Office rent 420.00
Telephone 55.45
Premium books 113.61
Office supplies 28.36
Plant premiums 105.14
Assistance in office 719.21
Printing 247.16
Expenses annual meeting, 1914 90.73
Expenses annual meeting, 1915 76.84
Expenses summer meeting, 1915 14.64
Banquet 152.75
Reporting annual meeting 174.99
Expenses vice-presidents 29.17
Expenses superintendents, trial stations 50.59
Assistance annual meeting 1914 100.50
Expenses delegates, etc., meeting, 1914 224.07
Expenses delegates to other societies 30.29
Discounts, membership fees, auxiliary societies, etc. 825.54
Examining officers' books 10.00
Treasurers salary, 1914 25.00
Collecting checks 10.00
Plans of horticultural building 40.00
Officers' bonds, 1915 15.00
Forestry Association 50.00
Insurance on library sundries 8.00
Sundries 20.68
Balance 112.13
---------
$4,467.18
GENERAL STATEMENT, DECEMBER 1, 1915.
Balance in Hennepin County Bank December 1, 1914 $177.38
Interest in 1915 $11.24
---------
Total $188.62
Loring Fund, including interest 140.60
Balance with secretary 112.13
Balance with treasurer 4,906.00
---------
Total $5,347.35
SUMMER MEETING, 1916.
Premium List, Summer Meeting, 1916.
No Duplicating of Varieties Permitted.
OUT-DOOR ROSES.
1st 2d 3d 4th
prem. prem. prem. prem.
Collection--three blooms of each named
variety, to be shown in separate vases $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00
Collection of named varieties--three
blooms of each, in separate vases, amateurs
only 6.00 4.00 2.00 1.00
Three named varieties, white--each variety
in a separate vase, three blooms
of each, each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 .50
Three named varieties, pink--each variety
in a separate vase, three blooms of each,
each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 .50
Three named varieties, red--each variety
in a separate vase, three blooms of each,
each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 .50
Collection of Rugosa and Rugosa Hybrids--each
variety (consisting of one
cluster of blooms on a single stem) in a
separate vase 2.00 1.00 .50
Most beautiful rose in vase 1.00
Largest rose in vase 1.00
Seedling rose to be shown by the originator.
(Not previously exhibited in
competition.) Bronze medal donated by
the American Rose Society.
Basket of out-door roses and foliage, arranged
for effect without ribbon, not to
exceed twelve inches in diameter 3.00 2.00 1.00
The following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and
shown in separate vases, three to five blooms in each vase.
Prince Camile deRohan, General Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson, M. P.
Wilder, Jules Margottin, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Madam Gabriel
Luizet, Baroness Rothschild, Anna de Diesbach, Ulrich Brunner, John
Hopper, Rosa Rugosa (pink and white), Baron deBonstetten, Karl Druski,
Madam Plantier, Grus an Teplitz.
Each, 1st prem., 75 cents; 2nd prem., 50 cents; 3rd prem., 25 cents.
PEONIES.
1st 2d 3d 4th
prem. prem. prem. prem.
Vase of Festiva Maxima, 6 blooms $2.00 $1.00 $0.50
" " flesh or light pink " " " " "
" " medium or dark pink " " " " "
" " white " " " " "
" " red " " " " "
Collection--three blooms of each named
variety in separate vases $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00
Collection--three blooms of each named
variety in separate vases, amateurs only 6.00 4.00 2.00 1.00
Seedling peony, three blooms 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50
Collection--one bloom of each variety,
shown each in a separate vase; for amateurs
owning no more than ten varieties 2.00 1.00 .50
ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS.
1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem.
Vase of Arabis $1.50 $1.00 $0.50
" " Canterbury Bells " " "
" " Dielytra " " "
" " Delphinium " " "
" " Evening primrose (Oenothera) " " "
" " Forget-me-not " " "
" " Foxglove " " "
" " Gailardias " " "
" " Grass pinks " " "
" " Iceland poppies " " "
" " Iris " " "
" " Lilies " " "
" " Lupine " " "
" " Nasturtiums " " "
" " Oriental poppies " " "
" " Pansies " " "
" " Perennial coreopsis " " "
" " Pyrethrum " " "
" " Shasta daisies " " "
" " Sweet peas " " "
" " Sweet William " " "
Collection--named perennials, in separate
vases $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00
Collection of annuals and perennials in
separate vases (not to exceed 12) by
amateurs who have never taken premiums
on flowers 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00
Vase of flowers grown and exhibited by
child 2.00 1.00 .50
Vase of any kind of flowers not named
in this list. (An exhibitor may make
any number of entries desired under this
head) 2.00 1.00 .50
Vase of flowers arranged for artistic
effect 1.50 1.00 .50
Basket of outdoor-grown flowers, arranged
by exhibitor 3.00 2.00 1.00
STRAWBERRIES.
