination towards the “_ladies_ of the
creation;” and in this matter especially
“We have a vision of our own,
And why should we undo it?”
[2] A correspondent of the _Medical Times_ having asked for authentic
instances of the hair becoming grey within the space of one night, Mr.
D. F. Parry, Staff-Surgeon at Aldershott, transmitted the following
account, of which he made memorandum shortly after its occurrence.
“On February 19, 1858, the column under General Franks, in the south
of Oude, was engaged with a rebel force at the village of Chamda,
and several prisoners were taken. One of them, a sepoy of the Bengal
army, was brought before the authorities for examination, and I,
being present, had an opportunity of watching from the commencement
the fact I am about to record. Divested of his uniform, and stripped
completely naked, he was surrounded by the soldiers, and then first
apparently became alive to the danger of his position; he trembled
violently, intense horror and despair were depicted in his countenance,
and although he answered all the questions addressed to him, he seemed
almost stupified with fear; while actually under observation, within
the space of half-an-hour, his hair became grey on every portion of his
head, it having been, when first seen by me, the glossy jet black of
the Bengalee, aged about twenty-four. The attention of the bystanders
was first attracted by the serjeant, whose prisoner he was, exclaiming,
‘He is turning grey;’ and I, with several other persons, watched its
progress. Gradually, but decidedly, the change went on, and a uniform
greyish colour was completed within the period above named.”
[3] Herod., lib. iv. cap. 74-75.
[4] Ib., lib. i. cap. 202.
[5] The Ansayrii and the Assassins, by the Hon. F. Walpole.
[6] “Ex illo sane tempore [tabacum] usu cepit esse creberrimo in
Angliâ, et magno pretio dum quam plurimi graveolentem illius fumum per
tubulum testaceum hauriunt et mox e naribus effiant; adeo ut Anglorum
corporum in barbarorum naturam degenerasse videantur quum iidem ac
barbari delectentur.”——CAMDEN, _Annal. Elizab._, p. 143. (1585.)
[7] Squier’s “Nicaragua.”
[8] Edwards’ “Voyage up the Amazon.”
[9] Bentley’s Magazine.
[10] For the art of making tobacco pipes of clay, the Dutch are
indebted to this country, in proof of which, Mr. Hollis, who passed
through the Netherlands in 1748, states that the master of the Gouda
Pipe Works informed him, that, to that day, the principal working tools
bore English names.
[11] Catlin’s North American Indians, vol. ii., p. 160.
[12] Tooke says “SNUFF is the past participle of to _sniff_, that which
is _sniffed_.”
[13] Lord Stanhope makes the following curious estimate:——“Every
professed, inveterate, and incurable snuff-taker, at a moderate
computation, takes one pinch in ten minutes. Every pinch, with the
agreeable ceremony of blowing and wiping the nose, and other incidental
circumstances, consumes a minute and a half. One minute and a half out
of every ten, allowing sixteen hours to a snuff-taking day, amounts to
two hours and twenty minutes out of every natural day, or one day out
of every ten. One day out of every ten amounts to thirty-six days and
a half in the year; hence, if we suppose the practice to be persisted
in for forty years, two entire years of the snuff-taker’s life will
be dedicated to tickling his nose, and two more to blowing it.” The
expense of snuff, snuff-boxes, and handkerchiefs, is also alluded to;
and it is calculated that “by a proper application of the time and
money thus lost to the public, a fund might be constituted for the
discharge of the national debt.”
[14] Curiosities of Food, by P. L. Simmonds. Bentley, 1859.
[15] Tobacco entered for home consumption—
1856 1857 1858
32,579,166 lbs. 32,851,365 lbs. 34,110,850 lbs.
Total 99,541,381 lbs.—or 44,438 tons.
[16] Tea entered for home consumption in—
1856 1857 1858
63,295,643 lbs. 69,159,640 lbs. 73,217,483 lbs.
[17] _Mesembryanthemum tortuosum_, Linn.
[18] _Rhus typhina._
[19] “The tree Tooba that stands in Paradise, in the palace
of Mahomet.”——_Sale._ “Tooba signifies beatitude or eternal
happiness.”——_D’Herbelot._
[20] See Table XV. in the Appendix.
[21] Dr. Hobson states, in an official communication to the Government,
“I do not know of any mortal disease from opium corresponding to
_delirium tremens_ from alcohol. I have never been called to attend
to any accidents resulting from opium similar to those occurring so
frequently from habits of intoxication from liquor. The opium-smoker,
when under the full influence of his delicious drug, brawls and
swaggers not in the public streets, like a drunkard, to the annoyance
of bystanders, but reposes quietly on his couch, without molesting
those around him.”
Also Dr. Traill, of Singapore, from his own experience, has not found
opium-smoking in any way so powerful a promoter of disease as the
habitual use of intoxicating liquors.
[22] Dr. Doran says that a salad was so scarce an article during the
early part of the last century, that George I. was obliged also to send
to Holland to procure a lettuce for his queen. These vegetables must,
therefore, have become unpopular before that time, or the cultivation
had been for some cause discontinued, otherwise we cannot reconcile
this with the fact that lettuces were common enough a century before a
George sate upon the English throne.
[23] Von Hammer’s History of the Assassins.
[24] “Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science.”
[25] Dr. Daniell in “Pharmaceutical Journal.”
[26]
1850—1,734 candies.
1851—1,983 candies.
1852—2,953 candies.
1853—2,073 candies.
1854—1,954 candies.
The candy is 433½ lbs.
[27] There is a stick of this kind in the Museum of Economic Botany at
Kew Gardens.
[28] The stem and roots of long pepper, cut in pieces and dried under
the name of _Pipula moola_, are exposed for sale in all the bazaars of
India, but these are not used with the areca nut, nor are the leaves
applied to that purpose.
[29] From _cate_ a tree, and _chu_ juice.
[30] Neale’s Residence in Siam.
[31] Why are ladies who indulge in this habit universally described as
_elderly_ ladies?
[32] This name, derived from the Greek, indicates _strong_, _powerful_.
[33] “Edinburgh Medical Journal,” 1857.
[34] The potato, the tomato, and egg plant possess, when uncooked, in a
mild degree, the properties of the nightshade, the stramonium, and the
henbane, confirming the remark of De Candolle “that all our aliments
contain a small proportion of an exciting principle, which, should it
occur in a much greater quantity, might become injurious, but which is
necessary as a natural condiment.” In fact, when food does not contain
some stimulating principle, we add it in the form of spices.
[35] Another fanciful origin for the name, which signifies “beautiful
woman,” is, that it was bestowed in consequence of the use once made of
its berries by the Italian ladies as a cosmetic.
[36] “Similia similibus curantur.”
[37] “Journ. de Chim. Méd.,” 1839, p. 322.
[38] “Archives Gén. de Méd.,” t. xi., p. 94.
[40] Each Chest of Opium contains about 140 lbs.