Bright had much literary and social recognition in his later years. In 1882

he was elected lord rector of the university of Glasgow, and Dr Dale wrote

of his rectorial address: "It was not the old Bright." "I am weary of

public speaking," he had told Dr Dale; "my mind is almost a blank." He was

given an honorary degree of the university of Oxford in 1886, and in 1888 a

statue of him was erected at Birmingham. The 3rd marquess of Salisbury said

of him, and it sums up his character as a public man: "He was the greatest

master of English oratory that this generation--I may say several

generations--has seen.... At a time when much speaking has depressed, has

almost exterminated eloquence, he maintained that robust, powerful and

vigorous style in which he gave fitting expression to the burning and noble

thoughts he desired to utter."

See _The Life and Speeches of the Right Hon. John Bright, M.P_., by George

Barnett Smith, 2 vols. 8vo (1881); _The Life of John Bright, M.P._, by John

M^cGilchrist, in Cassell's Representative Biographies (1868); _John

Bright_, by C.A. Vince (1898); _Speeches on Parliamentary Reform by John

Bright, M.P., revised by Himself_ (1866); _Speeches on Questions of Public

Policy_, by John Bright, M.P., edited by J.E. Thorold Rogers, 2 vols. 8vo

(1868); _Public Addresses_, edited by J.E. Thorold Rogers, 8vo (1879);

_Public Letters of the Right Hon. John Bright, M.P._, collected by H.J.

Leech (1885).

(P. W. C.)

BRIGHTLINGSEA (pronounced BRITTLESEA), a port and fishing station in the

Harwich parliamentary division of Essex, England, on a creek opening from

the east shore of the Colne estuary, the terminus of a branch from

Colchester of the Great Eastern railway, 62½ m. E.N.E. of London. Pop. of

urban district (1901) 4501. The Colchester oyster beds are mainly in this

part of the Colne, and the oyster fishery is the chief industry.

Boat-building is carried on. This is also a favourite yachting centre. The

church of All Saints, principally Perpendicular, has interesting monuments

and brasses, and a fine lofty tower and west front. Brightlingsea, which

appears in Domesday, is a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich in Kent.

Near the opposite shore of the creek is St Osyth's priory, which originated

as a nunnery founded by Osyth, a grand-daughter of Penda, king of Mercia,

martyred (c. 653) by Norse invaders. A foundation for Augustinian canons

followed on the site early in the 12th century. The remains, incorporated

with a modern residence, include a late Perpendicular gateway, abbots'

tower, clock tower and crypt. The gateway, an embattled structure with

flanking turrets, is particularly fine, the entire front being panelled and

ornamented with canopied niches. The church of St Osyth, also Perpendicular

in the main, is of interest.

BRIGHTON, a watering-place of Bourke county, Victoria, Australia, 7½ m. by

rail S.E. of Melbourne, of which it is practically a suburb. It stands on

the east shore of Port Phillip, and has two piers, a great extent of sandy

beach and numerous beautiful villas. Pop. (1901) 10,029.

BRIGHTON, a municipal, county and parliamentary borough of Sussex, England,

one of the best-known seaside resorts in the United Kingdom, 51 m. S. from

London by the London, Brighton & South Coast railway. Pop. (1901) 123,478.

Its ready accessibility from the metropolis is the chief factor in its

popularity. It is situated on the seaward slope of the South Downs; the

position is sheltered from inclement winds, and the climate is generally

mild. The sea-front, overlooking the English Channel, stretches nearly 4 m.

from Kemp Town on the east to Hove (a separate municipal borough) on the

west. Inland, including the suburb of Preston, the town extends some 2 m.

The tendency of the currents in the Channel opposite Brighton is to drive

the shingle eastward, and encroachments of the sea were frequent and

serious until the erection of a massive sea-wall, begun about 1830, 60 ft.

high, 23 ft. thick at the base, and 3 ft. at the summit. There are numerous

modern churches and chapels, many of them very handsome; and the former

parish church of St Nicholas remains, a Decorated structure containing a

Norman font and a memorial to the great duke of Wellington. The incumbency

of Trinity Chapel was held by the famous [v.04 p.0570] preacher Frederick

William Robertson (1847-1853). The town hall and the parochial offices are

the principal administrative buildings. Numerous institutions contribute to

the entertainment of visitors. Of these the most remarkable is the

Pavilion, built as a residence for the prince regent (afterwards George

IV.) and remodelled in 1819 by the architect, John Nash, in a grotesque

Eastern style of architecture. In 1849 it was purchased by the town for

£53,000, and is devoted to various public uses, containing a museum,

assembly-rooms and picture-galleries. The detached building, formerly the

stables, is converted into a fine concert hall; it is lighted by a vast

glazed dome approaching that of St Paul's cathedral, London, in dimensions.

There are several theatres and music-halls. The aquarium, the property of

the corporation, contains an excellent marine collection, but is also used

as a concert hall and winter garden, and a garden is laid out on its roof.

The Booth collection of British birds, bequeathed to the corporation by

E.T. Booth, was opened in 1893. There are two piers, of which the Palace

pier, near the site of the old chain pier (1823), which was washed away in

1896, is near the centre of the town, while the West pier is towards Hove.

Preston and Queen's parks are the principal of several public recreation

grounds; and the racecourse at Kemp Town is also the property of the town.

Educational establishments are numerous, and include Brighton College,

which ranks high among English public schools. There are municipal schools

of science, technology and art. St Mary's Hall (1836) is devoted to the

education of poor clergymen's daughters. Among many hospitals, the county

hospital (1828), "open to the sick and lame poor of every country and

nation," may be mentioned. There are an extensive mackerel and herring

fishery, and motor engineering works. The parliamentary borough, which

includes the parish of Hove, returns two members. The county borough was

created in 1888. The municipal borough is under a mayor, 14 aldermen and 42

councillors. Area, 2536 acres.

Although there is evidence of Roman and Saxon occupation of the site, the

earliest mention of Brighton (Bristelmeston, Brichelmestone,

Brighthelmston) is the Domesday Book record that its three manors belonged

to Earl Godwin and were held by William de Warenne. Of these, two passed to

the priories of Lewes and Michelham respectively, and after the dissolution

of the monasteries were subject to frequent sale and division. The third

descended to the earls of Arundel, falling to the share of the duke of

Norfolk in 1415, and being divided in 1502 between the families of Howard

and Berkeley. That Brighton was a large fishing village in 1086 is evident

from the rent of 4000 herrings; in 1285 it had a separate constable, and in

1333 it was assessed for a tenth, and fifteenth at £5:4:6¾, half the

assessment of Shoreham. In 1340 there were no merchants there, only tenants

of lands, but its prosperity increased during the 15th and 16th centuries,

and it was assessed at £6:12:8 in 1534. There is, however, no indication

that it was a borough. In 1580 commissioners sent to decide disputes

between the fishermen and landsmen found that from time immemorial Brighton

had been governed by two head boroughs sitting in the borough court, and

assisted by a council called the Twelve. This constitution disappeared

before 1772, when commissioners were appointed. Brighton refused a charter

offered by George, prince of Wales, but was incorporated in 1854. It had

become a parliamentary borough in 1832. From a fishing town in 1656 it

became a fashionable resort in 1756; its popularity increased after the

visit of the prince of Wales (see GEORGE IV.) to the duke of Cumberland in

1783, and was ensured by his building the Pavilion in 1784-1787, and his

adoption of it as his principal residence; and his association with Mrs

Fitzherbert at Brighton was the starting-point of its fashionable repute.

See _Victoria County History--Sussex; Sussex Archaeological Society

Transactions_, vol. ii.; L. Melville, _Brighton, its History, its Follies

and its Fashions_ (London, 1909).

BRIGHT'S DISEASE, a term in medicine applied to a class of diseases of the

kidneys (acute and chronic nephritis) which have as their most prominent

symptom the presence of albumen in the urine, and frequently also the

coexistence of dropsy. These associated symptoms in connexion with kidney

disease were first described in 1827 by Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858).

Since that period it has been established that the symptoms, instead of

being, as was formerly supposed, the result of one form of disease of the

kidneys, may be dependent on various morbid conditions of those organs (see

KIDNEY DISEASES). Hence the term Bright's disease, which is retained in

medical nomenclature in honour of Dr Bright, must be understood as having a

generic application.

The symptoms are usually of a severe character. Pain in the back, vomiting

and febrile disturbance commonly usher in the attack. Dropsy, varying in

degree from slight puffiness of the face to an accumulation of fluid

sufficient to distend the whole body, and to occasion serious embarrassment

to respiration, is a very common accompaniment. The urine is reduced in

quantity, is of dark, smoky or bloody colour, and exhibits to chemical

reaction the presence of a large amount of albumen, while, under the

microscope, blood corpuscles and casts, as above mentioned, are found in

abundance.

This state of acute inflammation may by its severity destroy life, or,

short of this, may by continuance result in the establishment of one of the

chronic forms of Bright's disease. On the other hand an arrest of the

inflammatory action frequently occurs, and this is marked by the increased

amount of the urine, and the gradual disappearance of its albumen and other

abnormal constituents; as also by the subsidence of the dropsy and the

rapid recovery of strength.

In the treatment of acute Bright's disease, good results are often obtained

from local depletion, from warm baths and from the careful employment of

diuretics and purgatives. Chronic Bright's disease is much less amenable to

treatment, but by efforts to maintain the strength and improve the quality

of the blood by strong nourishment, and at the same time by guarding

against the risks of complications, life may often be prolonged in

comparative comfort, and even a certain measure of improvement be

experienced.

BRIGNOLES, a town in the department of Var in the S.E. of France, 36 m. by

rail N. of Toulon. Pop. (1906) 3639. It is built at a height of 754 ft.

above the sea-level, in a fertile valley, and on the right bank of the

Carami river. It contains the old summer palace of the counts of Provence,

and has an active trade, especially in prunes, known as _prunes de

Brignoles_. Its old name was _Villa Puerorum_, as the children of the

counts of Provence were often brought up here. It was sacked on several

occasions during the religious wars in the 16th century. Twelve miles to

the N.W. is St Maximin (with a fine medieval church), which is one of the

best starting-points for the most famous pilgrimage resort in Provence, the

Sainte Baume, wherein St Mary Magdalene is said to have taken refuge. This

is 20 m. distant by road.

(W. A. B. C.)

BRIHASPATI, or BRAHMANASPATI ("god of strength"), a deity of importance in

early Hindu mythology. In the Rigveda he is represented as the god of

prayer, aiding Indra in his conquest of the cloud-demon, and at times

appears to be identified with Agni, god of fire. He is the offspring of

Heaven and Earth, the two worlds; is the inspirer of prayer and the guide

and protector of the pious. He is pictured as having seven mouths, a

hundred wings and horns and is armed with bow and arrows and an axe. He

rides in a chariot drawn by red horses. In the later scriptures he is

represented as a Rishi or seer.

See A.A. Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_ (Strassburg, 1897).

BRIL, PAUL (1554-1626), Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp. The success

of his elder brother Matthew (1550-1584) in the Vatican induced him to go

to Rome to live. On the death of Matthew, Paul, who far surpassed him as an

artist, succeeded to his pensions and employments. He painted landscapes

with a depth of chiaroscuro then little practised in Italy, and introduced

into them figures well drawn and finely coloured. One of his best

compositions is the "Martyrdom of St Clement," in the Sala Clementina of

the Vatican.

BRILL, the name given to a flat-fish (_Psetta laevis_, or _Rhombus laevis_)

which is a species closely related to the turbot, differing [v.04 p.0571]

from it in having very small scales, being smaller in size, having no bony

tubercules in the skin, and being reddish in colour. It abounds on parts of

the British coast, and is only less favoured for the table than the turbot

itself.

BRILLAT-SAVARIN, ANTHELME (1755-1826), French gastronomist, was born at

Belley, France, on the 1st of April 1755. In 1789 he was a deputy, in 1793

mayor of Belley. To escape proscription he fled from France to Switzerland,

and went thence to the United States, where he played in the orchestra of a

New York theatre. On the fall of Robespierre he returned to France, and in

1797 became a member of the court of cassation. He wrote various volumes on

political economy and law, but his name is famous for his _Physiologie du

goût_, a compendium of the art of dining. Many editions of this work have

been published. Brillat-Savarin died in Paris on the 2nd of February 1826.

BRIMSTONE, the popular name of sulphur (_q.v._), particularly of the

commercial "roll sulphur." The word means literally "burning stone"; the

first part being formed from the stem of the Mid. Eng. _brennen_, to burn.

Earlier forms of the word are _brenstone_, _bernstone_, _brynstone,_ &c.

