RELIGIOUS VIEWS.
The name of Glasites or Sandemanians is given to a small sect of
Christians which separated from the Scottish Presbyterian Church
about 1730 under the leadership of the Rev. John Glas. Most of the
congregations which sprang up in England were formed in consequence
of the dissemination of the writings and by the preaching of Robert
Sandeman, son-in-law and successor of Glas. Hence the double name. The
Sandemanian Church in London was constituted about 1760. It still has
a chapel in Barnsbury, though the sect as a whole--never numerous--has
dwindled to a small remnant.[58] The religious census of 1851 showed
but six congregations in England and six in Scotland. As it never was
a proselytising body, it is probable that it has diminished since that
date. John Glas was deposed in 1728 by the Presbyterian Courts from his
position as minister in the Scottish Church, because he taught that
the Church should be governed only by the doctrines of Christ and His
apostles, and not be subject to any League or Covenant. He held that
the formal establishment by any nation of a professed religion was
the subversion of primitive Christianity; that Christ did not come to
establish any worldly authority, but to give a hope of eternal life to
His people whom He should choose of His own sovereign will; that “the
Bible,” and it alone, with nothing added to it nor taken away from it
by man, was the sole and sufficient guide for each individual, at all
times and in all circumstances; that faith in the divinity and work
of Christ is the gift of God, and that the evidence of this faith is
obedience to the commandment of Christ.
[Sidenote: THE SANDEMANIAN CREED.]
The tenets of Glas are somewhat obscure and couched in mystical
language. They prescribe a spiritual union which binds its members into
one body as a Church without its being represented by any corresponding
outward ecclesiastical polity. He died in 1773. Sandeman, who spent
most of his life in preaching these doctrines, died about the same time
in New England. He caused to be inscribed on his tomb that “he boldly
contended for the ancient faith that the bare death of Jesus Christ,
without a deed or thought on the part of man, is sufficient to present
the chief of sinners spotless before God.”
[Sidenote: A PRIMITIVE CHURCH.]
The Sandemanians try--so far as modern conditions permit--to live up
to the practice of the Christian Church as it was in the time of the
Apostles. At their chapel they “broke bread” every Lord’s day in the
forenoon, making this a common meal between the morning and afternoon
services, and taking their places by casting lots. And weekly, at
their simple celebration of the Lord’s Supper at the close of the
afternoon service, before partaking, they collect money for the support
of the poor and for expenses. In some places they dined together at
one another’s houses instead of at the chapel. “They esteem the lot
as a sacred thing. The washing of the feet is also retained: not, it
would seem, on any special occasion, but the ablution is performed
‘whenever it can be an act of kindness to a brother to do so.’ Another
peculiarity of this religious body is their objection to second
marriages.”[59] Members are received into the Church on the confession
of sin and profession of faith made publicly at one of the afternoon
services. In admitting a new member they give the kiss of charity.
They deem it wrong to save up money; “the Lord will provide” being an
essential item of faith. Traces of this curious fatalism may be found
in one of Faraday’s letters to his wife (p. 52). He seems always to
have spent his surplus income on charity. The Sandemanians have neither
ordained ministers nor paid preachers. In each congregation, however,
there are chosen elders (presbyters or bishops), of whom there must
always be a plurality, and of whom two at least must be present at
every act of discipline. The elders take it in turns to preside at the
worship, and are elected by the unanimous choice of the congregation.
The sole qualification for this office, which is unpaid, is that
earnestness of purpose and sincerity of life which would have been
required in Apostolic times for the office of bishop or presbyter. No
difference of opinion is tolerated, but is met by excommunication,
which amongst families so connected by marriage produces much
unhappiness, since they hold to the Apostle’s injunction, “With such an
one, no, not to eat.”
The foregoing summary is needed to enable the reader to comprehend
the relationship of Faraday to this body. His father and grandfather
had belonged to this sect. In 1763 there was a congregation at Kirkby
Stephen (the home of Faraday’s mother) numbering about thirty persons;
and there appears to have been a chapel--now used as a barn--in
Clapham. A strong religious feeling had been dominant in the Faraday
family through the preceding generation. James Faraday, on his removal
to London, there joined the Sandemanian congregation, which at that
time met in a small chapel in St. Paul’s Alley, Barbican, since pulled
down. It had, when founded in 1762, held its first meetings in the hall
of the Glovers’ Company, and later in Bull and Mouth Street, till 1778.
James Faraday’s wife, mother of Michael Faraday, never formally joined
the Sandemanian Church, though a regular attendant of the congregation.
Michael Faraday was from a boy brought up in the practice of attending
this simple worship, and in the atmosphere of this primitive religious
faith. Doubtless such surroundings exercised a moulding influence on
his mind and character. The attitude of abstinence from attempts to
proselytise, on the part of the church, finds its reflex in Faraday’s
habitual reticence, towards all save only the most intimate of friends,
on matters of religious faith. “Never once,” says Professor Tyndall,
“during an intimacy of fifteen years, did he mention religion to me,
save when I drew him on to the subject. He then spoke to me without
hesitation or reluctance; not with any apparent desire to ‘improve the
occasion,’ but to give me such information as I sought. He believed the
human heart to be swayed by a power to which science or logic opened no
approach; and right or wrong, this faith, held in perfect tolerance of
the faiths of others, strengthened and beautified his life.”
[Sidenote: HIS PROFESSION OF FAITH.]
Of his spiritual history down to the time of his marriage very little
is known, for he made no earlier profession of faith. It is not to
be supposed that he who was so scrupulous of truth, so single-minded
in every relation of life, would accept the religious belief of his
fathers without satisfying his conscience as to the rightness of its
claims. Yet none of his letters or writings of that period show any
trace[60] of that stress of soul through which at one time or another
every sincere and earnest seeker after truth must pass before he
finds anchorage. Certain it is that he clung with warm attachment to
the little self-contained sect amongst whom he had been brought up.
Its influence, though contracting his activities by precluding all
Christian communion or effort outside their circle, and cutting him
off from so much that other Christian bodies hold good, fenced him
effectually from dreams of worldliness, and furnished him with that
very detachment which was most essential to his scientific pursuits.
One month after his marriage he made his confession of sin and
profession of faith before the Sandemanian Church. It was an act of
humility the more striking in that it was done without any consultation
with his wife, to whom he was so closely attached, and who was already
a member of the congregation. When she asked him why he had not told
her what he was about to do, he replied: “That is between me and my
God.”
