The term wood painting has, through the numerous designs invented for
the purpose, found such a widespread use that it would be wasted pains
to attempt to substitute a more fitting one. Not everything that is
painted upon wood, falls under the knowledge of wood painting. No one
would think of counting an oil painting, executed upon wood, under the
category of wood painting. But if the colors were the distinguishing
sign, then wood and water color painting would fall together, or wood
painting could be only an aquarelle painting applied upon wood. Wood
painting permits itself to be thus defined, inasmuch as the character of
the material and the choice of its objects differ, so _wood water-color
painting_ differs from the actual water color.
While it is possible for the water-color artist to produce upon paper
the softest tones and most brilliant phenomena of nature, so that the
painting inspires the observer through its life-like freshness; if the
same picture, by the same artist’s hand, were reproduced in exactly the
same manner upon wood, it would appear raw and unfinished,—yes, even
wholly incorrect.
The prepared wood takes the softest tint, as well as paper, but the
texture of the wood shimmers through the transparent tones, and though
the fibres and pores of the same have taken another hue, they still act
as wood, and thereby destroy the effect which the artist intended. For
it is originally the task of the artist to thus deceive the human sense
of vision in such a manner, and so faithfully imitate the appearance of
things in nature that the observer must believe himself transported in
the midst of reality and actual life, through the activity of fancy; in
short, the artist must reproduce true to nature, and his pictures have
the effect of nature.
If one was to try with exclusive body colors which do not allow the
grain of the wood to penetrate, to attain this ideal of painting, and
attempt to create upon wood an actual life-like picture, we would not
conceive such an aquarelle, that never can compare with a picture upon
paper in softness, just as little as an oil painting upon wood, as wood
painting in the general sense.
Therefore, neither the material to be painted nor the colors applied are
the criterion of distinguishing reasons for wood painting on one hand,
and the oil or nearer related aquarelle painting on the other.
The difference in a measure lies herein, that the characteristic
peculiarity of wood does not subdue, but is drawn upon for the effect of
the painting, partly in the nature of that which painting upon wood
represents or should represent.
Wood painting, as far as we have touched upon it, cannot and does not
intend to create natural pictures; it only serves to ornament objects in
wood, which through colored and tasteful designs are to produce an
agreeable charm to the eye. It is not an object in itself, like a
painting, the frame of which serves as a folio, but an external
addition, like the ornaments of buildings, to make an otherwise
monotonous surface interesting.
Wooden articles admit of being ornamented in various ways, through
sculpture work, by inlaying of colored woods and metal, and by painting.
The choice of ornamenting is naturally dependent upon the purpose the
object to be decorated is intended for; a table, which must naturally
have a smooth surface, we would not think of making useless by carving
the top.
Wood painting, as it is now _en vogue_, is of a recent date, and
originally sprang out of the idea to imitate the mosaic work of art
cabinet-makers.
It may, with consideration for the purpose of the objects to be
ornamented, also imitate carving, but must not go beyond the wood tones
and the production of the effects of light; it may even attempt to
imitate enamel work by the application of strong, bright colors; but it
ought at the same time be in keeping with the purpose the object in hand
is intended for, and never involve itself in contradictions.
Its refined field should always remain the imitative, and should
therefore confine itself as near as possible upon the application of
ornaments with a surface where effect is flat, and consequently do not
mar the surface. To apply figures, modest, decorative additions for the
ornamentation of surfaces, is allowable, as long as they do not clash
with the character of the surface; but here the limits that are drawn by
the nature of the article are not to be overstepped. For every
perspective representation of a figure painted with the application of
light and shade intends to deceive the observer; it lifts itself off the
surface and no longer works upon our fancy as a part of the surface, but
as body. Cases, chests and other large pieces may be decorated in this
manner; tables, portfolios and similar pieces which in themselves are
required to have smooth surfaces; smaller objects to be handled, where
the sense of touch can at every moment convince itself of the attempted
deception intended for the eye, one will do well to take heed in not
painting these with figures of a plastic effect. Such contradictions are
not to be tolerated in principle and should be avoided in the selection
of patterns and designs.