BRIN, BENEDETTO (1833-1898), Italian naval administrator, was born at Turin

on the 17th of May 1833, and until the age of forty worked with distinction

as a naval engineer. In 1873 Admiral Saint-Bon, minister of marine,

appointed him under-secretary of state. The two men completed each other;

Saint-Bon conceived a type of ship, Brin made the plans and directed its

construction. On the advent of the Left to power in 1876, Brin was

appointed minister of marine by Depretis, a capacity in which he continued

the programme of Saint-Bon, while enlarging and completing it in such way

as to form the first organic scheme for the development of the Italian

fleet. The huge warships "Italia" and "Dandolo" were his work, though he

afterwards abandoned their type in favour of smaller and faster vessels of

the "Varese" and the "Garibaldi" class. By his initiative Italian naval

industry, almost non-existent in 1873, made rapid progress. During his

eleven years' ministry (1876-1878 with Depretis, 1884-1891 with Depretis

and Crispi, 1896-1898 with Rudini), he succeeded in creating large private

shipyards, engine works and metallurgical works for the production of

armour, steel plates and guns. In 1892 he entered the Giolitti cabinet as

minister for foreign affairs, accompanying, in that capacity, the king and

queen of Italy to Potsdam, but showed weakness towards France on the

occasion of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes. He died on

the 24th of May 1898, while minister of marine in the Rudini cabinet. He,

more than any other man, must be regarded as the practical creator of the

Italian navy.

BRINDABAN, a town of British India, in the Muttra district of the United

Provinces, on the right bank of the Jumna, 6 m. N. of Muttra. Pop. (1901)

22,717. Brindaban is one of the most popular places of pilgrimage in India,

being associated with the cult of Krishna as a shepherd. It contains

bathing-stairs, tanks and wells, and a great number of handsome temples, of

which the finest is that of Govind Deva, a cruciform vaulted building of

red sandstone, dating from 1590. The town was founded earlier in the same

century.

BRINDISI (anc. _Brundisium_, _q.v._), a seaport town and archiepiscopal see

of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Lecce, 24 m. N.W. by rail from the

town of Lecce, and 346 m. from Ancona. Pop.(1861) 8000; (1871) 13,755;

(1901) 25,317. The chief importance of Brindisi is due to its position as a

starting-point for the East. The inner harbour, admirably sheltered and 27

to 30 ft. in depth, allows ocean steamers to lie at the quays. Brindisi

has, however, been abandoned by the large steamers of the Peninsular &

Oriental Steam Navigation Company, which had called there since 1870, but

since 1898 call at Marseilles instead; small express boats, carrying the

mails, still leave every week, connecting with the larger steamers at Port

Said; but the number of passengers leaving the port, which for the years

1893-1897 averaged 14,728, was only 7608 in 1905, and only 943 of these

were carried by the P. & O. boats. The harbour railway station was not

completed until 1905 (_Consular Report_, No. 3672, 1906, pp. 13 sqq.). The

port was cleared in 1905 by 1492 vessels of 1,486,269 tons. The imports

represented a value of £629,892 and the exports a value of £663,201--an

increase of £84,077 and £57,807 respectively on the figures of the previous

year, while in 1899 the amounts, which were below the average, were only

£298,400 and £253,000. The main imports are coal, flour, sulphur, timber

and metals; and the main exports, wine and spirits, oil and dried fruits.

Frederick II. erected a castle, with huge round towers, to guard the inner

harbour; it is now a convict prison. The cathedral, ruined by earthquakes,

was restored in 1743-1749, but has some remains of its mosaic pavement

(1178). The baptismal church of S. Giovanni al Sepolcro (11th century) is

now a museum. The town was captured in 836 by the Saracens, and destroyed

by them; but was rebuilt in the 11th century by Lupus the protospatharius,

Byzantine governor. In 1071 it fell into the hands of the Normans, and

frequently appears in the history of the Crusades. Early in the 14th

century the inner port was blocked by Giovanni Orsini, prince of Taranto;

the town was devastated by pestilence in 1348, and was plundered in 1352

and 1383; but even greater damage was done by the earthquake of 1456.

(T. AS.)

BRINDLEY, JAMES (1716-1772), English engineer, was born at Thornsett,

Derbyshire, in 1716. His parents were in very humble circumstances, and he

received little or no education. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed

to a millwright near Macclesfield, and soon after completing his

apprenticeship he set up in business for himself as a wheelwright at Leek,

quickly becoming known for his ingenuity and skill in repairing all kinds

of machinery. In 1752 he designed and set up an engine for draining some

coal-pits at Clifton in Lancashire. Three years later he extended his

reputation by completing the machinery for a silk-mill at Congleton. In

1759, when the duke of Bridgewater was anxious to improve the outlets for

the coal on his estates, Brindley advised the construction of a canal from

Worsley to Manchester. The difficulties in the way were great, but all were

surmounted by his genius, and his crowning triumph was the construction of

an aqueduct to carry the canal at an elevation of 39 ft. over the river

Irwell at Barton. The great success of this canal encouraged similar

projects, and Brindley was soon engaged in extending his first work to the

Mersey, at Runcorn. He then designed and nearly completed what he called

the Grand Trunk Canal, connecting the Trent and Humber with the Mersey. The

Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Oxford and the Chesterfield Canals

were also planned by him, and altogether he laid out over 360 m. of canals.

He died at Turnhurst, Staffordshire, on the 30th of September 1772.

Brindley retained to the last a peculiar roughness of character and

demeanour; but his innate power of thought more than compensated for his

lack of training. It is told of him that when in any difficulty he used to

retire to bed, and there remain thinking out his problem until the solution

became clear to him. His mechanical ingenuity and fertility of resource

were very remarkable, and he undoubtedly possessed the engineering faculty

in a very high degree. He was an enthusiastic believer in canals, and his

reported answer, when asked the use of navigable rivers, "To feed canals,"

is characteristic, if not altogether authentic.

BRINTON, DANIEL GARRISON (1837-1899), American archaeologist and

ethnologist, was born at Thornbury, Pennsylvania, on the 13th of May 1837.

He graduated at Yale in 1858, studied for two years in the Jefferson

Medical College, and then for one year travelled in Europe and continued

his studies at Paris and Heidelberg. From 1862 to 1865, during the Civil

War in America, he was a surgeon in the Union army, acting for one year,

1864-1865, as surgeon in charge of the U.S. Army general hospital at

Quincy, Illinois. After the war he practised medicine at Westchester,

Pennsylvania, for several years; was the editor of a weekly periodical, the

_Medical and Surgical Reporter_, in Philadelphia, from 1874 to 1887; became

professor of ethnology and archaeology in the Academy of Natural Sciences

in Philadelphia in 1884, and was professor of American linguistics and

archaeology in the university of Pennsylvania from 1886 until his death at

Philadelphia on the 31st of July 1899. [v.04 p.0572] He was a member of

numerous learned societies in the United States and in Europe, and was

president at different times of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of

Philadelphia, of the American Folk-Lore Society and of the American

Association for the Advancement of Science. During the period from 1859

(when he published his first book) to 1899, he wrote a score of books,

several of them of great value, and a large number of pamphlets, brochures,

addresses and magazine articles. His principal works are:--_The Myths of

the New World_ (1868), the first attempt to analyse and correlate,

according to true scientific principles, the mythology of the American

Indians; _The Religious Sentiment: Its Sources and Aim: A Contribution to

the Science and Philosophy of Religion_ (1876); _American Hero Myths_

(1882); _Essays of an Americanist_ (1890); _Races and Peoples_ (1890); _The

American Race_ (1891); _The Pursuit of Happiness_ (1893); and _Religions of

Primitive People_ (1897). In addition, he edited and published a _Library

of American Aboriginal Literature_ (8 vols. 1882-1890), a valuable

contribution to the science of anthropology in America. Of the eight

volumes, six were edited by Brinton himself, one by Horatio Hale and one by

A.S. Gatschet.

BRINVILLIERS, MARIE MADELEINE MARGUERITE D'AUBRAY, MARQUISE DE (c.

1630-1676), French poisoner, daughter of Dreux d'Aubray, civil lieutenant

of Paris, was born in Paris about 1630. In 1651 she married the marquis de

Brinvilliers, then serving in the regiment of Normandy. Contemporary

evidence describes the marquise at this time as a pretty and much-courted

little woman, with a fascinating air of childlike innocence. In 1659 her

husband introduced her to his friend Godin de Sainte-Croix, a handsome

young cavalry officer of extravagant tastes and bad reputation, whose

mistress she became. Their relations soon created a public scandal, and as

the marquis de Brinvilliers, who had left France to avoid his creditors,

made no effort to terminate them, M. d'Aubray secured the arrest of

Sainte-Croix on a _lettre de cachet_. For a year Sainte-Croix remained a

prisoner in the Bastille, where he is popularly supposed to have acquired a

knowledge of poisons from his fellow-prisoner, the Italian poisoner Exili.

When he left the Bastille, he plotted with his willing mistress his revenge

upon her father. She cheerfully undertook to experiment with the poisons

which Sainte-Croix, possibly with the help of a chemist, Christopher

Glaser, prepared, and found subjects ready to hand in the poor who sought

her charity, and the sick whom she visited in the hospitals. Meanwhile

Sainte-Croix, completely ruined financially, enlarged his original idea,

and determined that not only M. Dreux d'Aubray but also the latter's two

sons and other daughter should be poisoned, so that the marquise de

Brinvilliers and himself might come into possession of the large family

fortune. In February 1666, satisfied with the efficiency of Sainte-Croix's

preparations and with the ease with which they could be administered

without detection, the marquise poisoned her father, and in 1670, with the

connivance of their valet La Chaussée, her two brothers. A post-mortem

examination suggested the real cause of death, but no suspicion was

directed to the murderers. Before any attempt could be made on the life of

Mlle Théresè d'Aubray, Sainte-Croix suddenly died. As he left no heirs the

police were called in, and discovered among his belongings documents

seriously incriminating the marquise and La Chaussée. The latter was

arrested, tortured into a complete confession, and broken alive on the

wheel (1673), but the marquise escaped, taking refuge first probably in

England, then in Germany, and finally in a convent at Liége, whence she was

decoyed by a police emissary disguised as a priest. A full account of her

life and crimes was found among her papers. Her attempt to commit suicide

was frustrated, and she was taken to Paris, where she was beheaded and her

body burned on the 16th of July 1676.

See G. Roullier, _La Marquise de Brinvilliers_ (Paris, 1883); Toiseleur,

_Trois énigmes historiques_ (Paris, 1882).

BRIONIAN ISLANDS, a group of small islands, in the Adriatic Sea, off the

west coast of Istria, from which they are separated by the narrow Canale di

Fasana. They belong to Austria and are twelve in number. Up to a recent

period they were chiefly noted for their quarries, which have been worked

for centuries and have supplied material not only for the palaces and

bridges of Venice and the whole Adriatic coast, but latterly for Vienna and

Berlin also. As they command the entrance to the naval harbour of Pola, a

strong fortress, "Fort Tegetthoff," has been erected on the largest of them

(Brioni), together with minor fortifications on some of the others. The

islands are inhabited by about 100 Italian quarrymen.

BRIOSCO, ANDREA (c. 1470-1532), Italian sculptor and architect, known as

Riccio ("curly-headed"), was born at Padua. In architecture he is known by

the church of Sta Giustina in his native city, but he is most famous as a

worker in metal. His masterpieces are the bronze Paschal candelabrum (11

ft. high) in the choir of the Santo (S. Antonio) at Padua (1515), and the

two bronze reliefs (1507) of "David dancing before the Ark" and "Judith and

Holofernes" in the same church. His bronze and marble tomb of the physician

Girolamo della Torre in San Fermo at Verona was beautifully decorated with

reliefs, which were taken away by the French and are now in the Louvre. A

number of other works which emanated from his workshop are attributed to

him; and he has been suggested, but doubtfully, as the author of a fine

bronze relief, a "Dance of Nymphs," in the Wallace collection at Hertford

House, London.

BRIOUDE, a town of central France, capital of an arrondissement in the

department of Haute-Loire, on the left bank of the Allier, 1467 ft. above

the sea, 47 m. N.W. of Le Puy on the Paris-Lyon railway. Pop. (1906) 4581.

Brioude has to a great extent escaped modernization and still has many old

houses and fountains. Its streets are narrow and irregular, but the town is

surrounded by wide boulevards lined with trees. The only building of

consequence is the church of St Julian (12th and 13th centuries) in the

Romanesque style of Auvergne, of which the choir, with its apse and

radiating chapels and the mosaic ornamentation of the exterior, is a fine

example. Brioude is the seat of a sub-prefect, and of tribunals of first

instance and of commerce. The plain in which it is situated is of great

fertility; the grain trade of the town is considerable, and

market-gardening is carried on in the outskirts. The industries include

brewing, saw-milling, lace-making and antimony mining and founding.