In 1844 he wrote to Lady Lovelace as follows:--
“You speak of religion, and here you will be sadly disappointed in
me. You will perhaps remember that I guessed, and not very far aside,
your tendency in this respect. Your confidence in me claims in return
mine to you, which indeed I have no hesitation in giving on fitting
occasions, but these I think are very few, for in my mind religious
conversation is generally in vain. _There is no philosophy in my
religion._ I am of a very small and despised sect of Christians, known,
if known at all, as Sandemanians, and our hope is founded on the faith
that is in Christ. But though the natural works of God can never by
any possibility come in contradiction with the higher things that
belong to our future existence, and must with everything concerning
Him ever glorify Him, still I do not think it at all necessary to tie
the study of the natural sciences and religion together, and, in my
intercourse with my fellow creatures, that which is religious and that
which is philosophical have ever been two distinct things.”
His own views were stated by himself at the commencement of a lecture
on _Mental Education_ in 1854:--
High as man is placed above the creatures around him, there
is a higher and far more exalted position within his view;
and the ways are infinite in which he occupies his thoughts
about the fears, or hopes, or expectations of a future life.
I believe that the truth of that future cannot be brought to
his knowledge by any exertion of his mental powers, however
exalted they may be; that it is made known to him by other
teaching than his own, and is received through simple belief
of the testimony given. Let no one suppose for a moment that
the self-education I am about to commend, in respect of the
things of this life, extends to any considerations of the hope
set before us, as if man by reasoning could find out God. It
would be improper here to enter upon this subject further than
to claim an absolute distinction between religious and ordinary
belief. I shall be reproached with the weakness of refusing to
apply those mental operations which I think good in respect
of high things to the very highest. I am content to bear the
reproach.
One of his friends wrote: “When he entered the meeting-house he left
his science behind, and he would listen to the prayer and exhortation
of the most illiterate brother of his sect with an attention which
showed how he loved the word of truth, from whomsoever it came.”
[Sidenote: AS ELDER AND PREACHER.]
“The most remarkable event,” says Dr. Bence Jones, “of his life in 1840
was his election as an elder of the Sandemanian Church. During that
period when in London he preached on alternate Sundays.” This was not
an entirely new duty, for he had been occasionally called upon by the
elders, from the date of his admission in 1821, to exhort the brethren
at the week-day evening meetings, or to read the Scriptures in the
congregation. Bence Jones says that, though no one could lecture like
Faraday, many might preach with more effect. The eager and vivacious
manner of the lecture-room was exchanged for a devout earnestness
that was in complete contrast. His addresses have been described as a
patchwork of texts cited rapidly from the Old and New Testaments; and
they were always extempore, though he prepared careful notes on a piece
of card beforehand. Of these, samples are given in Bence Jones’s “Life
and Letters.” His first discourse as an elder was on Matt. xi. 28–30,
dilating on Christ’s character and example. “Learn of Me.” The ground
of humility of Christians must be the infinite distance between them
and their Pattern. He quoted 1 John ii. 6; 1 Peter ii. 21; Phil. iii.
17; 1 Cor. xi. 1; and 1 Cor. xiv. 1.
An exceedingly vivid view of Faraday as elder of the Church was given
in 1886[61] by the late Mr. C. C. Walker, himself at one time a member
of the Sandemanian congregation in London; a congregation, moreover,
which included several persons of distinction--Cornelius Varley, the
engraver, and George Barnard, the water-colour painter.
At Faraday’s chapel there was a presiding elder, supported by
the rest of the elders on two rows of seats elevated across
the end of the chapel, one row above the other. The ground
floor was filled with the old-fashioned high pews, and there
was a gallery above on both sides, also with pews. Faraday sat
in a pew on the ground floor, about the middle. There was a
large table on the floor of the chapel in front of the elders’
seats. The presiding elder usually preached. Such was the place
Faraday worshipped in, situated at the end of a narrow dirty
court, surrounded by squalid houses of the poorest of the poor,
and so little known that although I knew every street, lane
and alley of the whole district, and this alley itself, at the
bottom of which the chapel was, I never knew of the existence
of the meeting-house till I learned about thirty-five years
ago that there was a chapel there to which the world-renowned
Faraday not only went, but where he preached. This led me to
make a search, and to my great delight, I found it, though with
some difficulty. Although the neighbourhood was uncleanly, not
so was the interior of the chapel, nor the dining room, with
its tables and forms, all of which were spotless.
Faraday’s father was a blacksmith, and worshipped here. He
brought up his family religiously, and Faraday from his
earliest days attended the chapel. Here he met Miss Barnard,
his future wife. Mr. Barnard was a respectable “working
silversmith,” as manufacturing silversmiths were then called,
to distinguish them from the shopkeepers who then, as now,
called themselves “silversmiths,” though frequently making none
of the goods they sell. His manufactory was for a time at Amen
Court, Paternoster Row; afterwards it was removed to a large
building erected by the firm at Angel Street, near the General
Post Office, and the business has since been carried on by the
sons and grandsons.
[Sidenote: RELIGIOUS SERVICE.]
Mr. Barnard and his family worshipped at the Sandemanian
Chapel. To this chapel Faraday walked every Sunday morning from
his earliest days; he never kept a carriage, and on religious
principles would not hire a cab or omnibus on the Lord’s
day.[62]
The service commenced at eleven in the morning and lasted till
about one, after which the members--“brothers and sisters,”
as they called each other--had their midday meal “in common”
in the room attached to the chapel, which has already been
referred to. The afternoon worship usually ended about five
o’clock, after partaking of the Lord’s Supper. The services
were very much like those of the Congregationalists, and
consisted of extempore prayers, hymns, reading the Scripture,
and a sermon, usually by the presiding elder. Faraday had been
an elder for a great many years, and for a considerable time
was the presiding elder, and consequently preached; but during
this time relinquished his office. There was one peculiarity
in the service; the Scriptures were not read by the presiding
elder, but he called on one of the members to read; and when
Faraday was there--which he always was when in London--the
presiding elder named “Brother Michael Faraday,” who then
left his pew, passing along the aisle, out of the chapel, up
the stairs at the back, and reappeared behind the presiding
elder’s seat, who had already opened the large Bible in front
of him, and pointed out the chapter to be read. It was one of
the richest treats that it has been my good fortune to enjoy to
hear Faraday read the Bible. The reader was quite unaware what
he was to read until it was selected and when one chapter of
the Old Testament was finished another would be given, probably
from the New Testament. Usually three chapters were read, and
sometimes four, in succession; but if it had been half a dozen
there would have been no weariness, for the perfection of the
reading, with its clearness of pronunciation, its judicious
emphasis, the rich musical voice, and the perfect charm of
the reader, with his natural reverence, made it a delight to
listen. I have heard most of those who are considered our best
readers in church and chapel, but have never heard a reader
that I considered equal to Faraday.
At this distance of time his tones are always in my ears.
* * * * *
I was told by members of the chapel that he was most assiduous
in visiting the poorer brethren and sisters at their own homes,
comforting them in their sorrows and afflictions, and assisting
them from his own purse. Indeed, they said, he was continually
pressed to be the guest of the high and noble (which we may
well believe), but he would, if possible, decline, preferring
to visit some poor sister in trouble, assist her, take a cup
of tea with her, read the Bible and pray. Though so full of
religion, he was never obtrusive with it; it was too sacred a
thing.