One quart of each variety, to be shown on plate, not in box.
1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem.
Collection (not less than six varieties) $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00
Collection of three named varieties 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50
The following varieties of strawberries to be entered separately:
1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem.
Bederwood, Dunlap, Crescent, Splendid,
Clyde, Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Glen
Mary, Haverland, Progressive, Superb,
Americus, each $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.25
Best named variety not included in the
above list 2.00 1.00 .50
Seedling, originated by exhibitor 3.00 2.00 1.00
GARDEN HELPS
Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society
Edited by MRS. E. W. GOULD, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So.
Minneapolis.
*Notices of our May, June, July and August meetings will be mailed to
members. Being exhibition meetings, the dates will depend upon weather
conditions.
It is suggested that in cases where plants have not already been
exchanged, the informal exhibition of spring flowers, our May meeting,
be also "Exchange Day," and that plants for exchange be brought to that
meeting.
A SHAKESPEARE GARDEN.
So wide an interest in the commemoration of the tercentennial
celebration of Shakespeare's death has been awakened by the "Drama
League of America" that there will be many old English gardens planted
in 1916,--gardens containing as many as possible of those flowers
mentioned in his plays.
Not all of these many flowers and shrubs could be grown in our climate,
some mentioned, such as nettles, burdocks, plantains and other weeds,
would be entirely out of place in a garden, soon overrunning it. It must
be remembered, too, that in Shakespeare's time herbs and wild flowers
were cultivated in most gardens, that many considered beautiful then are
now almost forgotten, and that some have been so far surpassed by their
improved hybrids, the originals would not now be cultivated.
We have not attempted, therefore, to include all of the flowers so
lovingly mentioned by the poet, but have used only those that will prove
beautiful and hardy in Minnesota, making a planting that will prove,
with proper care, permanent. Were each plant labeled with its proper
quotation the garden would prove much more interesting, e.g., "There's
rosemary, that's for remembrance--" Hamlet, marking the plant of that
name.
_Annuals._--Gillyflowers (Ten weeks' stocks); Love in Idleness (Pansy,
Viola tricolor); Mallow (Lavatera splendens); Marigold (Calendula
officinalis); Poppy (Somniferum, Opium poppy).
_Trees._--Hemlock, Hawthorne.
_Vines._--Honeysuckle, Scarlet Trumpet.
_Bulbs._--Scilla Nutans (Hyacinthus nonscriptus); Daffodils; Saffron
(Crocus santious); Crown Imperial (Frittilaria Imperialis); Lily,
Candidum, Turk's Cap (Scarlet Martagon), Orange Lily (Croseum),
Spectabile, Tigrinum.
_Herbs._--Balm (Lemon Balm); Camomile (Anthemis); Caraway; Dian's Bud
(Wormwood, Artemisia Absinthium); Fennel (Foeniculum officinalis);
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis); Lavender (Lavendula vera); Marjoram
(Origanum vulgare); Mint; Milfoil (Yarrow); Parsley; Rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis); Rue (Ruta graveoleons); Savory; Thyme (1,
Thymus vulgaris, 2, Thymus Serpyllum).
_Perennials._--Aconite (Napellus); Balm (Bee-balm); Brake; Carnation
(Bizarre Dianthus caryophyllus); Clover (Crimson Trifolium incarnatus);
Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris); Cowslip (Primula veris); Crowflower
(Ragged Robin, Lychnis floscuculi); Cuckoo Buds (Butter cups, Ranunculus
acris); Daisies (Bellis perennis); Eryngium M. (Sea Holly); Flax; Flower
de luce (Iris Germanica, blue); Fumitory (Dicentra spectabilis; Bleeding
Heart); Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia); Larksheel (Delphinium elatum,
Bee Larkspur); Peony; Pinks (Dianthus Plumarius); Violet (Viola
Odorata).
_Roses._--Brier (Eglantine Rose), Provencal (Cabbage Rose), Musk,
Damask, White Provence, York and Lancaster.
