ABD-EL-KADER
It would take too long to cast even a cursory glance over the many
holy men venerated in Algeria, and it will suffice merely to touch
on the two most important. Some confusion appears to exist in the
minds of many as to who Abd-el-Kader really is. The name is spoken of
all over North Africa, and is often discussed at cross-purposes. The
fact is that there are two Abd-el-Kaders, both of great importance
to the Arabs, but as different one from the other as possible.
The first, whose _kouba_, or shrine, can be seen in practically
every town all over North Africa, and whose full name is
Abd-el-Kader-el-Djelali, was born in the twelfth century A. D. at
Djel near Bagdad. God said of him:
“If I had not sent Mohammed before thee to earth, I should have
chosen thee as my prophet.”
He is, therefore, venerated as only second to the founder of the
Faith. He was apparently a man of proverbial goodness, who spent
his life in protecting the poor and the oppressed, whose broadness
of mind extended to listening to the prayers of Jews, as well as
to Christians, and who was the most merciful of all saints. The
miracles attributed to him are innumerable, and the legends would
fill volumes, but to the practical mind the greatest miracle seems
to have been the range of his travels. Quite apart from the places
he visited in other countries, he seems to have sojourned in every
center of importance in Algeria.
With his roan horse he stopped in the cities of the coast, in the
villages of the mountains, in the oases of the Sahara, doing good
to those about him, helping those in distress who invoked him at
great distance. Space seems to have meant nothing to him, and in
every place where he rested a _kouba_ was erected in his honor,
and thither the faithful flock regularly and light candles in
the shrine and pray for his blessings, while on fine nights they
congregate and sing his deeds.
It is said that his death was caused by God selecting him to suffer
three-quarters of the diseases which fall yearly on the earth,
and that, when suffering and near to death, the angels came and
placed him between the third and fourth heavens, for the Koran says:
“God created the seven heavens, and placed them one above the
other.”
From this point of vantage Abd-el-Kader remains, and watches over
the sufferings of the Faithful.
The other Abd-el-Kader, already mentioned earlier in this book,
was a no less famous character than his predecessor, the _marabout_
after whom he was named. The son of Mai-ed-Din, who claimed direct
descent from the Prophet, he was born in the year 1808, and when
quite a boy made a pilgrimage to Mecca. During this pilgrimage it
is recounted that an angel in the form of a Numidian appeared to
Mai-ed-Din and prophesied that one day his son would reign over
all North Africa. The boy was intelligent, and spent much of his
time studying and interpreting the Koran; and when, therefore,
the French landed at Sidi Ferruch in 1830, he felt that his day
was at hand. His father had been appointed leader of the Holy War,
but it was felt that he had not sufficient personality nor prestige
to carry the Faithful to victory, and, remembering the prophecy of
the dusky angel, Abd-el-Kader was elected _emir_, and made his solemn
entry into Mascara on November 25, 1832.
For the next fifteen years his military career is one of the most
remarkable in history. His successes were no doubt slightly due
to the ever-changing principles of the government in Paris, but
a man of smaller personality would not have succeeded in not only
holding at bay, but in defeating an army containing veterans of the
Napoleonic campaigns and equipped with all the modern implements
of war. Furthermore, he was an able diplomatist, and employed all
kinds of intrigue to compromise with the French when he felt that
he could not meet them successfully with the sword.
His renowned piety and his descent from Mohammed raised him in the
eyes of the Faithful to a position above all his followers, and
one of his greatest achievements was the uniting of all the tribes
of Algeria in a common cause. Even when reverses lost him some of
his adherents, he was always able to gather them together again at
the most critical moment and turn upon his astonished enemy, who
thought that his end had come. General after general was sent in his
pursuit, but returned with the same tale to tell: an elusive enemy,
all mounted, which retreated before an advancing column until it was
exhausted or on ground suitable for their maneuvering, then a rapid
encircling movement, wild attacks on horseback, and the destruction
of the expedition. The French would then try pacific measures and
make a truce. Abd-el-Kader accepted these overtures, and employed
wise emissaries, which allowed him time to reconstruct for further
victories. Now and then he was badly beaten, and, evading capture,
would flee with a few faithful followers to the mountains or across
the Moroccan border. The tribes which fought for him would disappear,
disowning their leader, and for a time there would be peace. Then
the French would make some blunder, expose some lonely garrison to
attack, and the _emir_ would be up and at them. One small victory
would be sufficient to bring all the diffident tribes flocking
about his standard again, and the wearying war would recommence.