Tyndall has preserved another vivid reminiscence of Faraday’s inner
life, which he wrote down after one of the earliest dinners which he
had in the Royal Institution.
“At two o’clock he came down for me. He, his niece, and myself formed
the party. ‘I never give dinners,’ he said; ‘I don’t know how to give
dinners; and I never dine out. But I should not like my friends to
attribute this to a wrong cause. I act thus for the sake of securing
time for work, and not through religious motives as some imagine.’ He
said grace. I am almost ashamed to call his prayer a ‘saying’ of grace.
In the language of Scripture, it might be described as the petition
of a son into whose heart God had sent the Spirit of His Son, and who
with absolute trust asked a blessing from his Father. We dined on
roast beef, Yorkshire pudding, and potatoes, drank sherry, talked of
research and its requirements, and of his habit of keeping himself free
from the distractions of society. He was bright and joyful--boylike,
in fact, though he is now sixty-two. His work excites admiration, but
contact with him warms and elevates the heart. Here, surely, is a
strong man. I love strength, but let me not forget the example of its
union with modesty, tenderness, and sweetness, in the character of
Faraday.”
There is a story told by the Abbé Moigno that one day at Faraday’s
request he introduced him to Cardinal Wiseman. In the frank interview
which followed, the Cardinal did not hesitate to ask Faraday whether,
in his deepest conviction, he believed all the Church of Christ, holy,
catholic, and apostolic, was shut up in the little sect in which he was
officially an elder. “Oh, no!” was Faraday’s reply; “but I do believe
from the bottom of my soul that Christ is with us.”
[Sidenote: ELDERSHIP INTERRUPTED.]
The course of Faraday’s eldership was, however, interrupted. It was
expected of an elder that he should attend every Sunday. One Sunday
he was absent. When it was discovered that his absence was due to his
having been “commanded” to dine with the Queen at Windsor, and that so
far from expressing penitence, he was prepared to defend his action,
his office became vacant. He was even cut off from ordinary membership.
Nevertheless, he continued for years to attend the meetings just as
before. He would even return from the provincial meetings of the
British Association to London for the Sunday, so as not to be absent.
In 1860 he was received back as an elder, which office he held again
for about three years and a half, and finally resigned it in 1864.
It is doubtful whether Faraday ever attempted to form any connected
ideas as to the nature or method of operation of the Divine government
of the physical world, in which he had such a whole-souled belief.
Newton has left us such an attempt. Kant in his own way has put forward
another. So did Herschel; and so in our time have the authors of “The
Unseen Universe.” To Faraday all such “natural theology” would have
seemed vain and aimless. It was no part of the lecturer on natural
philosophy to speculate as to final causes behind the physical laws
with which he dealt. Nor, on the other hand, was it the slightest use
to the Christian to inquire in what way God ruled the universe: it was
enough that He did rule it.
[Sidenote: RELIGION AND SCIENCE.]
Faraday’s mental organisation, which made it possible for him to
erect an absolute barrier between his science and his religion,
was an unusual one. The human mind is seldom built in such rigid
compartments that a man whose whole life is spent in analysing,
testing, and weighing truths in one department of knowledge, can cut
himself off from applying the same testing and inquiring processes
in another department. The founder of the sect had taught them that
the Bible alone, with nothing added to it or taken away from it by
man, was the only and sufficient guide for the soul. Apparently
Faraday never admitted the possibility of human flaw in the printing,
editing, translation, collation, or construction of the Bible. He
apparently never even desired to know how it compared with the oldest
manuscripts, or what was the evidence for the authenticity of the
various versions. Having once accepted the views of his sect as to the
absolute inspiration of the English Bible as a whole, he permitted no
subsequent question to be raised as to its literal authority. Tyndall
once described this attitude of mind in his own trenchant way by saying
that when Faraday opened the door of his oratory he closed that of his
laboratory. The saying may seem hard, but it is essentially true. To
few indeed is such a limitation of character possible: possibly it may
be unique. We may reverence the frank single-minded simplicity of soul
which dwelt in Faraday, and may yet hold that, whatever limitation
was right for him, others would do wrong if they refused to bring
the powers of the mind--God-given as they believe--to bear upon the
discovery of truth in the region of Biblical research. Yet may none of
them dream of surpassing in transparent honesty of soul, in genuine
Christian humility, in the virtues of kindness, earnestness, and
sympathetic devotion, the great and good man who denied himself that
freedom.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Faraday’s usual place of work at bookbinding was a little room on
the left of the entrance. (_See_ the story of his visit there with
Tyndall in after years, as narrated in Tyndall’s “Faraday,” p. 8.)
[2] Still preserved in Faraday’s Diploma-book, now in the possession of
the Royal Society.
[3] An account of this machine will be found in the _Argonaut_, vol.
ii., p. 33.
[4] “When he [Faraday] was young, poor, and altogether unknown,
Masquerier was kind to him; and now that he is a great man he does not
forget his old friend.”--Diary of H. Crabb Robinson, vol. iii., p. 375.
[5] He always sat in the gallery over the clock.
[6] See Dr. Paris’s “Life of Davy,” vol. ii., p. 2; or Bence Jones’s
“Life and Letters of Faraday,” vol. i., p. 47.
[7] His duties as laid down by the managers were these:--“To attend
and assist the lecturers and professors in preparing for, and during
lectures. Where any instruments or apparatus may be required, to attend
to their careful removal from the model-room and laboratory to the
lecture-room, and to clean and replace them after being used, reporting
to the managers such accidents as shall require repair, a constant
diary being kept by him for that purpose. That in one day in each week
he be employed in keeping clean the models in the repository, and that
all the instruments in the glass cases be cleaned and dusted at least
once within a month.”
[8] The City Philosophical Society was given up at the time when
Mechanics’ Institutes were started in London, Tatum selling his
apparatus to that established in Fleet Street, the forerunner of the
Birkbeck Institution. Many of the City Society’s members joined the
Society of Arts.
[9] Two passages may be quoted. “Finally, Sir H. has no valet except
myself ... and ’tis the name more than the thing which hurts.” “When I
return home, I fancy I shall return to my old profession of bookseller,
for books still continue to please me more than anything else.”
[10] The meeting at which it was actually originated was held under the
presidency of Sir Joseph Banks, P.R.S., nominally as a meeting for the
_Assistance of the Poor!_
[11] A writer in the _Quarterly Journal of Science_ for 1868, p. 50,
says: “We have reason to know that Davy was slightly annoyed that the
certificate proposing Faraday for election should have originated with
Richard Phillips, and that he should not have been consulted before
that gentleman was allowed to take the matter in hand.” This is absurd,
because the President was by long-standing etiquette debarred from
signing the certificates of any but foreign members, as the certificate
book of the Royal Society attests.