To create a real picture in the beginning lies outside the province of
the art of wood painting, and therefore the practice of the same, as far
as it does not reach into the professional art, must always be confined
within the circle of amateurs. Good, correct drawings of the outlines,
cleanliness in coloring and a proper combination of the colors, is the
highest aim the art of painting upon wood may achieve; for the artist is
greatly answerable for the composition of ornaments, where designs are
used as patterns.
But even in the narrow limits in which the art of painting upon wood
moves, it accomplishes much that is beautiful, that the acquirement of
the same cannot be too strongly recommended.
This is especially intended for young ladies, who, in the occupation of
painting upon wood, find just as agreeable and remunerative diversion as
the tedious, sense-dulling work of embroidery.
=General Preliminaries.= The first essential requirement to paint upon
wood is, without a doubt, practice in drawing.
One is easily inclined, inasmuch as there is no self-inventive gift
employed in connection with it, to consider painting on wood as a purely
mechanical work, because the design is traced and transferred upon wood,
by means of tracing paper; yet there remains, up to this easy beginning,
the further embellishment entirely to the free hand, and it is just here
that difficulties meet the painter unskilled in the art of drawing.
The difficult point in wood painting lies in the conscientious, artistic
execution; the more pains taken in that direction, the stronger the
lines of beauty and harmony in coloring, the more certain it is to
obtain something excellent in this work.
The simplest design, when correctly and cleanly painted, has a more
agreeable effect upon the observer than the most beautiful pattern that
has been faultily produced through a series of shortcomings.
=Requisites.= The possession of a good and complete set of instruments,
in a measure, assists in the success of the work. The following utensils
are used in wood painting: Lead Pencils, (Faber’s B, HB, HH), a pen
knife, a lead pencil file, an eraser, a horn protractor upon which to
rest the compass upon round articles, a ruler, a square, a porcelain
palette with six cells, several good fine and coarse water-color brushes
on handles with metal ferrules, several sheets of extra fine tracing
paper or cloth; the latter is more expensive than the paper, but far
more durable, in such cases where the drawing is gone over again. For
the drawing of fine outlines, pens (Gillott’s crowquill pens are best);
for heavier outlines or large designs goosequills are best. It is
desirable to possess a complete outfit of drawing materials, of which
the following are indispensable: A drawing pen, a compass with pen and
pencil pieces.
=The Colors.= It is advisable to use only the genuine India ink, as the
ordinary India ink nearly always discolors the soft tints that are
painted over it, which sometimes spoils the entire work. The ordinary
water-colors, not the covering or Gouache colors are to be used. The
prepared wood just as readily takes the Gouache and covering colors, as
a large number of designs of natural flowers show, yet this method
should not be indulged in, for this reason, because it completely covers
the texture of the wood, thereby giving the art critic an opportunity to
censure.
Since wood painting is mostly an imitation of inlaid wood work—mosaic—as
a rule the preference should be given to the application of the fitting
colors to the stained wood tones. Who does not possess a complete outfit
of colors, ought at least secure the following: sepia, dark sepia, burnt
sienna, light ochre, dark vermilion, carmine, cobalt blue, Indian red,
olive green, Roman brown, lampblack and white.
The best colors are the Dusseldorf (Schonfeld or Winsor & Newton’s)
moist water-colors, in metal tubes or porcelain pans. Gold and silver is
generally painted from shells, this is to be used sparingly, and is
polished when the work is finished with a steel instrument, a
knitting-needle, glove buttoner, or an agate burnisher. Red gold has a
dark effect, retreating; green gold, on the other hand, stands out and
has a light appearance. Black-lead is to be had in lumps, and is most
effective for bright or red ornamentations. Bronze powder is prepared
with a little gum water. The possession of a magnifying glass is of
importance in going over the work when finished, and subjecting the same
to a severe scrutiny. It also greatly assists in the correction of
faults that may have crept in.