Brioude, the ancient _Brinas_, was formerly a place of considerable

importance. It was in turn besieged and captured by the Goths (532), the

Burgundians, the Saracens (732) and the Normans. In 1181 the viscount of

Polignac, who had sacked the town two years previously, made public apology

in front of the church, and established a body of twenty-five knights to

defend the relics of St Julian. For some time after 1361 the town was the

headquarters of Bérenger, lord of Castelnau, who was at the head of one of

the bands of military adventurers which then devastated France. The knights

(or canons, as they afterwards became) of St Julian bore the title of

counts of Brioude, and for a long time opposed themselves to the civic

liberties of the inhabitants.

BRIQUEMAULT (or BRIQUEMAUT), FRANÇOIS DE BEAUVAIS, SEIGNEUR DE (c.

1502-1572), leader of the Huguenots during the first religious wars, was

the son of Adrien de Briquemault and Alexane de Sainte Ville, and was born

about 1502. His first campaign was under the count of Brissac in the

Piedmontese wars. On his return to France in 1554 he joined Admiral

Coligny. Charged with the defence of Rouen, in 1562, he resigned in favour

of Montgomery, to whom the prince of Condé had entrusted the task, and went

over to England, where he concluded the treaty of Hampton Court on the 20th

of September. He then returned to France, and took Dieppe from the

Catholics before the conclusion of peace. If his share in the second

religious war was less important, he played a very active part in the

third. He fought at Jarnac, Roche-Abeille and Montcontour, assisted in the

siege of Poitiers, was nearly captured by the Catholics at Bourg-Dieu,

re-victualled Vézelay, and almost surprised Bourges. In 1570, being charged

by Coligny to stop the army of the princes in its ascent of the Rhone

valley, he crossed Burgundy and effected his junction [v.04 p.0573] with

the admiral at St. Étienne in May. On the 21st of the following June he

assisted in achieving the victory of Arnay-le-Duc, and was then employed to

negotiate a marriage between the prince of Navarre and Elizabeth of

England. Being in Paris on the night of St Bartholomew he took refuge in

the house of the English ambassador, but was arrested there. With his

friend Arnaud da Cavagnes he was delivered over to the parlement, and

failed in courage when confronted with his judges, seeking to escape death

by unworthy means. He was condemned, nevertheless, on the 27th of October

1572, to the last penalty and to the confiscation of his property, and on

the 29th of October he and Cavagnes were executed.

See _Histoire ecclésiastique des Églises réformées au royaume de France_

(new edition, 1884), vol. ii.; _La France protestante_ (2nd edition), vol.

ii., article "Beauvais."

BRIQUETTE (diminutive of Fr. _brique_, brick), a form of fuel, known also

as "patent fuel," consisting of small coal compressed into solid blocks by

the aid of some binding material. For making briquettes the small coal, if

previously washed, is dried to reduce the moisture to at most 4%, and if

necessary crushed in a disintegrator. It is then incorporated in a pug mill

with from 8 to 10% of gas pitch, and softened by heating to between 70° and

90° C. to a plastic mass, which is moulded into blocks and compacted by a

pressure of ½ to 2 tons per sq. in. in a machine with a rotating die-plate

somewhat like that used in making semi-plastic clay bricks. When cold, the

briquettes, which usually weigh from 7 to 20 lb each, although smaller

sizes are made for domestic use, become quite hard, and can be handled with

less breakage than the original coal. Their principal use is as fuel for

marine and locomotive boilers, the evaporative value being about the same

as, or somewhat greater than, that of coal. The principal seat of the

manufacture in Great Britain is in South Wales, where the dust and smalls

resulting from the handling of the best steam coals (which are very

brittle) are obtainable in large quantities and find no other use. Some

varieties of lignite, when crushed and pressed at a steam heat, soften

sufficiently to furnish compact briquettes without requiring any cementing

material. Briquettes of this kind are made to a large extent from the

tertiary lignites in the vicinity of Cologne; they are used mainly for

house fuel on the lower Rhine and in Holland, and occasionally come to

London.

BRISBANE, SIR THOMAS MAKDOUGALL (1773-1860), Scottish soldier and

astronomer, was born on the 23rd of July 1773 at Brisbane House, near

Largs, in Ayrshire. He entered the army in 1789, and served in Flanders,

the West Indies and the Peninsula. In 1814 he was sent to North America; on

the return of Napoleon from Elba he was recalled, but did not arrive in

time to take part in the battle of Waterloo. In 1821 he was appointed

governor of New South Wales. During the four years for which he held that

office, although he allowed the finances of the colony to get into

confusion, he endeavoured to improve its condition by introducing the vine,

sugar-cane and tobacco plant, and by encouraging the breeding of horses and

the reclamation of land. At his instigation exploring parties were sent

out, and one of these discovered the Brisbane river which was named after

him. He established an astronomical observatory at Paramatta in 1822, and

the _Brisbane Catalogue_, which was printed in 1835 and contained 7385

stars, was the result of observations made there in 1822-1826. The

observatory was discontinued in 1855. After his return to Scotland he

resided chiefly at Makerstoun in Roxburghshire, where, as at Brisbane

House, he had a large and admirably equipped observatory. Important

magnetic observations were begun at Makerstoun in 1841, and the results

gained him in 1848 the Keith prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in

whose _Transactions_ they were published. In 1836 he was made a baronet,

and G.C.B. in 1837; and in 1841 he became general. He was elected president

of the Royal Society of Edinburgh after the death of Sir Walter Scott in

1833, and in the following year acted as president of the British

Association. He died at Brisbane House on the 27th of January 1860. He

founded two gold medals for the encouragement of scientific research, one

in the award of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the other in that of

the Scottish Society of Arts.

BRISBANE, the capital of Queensland, Australia. It is situated in Stanley

county, on the banks of the river Brisbane, 25 m. from its mouth in Moreton

Bay. It is built on a series of hills rising from the river-banks, but some

parts of it, such as Woollongabba and South Brisbane, occupy low-lying

flats, which have sometimes been the scene of disastrous floods. The main

streets and principal buildings of the city are situated on a tongue of

land formed by a southward bend of the river. The extremity of the tongue,

however, is open. Here, adjoining one another, are the botanical gardens,

the grounds surrounding Government House, the official residence of the

governor of the colony, and the Houses of Parliament, and Queen's Park,

which is used as a recreation ground. From this park Albert Street runs for

about three-quarters of a mile through the heart of the city, leading to

Albert Park, in which is the observatory. Queen's Street, the main

thoroughfare of Brisbane, crosses Albert Street midway between the two

parks and leads across the Victoria Bridge to the separate city of South

Brisbane on the other side of the river. The Victoria Bridge is a fine

steel structure, which replaced the bridge swept away by floods in February

1893. Brisbane has a large number of buildings of architectural merit,

though in some cases their effect is marred by the narrowness of the

streets in which they stand. Among the most prominent are the Houses of

Parliament, the great domed custom-house on the river-bank, the lands

office, the general post-office, the town halls of Brisbane and South

Brisbane, and the opera house. The Roman Catholic cathedral of St Stephen

(Elizabeth Street) is an imposing building, having a detached campanile

containing the largest bell in Australia. The foundation-stone of the

Anglican cathedral, on an elevated site in Ann Street, was laid by the

prince of Wales (as duke of York) in 1901. The city is the seat of a Roman

Catholic archbishop and of an Anglican bishop. Many of the commercial and

private buildings are also worthy of notice, especially the Queensland

National Bank, a classic Italian structure, the massive treasury buildings,

one of the largest erections in Australia, the Queensland Club with its

wide colonnades in Italian Renaissance style, and the great buildings of

the Brisbane Newspaper Company. Brisbane is well provided with parks and

open spaces; the Victoria Park and Bowen Park are the largest; the

high-lying Mount Coot-tha commands fine views, and there are other parks

and numerous recreation grounds in various parts of the city, besides the

admirable botanical gardens and the gardens of the Acclimatization Society.

Electric tramways and omnibuses serve all parts of the city, and numerous

ferries ply across the river. There is railway communication to north,

south and west. By careful dredging, the broad river is navigable as far as

Brisbane for ocean-going vessels, and the port is the terminal port for the

Queensland mail steamers to Europe, and is visited by steamers to China,

Japan and America, and for various inter-colonial lines. There is wharf

accommodation on both banks of the river, a graving dock which can be used

by vessels up to 5000 tons, and two patent slips which can take up ships of

1000 and 400 tons respectively. The exports are chiefly coal, sheep,

tallow, wool, frozen meat and hides. The annual value of imports and

exports exceeds seven and nine millions sterling respectively. There are

boot factories, soap works, breweries, tanneries, tobacco works, &c. The

climate is on the whole dry and healthy, but during summer the temperature

is high, the mean shade temperature being about 70° F.

Brisbane was founded in 1825 as a penal settlement, taking its name from

Sir Thomas Brisbane, then governor of Australia; in 1842 it became a free

settlement and in 1859 capital of Queensland, the town up to that time

having belonged to New South Wales. It was incorporated in the same year.

South Brisbane became a separate city in 1903. The municipal government of

the city, and also of South Brisbane, is in the hands of a mayor and ten

alderman; the suburbs are controlled by shire councils and divisional

boards. The chief suburbs are Kangaroo Point, Fortitude Valley, New Farm,

Red Hill, Paddington, Milon, Toowong, Breakfast Creek, Bulimba,

Woolongabba, [v.04 p.0574] Highgate and Indooroopilly. The population of

the metropolitan area in 1901 was 119,907; of the city proper, 28,953; of

South Brisbane, 25,481.

BRISEUX, CHARLES ÉTIENNE (c. 1680-1754), French architect. He was

especially successful as a designer of internal decorations--mantelpieces,

mirrors, doors and overdoors, ceilings, consoles, candelabra, wall

panellings and other fittings, chiefly in the Louis Quinze mode. He was

also an industrious writer on architectural subjects. His principal works

are:--_L'Architecture moderne_ (2 vols., 1728); _L'Art de bâtir les maisons

de campagne_ (2 vols., 1743); _Traité du beau essentiel dans les arts,

appliqué particulièrement à l'architecture_ (1752); and _Traité des

proportions harmoniques._

BRISSAC, DUKES OF. The fief of Brissac in Anjou was acquired at the end of

the 15th century by a noble French family named Cossé belonging to the same

province. René de Cossé married into the Gouffier family, just then very

powerful at court, and became _premier panelier_ (chief pantler) to Louis

XII. Two of his sons were marshals of France. Brissac was made a countship

in 1560 for Charles, the eldest, who was grandmaster of artillery, and

governor of Piedmont and of Picardy. The second, Artus, who held the

offices of _grand panetier_ of France and superintendent of finance,

distinguished himself in the religious wars. Charles II. de Cossé fought

for the League, and as governor of Paris opened the gates of that town to

Henry IV., who created him marshal of France in 1594. Brissac was raised to

a duchy in the peerage of France in 1611. Louis Hercule Timoléon de Cossé,

due de Brissac, and commandant of the constitutional guard of Louis XVI.,

was killed at Versailles on the 9th of September 1792 for his devotion to

the king.

(M. P.*)

BRISSON, EUGÈNE HENRI (1835- ), French statesman, was born at Bourges on

the 31st of July 1835. He followed his father's profession of advocate, and

having made himself conspicuous in opposition during the last days of the

empire, was appointed deputy-mayor of Paris after its overthrow. He was

elected to the Assembly on the 8th of February 1871, as a member of the

extreme Left. While not approving of the Commune, he was the first to

propose amnesty for the condemned (on the 13th of September 1871), but the

proposal was voted down. He strongly supported obligatory primary

education, and was a firm anti-clerical. He was president of the chamber

from 1881--replacing Gambetta--to March 1885, when he became prime minister

upon the resignation of Jules Ferry; but he resigned when, after the

general elections of that year, he only just obtained a majority for the

vote of credit for the Tongking expedition. He remained conspicuous as a

public man, took a prominent part in exposing the Panama scandals, was a

powerful candidate for the presidency after the murder of President Carnot

in 1894, and was again president of the chamber from December 1894 to 1898.

In June of the latter year he formed a cabinet when the country was

violently excited over the Dreyfus affair; his firmness and honesty

increased the respect in which he was already held by good citizens, but a

chance vote on an occasion of especial excitement overthrew his ministry in

October. As one of the leaders of the radicals he actively supported the

ministries of Waldeck-Rousseau and Combes, especially concerning the laws

on the religious orders and the separation of church and state. In 1899 he

was a candidate for the presidency. In May 1906 he was elected president of

the chamber of deputies by 500 out of 581 votes.

BRISSON, MATHURIN JACQUES (1723-1806), French zoologist and natural

philosopher, was born at Fontenay le Comte on the 30th of April 1723. The

earlier part of his life was spent in the pursuit of natural history, his

published works in this department including _Le Règne animal_ (1756) and

_Ornithologie_ (1760). After the death of R.A.F. Réaumur (1683-1757), whose

assistant he was, he abandoned natural history, and was appointed professor

of natural philosophy at Navarre and later at Paris. His most important

work in this department was his _Poids spécifiques des corps_ (1787), but

he published several other books on physical subjects which were in

considerable repute for a time. He died at Croissy near Paris, on the 23rd

of June 1806.