[12] See p. 12.
[13] Liddon’s “Life of E. B. Pusey” (1893), p. 219.
[14] For this information and many particulars of this transaction I am
indebted to Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S.
[15] “It was probably in a four-wheeled velocipede that Faraday was
accustomed, some thirty years ago, to work his way up and down the
steep roads near Hampstead and Highgate. This machine appears to have
been of his own construction, and was worked by levers and a crank
axle in the same manner as the rest of the four-wheeled class.”--_The
Velocipede: its past, its present, and its future._ By J. F. B. Firth.
London, 1869.
[16] Except on nickel and cobalt, which are also para-magnetic metals.
[17] For a graphic account by Hansteen of the circumstances of
Oersted’s discovery, see Bence Jones’s “Life and Letters of Faraday,”
vol. ii. p. 390.
[18] “To the effect which takes place in this conductor [or uniting
wire] and in the surrounding space, we shall give the name of the
_conflict of electricity_.”...
“From the preceding facts we may likewise collect that this conflict
performs circles; for without this condition, it seems impossible that
the one part of the uniting wire, when placed below the magnetic pole,
should drive it towards the east, and when placed above it towards the
west; for it is the nature of a circle that the motions in opposite
parts should have an opposite direction.”--H. C. OERSTED, _Ann. of
Phil._, Oct., 1820, pp. 273–276.
[19] This is an error due to haste in writing.
[20] See a paper by the author in the _Philosophical Magazine_ for
June, 1895, entitled “Note on a Neglected Experiment of Ampère.”
[21] Compare Dumas, “Éloge Historique de Michel Faraday,” p. xxxiii.,
who gives the above statement. Arago’s own account to the _Académie_
differs slightly.
[22] This ring Faraday is represented as holding in his hand in the
beautiful marble statue by Foley which stands in the Entrance Hall of
the Royal Institution. The ring itself is still preserved at the Royal
Institution amongst the Faraday relics. The accompanying cut (Fig. 4)
is facsimiled from Faraday’s own sketch in his laboratory note-book.
[23] Now in the possession of the author, to whom it was given by his
kinswoman Lady Wilson, youngest daughter of Richard Phillips.
[24] The day of the Annual Meeting and election of Council of the Royal
Society.
[25] This is a slip in the description; the momentary current induced
in the secondary wire on making the current in the primary is
_inverse_: it is succeeded by a momentary _direct_ current when the
primary current is stopped.
[26] This doubtless refers to Whewell, of Cambridge, whom he was in the
habit of consulting on questions of nomenclature.
[27] A man of fashion who had, without any claim to distinction, wormed
himself into scientific society, posed as a savant, and had delivered a
high-flown oration on botany at the Royal Institution.
[28] The use of this term, as distinguished from production, to
distinguish between the primary generation of a current in a voltaic
cell, a thermopile, or a friction-machine, by chemical or molecular
action, and its indirect production without contact or communication of
any material sort, as by motion of a wire near a magnet or by secondary
influence from a neighbouring primary current while that current is
varying in strength or proximity, is exceedingly significant. Faraday’s
own meaning in adopting it is best grasped by referring to p. 1 of the
“Experimental Researches”:--
“On the _Induction_ of Electric Currents.”... The general
term _induction_ which, as it has been received into
scientific language, may also, with propriety, be used to
express the power which electrical currents may possess of
inducing any particular state upon matter in their immediate
neighbourhood.... I propose to call this action of the current
from the voltaic battery _volta-electric induction_ ... but as
a distinction in language is still necessary, I propose to call
the agency thus exerted by ordinary magnets _magneto-electric
or magne-electric_ induction.
[29] “Experimental Researches,” i. 25, art. 85. This copper disc is
still preserved at the Royal Institution. It was shown in action by the
author of this work, at a lecture at the Royal Institution delivered
April 11th, 1891. Fig. 6 is reproduced in facsimile from Faraday’s
laboratory note-book.
[30] “Experimental Researches,” i. art. 135.
[31] _Ib._, art. 155.
[32] _Ib._, art. 158.
[33] _Ib._, art. 219.
[34] “Experimental Researches,” i. art. 220.
[35] _Ib._, art. 222.
[36] _Ib._, iii. art. 3192.
[37] “Ann. Chim. Phys.,” li. 76, 1832.
[38] The great magnet of the Royal Society, which was at this time lent
to Mr. Christie.
[39] [Original footnote by Faraday.] By magnetic curves, I mean the
lines of magnetic force, however modified by the juxtaposition of
poles, which would be depicted by iron filings; or those to which a
very small magnetic needle would form a tangent.
[40] The entire uselessness as well as the misleading effects of
such unscientific nomenclature might well be taken to heart by those
electrophysiologists and electrotherapeutists who still indulge in the
jargon of “franklinisation,” “faradisation,” and “galvanisation.”
[41] In modern language this would be called the time-integral of
the discharge. The statement is strictly true if the galvanometer
(as was the case with Faraday’s) is one of relatively long period of
oscillation.
[42] From ἄνω _upwards_ and ὁδός _a way_; and κατά _downwards_ and ὁδός
_a way_. The words _cathode_ and _cation_ are now more usually spelled
_kathode_ and _kation_. Faraday sometimes spelled the word _cathion_
(Exp. Res. Art. 1351), as did also Whewell (Hist. of Ind. Sciences,
vol. iii. p. 166).
[43] Literally, _the travellers_, the things which are going.
[44] The term _induction_ appears to have been originally used, in
contradistinction to _contact_ or _conduction_, to connote those
effects which apparently are in the class of actions at a distance.
Thus we may have induction of a charge by a charge, or of a magnet-pole
by a magnet-pole. To these Faraday had added the induction of a current
by a current, and the induction of a current by a moving magnet. Amid
such varying adaptations of the word _induction_, there is much gain
in allotting to the electrostatic induction of charges by charges the
distinguishing name of _influence_, as suggested by Priestley.
[45] “Faraday as a Discoverer,” p. 67.
[46] Newton’s third letter to Bentley.
[47] Faraday’s definition is:--“By a _diamagnetic_, I mean a body
through which lines of magnetic force are passing, and which does not
by their action assume the usual magnetic state of iron or loadstone.”
It was thus a term strictly analogous to the term _dielectric_ used for
bodies through which lines of electric force might pass.
[48] _i.e._ Specimen No. 174. Its composition was equal parts by weight
of boracic acid, oxide of lead, and silica.
[49] Subsequent investigation has reduced this figure to about 186,400
miles per second, or about 30,000,000,000 centimetres per second.
[50] The accompanying diagram (Fig. 20) was not given by Faraday. It
was pencilled by the author more than twenty years ago in the margin
of his copy of Faraday’s “Experimental Researches,” vol. iii., p. 450,
opposite this passage.