For appropriate quotations to mark each flower the little book,
"Shakespeare's Garden," by J.H. Bloom, will be found very helpful. Our
other authorities have been Biesley and L. Grindon, all of which are in
the Public Library.
MRS. N. S. SAWYER.
MRS. E. W. GOULD.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES
By F. L. WASHBURN, Professor of Entomology, University of
Minnesota.
SUGGESTIONS TO PARTIES PLANNING TO PURCHASE NURSERY STOCK.
It may be quite out of place to offer any suggestions along this line to
readers of this magazine, and yet some buyers may find help in the
following:
For evident reasons it pays to buy Minnesota stock where possible, stock
which has been tried out and found to be hardy, rather than purchase new
varieties, glowingly described in catalogues. Always buy from an
inspected nursery.
For evident reasons it pays to buy from nurseries near at hand, so that
the time elapsing from the shipping of the trees or shrubs and the
planting is small.
Further, it is always desirable, if possible, to buy from the nurseryman
himself, a responsible party, rather than from an agent. It is further
very desirable to personally pick out your own stock in a visit to the
nursery.
When the goods are received, see that they bear an inspection
certificate for the current year. The plants should be in good condition
and show that the roots are protected from air and wrapped in moist
packing material. The condition of the received goods indicates the
carefulness of the nurseryman or the contrary. Do not allow trees or
shrubs to lie neglected after being received, where the roots will dry
out. If you are not ready to plant they should be at once heeled in,
first divesting them of their wrappings.
If any injurious insects, like scales or fungus-looking growths, are
found on the trees, the same should be reported to the Experiment
Station. After planting the trees and shrubs, they should receive the
best of care in regard to cultivation.
Finally, refuse to accept any raspberry or blackberry plants showing
crown gall on roots or crowns.
* * * * *
CROWN GALL ON RASPBERRIES BLACKBERRIES.
All the nurserymen are able to recognize crown gall, and whatever we may
think regarding its effect or lack of effect upon apple, we know by
personal observation that it may and does cause the death of
raspberries. This disease of course is, unfortunately, very
common--almost universally present in our nurseries. The public,
generally, are so well aware of its injurious effect upon canes that
they are indignant when any such stock is received from nurseries. It
behooves all nurserymen, therefore, for the sake of their own business
interests if nothing else, to be extremely careful that no diseased
stock of any kind is sent to patrons.
* * * * *
THE DESTRUCTION OF A CARLOAD OF DISEASED POTATOES.
The State Entomologist, by virtue of being a collaborator with and agent
for the United States Horticultural Board, supervised the destruction by
burning of 403 sacks of potatoes, seven per cent. of which, according to
the testimony of our Plant Pathology Division, were infested with
powdery scab. The Great Northern Railroad, which had brought the
potatoes from Canada, were given the choice by Federal authorities,
either to return the potatoes to Canada or destroy them by burning,
under our supervision. They chose the latter procedure and the use of
the Minneapolis crematory was secured for this purpose. Ninety sacks of
this same shipment which were illegally unloaded at Casselton, N. Dak.,
were buried by North Dakota authorities. It is to be hoped that this
disease does not find its way into the potato belt in the Red River
Valley.
NOTES ON PLANT PESTS.
Prepared by Section of Insect Pests, A. G. RUGGLES, and by
Section of Plant Diseases, E. C. STAKMAN, University Farm.
The first real spraying of the apple orchard should be given just as the
center bud of the flower cluster begins to show pink. The material to
use in the spraying compound is lime-sulphur (1 to 40) plus arsenate of
lead, 1-1/2 pounds of the powder, or three pounds of the arsenate of
paste to fifty gallons of the made-up lime-sulphur. If done properly
this will get the scab of the apple, blossom blight or the brown rot in
the plum, and is the most important spray for plum pocket. The arsenate
of lead in the mixture will control the young of leaf eating insects and
precocious plum curculios.
The second most important spraying of the year is given within a week
after the blossoms fall, the same spraying compound being used. This
spraying kills many of the germinating spores of such things as apple
scab and also is the important spray for codling worm as well as for the
plum curculio and for leaf eating insects.
Watch carefully for the hatching of plant lice eggs. The ideal time to
spray for these is just after hatching, and before the young lice become
hidden in the bud scales or in the curl of the leaves. The spraying
material to use at this time is a sulphate of nicotine.
Plow the plum orchard as soon as possible in order to turn under mummied
plums, which are responsible for much of the primary infection of brown
rot.
Plowing the apple orchard early to turn under the old leaves is also
essential in preventing scab spreading to the flower stalks.