BRISSOT, JACQUES PIERRE (1754-1793), who assumed the name of DE WARVILLE, a

celebrated French Girondist, was born at Chartres, where his father was an

inn-keeper, in January 1754. Brissot received a good education and entered

the office of a lawyer at Paris. His first works, _Théorie des lois

criminelles_ (1781) and _Bibliothèque philosophique du législateur_ (1782),

were on the philosophy of law, and showed how thoroughly Brissot was imbued

with the ethical precepts of Rousseau. The first work was dedicated to

Voltaire, and was received by the old _philosophe_ with much favour.

Brissot became known as a facile and able writer, and was engaged on the

_Mercure_, on the _Courrier de l'Europe_, and on other papers. Ardently

devoted to the service of humanity, he projected a scheme for a general

concourse of all the savants in Europe, and started in London a paper,

_Journal du Lycée de Londres_, which was to be the organ of their views.

The plan was unsuccessful, and soon after his return to Paris Brissot was

lodged in the Bastille on the charge of having published a work against the

government. He obtained his release after four months, and again devoted

himself to pamphleteering, but had speedily to retire for a time to London.

On this second visit he became acquainted with some of the leading

Abolitionists, and founded later in Paris a Société des Amis des Noirs, of

which he was president during 1790 and 1791. As an agent of this society he

paid a visit to the United States in 1788, and in 1791 published his

_Nouveau Voyage dans les États-Unis de l'Amerique Septentrionale_ (3

vols.).

From the first, Brissot threw himself heart and soul into the Revolution.

He edited the _Patriote français_ from 1789 to 1793, and being a

well-informed and capable man took a prominent part in affairs. Upon the

demolition of the Bastille the keys were presented to him. Famous for his

speeches at the Jacobin club, he was elected a member of the municipality

of Paris, then of the Legislative Assembly, and later of the National

Convention. During the Legislative Assembly his knowledge of foreign

affairs enabled him as member of the diplomatic committee practically to

direct the foreign policy of France, and the declaration of war against the

emperor on the 20th of April 1792, and that against England on the 1st of

July 1793, were largely due to him. It was also Brissot who gave these wars

the character of revolutionary propaganda. He was in many ways the leading

spirit of the Girondists, who were also known as Brissotins. Vergniaud

certainly was far superior to him in oratory, but Brissot was quick, eager,

impetuous, and a man of wide knowledge. But he was at the same time

vacillating, and not qualified to struggle against the fierce energies

roused by the events of the Revolution. His party fell before the Mountain;

sentence of arrest was passed against the leading members of it on the 2nd

of June 1793. Brissot attempted to escape in disguise, but was arrested at

Moulins. His demeanour at the trial was quiet and dignified; and on the

31st of October 1793 he died bravely with several other Girondists.

See _Mémoires de Brissot, sur ses contemporains et la Révolution

française_, published by his sons, with notes by F. de Montrol (Paris,

1830); Helena Williams, _Souvenirs de la Révolution française_ (Paris,

1827); F. A. Aulard, _Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention_

2nd ed., (Paris, 1905); F. A. Aulard, _Les Portraits littéraires à la fin

du XVIII^e siècle, pendant la Révolution_ (Paris, 1883).

BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF. This English title has been held in the

Hervey family since 1714, though previously an earldom of Bristol, in the

Digby family, is associated with two especially famous representatives, of

whom separate biographies are given. The Herveys are mentioned during the

13th century as seated in Bedfordshire, and afterwards in Suffolk, where

they have held the estate of Ickworth since the 15th century. John Hervey

(1616-1679) was the eldest son of Sir William Hervey (d. 1660), and was

born on the 18th of August 1616. He held a high position in the household

of Catherine, wife of Charles II., and was for many years member of

parliament for Hythe. He married Elizabeth, the only surviving child of his

kinsman, William, Lord Hervey of Kidbrooke (d. 1642), but left no children

when he died on the 18th of January 1679, and his estates passed to his

brother, Sir Thomas Hervey. Sir Thomas, who was member of parliament for

Bury St Edmunds, [v.04 p.0575] died on the 27th of May 1694, and was

succeeded by his son, John, who became the 1st earl of Bristol.

JOHN HERVEY, 1st earl of Bristol (1665-1751), born on the 27th of August

1665, was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and became member of

parliament for Bury St Edmunds in March 1694. In March 1703 he was created

Baron Hervey of Ickworth, and in October 1714 was made earl of Bristol as a

reward for his zeal in promoting the principles of the revolution and

supporting the Hanoverian succession. He died on the 20th of January 1751.

By his first wife, Isabella (d. 1693), daughter of Sir Robert Carr, Bart.,

of Sleaford, he had one son, Carr, Lord Hervey (1691-1723), who was

educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and was member for Bury St Edmunds from

1713 to 1722. (It has been suggested that Carr, who died unmarried on the

14th of November 1723, was the father of Horace Walpole.) He married

secondly Elizabeth (d. 1741), daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Felton,

Bart., of Playford, Suffolk, by whom he had ten sons and six daughters. His

eldest son, John (1696-1743), took the courtesy title of Lord Hervey on the

death of his half-brother, Carr, in 1723, and gained some renown both as a

writer and a politician (see HERVEY OF ICKWORTH). Another son, Thomas

(1699-1775), was one of the members for Bury from 1733 to 1747; held

various offices at court; and eloped with Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas

Hanmer. He had very poor health, and his reckless life frequently brought

him into pecuniary and other difficulties. He wrote numerous pamphlets, and

when he died Dr Johnson said of him, "Tom Hervey, though a vicious man, was

one of the genteelest men who ever lived." Another of the 1st earl's sons,

Felton (1712-1773), was also member for the family borough of Bury St

Edmunds. Having assumed the additional name of Bathurst, Felton's grandson,

Felton Elwell Hervey-Bathurst (1782-1819), was created a baronet in 1818,

and on his death a year later the title descended to his brother, Frederick

Anne (1783-1824), the direct ancestor of the present baronet. The 1st earl

died in January 1751, the title and estates descending to his grandson.

GEORGE WILLIAM HERVEY, 2nd earl of Bristol (1721-1775), the eldest son of

John, Lord Hervey of Ickworth, by his marriage with Mary (1700-1768),

daughter of Nicholas Lepell, was born on the 31st of August 1721. He served

for some years in the army, and in 1755 was sent to Turin as envoy

extraordinary. He was ambassador at Madrid from 1758 to 1761, filling a

difficult position with credit and dignity, and ranked among the followers

of Pitt. Appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1766, he never visited

that country during his short tenure of this office, and, after having

served for a short time as keeper of the privy seal, became groom of the

stole to George III. in January 1770. He died unmarried on the 18th or 20th

of March 1775, and was succeeded by his brother.

AUGUSTUS JOHN HERVEY, 3rd earl of Bristol (1724-1779), was born on the 19th

of May 1724, and entered the navy, where his promotion was rapid. He

distinguished himself in several encounters with the French, and was of

great assistance to Admiral Hawke in 1759, although he had returned to

England before the battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759. Having served

with distinction in the West Indies under Rodney, his active life at sea

ceased when the peace of Paris was concluded in February 1763. He was,

however, nominally commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean in this year,

and was made vice-admiral of the blue in January 1778. Hervey was member of

parliament for Bury from 1757 to 1763, and after being for a short time

member for Saltash, again represented Bury from 1768 until he succeeded his

brother in the peerage in 1775. He often took part in debates in

parliament, and was a frequent contributor to periodical literature. Having

served as a lord of the admiralty from 1771 to 1775 he won some notoriety

as an opponent of the Rockingham ministry and a defender of Admiral Keppel.

In August 1744 he had been secretly married to Elizabeth Chudleigh

(1720-1788), afterwards duchess of Kingston (_q.v._), but this union was

dissolved in 1769. The earl died in London on the 23rd of December 1779,

leaving no legitimate issue, and having, as far as possible, alienated his

property from the title. He was succeeded by his brother. Many of his

letters are in the Record Office, and his journals in the British Museum.

Other letters are printed in the _Grenville Papers_, vols. iii. and iv.

(London, 1852-1853), and the _Life of Admiral Keppel_, by the Hon. T.

Keppel (London, 1852).

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS HERVEY, bishop of Derry (1730-1803), who now became 4th

earl of Bristol, was born on the 1st of August 1730, and educated at

Westminster school and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, graduating in

1754. Entering the church he became a royal chaplain; and while waiting for

other preferment spent some time in Italy, whither he was led by his great

interest in art. In February 1767, while his brother, the 2nd earl, was

lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he was made bishop of Cloyne, and having

improved the property of the see he was translated to the rich bishopric of

Derry a year later. Here again he was active and philanthropic. While not

neglecting his luxurious personal tastes he spent large sums of money on

making roads and assisting agriculture, and his munificence was shared by

the city of Londonderry. He built splendid residences at Downhill and

Ballyscullion, which he adorned with rare works of art. As a bishop, Hervey

was industrious and vigilant; he favoured complete religious equality, and

was opposed to the system of tithes. In December 1779 he became earl of

Bristol, and in spite of his brother's will succeeded to a considerable

property. Having again passed some time in Italy, he returned to Ireland

and in 1782 threw himself ardently into the Irish volunteer movement,

quickly attaining a prominent position among the volunteers, and in great

state attending the convention held in Dublin in November 1783. Carried

away by his position and his popularity he talked loudly of rebellion, and

his violent language led the government to contemplate his arrest.

Subsequently he took no part in politics, spending his later years mainly

on the continent of Europe. In 1798 he was imprisoned by the French at

Milan, remaining in custody for eighteen months. He died at Albano on the

8th of July 1803, and was buried in Ickworth church. Varying estimates have

been found of his character, including favourable ones by John Wesley and

Jeremy Bentham. He was undoubtedly clever and cultured, but licentious and

eccentric. In later life he openly professed materialistic opinions; he

fell in love with the countess Lichtenau, mistress of Frederick William

II., king of Prussia; and by his bearing he gave fresh point to the saying

that "God created men, women and Herveys." In 1752 he had married Elizabeth

(d. 1800), daughter of Sir Jermyn Davers, Bart., by whom he had two sons

and three daughters. His elder son, Augustus John, Lord Hervey (1757-1796),

had predeceased his father, and he was succeeded in the title by his

younger son.

FREDERICK WILLIAM HERVEY, 5th earl and 1st marquess of Bristol (1769-1859),

was born on the 2nd of October 1769. He married Elizabeth Albana (d. 1844),

daughter of Clotworthy, 1st Baron Templetown, by whom he had six sons and

three daughters. In 1826 he was created marquess of Bristol and Earl

Jermyn, and died on the 15th of February 1859. He was succeeded by his son

Frederick William (1800-1864), M.P. for Bury St Edmunds 1830-1859, as 2nd

marquess; and by the latter's son Frederick William John (1834-1907), M.P.

for West Suffolk 1859-1864, as 3rd marquess. The latter's nephew, Frederick

William Fane Hervey (b. 1863), who succeeded as 4th marquess, served with

distinction in the royal navy, and was M.P. for Bury St Edmunds from 1906

to 1907.

See John, Lord Hervey, _Memoirs of the Reign of George II_., edited by J.W.

Croker (London, 1884); John Hervey, 1st earl of Bristol, _Diary_ (Wells,

1894); and _Letter Books of Bristol; with Sir T. Hervey's Letters during

Courtship and Poems during Widowhood_ (Wells, 1894). Also the articles in

the _Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. xxvi. (London, 1891).

BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF[1] (1612-1677), eldest son of the 1st

earl (see below), was born in October 1612. At the age of twelve he

appeared at the bar of the House of Commons and pleaded for his father,

then in the Tower, when his youth, graceful person and well-delivered

speech made a great [v.04 p.0576] impression. He was admitted to Magdalen

College, Oxford, on the 15th of August 1626, where he was a favourite pupil

of Peter Heylin, and became M.A. in 1636. He spent the following years in

study and in travel, from which he returned, according to Clarendon, "the

most accomplished person of our nation or perhaps any other nation," and

distinguished by a remarkably handsome person. In 1638 and 1639 were

written the _Letters between Lord George Digby and Sir Kenelm Digby, Knt.

concerning Religion_ (publ. 1651), in which Digby attacked Roman

Catholicism. In June 1634 Digby was committed to the Fleet till July for

striking Crofts, a gentleman of the court, in Spring Gardens; and possibly

his severe treatment and the disfavour shown to his father were the causes

of his hostility to the court. He was elected member for Dorsetshire in

both the Short and Long parliaments in 1640, and in conjunction with Pym

and Hampden he took an active part in the opposition to Charles. He moved

on the 9th of November for a committee to consider the "deplorable state"

of the kingdom, and on the 11th was included in the committee for the

impeachment of Strafford, against whom he at first showed great zeal. He,

however, opposed the attainder, made an eloquent speech on the 21st of

April 1641, accentuating the weakness of Vane's evidence against the

prisoner, and showing the injustice of _ex post facto_ legislation. He was

regarded in consequence with great hostility by the parliamentary party,

and was accused of having stolen from Pym's table Vane's notes on which the

prosecution mainly depended. On the 15th of July his speech was burnt by

the hangman by the order of the House of Commons. Meanwhile on the 8th of

February he had made an important speech in the Commons advocating the

reformation and opposing the abolition of episcopacy. On the 8th of June,

during the angry discussion on the army plot, he narrowly escaped assault

in the House; and the following day, in order to save him from further

attacks, the king called him up to the Lords in his father's barony of

Digby.