[Illustration: Arab Band and Dancer about to Perform in a
Southern Town]
[Illustration: Pilgrimage to One of the Shrines of Abd-el-kader]
[Illustration: Arabs with Flutist Waiting to See the Caravans
Going North]
What strikes one most in all his career of victories, of reverses,
of days of triumph, of moments of desertion, is the perseverance
and the faith of the man. At no time was he sure of his people, at
all times he was certain of the fate that awaited him at the hands
of his enemies, and yet he continued fearlessly to the end. His
mobility is almost unbelievable. In a country where roads were
unheard of, where the land was overgrown with thick brush, among
towering mountains and flooded rivers, he moved with the utmost
rapidity. His victories at Mascara in the far west, at Constantine
in the east, in the plain of the Metidja, and at Aïn Mahdi in the
south give a slight idea of the enormous area covered.
Moreover, it was not merely an army of lightly armed horsemen
who swept over the land behind the youthful general. His _smala_
consisted of thousands of camels, with tents and jewelry and
armories, and the families of all the great chiefs, who, though
they were kept well in the rear, were always present to celebrate
the victories.
It was finally Bugeaud, the veteran of Soult’s army in the
Peninsular War, who succeeded in conquering Abd-el-Kader. The
old Marshal realized that it was useless to employ the methods of
orthodox war against this elusive enemy, and he therefore decided
to create mobile columns to pursue the rebels. In the year 1843
a terrible blow was dealt to the _emir’s_ prestige. His great
_smala_, which had now become a sort of perambulating capital, with
schools to teach the children and _kadis_ to administer justice,
was surprised by the Duc d’Aumale near Taguine and completely
destroyed.
In spite of this, however, the struggle was kept up, and, after
taking refuge in Morocco for a short time, Abd-el-Kader reappeared
again. But, though he won a few more victories, his end was near,
and in December, 1847, he asked for peace, specifying, however,
that the French, in return for his surrender, should allow him to
retire to some other Mohammedan country. His terms were accepted, but
unfortunately were not kept by the Government of Louis Philippe. He
was taken to France, and imprisoned first of all at Toulon and then
at Pau, and finally at the Château d’Amboise. Finally, in 1852,
Louis Napoleon, then Prince President, visited the exiled _emir_
and granted his wishes. He was transported to Damascus, where he
lived in peaceful retirement until his death in 1883.
These pages are too short to go into all the detail of the
astonishing career of one who wished to be the hero of Arab
independence in Algeria, and to those whom the subject interests
let me recommend the excellent work of Colonel Paul Azan.
Some people have wished to compare Abd-el-Kader to Abd-el-Krim of the
present day. It would take too long to discuss these points here,
but it can be safely said that there is no comparison possible. In
the first place, the caliber of the two men is very different; the
intelligence of the hero of a hundred years ago was far superior
to that of his Moroccan cousin, and, though possibly Abd-el-Krim
may have had the same dreams as those which inspired Abd-el-Kader,
he never held the same prestige in North Africa. Abd-el-Kader was
alone, with ill-armed followers fighting against a trained army,
and beating them in the open over an area as large as France,
while Abd-el-Krim, supported by all kinds of European adventurers,
merely held at bay the armies of two European nations where the
conformation of the ground made his task comparatively easy.
Abd-el-Kader will always remain a great figure, not only in the
history of North Africa but also in that of Islam, as one who
defended the Faith against the invasion of the infidel and who died
a friend of his former enemies.
This work is not a history nor a political treatise, but merely a
handbook for tourists and students of the country, and the name of
Abd-el-Kader has only been used to clear up any misunderstanding
which may arise when the name is raised: the one Abd-el-Kader,
saint and reformer; the other warrior and defender of Islam.