[51] The discourse was to have been delivered by Wheatstone himself,
who, however, at the last moment, overcome by the shyness from which he
suffered to an almost morbid degree, quitted the Institution, and left
the delivery of the discourse to Faraday.
[52] The italics here are mine. S. P. T.
[53] It is right to add that what, according to the theory explained in
the text, must be the correct explanation of the peculiar phenomena of
magnetic induction depending on magnecrystallic properties was clearly
stated in the form of a conjecture by Faraday in his twenty-second
series in the following terms: “Or we might suppose that the crystal
is a little more apt for magnetic induction, or a little less apt
for diamagnetic induction, in the direction of the magnecrystallic
axis than in other directions” (Sir William Thomson, _Philosophical
Magazine_, 1851, or “Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism,” p. 476).
[54] This is exactly Stokes’s theorem of “tubes” of force. S. P. T.
[55] The italics are mine. S. P. T.
[56] Once again did Faraday intervene in Royal Society affairs at
the crucial time when Lord Rosse was elected President in 1848. The
following excerpts from the journals of Walter White show the cause:--
“November 25th.--There have been many secret conferences this
week--much trimming and time-serving. Alas for human nature!”
“November 30th.--The eventful day, the ballot begun. Mr. Faraday made
some remarks about the list.”
[57] He was a Chevalier of the Prussian Order of Merit, also Commander
in the Legion of Honour, and Knight Commander of the Order of St.
Maurice and St. Lazarus.
[58] Faraday’s nephew, Frank Barnard, stated in 1871 that the London
congregation included amongst its members not more than twenty men,
mostly quite poor, only seven or eight of them being masters of their
own businesses, and that Faraday was for some time the wealthiest man
of the fraternity.
[59] C. M. Davies: “Unorthodox London,” page 284.
[60] A letter from his nephew, Frank Barnard, to Dr. Gladstone says:
“I believe that in his younger days he had his period of hesitation,
of questioning in that great argument. I have heard that, so alive was
he to the necessity of investigating anything that seemed important,
he visited Joanna Southcote, perhaps to learn what that woman’s
pretensions were: I think he was a mere lad at that time. But this
period once passed, he questioned no more, for the more he saw that
Nature was mighty, the more he felt that God was mightier; and to any
cavillings upon the doubts of Colenso or the reality of the Mosaic
cosmogony, I believe he would simply have replied in the apostle’s
words: ‘Is anything too hard for God?’...
“I once heard him say from the pulpit, ‘I hope none of my hearers will
in these matters listen to the thing called philosophy.’”
[61] _Manchester Guardian_, November 27.
[62] [This is not altogether accurate. Certainly in his later life
Faraday used to hire a cab to take him and Mrs. Faraday to the chapel.
S. P. T.]
INDEX
Abbott, Benjamin, 7, 8, 97, 227;
letters to, 7, 9, 15, 22, 25, 26, 41, 44, 228
Acoustical researches, 136
Action at a distance unthinkable, 128, 153, 157, 216
Admiralty, Scientific adviser to the, 68
Æther, the, Speculations upon, 193, 213
Airy, Sir George, Dispute with, 269
Aloofness from scientific organisations, 264
Ampère, Andrée Marie:
Meeting with, 19;
his researches, 80, 82, 85, 105, 126
Analyst, Faraday’s professional work as, 51, 61, 63, 274
Anderson, Sergeant:
engaged as assistant, 96;
his implicit obedience, 97, 242
Andrews, Professor T., Letter to, 273
Apparatus, Simplicity of, 239
Arago, F.:
Meeting with, 34, 238;
his notations, 106, 116, 118;
his philosophical reserve, 107
Armstrong, Lord, on electrification of steam, 170
Artists amongst acquaintances, 246
Astley’s Theatre, 51
Athenæum Club, 59
Atmospheric magnetism, 206, 209, 210
Atoms or centres of force, 241
Autobiographical notes, 8, 17, 50, 58, 70, 71, 73, 76, 223, 243
B.
Babbage, Charles, 107, 116, 262
Barnard, Edward, 46
----, Frank, 250, 286
----, George, 46, 51, 74, 89, 224, 246, 294
----, Miss Jane, 46, 259
----, ---- Sarah (Mrs. Faraday), 46, 294
Becker, Dr., Letter to, 244
Bence Jones’s “Life and Letters of Faraday,” 7, 26, 40, 43, 48, 57,
58, 78, 108, 199, 226, 231, 293
Benzol, Discovery of, 94, 101
Bidwell, S., magnetic action of light, 184
Biographies of Faraday (_see_ PREFACE)
Boltzmann:
on crystalline dielectrics, 166;
on the doctrines of Faraday and Maxwell, 216
Bookbinding, 5, 6, 17, 249
Bookselling, 5, 17, 26, 31
Books by Faraday:
“On the Means of Obtaining Knowledge,” 41;
“Chemical Manipulations,” 101, 233;
“On Alleged Decline of Science in England” (editor), 110;
“Experimental Researches in Electricity and Magnetism,” 102;
“Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics,” 76;
“On the Prevention of Dry Rot in Timber,” 149;
“Chemistry of a Candle,” 234;
“The Forces of Nature,” 234
Boots, a home-made pair of, 249
Brande, W. F., Prof., 39, 57
Breakdown in health, 170, 199, 222, 259
British Association, 64, 224, 264, 268, 297
Browning, Mrs. E. B., denounces Faraday, 251
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, Letter to, 240
C.
Cards, Use of, to assist memory, 7, 239
Charge, electric, Query as to seat of, 154
----, The nature of an electric, 152
Charitable gifts, 245, 296
Chemical researches, 45, 82, 87;
analysis of caustic lime, 76;
new chlorine compounds, 87;
liquefaction of chlorine, 93;
discovery of benzol, 94;
sulpho-naphthalic acid, 100
Chemistry, How to examine in, 277
Children and Faraday, 233, 235
Chlorine, Liquefaction of, 55, 91
Christmas lectures, 33, 37, 61, 101, 233, 234, 235, 258
City Philosophical Society, 14, 16, 40, 41, 230
Clerk Maxwell, J.:
article on Faraday, 135;
theory of conduction, 155;
electromagnetic theory of light, 199;
on Faraday’s conception of electric action, 217;
letter to, on mathematics, 281
Closing days of Faraday’s life, 259
Coinage of new words, 116, 143, 144, 163, 188, 205
Commonplace books, 40, 89
Conduction, Theory of, 155
Conservation of energy, 167, 219
Contact theory of cells, 168
Continent, Visits to, 16, 17, 74, 224
Controversy, Detestation of, 268
Convolutions of the forces of nature, 167, 172, 269, 270
Copper disc experiment, 113
Criticism, Uses of, 14, 231, 240, 269
Crosse, Mrs. A., Reminiscences of, 233, 245, 270
Crystallisation in relation to electric properties, 166, 167
Crystals in the magnetic field, 200, 202
Current, Conception of a, 146, 163
Cutting the magnetic lines, 134, 213
Crookes, Sir W., Advice to, 267
D.