He now became the evil genius of Charles, who had the incredible folly to

follow his advice in preference to such men as Hyde and Falkland. In

November he is recorded as performing "singular good service," and "doing

beyond admiration," in speaking in the Lords against the instruction

concerning evil counsellors. He suggested to Charles the impeachment of the

five members, and urged upon him the fatal attempt to arrest them on the

4th of January 1642; but he failed to play his part in the Lords in

securing the arrest of Lord Mandeville, to whom on the contrary he declared

that "the king was very mischievously advised"; and according to Clarendon

his imprudence was responsible for the betrayal of the king's plan. Next

day he advised the attempt to seize them in the city by force. The same

month he was ordered to appear in the Lords to answer a charge of high

treason for a supposed armed attempt at Kingston, but fled to Holland,

where he joined the queen, and on the 26th of February was impeached.

Subsequently he visited Charles at York disguised as a Frenchman, but on

the return voyage to Holland he was captured and taken to Hull, where he

for some time escaped detection; and at last he cajoled Sir John Hotham,

after discovering himself, into permitting his escape. Later he ventured on

a second visit to Hull to persuade Hotham to surrender the place to

Charles, but this project failed. He was present at Edgehill, and greatly

distinguished himself at Lichfield, where he was wounded while leading the

assault. He soon, however, threw down his commission in consequence of a

quarrel with Prince Rupert, and returned to the king at Oxford, over whom

he obtained more influence as the prospect became more gloomy. On the 28th

of September 1643 he was appointed secretary of state and a privy

councillor, and on the 31st of October high steward of Oxford University.

He now supported the queen's disastrous policy of foreign alliances and

help from Ireland, and engaged in a series of imprudent and ill-conducted

negotiations which greatly injured the king's affairs, while his fierce

disputes with Rupert and his party further embarrassed them. On the 14th of

October 1645 he was made lieutenant general of the royal forces north of

the Trent, with the object of pushing through to join Montrose, but he was

defeated on the 15th at Sherburn, where his correspondence was captured,

disclosing the king's expectations from abroad and from Ireland and his

intrigues with the Scots; and after reaching Dumfries, he found his way

barred. He escaped on the 24th to the Isle of Man, thence crossing to

Ireland, where he caused Glamorgan to be arrested. Here, on this new stage,

he believed he was going to achieve wonders. "Have I not carried my body

swimmingly," he wrote to Hyde in irrepressible good spirits, "who being

before so irreconcilably hated by the Puritan party, have thus seasonably

made myself as odious to the Papists?"[2] His project now was to bring over

Prince Charles to head a royalist movement in the island; and having joined

Charles at Jersey in April 1646, he intended to entrap him on board, but

was dissuaded by Hyde. He then travelled to Paris to gain the queen's

consent to his scheme, but returned to persuade Charles to go to Paris, and

accompanied him thither, revisiting Ireland on the 29th of June once more,

and finally escaping to France on the surrender of the island to the

parliament. At Paris amongst the royalists he found himself in a nest of

enemies eager to pay off old scores. Prince Rupert challenged him, and he

fought a duel with Lord Wilmot. He continued his adventures by serving in

Louis XIV.'s troops in the war of the Fronde, in which he greatly

distinguished himself. He was appointed in 1651 lieutenant-general in the

French army, and commander of the forces in Flanders. These new honours,

however, were soon lost. During Mazarin's enforced absence from the court

Digby aspired to become his successor; and the cardinal, who had from the

first penetrated his character and regarded him as a mere adventurer,[3] on

his restoration to power sent Digby away on an expedition in Italy; and on

his return informed him that he was included in the list of those expelled

from France, in accordance with the new treaty with Cromwell. In August

1656 he joined Charles II. at Bruges, and desirous of avenging himself upon

the cardinal offered his services to Don John of Austria in the

Netherlands, being instrumental in effecting the surrender of the garrison

of St Ghislain to Spain in 1657. On the 1st of January 1657 he was

appointed by Charles II. secretary of state, but shortly afterwards, having

become a Roman Catholic--probably with the view of adapting himself better

to his new Spanish friends--he was compelled to resign office. Charles,

however, on account of his "jollity" and Spanish experience took him with

him to Spain in 1659, though his presence was especially deprecated by the

Spanish; but he succeeded in ingratiating himself, and was welcomed by the

king of Spain subsequently at Madrid.

By the death of his father Digby had succeeded in January 1659 to the

peerage as 2nd earl of Bristol, and had been made K.G. the same month. He

returned to England at the restoration, when he found himself excluded from

office on account of his religion, and relegated to only secondary

importance. His desire to make a brilliant figure induced a restless and

ambitious activity in parliament. He adopted an attitude of violent

hostility to Clarendon. In foreign affairs he inclined strongly to the side

of Spain, and opposed the king's marriage with Catherine of Portugal. He

persuaded Charles to despatch him to Italy to view the Medici princesses,

but the royal marriage and treaty with Portugal were settled in his

absence. In June 1663 he made an attempt to upset Clarendon's management of

the House of Commons, but his intrigue was exposed to the parliament by

Charles, and Bristol was obliged to attend the House to exonerate himself,

when he confessed that he had "taken the liberty of enlarging," and his

"comedian-like speech" excited general amusement. Exasperated by these

failures, in a violent scene with the king early in July, he broke out into

fierce and disrespectful reproaches, ending with a threat that unless

Charles granted his requests within twenty-four hours "he would do somewhat

that should awaken him out of his slumbers, and make him look better to his

own business." Accordingly on the 10th he impeached Clarendon in the Lords

of high treason, and on the charge being dismissed renewed [v.04 p.0577]

his accusation, and was expelled from the court, only avoiding the warrant

issued for his apprehension by a concealment of two years. In January 1664

he caused a new sensation by his appearance at his house at Wimbledon,

where he publicly renounced before witnesses his Roman Catholicism, and

declared himself a Protestant, his motive being probably to secure immunity

from the charge of recusancy preferred against him.[4] When, however, the

fall of Clarendon was desired, Bristol was again welcomed at court. He took

his seat in the Lords on the 29th of July 1667. "The king," wrote Pepys in

November, "who not long ago did say of Bristoll that he was a man able in

three years to get himself a fortune in any kingdom in the world and lose

all again in three months, do now hug him and commend his parts everywhere

above all the world."[5] He pressed eagerly for Clarendon's commital, and

on the refusal of the Lords accused them of mutiny and rebellion, and

entered his dissent with "great fury."[6] In March 1668 he attended prayers

in the Lords. On the 15th of March 1673 though still ostensibly a Roman

Catholic, he spoke in favour of the Test Act, describing himself as "a

Catholic of the church of Rome, not a Catholic of the court of Rome," and

asserting the unfitness of Romanists for public office. His adventurous and

erratic career closed by death on the 20th of March 1677.

Bristol was one of the most striking and conspicuous figures of his time, a

man of brilliant abilities, a great orator, one who distinguished himself

without effort in any sphere of activity he chose to enter, but whose

natural gifts were marred by a restless ambition and instability of

character fatal to real greatness. Clarendon describes him as "the only man

I ever knew of such incomparable parts that was none the wiser for any

experience or misfortune that befell him," and records his extraordinary

facility in making friends and making enemies. Horace Walpole characterized

him in a series of his smartest antitheses as "a singular person whose life

was one contradiction." "He wrote against popery and embraced it; he was a

zealous opposer of the court and a sacrifice for it; was conscientiously

converted in the midst of his prosecution of Lord Strafford and was most

unconscientiously a persecutor of Lord Clarendon. With great parts, he

always hurt himself and his friends; with romantic bravery, he was always

an unsuccessful commander. He spoke for the Test Act, though a Roman

Catholic; and addicted himself to astrology on the birthday of true

philosophy." Besides his youthful correspondence with Sir K. Digby on the

subject of religion already mentioned, he was the author of an _Apologie_

(1643, Thomason Tracts, E. 34 (32)), justifying his support of the king's

cause; of _Elvira ... a comedy_ (1667), printed in R. Dodsley's _Select

Collect. of Old English Plays_ (Hazlitt, 1876), vol. xv., and of _Worse and

Worse_, an adaptation from the Spanish, acted but not printed. Other

writings are also ascribed to him, including the authorship with Sir Samuel

Tuke of _The Adventures of Five Hours_ (1663). His eloquent and pointed

speeches, many of which were printed, are included in the article in the

_Biog. Brit._ and among the _Thomason Tracts_; see also the general

catalogue in the British Museum. The catalogue of his library was published

in 1680. He married Lady Anne Russell, daughter of Francis, 4th earl of

Bedford, by whom, besides two daughters, he had two sons, Francis, who

predeceased him unmarried, and John, who succeeded him as 3rd earl of

Bristol, at whose death without issue the peerage became extinct.

AUTHORITIES.--See the article in _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Wood's _Ath. Oxon._

(Bliss), iii. 1100-1105; _Biographia Brit._ (Kippis), v. 210-238; H.

Walpole's _Royal and Noble Authors_ (Park, 1806), iii. 191; _Roscius

Anglicanus_, by J. Downes, pp. 31, 36 (1789); Cunningham's _Lives of

Eminent Englishmen_ (1837), iii. 29; _Somers Tracts_ (1750), iii. (1809),

iv.; _Harleian Miscellany_ (1808), v., vi.; _Life_ by T. H. Lister (1838);

_State Papers_.

(P. C. Y.)

[1] _I.e._ in the Digby line; for the Herveys see above.

[2] _Clarendon State Papers_, ii. 201.

[3] _Mémoires du Cardinal de Retz_ (1859), app. iii. 437, 442.

[4] Pepys's _Diary_, iv. 51.

[5] _Ib._ vii. 199.

[6] _Ib._ 207; _Protests of the Lords_, by J.E.T. Rogers, i. 36.

BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF[1] (1580-1653) English diplomatist, son of

Sir George Digby of Coleshill, Warwickshire, and of Abigail, daughter of

Sir Arthur Henningham, was born in 1580, and entered Magdalen College,

Oxford, in 1595 (M.A. 1605), becoming a member of the Inner Temple in 1598.

In 1605 he was sent to James to inform him of the safety of the princess

Elizabeth at the time of the Gunpowder Plot. He gained his favour, was made

a gentleman of the privy chamber and one of the king's carvers, and was

knighted in 1607. From 1610 to 1611 he was member of parliament for Heydon.

In 1611 he was sent as ambassador to Spain to negotiate a marriage between

Prince Henry and the infanta Anne, and to champion the cause of the English

merchants, for whom he obtained substantial concessions, and arranged the

appointment of consuls at Lisbon and Seville. He also discovered a list of

the English pensioners of the Spanish court, which included some of the

ministers, and came home in 1613 to communicate this important intelligence

to the king. In 1614 he again went to Spain to effect a union between the

infanta Maria and Charles, though he himself was in favour of a Protestant

marriage, and desired a political and not a matrimonial treaty. In 1616, on

the disgrace of Somerset, he was recalled home to give evidence concerning

the latter's connexions with Spain, was made vice-chamberlain and a privy

councillor, and obtained from James the manor of Sherborne forfeited by the

late favourite. In 1618 he went once more to Spain to reopen the

negotiations, returning in May, and being created Baron Digby on the 25th

of November. He endeavoured to avoid a breach with Spain on the election of

the elector palatine, the king's son-in-law, to the Bohemian throne; and in

March 1621, after the latter's expulsion from Bohemia, Digby was sent to

Brussels to obtain a suspension of hostilities in the Palatinate. On the

4th of July he went to Vienna and drew up a scheme of pacification with the

emperor, by which Frederick was to abandon Bohemia and be secured in his

hereditary territories, but the agreement could never be enforced. After

raising money for the defence of Heidelberg he returned home in October,

and on the 21st of November explained his policy to the parliament, and

asked for money and forces for its execution. The sudden dissolution of

parliament, however, prevented the adoption of any measure of support, and

entirely ruined Digby's plans. In 1622 he returned to Spain with nothing on

which to rely but the goodwill of Philip IV., and nothing to offer but

entreaties.