=Transferring the Drawing upon Wood.= A design should be chosen that
corresponds with the size and shape of the wood article. A design is
seldom spoiled by extending the outer lines, yet we should be cautioned
against the reverse case, in trying to force a large design upon a small
space by omitting the outer lines that serve as a frame.
=Enlarging and Reducing Designs.= If a design is to be brought within
the compass of another, reduced or enlarged, take a proportional
divider, or draw a net of equal squares, the original or a drawing of
the same with a lead pencil, in proportion required for the wood
surface, which are numbered. In each square exactly the same parts are
drawn from the design which are contained in the corresponding square on
the wood.
=The Divisions of the Wood Surface.= At the beginning of the work, the
surface to be painted is divided by distinct pencil lines into halves,
quarters, sixths, etc., just as the design admits of; these lines serve
as a starting point for the traced design to be placed upon this, where
halves, quarters, etc., must fit exactly into these. The measuring is
done by means of a compass or a strip of paper the length of the object,
which gives the center point by cutting the same in two. In painting
round articles, such as lamp plates, table tops, etc., a sheet of paper
of the exact size is cut out This is folded once, in halves and
quarters, as the case may be. It is spread upon the surface of the
article, then prick through the creases where they cross each other. To
avoid injury to the center of a round wooden plate by the repeated
application of a compass, a horn protractor is fastened to the center
with thumb tacks, which leaves the center transparent, upon which the
compass may be applied with considerable pressure. In the absence of a
compass with an extension where large circles are required, a strip of
pasteboard is substituted; this is fastened to the center by a needle.
For every cross line a hole is made into the strip, the pencil is
inserted and drawn around by moving the strip in a circular motion.
=The Tracing and Transferring of Designs.= The design is carefully drawn
upon tracing paper or tracing cloth, by means of a medium soft pencil;
the more perfect the drawing is made, the more it will lighten the work.
If the drawing obtained is perfectly symmetrical, i. e., the right half
of the same exactly like the left, it will save much time and labor by
transferring it upon the surface by rubbing. If the symmetrical design
is accompanied in the center by a monogram, motto, figures or flowers,
these are for the present omitted and traced in a manner which will be
explained further on.
The tracing of an entirely symmetrical design is reversed, with the
drawing turned downward upon the wood and carefully observed that the
center of the tracing lies completely in correspondence with the center
line of the division line of the surface. The tracing paper is fastened
with wax, and held as firmly with the left hand as possible, that it
cannot be displaced, and rubbed with a paper folder or the thumb-nail of
the right hand over all parts of the design, until the same is plainly
transferred upon the wood. For figures, flowers, monograms and all not
strictly symmetrical designs, the following manner is applied: The
tracing paper is laid upon the surface, design upward, under which a
piece of colored transfer paper is placed and the design is retraced
with a hard lead pencil. For this somewhat slower and more tedious
manner it is advisable to fasten the tracing and transfer paper with
thumb-tacks. Those parts of the surface are selected for the thumb-tacks
that are afterwards to be painted with black or other ground colors, so
that there will be no visible traces left after design has been
transferred.
=Fixing the Transferred Design.= After the design has been transferred,
all the straight and intersecting lines are carefully measured and
compared with the compass from the center or the dividing middle lines;
then with the drawing pen and India ink the entire design is gone over
in fine lines. In figures and light ornamental designs, that come upon a
dark ground, the India ink line is not put over, but closely to the
outside pencil mark, or such figures will become too faint in the
beginning, and are lost in the dark ground, whilst it can always be
remedied by the subsequent removal of parts that have been drawn too
heavily. The entire article is now cleaned from all pencil marks left by
tracing, and the coloring begins.