Dalton, John, 65, 226
Dance, Mr., gives Faraday tickets, 8;
message to, 30
Daniell, Prof. J. F., 64
Davy, Sir Humphry:
lectures of, 8, 36, 227;
note to Faraday, 11;
engages Faraday, 12;
travels abroad, 17;
his aristocratic leanings, 25;
researches on electric arc, 37;
invention of safety lamp, 37, 42, 269;
writes to Faraday, 44, 45;
misunderstanding with, 56;
his jealousy of Faraday, 56, 59;
his electromagnetic discovery, 80;
and the liquefaction of chlorine, 93
Davy-Faraday laboratory, The, 36
De la Rive, Auguste, 29, 66, 105, 237;
letters to, 29, 185
---- ---- ----, Gustave, 20, 28, 116, 141;
letters to, 83, 85, 91, 207, 267
De la Rue, Warren:
his lecture, 39;
his eclipse photographs, 219
Diamagnetic, A, 179
---- polarity, 192, 210
Diamagnetism, Discovery of, 186
Dielectric medium, 153, 159, 163
Diploma-book, 271
Discharge, electric, Forms of, 137, 162
---- ----, Dark, 162
Discoveries, Value of, 63, 224, 248
Displacement currents, 166
Doctrine of conservation of energy, 167, 219
---- of correlation of forces, 172, 269, 270
---- of electrons, 148
Domestic affairs, 49, 69, 244, 257
Doubtful knowledge, Aversion for, 46, 92
Dry rot in timber, 149
Dumas:
Reminiscences by, 20, 59, 240;
and Arago’s copper, 106;
discovery of oxalamide, 137
E.
Eddy-currents, Effects due to, 107, 191, 204
Education, Views on, 278
Eel, The electric, 167
Electric light for lighthouses, 218, 269
Electrical machine, Faraday’s own, 6
---- ----, The “new,” 121
Electrochemical laws, 141, 147
Electrodes, 143
Electrolysis, 143
Electrolytes, 143
Electromagnetic rotations discovered, 51, 83, 87
Electromagnetism, Foundations of, 77
Electrons, Doctrine of, 148
Electrotonic state, 116, 126, 166, 215
Elocution, Lessons in, 43, 230
Enthusiasm, 15, 89, 225, 240
Ether, The (_see_ ÆTHER)
Evolution of electricity from magnetism, 108, 114
Examinations in chemistry, 277
Experiment, Love of, 117, 230, 276
---- the touchstone of hypothesis, 221
---- _versus_ mathematics, 117, 239, 280
Experimental researches in electricity and magnetism:
the first series, 113;
the last series, 216;
Clerk Maxwell on, 218
Expert work, 51, 61, 63, 274
Explosions in the laboratory, 94
F.
Faraday, James, 1, 2, 224
Faraday, Michael:
born, 1;
schooling of, 2;
goes as errand boy, 3;
apprenticed as bookbinder and stationer, 5;
journeyman bookbinder, 9;
attends Tatum’s lectures, 6;
attends Sir H. Davy’s lectures, 8;
acts as Davy’s amanuensis, 10;
engaged at Royal Institution, 12;
his foreign tour with Davy, 16;
visits Paris, 18;
visits Florence, 21;
visits Geneva, 22, 28;
returns to Royal Institution, 34;
lectures at City Philosophical Society, 40, 43;
loyalty to Davy, 42, 59, 269;
begins original work, 46;
falls in love, 46;
his poem to Miss Barnard, 46;
his wedding, 49;
made superintendent of laboratory, 49, 98;
discovers electromagnetic rotations, 51;
elected F.R.S., 59;
made D.C.L. of Oxford, 65;
awarded Copley Medal, 69;
declines professorship in London University, 66;
receives a pension in Civil List, 72;
appointed adviser to Trinity House, 67;
appointed elder in Sandemanian church, 293;
discovers magneto-electric induction, 112, 115;
discovers magneto-optic rotation, 176;
discovers diamagnetism, 186;
readmitted to Sandemanian church, 297;
exposes spiritualistic phenomena, 250;
declines Presidency of Royal Society, 255;
declines presidency of Royal Institution, 255;
resigns professorship at Royal Institution, 259;
resigns advisership to Trinity House, 259;
resigns eldership in Sandemanian church, 259;
decease and funeral, 260
----, Robert, 1, 2, 6, 249, 250
----, Sarah (Mrs. Faraday), 49, 50, 51, 223, 225, 255, 257, 291;
letters to, 47, 48, 52, 53, 256
Faraday’s father, 1, 2, 224, 289
---- mother, 1, 2, 12, 17, 22, 33, 41, 69, 289
Fatalism, 52, 288
Fees for professional work, 51, 61, 244, 274
Field, The magnetic; first use of this term, 188
Fishes, electrical, Researches on, 20, 139, 167
Fluids, Alleged electric and magnetic, 212, 216, 218
Foreign travel, 16, 17, 74, 224
Fox, Caroline, Reminiscences of, 235
_Fraser’s Magazine_ and Faraday’s pension, 72
Fresnel’s announcement, 105
Friday evenings at the Royal Institution, 33, 60, 100, 101, 149, 166,
170, 192, 203, 219, 220, 225, 232, 236, 259
Fuller, John, founds the Fullerian professorships, 36
Funeral, 260
G.
Gases, Liquefaction of, 55, 91, 171
----, Magnetic properties of, 204, 208
Gassiot, J. P., Reminiscences by, 13
German language, Views on the, 280
Gladstone, Dr. J. Hall, 69, 290
Glass, Researches on, 95
Glassites (_see_ SANDEMANIANS)
Gold, Optical properties of, 219
Gravity in relation to electricity, 204, 220, 285
----, Speculations as to, 195, 203
Grove, Sir Wm., 263, 269
Gymnotus, 167
H.
Hachette, Letter to, 266
Hampton Court, House at, 257, 258
Hare, R., Letter to, 269
Harris, Sir W. Snow, 64, 269
Heat, Effect of, on magnetism, 208
Heavy-glass, 100, 176
Helmholtz, Prof. H. von, 282, 283
Henry, Professor Joseph, Reminiscence by, 241
Herschel, Sir John, 57, 95, 107, 116, 131, 262, 297
Home life, 49, 69, 223, 244, 257
Honours awarded to Faraday, 69, 199, 244, 255, 271
----, scientific, Views on, 271
Hypotheses, Free use of, 221, 241
I.