On the 15th of September he was created earl of Bristol. He urged on the

marriage treaty, believing it would include favourable conditions for

Frederick, but the negotiations were taken out of his control, and finally

wrecked by the arrival of Charles himself and Buckingham in March 1623. He

incurred their resentment, of which the real inspiration was Buckingham's

implacable jealousy, by a letter written to James informing him of

Buckingham's unpopularity among the Spanish ministers, and by his

endeavouring to maintain the peace with Spain after their departure. In

January 1624 he left Spain, and on arriving at Dover in March, Buckingham

and Charles having now complete ascendancy over the king, he was forbidden

to appear at court and ordered to confine himself at Sherborne. He was

required by Buckingham to answer a series of interrogatories, but he

refused to inculpate himself and demanded a trial by parliament. On the

death of James he was removed by Charles I. from the privy council, and

ordered to absent himself from his first parliament. On his demand in

January 1626 to be present at the coronation Charles angrily refused, and

accused him of having tried to pervert his religion in Spain. In March

1626, after the assembling of the second parliament, Digby applied to the

Lords, who supported his rights, and Charles sent him his writ accompanied

by a letter from Lord Keeper Coventry desiring him not to use it. Bristol,

however, took his seat and demanded justice against Buckingham (Thomason

Tracts, E. 126 (20)). The king endeavoured to obstruct his attack by

causing Bristol on the 1st of May to be himself brought to the bar, on an

accusation of high treason by the attorney-general. The Lords, however,

ordered that both charges should be investigated simultaneously. Further

proceedings were stopped by the dissolution of parliament on the 15th of

June; a prosecution was ordered by Charles in the Star Chamber, and Bristol

was sent to the [v.04 p.0578] Tower, where he remained till the 17th of

March 1628, when the peers, on the assembling of Charles's third

parliament, insisted on his liberation and restoration to his seat in the

Lords.

In the discussions upon the Petition of Right, Bristol supported the use of

the king's prerogative in emergencies, and asserted that the king besides

his legal had a regal power, but joined in the demand for a full acceptance

of the petition by the king after the first unsatisfactory answer. He was

now restored to favour, but took no part in politics till the outbreak of

the Scottish rebellion, when he warned Charles of the danger of attacking

with inadequate forces. He was the leader in the Great Council held at

York, was a commissioner to treat with the Scots in September 1640 at

Ripon, and advised strongly the summoning of the parliament. In February

1641 he was one of the peers who advocated reforms in the administration

and were given seats in the council. Though no friend to Strafford, he

endeavoured to save his life, desiring only to see him excluded from

office, and as a witness was excused from voting on the attainder. He was

appointed gentleman of the bedchamber on the king's departure for Scotland,

and on the 27th of December he was declared an evil counsellor by the House

of Commons, Cromwell on the 28th moving an address to the king to dismiss

him from his councils, on the plea that he had advocated the bringing up of

the northern army to overawe parliament in the preceding spring. There is

no evidence to support the charge, but Digby was regarded by the

parliamentary party with special hatred and distrust, of which the chief

causes were probably his Spanish proclivities and his indifference on the

great matter of religion, to which was added the unpopularity reflected

from his misguided son. On the 28th of March 1642 he was sent to the Tower

for having failed to disclose to parliament the Kentish petition. Liberated

in April, he spoke in the Lords on the 20th of May in favour of an

accommodation, and again in June in vindication of the king; but finding

his efforts ineffectual, and believing all armed rebellion against the king

a wicked violation of the most solemn oaths, he joined Charles at York, was

present at Edgehill and accompanied him to Oxford. On the 1st of February

1643 he was named with Lord Herbert of Raglan for removal from the court

and public office for ever, and in the propositions of November 1644 was

one of those excepted from pardon. In January he had endeavoured to

instigate a breach of the Independents with the Scots. Bristol, however,

was not in favour of continuing the war, and withdrew to Sherborne,

removing in the spring of 1644 to Exeter, and after the surrender of the

city retiring abroad on the 11th of July by order of the Houses, which

rejected his petition to compound for his estate. He took up his residence

at Caen, passing the rest of his life in exile and poverty, and

occasionally attending the young king. In 1647 he printed at Caen _An

Apology_, defending his support of the royal cause. This was reprinted in

1656 (Thomason Tracts, E. 897, 6). He died at Paris on the 16th of January

1653.

He is described by Clarendon as "a man of grave aspect, of a presence that

drew respect, and of great parts and ability, but passionate and

supercilious and too voluminous a discourser in council." His aim was to

effect a political union between England and Spain apart from the religious

or marriage questions--a policy which would probably have benefited both

English and European interests; but it was one understood neither in Spain

nor in England, and proved impracticable. He was a man of high character,

who refused to compound with falsehood and injustice, whose misfortune it

was to serve two Stuart sovereigns, and whose firm resistance to the king's

tyranny led the way to the great movement which finally destroyed it.

Besides his _Apology_, he was the author of several printed speeches and

poems, and translated _A Defence of the Catholic Faith_ by Peter du Moulin

(1610). He married Beatrix, daughter of Charles Walcot, and widow of Sir

John Dyve, and besides two daughters left two sons, George, who succeeded

him as 2nd earl of Bristol, and John, who died unmarried.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The best account of Bristol will be found in the scattered

notices of him in the _Hist. of England_ and of the _Civil War_, by S. R.

Gardiner, who also wrote the short sketch of his career in the _Dict. of

Nat. Biog._, and who highly eulogizes his character and diplomacy. For

lives, see _Biographia Britannica_ (Kippis), v. 199; Wood's _Ath. Oxon._

(Bliss), iii. 338; D. Lloyd's _Memoires_ (1668), 579; Collins's _Peerage_

(Brydges, 1812), v. 362; Fuller's _Worthies_ (Nichols, 1811), ii. 412; H.

Walpole's _Royal and Noble Authors_ (Park, 1806), iii. 49; also Clarendon's

_Hist of the Rebellion_, esp. vi. 388; _Clarendon State Papers_ and _Cal.

of Cl. State Papers_; _Old Parliamentary History_; _Cabala_ (1691;

letters); Camden Soc., _Miscellany_, vol. vi. (1871); _Defence of his

Spanish Negotiations_, ed. by S.R. Gardiner; _Somers Tracts_ (1809), ii.

501; _Thomason Tracts_ in Brit. Museum; _Hardwicke State Papers_, i. 494.

The MSS. at Sherborne Castle, of which a selection was transcribed and

deposited in the Public Record Office, were calendared by the Hist. MSS.

Commission in _Rep._ viii. app. i. p. 213 and 10th _Rep._ app. i. p. 520;

there are numerous references to Bristol in various collections calendared

in the same publication and in the _Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Series_; see

also _Harleian MSS._, Brit. Mus. 1580, art. 31-48, and _Add. MSS._ indexes

and calendars.

(P. C. Y.)

[1] _I.e._ in the Digby line; for the Herveys see above.

BRISTOL, a township of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A., in the central

part of the state, about 16 m. S.W. of Hartford. It has an area of 27 sq.

m., and contains the village of Forestville and the borough of Bristol

(incorporated in 1893). Both are situated on the Pequabuck river, and are

served by the western branch of the midland division of the New York, New

Haven & Hartford railway, and by electric railway to Hartford, New Britain

and Terryville. Pop. (1890) 7382; (1900) 9643, including that of the

borough, 6268 (1910) 13,502 (borough, 9527). Among the manufactures of the

borough of Bristol are clocks, woollen goods, iron castings, hardware,

brass ware, silverplate and bells. Bristol clocks, first manufactured soon

after the War of Independence, have long been widely known. Bristol,

originally a part of the township of Farmington, was first settled about

1727, but did not become an independent corporation until the formation, in

1742, of the first church, known after 1744 as the New Cambridge Society.

In 1748 a Protestant Episcopal Church was organized, and before and during

the War of Independence its members belonged to the Loyalist party; their

rector, Rev. James Nichols, was tarred and feathered by the Whigs, and

Moses Dunbar, a member of the church, was hanged for treason by the

Connecticut authorities. Chippen's Hill (about 3 m. from the centre of the

township) was a favourite rendezvous of the local Loyalists; and a cave

there, known as "The Tories' Den," is a well-known landmark. In 1785 New

Cambridge and West Britain, another ecclesiastical society of Farmington,

were incorporated as the township of Bristol, but in 1806 they were divided

into the present townships of Bristol and Burlington.

BRISTOL, a city, county of a city, municipal, county and parliamentary

borough, and seaport of England, chiefly in Gloucestershire but partly in

Somersetshire, 118½ m. W. of London. Pop. (1901) 328,945. The Avon, here

forming the boundary between Gloucestershire and Somerset, though entering

the estuary of the Severn (Bristol Channel) only 8 m. below the city, is

here confined between considerable hills, with a narrow valley-floor on

which the nucleus of the city rests. Between Bristol and the Channel the

valley becomes a gorge, crossed at a single stride by the famous Clifton

Suspension Bridge. Above Bristol the hills again close in at Keynsham, so

that the city lies in a basin-like hollow some 4 m. in diameter, and

extends up the heights to the north. The Great Western railway, striking

into the Avon valley near Bath, serves Bristol from London, connects it

with South Wales by the Severn tunnel, and with the southern and

south-western counties of England. Local lines of this company encircle the

city on the north and the south, serving the outports of Avonmouth and

Portishead on the Bristol Channel. A trunk line of the Midland railway

connects Bristol with the north of England by way of Gloucester, Worcester,

Birmingham and Derby. Both companies use the central station, Temple Meads.

The nucleus of Bristol lies to the north of the river. The business centre

is in the district traversed by Broad Street, High Street, Wine Street and

Corn Street, which radiate from a centre close to the Floating Harbour. To

the south of this centre, connected with it by Bristol Bridge, an island is

formed between the Floating Harbour and the New Course of the Avon, [v.04

p.0579] and here are Temple Meads station, above Victoria Street, two of

the finest churches (the Temple and St Mary Redcliffe) the general hospital

and other public buildings. Immediately above the bridge the little river

Frome joins the Avon. Owing to the nature of the site the streets are

irregular; in the inner part of the city they are generally narrow, and

sometimes, with their ancient gabled houses, extremely picturesque. The

principal suburbs surround the city to the west, north and east.

_Churches, &c._--In the centre of Bristol a remarkable collection of

architectural antiquities is found, principally ecclesiastical. This the

city owes mainly to a few great baronial families, such as the earls of

Gloucester and the Berkeleys, in its early history, and to a few great

merchants, the Canyngs, Shipwards and Framptons, in its later career. The

see of Bristol, founded by Henry VIII. in 1542, was united to that of

Gloucester in 1836; but again separated in 1896. The diocese includes parts

of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, and a small but populous [Sidenote:

Cathedral.] portion of Somerset. The cathedral, standing above the

so-called Canons' Marsh which borders the Floating Harbour, is pleasantly

situated on the south side of College Green. It has two western towers and

a central tower, nave, short transepts, choir with aisles, an eastern Lady

chapel and other chapels; and on the south, a chapter-house and cloister

court. The nave is modern (by Street, 1877), imitating the choir of the

14th century, with its curious skeleton-vaulting in the aisles. Besides the

canopied tombs of the Berkeleys with their effigies in chain mail, and

similarly fine tombs of the crosiered abbots, there are memorials to Bishop

Butler, to Sterne's Eliza (Elizabeth Draper), and to Lady Hesketh (the

friend of Cowper), who are all interred here. There is also here William

Mason's fine epitaph to his wife (d. 1767), beginning "Take, holy earth,

all that my soul holds dear." Of Fitz-Harding's abbey of St Augustine,

founded in 1142 (of which the present cathedral was the church), the

stately entrance gateway, with its sculptured mouldings, remains hardly

injured. The abbot's gateway, the vestibule to the chapter-house, and the

chapter-house itself, which is carved with Byzantine exuberance of

decoration, and acknowledged to be one of the finest Norman chambers in

Europe, are also perfect. On the north side of College Green is the small

but ornate Mayor's chapel (originally St Mark's), devoted to the services

of the mayor and corporation. It is mainly Decorated and Perpendicular. Of

the churches within the centre of the city, the following are found within

a radius of half-a-mile from Bristol Bridge. St Stephen's church, built

between 1450 and 1490, is a dignified structure, chiefly interesting for

its fan-traceried porch and stately tower. It was built entirely by the

munificence of John Shipward, a wealthy merchant. The tower and spire of St

John's (15th century) stand on one of the gateways of the city. This church

is a parallelogram, without east or west windows or aisles, and is built

upon a fine groined crypt. St James's church, the burial place of its

founder, Robert, earl of Gloucester, dates from 1130, and fine Norman work

remains in the nave. The tower is of the 14th century. St Philip's has an

Early English tower, but its external walls and windows are for the most

part debased Perpendicular. Robert FitzHamon's Norman tower of St Peter,

the oldest church tower in Bristol, still presents its massive square to

the eye. This church stands in Castle Street, which commemorates the castle

of Robert, earl of Gloucester, the walls of which were 25 ft. thick at the

base. Nothing remains of this foundation, but there still exist some walls

and vaults of the later stronghold, including a fine Early English cell.