Cultivate the vineyard in order to turn under the mummies. Practice
clean cultivation from the very beginning in order to help control black
rot and downy mildew. If the rot or mildew was very bad in the previous
years, early spraying with the Bordeaux mixture 4-4-50 is very
important.
Keep the radishes, cauliflowers, and cabbages covered with a poison
spray from April 30 to May 20 to prevent the ravages of the cabbage
maggot. This should be applied once a week in fair weather, and twice a
week in rainy weather. The spray is made as follows:
Lead arsenate, three-fourths ounce; New Orleans molasses, one-half pint;
water, one gallon.
Look over the seedling cabbages carefully and destroy all which show any
sign of wilting or rotting.
Cut out apple twigs badly injured by the buffalo tree hopper and burn
them immediately.
Watch for plant lice on lettuce in cold frames. To combat the insects
the plants should be sprayed with nicofume liquid, one teaspoonful to a
gallon of water.
BEE-KEEPER'S COLUMN
Conducted by FRANCIS JAGER, Professor of Apiculture, University
Farm, St. Paul.
COMB HONEY, EXTRACTED HONEY, AND INCREASE.
The practical beekeeper must decide at the beginning of the honey season
whether he wishes to produce extracted honey, comb honey or merely to
increase the number of his colonies. The manner of management of his
apiary will depend upon such decision. At any rate a modern outfit, pure
bred colonies in modern ten or eight frame hives, is required for
successful beekeeping no matter in what line of bee industry he may feel
inclined to engage.
For production of extracted honey the ten frame hive is to be preferred.
Bees are less inclined to swarm in a ten frame hive, and two ten frame
supers as a rule will be required where three eight frame supers would
otherwise be necessary.
In successful extracted honey production swarming may be reduced to a
minimum if during the dandelion and fruit trees honey flow, and in the
beginning of white clover flow, once a week an empty drawn comb be
inserted into the middle of the brood nest. As soon as the brood chamber
has eight frames of brood the queen excluder is added and an extracting
super added filled with white extracting combs. If the beekeeper does
not care to raise his extracted honey in snow white combs only, the
excluder may be omitted, but the result will be that the queen will lay
eggs throughout the whole hive, thus rendering extracting difficult on
account of brood present. When raising extracted honey on a large scale
two extracting supers may suffice for each colony. When the one next to
the brood chamber is filled it is extracted at once, the top one taking
its place next to the brood. The extracted super when empty is then
given back to the bees and placed on top. When the second super is
filled the process is repeated. This process of extracting honey
requires a period of four or five weeks. All supers are removed at the
end of the honey flow. The last full super, however, should not be
extracted but saved for the feeding of light colonies in the fall and
spring.
The easier way to produce extracted honey is to have enough supers, say
three or four for each colony. The first is added during the dandelion
or fruit blossom flow as soon as the colony is strong enough to readily
enter into it. When this super is nearly full and the combs can be seen
through the top bars to whiten, another super is added next to the brood
chamber, and the partly filled super is raised. When this second super
begins to get well filled, a third and a fourth super is added on top.
In the latitude of Minneapolis it is not advisable to insert a super
next to brood chambers after July 4th, or two weeks before the end of
the honey flow, because such procedure would result in a large amount of
uncapped honey.
Comb honey should not be produced where the honey flow is slow and
intermittent. Weak colonies will not produce comb honey profitably. In
making up supers only A 1 sections should be used, with full sheets of
extra thin foundation and three-eighths inch bottom starters of thin
foundation. Care should be taken to fasten the foundation very solidly,
else heat and weight of bees will cause it to drop. One or more bait
sections should be used in the first comb honey super to induce the bees
to enter into it more readily. Bait sections are the half finished,
unmarketable sections of the previous season. One to four are used near
the center of each super.
(To be continued in June No.)
[Illustration: THE HOME OF THE LADY SLIPPER--MOCCASIN FLOWER.
THE MINNESOTA STATE FLOWER.]
While it is not the intention to publish anything in this
magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be
remembered that the articles published herein recite the
experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must
always be noted in estimating their practical value.
THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST
Vol. 44 JUNE, 1916 No. 6
The State Flower and State Flag of Minnesota.
E. A. SMITH, VICE PRES. JEWELL NURS. CO., LAKE CITY.
The material in this paper has been gathered from several sources, part
of which has never before been published. It is presented not so much in
the spirit of criticism as it is in the spirit of making the best of a
mistake which the writer believes occurred when the moccasin flower was
designated as the state flower of Minnesota.