Ice a non-conductor, 140
----, Regelation of, 219
Identity of electricity from different sources, 137
Imagination, Use of the, 160, 227, 276
Incandescent electric lamps, 199
Income, 68, 245
Indignation against wrong, 227
Induced currents, 114
Induction (electromagnetic), Discovery of, 114
---- (electrostatic), or influence, 153
----, Meaning of the term, 119
Inductive capacity, 159
Influence (_see_ INDUCTION)
Inner conflicts, 226, 290
Iodine, Davy’s experiments on, 19, 24, 27
Ions, Origin of term, 144, 145
J.
Jenkin, Wm., observes spark at break, 150, 243
Jones (_see_ BENCE JONES)
Journals of foreign travel, 18, 224
Juvenile lectures at Royal Institution, 33, 37, 61, 101, 233, 234,
235, 258
K.
Keble, Rev. J., and the hodge-podge of philosophers, 65
Kelvin, Lord:
theory of electromotive forces, 148;
on theory of magnetic permeability in æolotropic media, 201;
on Faraday’s views of electricity, 284;
letter from, 285
Kerr, Dr. John:
electro-optic discovery, 173;
magneto-optic discovery, 182
Kindliness, 226
Knighthood no honour, 273
Kundt, Aug., magneto-optic discovery, 182
L.
Laboratories at Albemarle Street, 36, 51, 66, 80, 84, 96
Lateral effects of current, 151, 165, 170
Lectures at Royal Institution:
Davy’s, 8, 36;
Faraday’s first, 227;
Juvenile, 33, 37, 61, 101, 233, 234, 235, 258;
afternoon, 37, 166
----, Friday night discourses, 33, 60, 100, 101, 149, 166, 170, 192,
203, 219, 220, 225, 232, 236, 259
Lectures at the London Institution, 101
---- at the British Association, 264
---- at St. George’s Hospital, 166
---- at Woolwich, 66, 101
Lecturing, Views about, 16, 226, 232, 238
Letters from Faraday to:
Abbott, B., 7, 9, 15, 22, 25, 26, 41, 44, 228;
Andrews, T., 273;
Barnard, Miss Sarah, 47, 48;
Becker, Dr., 244;
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, 240;
Davy, Sir H., 10;
De la Rive, A., 29, 185;
De la Rive, G., 83, 85, 91, 207, 267;
Deacon, Mrs., 253;
Faraday, Mrs., 52, 53, 256;
Grove, Sir Wm., 263;
Hare, R., 269;
Lovelace, Lady, 291;
Matteucci, Prof. C., 253, 262, 267;
Melbourne, Lord, 71;
Moore, Miss, 207;
Murray, Mr. John, 234;
Paris, Dr. J. A., 10, 93;
Percy, Dr. J., 253;
Phillips, R., 61, 109, 114, 194, 270, 277;
Riebau, G., 30;
Royet, Dr. P., 99;
Schönbein, Professor, 206, 252;
the Deputy-Master of Trinity House, 67;
Tyndall, Prof. J., 210, 264, 268, 277, 278, 280;
Whewell, Rev. W., 145;
Young, Dr. T., 97
---- to Faraday:
From Sir H. Davy, 44, 45;
from Baron Liebig, 225;
from Sir W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), 285;
from Rev. W. Whewell, 116, 144, 145, 163, 205
Liebig, J. von, Reminiscences by, 224, 282
Light, Action of magnetism on, 176
----, Electromagnetic theory of, 197, 199, 213
Lighthouses, Scientific work for, 67, 199, 218, 259
Lines of force, 113, 133, 195, 208, 211, 213, 285;
vibrations of, 195
Liquefaction of gases, 55, 91, 171
London University (_see_ UNIVERSITY)
Love of children, 233, 235
----, Poetical diatribe against, and recantation, 40, 47
Lovelace, Lady, Letter to, 291
Love-letters of Faraday, 47, 48, 52, 58, 256
M.
Magnecrystallic forces, 201
Magnetic lines, 113, 133, 195, 213, 214
Magnetisation by light, 183
---- of light, 176
Magnetism and cold, 167
---- of gases, 204
---- of rotation, Alleged, 106, 121
Magneto-electric discovery, 95, 112
---- induction, 115
---- light, 120, 130, 218, 259
---- machines, 122, 125, 126, 218, 259
Magneto-optical researches, 176, 182, 220
Magrath, E., 7, 14, 60, 231
Marcet, Mrs., Conversations on Chemistry, 6
Masquerier teaches Faraday to draw, 8
Mathematics _versus_ experiment, 117, 239, 280
----, Faraday’s views on, 280, 281
---- and Faraday’s methods, 217, 282
Matteucci, C., Letters to, 253, 262, 267
Maxwell (_see_ CLERK MAXWELL)
Mayo, Herbert, Impromptu by, 117
Meat-canning processes, 243
Medium, Action in a, 157, 213, 216
----, The part played by the, 128, 153, 158, 194, 213
Melbourne, Lord, and Faraday’s pension, 69
Memory, Troubles of a defective, 7, 63, 74, 253
Mental education, Views on, 278, 292
Models, Use of, 104, 239
Moigno, Abbé, Reminiscence by, 297
Moll, G.:
his electromagnets, 120;
pamphlet on “Decline of Science,” 110, 262
Moore, Miss, Letter to, 207
Morichini’s experiments on magnetisation by light, 21, 183
Murchison, Sir R., Reminiscence by, 227
Music, Enjoyment of, 246
N.
Natural theology, Views on, 298
New electrical machine, 121
Newman, Rev. J. H., and the British Association, 65
Newton, Mr. Jos., Reminiscence by, 254
Nobili and Antinori, their mistake, 266
Non-inductive winding, 150
Notebooks a better test than examinations, 277
----, Faraday’s own, 8, 50, 73, 87, 90, 91, 108, 111, 118, 129, 141,
143, 150, 153, 156, 167, 177, 180, 181, 182, 220
O.
Oersted’s discovery of electromagnetism, 77, 78
Optical glass, Research on, 95, 100
---- illusions, Research on, 136
---- relations of electricity, 91, 149, 155, 167, 172, 174, 175
---- ---- of magnetism, 176, 182, 220
Order and method, 68, 99, 200
Owen, Lady, Reminiscences by, 236
Oxford and the philosophers, 64
Oxygen, Magnetic properties of, 208
P.