Adjacent to the church is St Peter's hospital, a picturesque gabled

building of Jacobean and earlier date, with a fine court room. St Mary le

Port and St Augustine the Less are churches of the Perpendicular era, and

not the richest specimens of their kind. St Nicholas church is modern, on a

crypt of the date 1503, and earlier. On the island south of the Floating

Harbour are two of the most interesting churches in the city. Temple

church, with its leaning tower, 5 ft. off the perpendicular, retains

nothing of the Templars' period, but is a fine building of the Decorated

and Perpendicular periods. The church of St Mary Redcliffe, for grandeur of

proportion and elaboration of design and finish, is the first

ecclesiastical building in Bristol, and takes high rank among the parish

churches of England. It was built for the most part in the latter part of

the 14th century by William Canyng or Canynges (_q.v._), but the sculptured

north porch is externally Decorated, and internally Early English. The fine

tower is also Decorated, on an Early English base. The spire, Decorated in

style, is modern. Among numerous monuments is that of Admiral Penn (d.

1718), the father of the founder of Pennsylvania. The church exhibits the

rare feature of transeptal aisles. Of St Thomas's, in the vicinity, only

the tower (15th century) remains of the old structures. All Hallows church

has a modern Italian campanile, but is in the main of the 15th century,

with the retention of four Norman piers in the nave; and is interesting

from its connexion with the ancient gild of calendars, whose office it was

"to convert Jews, instruct youths," and keep the archives of the town.

Theirs was the first free library in the city, possibly in England. The

records of the church contain a singularly picturesque representation of

the ancient customs of the fraternity.

Among conventual remains, besides those already mentioned, there exist of

the Dominican priory the Early English refectory and dormitory, the latter

comprising a row of fifteen original windows and an oak roof of the same

date; and of St Bartholomew's hospital there is a double arch, with

intervening arcades, also Early English. These, with the small chapel of

the Three Kings of Cologne, Holy Trinity Hospital, both Perpendicular, and

the remains of the house of the Augustinian canons attached to the

cathedral, comprise the whole of the monastic relics.

There are many good specimens of ancient domestic architecture--notably

some arches of a grand Norman hall and some Tudor windows of Colston's

house, Small Street; and Canyng's house, with good Perpendicular oak roof.

Of buildings to which historic interest attaches, there are the Merchant

Venturers' almshouses (1699), adjoining their hall. This gild was

established in the 16th century. A small house near St Mary Redcliffe was

the school where the poet Chatterton received his education. His memorial

is in the churchyard of St Mary, and in the church a chest contains the

records among which he claimed to have discovered some of the manuscripts

which were in reality his own. A house in Wine Street was the birthplace of

the poet-laureate Robert Southey (1744).

_Public Buildings, &c._--The public buildings are somewhat overshadowed in

interest by the ecclesiastical. The council house, at the "Cross" of the

four main thoroughfares, dates from 1827, was enlarged in 1894, and

contains the city archives and many portraits, including a Van Dyck and a

Kneller. The Guildhall is close by--a modern Gothic building. The exchange

(used as a corn-market) is a noteworthy building by the famous architect of

Bath, John Wood (1743). Edward Colston, a revered citizen and benefactor of

the city (d. 1721), is commemorated by name in several buildings and

institutions, notably in Colston Hall, which is used for concerts and

meetings. A bank close by St Stephen's church claims to have originated in

the first savings-bank established in England (1812). Similarly, the city

free library (1613) is considered to be the original of its kind. The

Bristol museum and reference library were transferred to the corporation in

1893. Vincent Stuckey Lean (d. 1899) bequeathed to the corporation of

Bristol the sum of £50,000 for the further development of the free

libraries of the city, and with especial regard to the formation and

sustenance of a general reference library of a standard and scientific

character. The central library was opened in 1906. An art gallery,

presented by Sir William Henry Wills, was opened in 1905.

Among educational establishments, the technical college of the Company of

Merchant Venturers (1885) supplies scientific, technical and commercial

education. The extensive buildings of this institution were destroyed by

fire in 1906. University College (1876) forms the nucleus of the university

of Bristol (chartered 1909). Clifton College, opened in 1862 and

incorporated in 1877, includes a physical science school, with

laboratories, [v.04 p.0580] a museum and observatory. Colston's girls' day

school (1891) includes domestic economy and calisthenics. Among the many

charitable institutions are the general hospital, opened in 1858, and since

repeatedly enlarged; royal hospital for sick children and women, Royal

Victoria home, and the Queen Victoria jubilee convalescent home.

Of the open spaces in and near Bristol the most extensive are those

bordering the river in the neighbourhood of the gorge, Durdham and Clifton

Downs, on the Gloucestershire side (see CLIFTON). Others are Victoria Park,

south of the river, near the Bedminster station, Eastville Park by the

Frome, on the north-east of the city beyond Stapleton Road station, St

Andrew's Park near Montpelier station to the north, and Brandon Hill, west

of the cathedral, an abrupt eminence commanding a fine view over the city,

and crowned with a modern tower commemorating the "fourth centenary of the

discovery of America by John Cabot, and sons Lewis, Sebastian and Sanctus."

Other memorials in the city are the High Cross on College Green (1850), and

statues of Queen Victoria (1888), Samuel Morley (1888), Edmund Burke

(1894), and Edward Colston (1895), in whose memory are held annual Colston

banquets.

_Harbour and Trade._--Bristol harbour was formed in 1809 by the conversion

of the Avon and a branch of the Frome into "the Float," by the cutting of a

new channel for the Avon and the formation of two basins. Altogether the

water area, at fixed level, is about 85 acres. Four dry docks open into the

floating harbour. In 1884 the Avonmouth and Portishead docks at the river

entrance were bought up by the city; and the port extends from Hanham Mills

on the Avon to the mouth of the river, and for some distance down the

estuary of the Severn. The city docks have a depth of 22 ft., while those

at Avonmouth are accessible to the largest vessels. In 1902 the

construction of the extensive Royal Edward dock at Avonmouth was put in

hand by the corporation, and the dock was opened by King Edward VII. in

1908. It is entered by a lock 875 ft. long and 100 ft. wide, with a depth

of water on the sill of 46 ft. at ordinary spring, and 36 ft. at ordinary

neap tides. The dock itself has a mean length of 1120 ft. and a breadth of

1000 ft., and there is a branch and passage connecting with the old dock.

The water area is about 30 acres, and the dock is so constructed as to be

easily capable of extension. Portishead dock, on the Somerset shore, has an

area of 12 acres. The port has a large trade with America, the West Indies

and elsewhere, the principal imports being grain, fruit, oils, ore, timber,

hides, cattle and general merchandise; while the exports include machinery,

manufactured oils, cotton goods, tin and salt. The Elder Dempster, Dominion

and other large steamship companies trade at the port.

The principal industries are shipbuilding, ropewalks, chocolate factories,

sugar refineries, tobacco mills and pipe-making, glass works, potteries,

soaperies, shoe factories, leather works and tanneries, chemical works, saw

mills, breweries, copper, lead and shot works, iron works, machine works,

stained-paper works, anchors, chain cables, sail-cloth, buttons. A

coalfield extending 16 m. south-east to Radstock avails much for Bristol

manufactures.

The parliamentary borough is divided into four divisions, each returning

one member. The government of the city is in the hands of a lord mayor, 22

aldermen and 66 councillors. The area in 1901 was 11,705 acres; but in 1904

it was increased to 17,004 acres.

_History._--Bristol (Brigstow, Bristou, Bristow, Bristole) is one of the

best examples of a town that has owed its greatness entirely to trade. It

was never a shire town or the site of a great religious house, and it owed

little to its position as the head of a feudal lordship, or as a military

post. Though it is near both British and Roman camps, there is no evidence

of a British or Roman settlement. It was the western limit of the Saxon

invasion of Britain, and about the year 1000 a Saxon settlement began to

grow up at the junction of the rivers Frome and Avon, the natural

advantages of the situation favouring the growth of the township. Bristol

owed much to Danish rule, and during the reign of Canute, when the wool

trade with Ireland began, it became the market for English slaves. In the

reign of Edward the Confessor the town was included in the earldom of Sweyn

Godwinsson, and at the date of the Domesday survey it was already a royal

borough governed by a reeve appointed by the king as overlord, the king's

geld being assessed at 110 marks. There was a mint at the time of the

Conquest, which proves that Bristol must have been already a place of some

size, though the fact that the town was a member of the royal manor of

Baston shows that its importance was still of recent growth. One-third of

the geld was paid to Geoffrey de Coutances, bishop of Exeter, who threw up

the earthworks of the castle. He joined in a rebellion against William II.,

and after his death the king granted the town and castle, as part of the

honour of Gloucester, to Robert FitzHamon, whose daughter Mabel, marrying

Earl Robert of Gloucester in 1119, brought him Bristol as her dowry. Earl

Robert still further strengthened the castle, probably with masonry, and

involved Bristol in the rebellion against Stephen. From the castle he

harried the whole neighbourhood, threatened Bath, and sold his prisoners as

slaves to Ireland. A contemporary chronicler describes Bristol castle as

"seated on a mighty mound, and garrisoned with knights and foot soldiers or

rather robbers and raiders," and he calls Bristol the stepmother of

England.

The history of the charters granted to Bristol begins about this time. A

charter granted by Henry II. in 1172 exempted the burgesses of Bristol from

certain tolls throughout the kingdom, and confirmed existing liberties.

Another charter of the same year granted the city of Dublin to the men of

Bristol as a colony with the same liberties as their own town.

As a result probably of the close connexion between Bristol and Ireland the

growth of the wool trade was maintained. Many Bristol men settled in

Dublin, which for a long time was a Bristol beyond the seas, its charters

being almost duplicates of those granted to Bristol. About this time

Bristol began to export wool to the Baltic, and had developed a wine trade

with the south of France, while soap-making and tanning were flourishing

industries. Bristol was still organized manorially rather than municipally.

Its chief courts were the weekly hundred court and the court leet held

three times a year, and presided over by the reeve appointed by the earl of

Gloucester. By the marriage of Earl John with the heiress of Earl William

of Gloucester, Bristol became part of the royal demesne, the rent payable

to the king being fixed, and the town shook off the feudal yoke. The

charter granted by John in 1190 was an epoch in the history of the borough.

It provided that no burgess should be impleaded without the walls, that no

non-burgess should sell wine, cloth, wool, leather or corn in Bristol, that

all should hold by burgage tenure, that corn need not be ground at the

lord's mill, and that the burgesses should have all their reasonable gilds.

At some uncertain date soon after this a commune was established in Bristol

on the French model, Robert FitzNichol, the first mayor of Bristol, taking

the oath in 1200. The mayor was chosen, not, like the reeve whom he had

displaced, by the overlord, but by the merchants of Bristol who were

members of the merchant gild. The first documentary evidence of the

existence of the merchant gild appears in 1242. In addition, there were

many craft gilds (later at least twenty-six were known to exist), the most

important being the gilds of the weavers, tuckers and fullers, and the Gild

of the Kalendars of Bristol, which devoted itself to religious, educational

and social work. The mayor of Bristol was helped by two assistants, who

were called provosts until 1267, and from 1267 to 1311 were known as

stewards, and after that date as bailiffs. Before this time many religious

houses had been founded. Earl Robert of Gloucester established the

Benedictine priory of St James; there were Dominican and Franciscan

priories, a monastery of Carmelites, and an abbey of St Augustine founded

by Robert FitzHardinge.

In the reign of John, Bristol began the struggle to absorb the neighbouring

manor of Bedminster, the eastern half of which was held by the Templars by

gift of Earl Robert of Gloucester, and the western half, known as

Redcliffe, was sold by the same earl to Robert FitzHardinge, afterwards

Lord Berkeley. The [v.04 p.0581] Templars acquiesced without much

difficulty, but the wealthy owners of the manor of Redcliffe, who had their

own manorial courts, market, fair and quay, resisted the union for nearly

one hundred years. In 1247 a new course was cut for the river Frome which

vastly improved the harbour, and in the same year a stone bridge was built

over the Avon, bringing Temple and Redcliffe into closer touch with the

city. The charter granted by Henry III. in 1256 was important. It gave the

burgesses the right to choose coroners, and as they already farmed the geld

payable to the king, Bristol must have been practically independent of the

king. The growing exclusiveness of the merchant gild led to the great

insurrection of 1312. The oligarchical party was supported by the

Berkeleys, but the opposition continued their rebellion until 1313, when

the town was besieged and taken by the royal forces. During the reign of

Edward III. cloth manufacture developed in Bristol. Thomas Blanket set up

looms in 1337, employing many foreign workmen, and in 1353 Bristol was made

one of the Staple towns, the office of mayor of the staple being held by

the mayor of the town.