=The Coloring.= Spread upon the palette, before beginning to paint, all
the different colors, in sufficient quantity, that are to be used. A
good rule in coloring the design, is not to apply the colors in too dry
a state, so that the separate brush strokes may not be visible. The
coloring is just that part of the work which cannot be explicitly enough
described and taught in written instructions, and can only be thoroughly
comprehended through the practical knowledge gained by experience, and
thereby perfected.
Upon the most delicate tinting of entire surfaces the middle tones
follow, lastly the dark ground colors, black, and the metals. Allow each
color to dry thoroughly before beginning with the next, or going over
it. The colors must stand out boldly from each other and should not be
too lightly applied; this must be particularly observed in the dark body
tints, as the colors lose a little of their depth in the process of
polishing.
When the work is completed, the entire drawing is gone over again with a
fine brush or pen; all the outlines lost in painting are reproduced with
India ink.
Clear white upon light wood is to be avoided as much as possible; on the
other hand, a mixture of white serves to make the light colors stand out
more effectively upon gray or black wood.
=Retouching.= If there are any weak points in the painting, the spots
are to be carefully removed with a damp sponge, and the dampened parts
scraped clean with a penknife. If visible holes are left by the thumb
tacks used in the tracing of the design, a small drop of clear water is
applied to them, when they will gradually draw together. Paint in good
light, have a steady table, and keep the design constantly before the
eyes during the work.
In painting boxes and other high objects, it is necessary to place on
the right and left of the same some other objects, such as books, to
reach the plane of the surface being painted, in order that the hand and
arm may rest with ease.
=The Wood Articles.= Wooden articles ready for painting are procured
from the cabinet makers, or at the art stores.
There are over 900 different articles in wood for decorating, in all
shapes and sizes, beautifully and tastily finished, for the artist and
amateur to paint upon. A few of them may be mentioned here—tables,
panels, workboxes, paper weights, fancy boxes, fans, hat brushes, glove
boxes, albums, dust pans and brushes, photo frames, easels, trays and
newspaper holders. What canvas is to oil painting, and paper is to color
painting, the above articles are to the art of painting upon wood.
Not every ordinary smooth-planed piece of wood is adapted to painting.
The wood must be prepared for the purpose it is intended for, or it
would cause the color to flow or spread. Lime, maple, chestnut, ash and
holly are the woods generally manufactured into articles intended for
painting upon. Olive wood is also excellent for this purpose. In the
south of France and Italy, painted olive wood, forms quite an article of
commerce, being closely allied with the inlaid work.
=Polishing.= Procure a bottle of the wood varnish (prepared for this
purpose); in a warm room, with a soft flat brush, go over the article as
rapidly as possible, with a thin coat. Leave this first coating until
the next day to dry, in a place entirely free from dust. The varnish is
applied twice more in the same manner; then have at hand a small bottle
of white shellac polish and one of linseed oil. Make a small ball of
flannel; put upon this a few drops of the oil; then cover it with a
piece of linen, which is moistened with the polish, and the article is
rubbed in a circular manner, without resting upon the article when the
rubbing is discontinued. If the linen should adhere during the
polishing, put a drop of the oil upon it. It sometimes requires from one
to two hours of constant rubbing until the surface is completely smooth
and polished.
[Illustration]
=Designs= recommended are those by Minna Laudin, Hermann Schaper, E.
Wendt, Emil Zschimmer and Elizabeth Hubler. They are lithographic color
plates, and come in the form of sets.
Minna Laudin’s designs are among the newest. The two sets contain over
twenty patterns, each fitting exactly in size and shape the wooden
articles already mentioned.
Schaper’s designs are intended for larger pieces, such as table tops,
music holders, lamp trays, etc. His first series (entirely new) is
divided into five sheets, with as many sheets upon which the outlines of
the designs are clearly printed, to facilitate the transferring of the
same upon wood.
E. Wendt’s designs are both unique and rich in their way, and contain
considerable ornamental work in gold and silver. His designs for table
tops are extremely handsome.
Emil Zschimmer’s and Elizabeth Hubler’s are acknowledged as standard
works, and favorites of the artists engaged in painting upon wood.