Paris, Dr. J. A., Letters to, 10, 93
Passive state of iron, 167
Peel, Sir Robert, 69, 70, 246
Pension:
declined, 71;
accepted, 72
Percy, Dr. John, Letter to, 253
Permeability, Magnetic, in crystals, 201
---- ----, Research on, 206
Personal appearance, 4, 18, 74, 255
Phillips, Richard, 7, 44, 52, 54, 57, 59, 61, 84, 87, 193;
letters to, 61, 109, 114, 194, 270, 277
Phosphorescence, Lectures on, 136, 219
Plücker, Julius:
on magneto-optic action, 203;
shows electric discharge, 240
Poetry by Faraday, 40, 47
Poisson:
on Arago’s rotations, 107;
on magnetic theory, 201
Polar forces in crystals, 94, 200, 202
Polemics in science hateful, 268
Poles are only doors, 141, 241
Politics, Indifference to, 19, 21, 33, 268
Pollock, Lady, Reminiscences by, 235, 254, 257
Practical applications of science, 63, 216, 224, 248, 259
Preaching, Style of, 293
Preservation of Raphael’s cartoons, 246
Prince Consort, H.R.H. the, 237, 257, 278
Principle of all dynamo machines, 216
Priority in discovery, 265
Professional work for fees, 51, 61, 274
---- ---- relinquished, 61, 274, 275
Professorship of Chemistry at University College, The, 66, 277;
declined, 66
Professorships at the Royal Institution, 36
Proportional judgment advocated, 242
Public Schools Commission, Evidence given before, 278
_Punch_, Caricature in, 252
Pusey and science, 65
Q.
_Quarterly Journal of Science_, 39, 46, 75, 76, 82, 88, 92, 94, 104
Queen Victoria, 257, 297
R.
Radiant matter, 40
Rain torpedo, The, 20
Ray-vibrations, Thoughts on, 193
Regelation of ice, 219
Reid, Miss, Reminiscences by, 223, 231
Religious belief, 51, 289, 291
Religious character, 71, 244, 245
Remuneration of science, 44, 68, 244, 274
Repulsions, magnetic, New, 190
Research, Royal Institution as place for, 37
---- unhampered by other duties, 37
Researches, Original:
the four degrees of, 241;
Faraday’s first, 76;
Faraday’s last, 220;
division into periods, 75;
summary of, 216
Residences:
Weymouth Street, 2;
Royal Institution, 13, 68;
Hampton Court Cottage, 258
Retardation of discharge, 161
Riebau, George:
Faraday’s employer, 3, 7, 22;
Faraday apprenticed to, 51;
letters and messages to, 29, 34
Ring, The famous experiment with the, 108
Robinson, H. Crabb, Reminiscences by, 8, 236
Röntgen on displacement currents, 166
Rotation of plane of polarisation of light, 177
Rotations, electromagnetic, Discovery of, 51, 83, 87
Royal Institution:
foundation of, 35;
Davy’s lectures at, 8, 36, 39;
precarious state of, 22, 29, 35, 36, 68;
laboratories of, 36;
lectures at the, 37, 166;
Christmas lectures, 33, 37, 61, 101, 233, 234, 235, 258;
Friday night meetings, 33, 60, 100, 101, 149, 166, 170, 192, 203,
219, 220, 225, 232, 236, 259;
Presidency offered and declined, 255
Royal Society:
first papers read to the, 52, 263;
candidature for Fellowship in the, 56, 57, 59;
Faraday’s election as Fellow of the, 59;
committee on optical glass, 95, 99;
Member of Council, 136, 261;
Presidency offered to him, 255, 263;
dissatisfaction with, 262
Ruhmkorff’s induction-coil, 219, 225
Rumford, Benjamin Count of:
founds the Royal Institution, 35;
Faraday dines with, 34
S.
Sacrifice for Science, 63, 64, 234, 244
Safety-lamp:
Faraday aids Davy to invent the, 42;
controversy about, 269
Salaries paid to scientific men, 44, 68, 244, 274
Sandemanians, 4, 51, 286
Schönbein, Prof., Letters to, 206, 252
Science in education, 279
---- teaching, Views on, 278
Scientific societies, 261
Scoffern, Dr., Anecdote by, 280
Self-induction investigated, 150, 151
Sermons, Faraday’s, 293
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 69
Sirium, _alias_ Vestium, 46, 77
Sisters, His letters to his, 32
Smart, B. H., teaches elocution, 43, 230
Snow-Harris (_see_ HARRIS)
Social character, 245
Society of Arts, 14
Source of electromotive force in cell, 168
South, Sir James, 6, 57, 69, 70, 97, 262
Spark from a magnet, 64, 119, 130
Specific inductive capacity, 159
Spiritualists, Opinion of, 251
Steel, Research on, 82
Stinginess of British Government towards science, 274
Sturgeon, W.:
his invention of the electromagnet, 102, 226;
on Arago’s rotations, 107
Submarine cables, 161
Sunday observance, 24, 51, 55, 224, 295, 297
T.
Table-turning explained, 251
Tatum’s lectures, 6, 14
Testimonials of candidates, Repugnance to, 277
Thames impurities, 252
Thomson, Sir W. (_see_ KELVIN)
Thoughts on ray-vibrations, 193
Thunderstorms enjoyed, 240
Time of propagation of magnetism, 220, 284
Toronto, what its university might have been, 277, 278
Torpedo, The, 20
Trinity House, Scientific adviser to, 67, 199, 218, 259
Tubes of force, 211
Turner, J. W. M., R.A., Advice to, about pigments, 246
Tyndall, Prof.:
reminiscences by, 4, 49, 74, 175, 187, 225, 255, 290, 296, 299;
his “Faraday as a Discoverer,” 4, 130, 157, 169, 202;
letters to, 210, 264, 268, 277, 278, 280
U.
Utility of discoveries, 63, 224, 248
University College, Professorship in, 66, 277
University of London:
Senator of, 275;
degrees in science, 275
V.
Varley, Cornelius, 5, 294
Velocipede riding, 74
Vesuvius, Ascents of, 22, 33
Vibrations, Thoughts on ray-, 193
Visits to the sick, 245, 296
Volta, Count Alessandro, Meeting with, 22
Volta-electric induction, 115
Voltameter, 146
W.
Water, On freezing of, 203
Wellington, The Duke of, on practical application of discovery, 248
Wheatstone, Sir Charles:
on velocity of discharge, 149, 161;
his electric chronoscope, 192
Whewell, Rev. W., Correspondence with, about terms, 116, 144, 145,
163, 205
White, Walter, Reminiscences by, 253, 263
William IV., King, 72, 73
Wiseman, Cardinal, Meeting with, 297
Wollaston, Dr. W. H., Misunderstanding with, 51, 56, 57, 58, 84, 89
Woolwich Academy lectures, 66, 101
Working, Method of, 66, 242, 247
Y.
Young, Dr. T., Letter from, 97
Z.
Zeeman’s magneto-optic discovery, 220
PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, some hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed. The original book inconsistently followed “electro”
with a hyphen, and that has not been changed here.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
Running page headers in the original book are shown here as sidenotes,
placed between paragraphs and near the topics to which they refer.
Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been renumbered
into a single sequence, collected, and moved to just above the Index.
The index was reformatted slightly and was not checked systematically
for proper alphabetization or correct page references.