The charter of 1373 extended the boundaries of the town to include

Redcliffe (thus settling the long-standing dispute) and the waters of the

Avon and Severn up to the Steep and Flat Holmes; and made Bristol a county

in itself, independent of the county courts, with an elected sheriff, and a

council of forty to be chosen by the mayor and sheriff. The town was

divided into five wards, each represented by an alderman, the aldermen

alone being eligible for the mayoralty. This charter (confirmed in 1377 and

1488) was followed by the period of Bristol's greatest prosperity, the era

of William Canyng, of the foundation of the Society of Merchant Venturers,

and of the voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot. William Canyng (1399-1474)

was five times mayor and twice represented Bristol in parliament; he

carried on a huge cloth trade with the Baltic and rebuilt St Mary

Redcliffe. At the same time cloth was exported by Bristol merchants to

France, Spain and the Levant. The records of the Society of Merchant

Venturers began in 1467, and the society increased in influence so rapidly

that in 1500 it directed all the foreign trade of the city and had a lease

of the port dues. It was incorporated in 1552, and received other charters

in 1638 and 1662. Henry VII. granted Bristol a charter in 1499 (confirmed

in 1510) which removed the theoretically popular basis of the corporation

by the provision that the aldermen were to be elected by the mayor and

council. At the dissolution of the monasteries the diocese of Bristol was

founded, which included the counties of Bristol and Dorset. The voyages of

discovery in which Bristol had played a conspicuous part led to a further

trade development. In the 16th century Bristol traded with Spain, the

Canaries and the Spanish colonies in America, shared in the attempt to

colonize Newfoundland, and began the trade in African slaves which

flourished during the 17th century. Bristol took a great share in the Civil

War and was three times besieged. Charles II. granted a formal charter of

incorporation in 1664, the governing body being the mayor, 12 aldermen, 30

common councilmen, 2 sheriffs, 2 coroners, a town clerk, clerk of the peace

and 39 minor officials, the governing body itself filling up all vacancies

in its number. In the 18th century the cloth trade declined owing to the

competition of Ireland and to the general migration of manufactures to the

northern coalfields, but the prosperity of the city was maintained by the

introduction of manufactures of iron, brass, tin and copper, and by the

flourishing West Indian trade, sugar being taken in exchange for African

slaves.

The hot wells became fashionable in the reign of Anne (who granted a

charter in 1710), and a little later Bristol was the centre of the

Methodist revival of Whitefield and Wesley. The city was small, densely

populated and dirty, with dark, narrow streets, and the mob gained an

unenviable notoriety for violence in the riots of 1708, 1753, 1767 and

1831. At the beginning of the 19th century it was obvious that the

prosperity of Bristol was diminishing, comparatively if not actually, owing

to (1) the rise of Liverpool, which had more natural facilities as a port

than Bristol could offer, (2) the abolition of the slave trade, which

ruined the West Indian sugar trade, and (3) the extortionate rates levied

by the Bristol Dock Company, incorporated in 1803. These rates made

competition with Liverpool and London impossible, while other tolls were

levied by the Merchant Venturers and the corporation. The decline was

checked by the efforts of the Bristol chamber of commerce (founded in 1823)

and by the Municipal Reform Act of 1835. The new corporation, consisting of

48 councillors and 16 aldermen who elected the mayor, being themselves

chosen by the burgesses of each ward, bought the docks in 1848 and reduced

the fees. In 1877-1880 the docks at the mouth of the river at Avonmouth and

Portishead were made, and these were bought by the corporation in 1884. A

revival of trade, rapid increase of population and enlargement of the

boundaries of the city followed. The chief magistrate became a lord mayor

in 1899.

See J. Corry, _History of Bristol_ (Bristol, 1816); J. Wallaway,

_Antiquities_ (1834); J. Evans, _Chronological History of Bristol_ (1824);

Bristol vol. of _Brit. Archaeol. Inst._; J.F. Nicholl and J. Taylor,

_Bristol Past and Present_ (Bristol and London, 1882); W. Hunt, _Bristol_,

in "Historic Towns" series (London, 1887); J. Latimer, _Annals of Bristol_

(various periods); G.E. Weare, _Collectanea relating to the Bristol Friars_

(Bristol, 1893); Samuel Seyer, _History of Bristol and Bristol Charters_

(1812); _The Little Red Book of Bristol_ (1900); _The Maior's Kalendar_

(Camden Soc., 1872); _Victoria County History, Gloucester_.

BRISTOL, a borough of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Delaware

river, opposite Burlington, New Jersey, 20 m. N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop.

(1890) 6553; (1900) 7104 (1134 foreign-born); (1910) 9256. It is served by

the Pennsylvania railway. The borough is built on level ground elevated

several feet above the river, and in the midst of an attractive farming

country. The principal business houses are on Mill Street; while Radcliffe

Street extends along the river. Among Bristol's manufacturing

establishments are machine shops, rolling mills, a planing mill, yarn,

hosiery and worsted mills, and factories for making carpets, wall paper and

patent leather. Bath Springs are located just outside the borough limits;

though not so famous as they were early in the 18th century, these springs

are still well known for the medicinal properties of their chalybeate

waters. Bristol was one of the first places to be settled in Pennsylvania

after William Penn received his charter for the province in 1681, and from

its settlement until 1725 it was the seat of government of the county. It

was laid out in 1697 and was incorporated as a borough in 1720; the present

charter, however, dates only from 1851.

BRISTOL, the shire-township of Bristol county, Rhode Island, U.S.A., about

15 m. S.S.E. of Providence, between Narragansett Bay on the W. and Mount

Hope Bay on the E., thus being a peninsula. Pop. (1900) 6901, of whom 1923

were foreign-born; (1905; state census) 7512; (1910) 8565; area 12 sq. m.

It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford, and the Rhode Island

Suburban railways, and is connected with the island of Rhode Island by

ferry. Mount Hope (216 ft.), on the eastern side, commands delightful views

of landscape, bay and river scenery. Elsewhere in the township the surface

is gently undulating and generally well adapted to agriculture, especially

to the growing of onions. A small island, Hog Island, is included in the

township. The principal village, also known as Bristol, is a port of entry

with a capacious and deep harbour, has manufactories of rubber and woollen

goods, and is well known as a yacht-building centre, several defenders of

the America's Cup, including the "Columbia" and the "Reliance," having been

built in the Herreshoff yards here. At the close of King Philip's War in

1676, Mount Hope Neck (which had been the seat of the vanquished sachem),

with most of what is now the township of Bristol, was awarded to Plymouth

Colony. In 1680, immediately after Plymouth had conveyed the "Neck" to a

company of four, the village was laid out; the following year, in

anticipation of future commercial importance, the township and the village

were named Bristol, from the town in England. The township became the

shire-township in 1685, passed under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts in

1692, and in 1747 was annexed to Rhode Island. During the War of

Independence the village was bombarded by the British on the 7th of October

1775, but [v.04 p.0582] suffered little damage; on the 25th of May 1778 it

was visited and partially destroyed by a British force.

BRISTOL, a city of Sullivan county, Tennessee, and Washington county,

Virginia, U.S.A., 130 m. N.E. of Knoxville, Tennessee, at an altitude of

about 1700 ft. Pop. (1880) 3209; (1890) 6226; (1900) 9850 (including 1981

negroes); (1910) 13,395, of whom 7148 were in Tennessee and 6247 were in

Virginia. Bristol is served by the Holston Valley, the Southern, the

Virginia & South-Western, and the Norfolk & Western railways, and is a

railway centre of some importance. It is near the great mineral deposits of

Virginia, Tennessee, West Virginia, Kentucky and North Carolina; an

important distributing point for iron, coal and coke; and has tanneries and

lumber mills, iron furnaces, tobacco factories, furniture factories and

packing houses. It is the seat of Sullins College (Methodist Episcopal,

South; 1870) for women, and of the Virginia Institute for Women (Baptist,

1884), both in the state of Virginia, and of a normal college for negroes,

on the Tennessee side of the state line. The Tennessee-Virginia boundary

line runs through the principal street, dividing the place into two

separate corporations, the Virginia part, which before 1890 (when it was

chartered as a city) was known as Goodson, being administratively

independent of the county in which it is situated. Bristol was settled

about 1835, and the town of Bristol, Tennessee, was first incorporated in

1856.

BRISTOW, BENJAMIN HELM (1832-1896), American lawyer and politician, was

born in Elkton, Kentucky, on the 20th of June 1832, the son of Francis

Marion Bristow (1804-1864), a Whig member of Congress in 1854-1855 and

1859-1861. He graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in

1851, studied law under his father, and was admitted to the Kentucky bar in

1853. At the beginning of the Civil War he became lieutenant-colonel of the

25th Kentucky Infantry; was severely wounded at Shiloh; helped to recruit

the 8th Kentucky Cavalry, of which he was lieutenant-colonel and later

colonel; and assisted at the capture of John H. Morgan in July 1863. In

1863-1865 he was state senator; in 1865-1866 assistant United States

district-attorney, and in 1866-1870 district-attorney for the Louisville

district; and in 1870-1872, after a few months' practice of law with John

M. Harlan, was the (first appointed) solicitor-general of the United

States. In 1873 President Grant nominated him attorney-general of the

United States in case George H. Williams were confirmed as chief justice of

the United States,--a contingency which did not arise. As secretary of the

treasury (1874-1876) he prosecuted with vigour the so-called "Whisky Ring,"

the headquarters of which was at St Louis, and which, beginning in 1870 or

1871, had defrauded the Federal government out of a large part of its

rightful revenue from the distillation of whisky. Distillers and revenue

officers in St Louis, Milwaukee, Cincinnati and other cities were

implicated, and the illicit gains--which in St Louis alone probably

amounted to more than $2,500,000 in the six years 1870-1876--were divided

between the distillers and the revenue officers, who levied assessments on

distillers ostensibly for a Republican campaign fund to be used in

furthering Grant's re-election. Prominent among the ring's alleged

accomplices at Washington was Orville E. Babcock, private secretary to

President Grant, whose personal friendship for Babcock led him to

indiscreet interference in the prosecution. Through Bristow's efforts more

than 200 men were indicted, a number of whom were convicted, but after some

months' imprisonment were pardoned. Largely owing to friction between

himself and the president, Bristow resigned his portfolio in June 1876; as

secretary of the treasury he advocated the resumption of specie payments

and at least a partial retirement of "greenbacks"; and he was also an

advocate of civil service reform. He was a prominent candidate for the

Republican presidential nomination in 1876. After 1878 he practised law in

New York City, where he died on the 22nd of June 1896.

See _Memorial of Benjamin Helm Bristow_, largely prepared by David Willcox

(Cambridge, Mass., privately printed, 1897); _Whiskey Frauds_, 44th Cong.,

1st Sess., Mis. Doc. No. 186; _Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring_ (Chicago,

1880), by John McDonald, who for nearly six years had been supervisor of

internal revenue at St Louis,--a book by one concerned and to be considered

in that light.

BRISTOW, HENRY WILLIAM (1817-1889), English geologist, son of Major-General

H. Bristow, who served in the Peninsular War, was born on the 17th of May

1817. He was educated at King's College, London, under John Phillips, then

professor of geology. In 1842 he was appointed assistant geologist on the

Geological Survey, and in that service he remained for forty-six years,

becoming director for England and Wales in 1872, and retiring in 1888. He

was elected F.R.S. in 1862. He died in London on the 14th of June 1889. His

publications (see _Geol. Mag._, 1889, p. 384) include _A Glossary of

Mineralogy_ (1861) and _The Geology of the Isle of Wight_ (1862).

BRITAIN (Gr. [Greek: Pretanikai nêsoi, Brettania]; Lat. _Britannia_, rarely

_Brittania_), the anglicized form of the classical name of England, Wales

and Scotland, sometimes extended to the British Isles as a whole

(_Britannicae Insulae_). The Greek and Roman forms are doubtless attempts

to reproduce a Celtic original, the exact form of which is still matter of

dispute. Brittany (Fr. _Bretagne_) in western France derived its name from

Britain owing to migrations in the 5th and 6th century A.D. The

personification of Britannia as a female figure may be traced back as far

as the coins of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (early 2nd century A.D.); its

first appearance on modern coins is on the copper of Charles II. (see

NUMISMATICS).

In what follows, the archaeological interest of early Britain is dealt

with, in connexion with the history of Britain in Pre-Roman, Roman, and

Anglo-Saxon days; this account being supplementary to the articles ENGLAND;

ENGLISH HISTORY; SCOTLAND, &c.