Last spring an acquaintance of mine was rambling through the woods and
came across the Cypripedium, or the Moccasin flower, or the Lady
slipper, the state flower of Minnesota. He sent me a few specimens.
Although I had lived in the state of Minnesota for a number of years,
this was the first time that I had ever seen the state flower or known
anything about it. The incident set me to thinking, and I went to work
to find out what I could about this flower. I herewith present that
information as briefly as possible.
There are forty-one states in the Union that have a state flower. Other
states have the matter under consideration. This fact alone would
indicate that a state flower is of some importance as an emblem, or it
would not be so generally considered by the various states. In most
instances the flower was selected by a vote of the public school
scholars of the respective states. The vote was then submitted to the
state legislature and a resolution adopted making the state flower
legal. I submit to you the question: Are school children qualified to
choose a flower as an emblem of the state? Do they understand the
conditions required in the state and the purpose of the selection
sufficiently well to enable them to select intelligently? Do the
children in your school know what flower is common in the northern part
of the state as well as in the southern part of the state?
In Minnesota, however, the state flower was not chosen by the school
children of the state, but upon petition of the Woman's Auxiliary Board
of World's Fair Managers a resolution was introduced into the senate
February 4th, 1893, by the late Senator W.B. Dean, providing that the
wild Lady Slipper, or the Moccasin flower, Cypripedium calceolus, be
accepted and the same designated and adopted as the state flower, or the
floral emblem of the state of Minnesota. This resolution was also
adopted in the house the same day. A few years later upon petition of
the Nature Club of Minneapolis the variety was changed to the Reginae or
Spectabile, variety.
[Illustration: The Lady Slipper--Minnesota State Flower. Somewhat under
size.]
The mystery of the selection in this state is, why was a flower chosen
which is not common to any part of the state? We therefore have a state
flower, beautiful in itself, but without special appeal to the people
because it is comparatively unknown.
There are about forty species of the Cypripedium belonging to the north
temperate zone. Several of these species occur in the northern United
States and Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains, which are found in the
state of Minnesota. It is called the Moccasin flower because it
resembles the Indian shoe. This plant grows preferably in cool and moist
woods or in bogs. It flowers principally during the months of May and
June. The varieties differ in color, being deep red, pink, yellow, white
and variegated. All of the species, however, are very beautiful.
The varieties more commonly found in Minnesota are, Acaule, rose purple;
Candidum, small white; Arietinum, red and white; Parviflorum, small
yellow; Pubescens, large yellow; and Spectabile, description of which is
as follows: Plants stout, leaves oval, acute; sepals, roundish, white;
petals, oblong, white; labellum, white or pale pink purple. Very showy.
It is unfortunate that the Minnesota State Flower does not take kindly
to civilization and cultivation, as it is very difficult to transplant.
About ten years ago at Lake City, Minnesota, we tried to propagate the
moccasin flower. We dug the roots and transplanted them in ground
especially prepared in a nearby grove where we could watch their
development, but the plants were a failure.
A state flower should be one of the common flowers of the state, so
familiar to all, that its name would suggest a picture of the flower
itself. Probably not 10 per cent of the people of the state have ever
seen it. On this account it is to be regretted that this variety was
chosen as the flower emblem of the state. A state flower, like the state
flag, should be accessible and familiar to everyone, and yet, probably,
the state flag of Minnesota is a stranger to many residents of the
state, for Minnesota did not have a state flag until 1893.
An emblem should mean something to the individual. The family coat of
arms and the iron cross are distinctive emblems. The shamrock in
sentiment is as dear to an Irishman as his native land. If an emblem
means something to the individual, how much more it ought to mean to the
state and nation.
The flag is an emblem of loyalty and patriotism. Men fight for it. They
lay down their lives for it because it stands for home and country. I
fancy if men did not know what the flag looked like, the fight would
not be a very fierce one. Do you know what the state flag of Minnesota
looks like? A description of it can be found in the Legislative Manual
for 1915. This flag bears a wreath of white moccasin flowers
(Spectabile) upon a blue background, in the center of which is the state
seal. The design was chosen by a committee of six ladies. It is
appropriate and beautiful, and was designed by Mrs. Edward H. Center, of
Minneapolis.
The state should furnish an attractive picture of the state flower and
the state flag to every high school in the state, free of charge. The
influence would be good, creating a deeper loyalty to the state.